mediation and justice what standards govern

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9/92

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{\i0 \fs18 \cf18 \f0 \b1{\i0 \fs18 \sa0 \ul0 \cf18 \strike0 \f0 \b1 \sb0MEDIATION AND JUSTICE: WHAT STANDARDS GOVERN?, 6 Cardozo J. Conflict Resol. 213}}{\i0 \fs18 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \b0}}\i0 \ri0 \fs18 \ql \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f0 \li0 \b0 \sb0 \intbl \cell \row}{\trowd \itap0 \trleft0\clbrdrb \clbrdrl \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10000\intbl{\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs18 \cf1 \f0 \li0 \b0

}\i0 \ri0 \fs18 \ql \cf1 \f0 \li0 \b0 \intbl \cell \row }}}{\footer {{\trowd \itap0 \trleft0\clpadl60 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrt \brdrs \brdrw20 \brdrcf17 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clvertalb \cellx9300\clpadl60 \clpadfl3 \clbrdrt \brdrs \brdrw20 \brdrcf17 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \cellx10000\intbl{\ri0 \i0 \ql \fs20 \cf17 \f0 \li0 \b0{\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf17 \strike0 \f0 \b0}{\*\shppict {\pict \pngblip \picw78 \pich10 \picwgoal1170 \pichgoal150 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Article\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf19 \f4 \li100 \qc \b0{\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf19 \strike0 \f4 \b0 \sb200

MEDIATION AND JUSTICE: WHAT STANDARDS GOVERN?\par}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b0{\i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200Joseph B. Stulberg}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F1313237121_ID0EBKA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F1313237121_ID0EBKA}

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F1313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb01}}}\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b0{\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Copyright (c) 2005 Yeshiva University; Joseph B. Stulberg\par}

}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EWKAC_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EWKAC_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200I. Introduction\par}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EALAC_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EALAC_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0I find it challenging to write about mediation and justice for several perplexing reasons. The concept of justice is constitutionally ambiguous; trying to analyze it concretely is a challenging task for both writer and reader. Despite the concept\rquote s ambiguity, however, each of us can readily describe situations that instantly appall us for reasons that we intuitively identify as constitutingacts or occasions of injustice. The irony then, and hence the challenge, is that we know that the concept of justice is an important phenomenon to address, yetwe have difficulty saying something constructive or useful about it.\par}

}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj


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{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVLAC_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVLAC_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0I want to approach this analysis in an appropriately cautious way. By cautious,I mean the following: I want to be as concrete as possible. I want to try to saysomething useful. I want to be attentive to the analytical complexities of thetopic, and if that requires that my analysis focus on more conceptual issues, th

en I need to go there. Finally, while I want my discussion to be coherent and shaped, I do not want to pretend that it is exhaustive or comprehensive. The lateAmerican philosopher, Robert Nozick, suggested that one did not have to have thefinal say about a topic in order to have some say about it,}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F2313237121_ID0EKMA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F2313237121_ID0EKMA}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F2313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb02}}}

}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200and in that spirit, I proceed.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F3313237121_ID0EOMA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F3313237121_ID0EOMA}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F3313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb03}}}\par}

}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVMAC_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVMAC_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Practicing mediators and mediation scholars, including myself, often characterize mediation as a process in which a neutral intervener, invited or accepted by the negotiating parties, attempts to}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_214_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_214_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*214}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0develop a better understanding of the situation among the parties. Based on that improved understanding, the neutral intervener helps parties identify resolution options that are acceptable to them. If the outcomes are acceptable to the parties, then the process has succeeded.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F4313237121_ID0EINA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F4313237121_ID0EINA}

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F4313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb04


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}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200There are many important questions that can be raised about this account of mediation, but the central thesis I want to examine is the following: if the mediation process succeeds in these ways, has justice been promoted or secured? Stateddifferently, is it sufficient, on considerations of justice, for the outcome to

be acceptable to the parties or must those settlement terms match the requirements of some external standard of evaluation?\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUNAC_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUNAC_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0To analyze this question, I posit the following points without elaboration.}

{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F5313237121_ID0E3NA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F5313237121_ID0E3NA}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F5313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb05}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0First, when discussing a concept of justice, I will presume that we are discussing concepts relevant to considerations of distributive justice - i.e. the scheme in which we assess whether life\rquote s particular rewards or burdens are \u8220\'3fjustly\u8221\'3f distributed among individuals. Second, I, like many othe

rs, subscribe to the tradition of treating justice as a part, but not the whole,of morality; that is, I find it perfectly intelligible to believe that some actor practice may be just or unjust and inquire thoughtfully thereafter whether that act or practice is morally right or wrong.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F6313237121_ID0EEOA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F6313237121_ID0EEOA}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F6313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb06}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200Third, I focus my analysis on justice assessments where mediation is used to resolve individual interactions rather than examining how justice principles are used to establish the basic governmental or organizational structures within a given society.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F7313237121_ID0EIOA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F7313237121_ID0EIOA}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F7313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb07

}}}\par}


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}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPOAC_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPOAC_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0In Part I, I consider some initial defenses and critiques of the thesis that par

ty acceptability is identical to justice outcomes. I conclude that defenders ofthis thesis, including myself, must develop a stronger conceptual framework to support their claim than the initial defenses offer.}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0In the remaining parts, I try to provide that framework by analyzing whether the mediation process can be}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_215_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_215_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*215

}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0defended as an example of what Rawls referred to as a process of \u8220\'3fpureprocedural justice.\u8221\'3f In Part II, I describe the elements of the mediation process that, when present, violate our intuitions regarding a fair result,}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F8313237121_ID0EDPA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F8313237121_ID0EDPA}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F8313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb08

}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200even though the parties report that the outcome is acceptable to them. Buildingon those observations, I try in Part III to identify affirmatively those principles that, if present and respected in the design and implementation of the mediation process, justify our confidence in respecting mediation as a process of pure procedural justice. This is clearly the most conceptual - some will say unrealistic or ambiguous - aspect of the project, but I believe it suggests the typeof analytical framework required in order to successfully support the claim thatparty acceptability generates outcomes we accept as just. In Part IV, I returnthe discussion to its practical context to identify how design principles and policies operate to make mediation a process of pure procedural justice.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVPAC_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVPAC_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0In the end, while I acknowledge that more is required to sustain and complementthe thesis that party acceptability is synonymous with fairness, I believe thatthe claim constitutes a far more powerful thesis than its critics acknowledge and that the claim carries with it significant critical implications for how much

legal mediation}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0


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{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F9313237121_ID0E2PA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F9313237121_ID0E2PA}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F9313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb09}}}}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0is practiced today.\par}}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EFAAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EFAAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200II. The Intellectual Puzzle: \u8220\'3fJustice From Below\u8221\'3f

\par}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EPAAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EPAAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Hyman and Love characterize rule-governed systems, such as a legal system or a grievance arbitration process, as examples of processes that generate \u8220\'3fjustice from above.\u8221\'3f}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F10313237121_ID0EXA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe

ference_F10313237121_ID0EXA}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F10313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb010}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Such systems capture the central image of a justice system consisting of the impartial application of \u8220\'3fproperly created standards or rules to \u8216\'3ffacts\rquote as determined by the adjudicator.\u8221\'3f}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F11313237121_ID0EFB}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F11313237121_ID0EFB}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F11313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb011}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0What grounds our conviction that the process is fair is that the rules, whatever their content, are applied}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_216_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_216_1}

{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*216}


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}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0to all cases (the uniformity requirement) and to each rule violator (the consistency requirement).\par}}

}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ETBAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ETBAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200By contrast, in a process that generates \u8220\'3fjustice from below,\u8221\'3fdisputants shape the outcome they find acceptable, whether that outcome comports with a result required by a standard or rule that others embrace. Hyman and Love note that in mediation,\par}}

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200[t]he rules, standards, principles and beliefs that guide the resolution of thedispute . . . are those held by the parties. The guiding norms . . . may be legal, moral, religious or practical. Parties are free to use whatever standards they wish, not limited to standards that have been adopted by the legislature or articulated by the courts.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F12313237121_ID0ELC}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F12313237121_ID0ELC}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F12313237121_1" }{\fldrslt

{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb012}}}\par}}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ESCAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ESCAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200The mediation process, according to Hyman and Love, constitutes a stunning example of \u8220\'3fjustice from below.\u8221\'3f I want to use the framework that Hyman and Love deploy as a point of departure for examining mediation and justice. I believe that one fair way to state the intellectual principle embedded in the Hyman and Love thesis is as follows: in a \u8220\'3fjustice from below\u8221\'3f process - i.e. mediation - whatever outcome the parties agree upon is a \u8220\'3fjust\u8221\'3f outcome. That is, there are no standards independent of theprocess against which to assess whether or not the outcomes are \u8220\'3fjust.\u8221\'3f This is a provocative thesis at both an epistemological and jurisprudential level. Is it persuasive?\par}}

}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj


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{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENDAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENDAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0In other contexts, this epistemological claim is not compelling. For example, simply because two people agree that a particular lake is frozen and will supportthe weight of an all-terrain vehicle does not make it true that the lake is sufficiently frozen to support it.}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0We can appeal to independent standards to determine the truth of the assertion.Does an epistemological basis exist for treating concepts of justice differently? A typical response is that moral terms, such as justice, have no truth valueor objective content, so agreement, per se, accounts for the terms\rquote meanings. But that is not compelling conceptually}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F13313237121_ID0ECE}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F13313237121_ID0ECE}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F13313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

13}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0or practically, for we certainly do not believe that it is morally fair to discriminate against women when allocating workplace promotions because a large group of all male individuals agree that such a practice is acceptable. So, if it isinitially plausible to assert, \u8220\'3fI know that the two of you find this outcome}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_217_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_217_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0

*217}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200acceptable but it is still not just,\u8221\'3f then the notion of \u8220\'3fjustice from below\u8221\'3f loses some of its force. I respond to this important type of epistemological critique in Part II below.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6EAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6EAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0The jurisprudential basis for advancing the \u8220\'3fjustice from below\u8221\'3f thesis is more immediately salient and, at least initially, attractive. Whatelements might support a critique of the \u8220\'3fjustice from above\u8221\'3fperspective?}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F14313237121_ID0EKF}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F14313237121_ID0EKF}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F14313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

14}}}}


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{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0First, some positive laws in our respective jurisdictions}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F15313237121_ID0ENF}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F15313237121_ID0ENF}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F15313237121_1" }{\fldrslt

{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb015}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0are clearly unjust in that they deny persons an equal opportunity to live a free life. Miscegenation statutes}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F16313237121_ID0ETF}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F16313237121_ID0ETF}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F16313237121_1" }{\fldrslt

{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb016}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0and \u8220\'3fJim Crow\u8221\'3f laws}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F17313237121_ID0EWF}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F17313237121_ID0EWF}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F17313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb017

}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0are obvious examples; others might include marriage dissolution statutes that denied economic relief to the wife if she had committed any act of adultery, irrespective of her experience in or capacity to participate successfully in the workforce. Rules developed in an organizational setting can also generate distributions of benefits and burdens that inappropriately advantage some individuals over others; for instance, the Boston Athletic Association had a rule that prohibited a female from obtaining an official entry number and running in the Boston Marathon. One jurisprudential point is therefore compelling: simply because something is required by the \u8220\'3flaw\u8221\'3f or the \u8220\'3forganizational rule\u8221\'3f does not mean that \u8220\'3fjustice\u8221\'3f has been secured, even if a judge applies those rules uniformly and consistently. \u8220\'3fJusticefrom above,\u8221\'3f ironically, may be a source of significant injustice.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EIGAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EIGAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Second, it is possible that positive laws appear on their face to be fair but the manner in which they are applied can generate morally perverse - and unjust -

outcomes. The appalling tales of how Caucasian prosecutors, judges and juries conducted criminal trials involving African American defendants}


19/92

{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F18313237121_ID0ERG}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F18313237121_ID0ERG}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F18313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb018}}}

}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0confirm the conceptual observation that there is no guarantee that rules that might be fair in appearance are so applied in fact. The \u8220\'3faccess to justice\u8221\'3f controversy}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_218_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_218_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*218}}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200raises the related point that even laws that are fair on their face do not helpto promote justice if persons illegally harmed by rule violations do not have access to vindicate their claims in court.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECHAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECHAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200In contrast to these limitations, the processes advancing a \u8220\'3fjustice fr

om below\u8221\'3f perspective enable individuals to participate in the decision-making process, experience party empowerment, and craft solutions that are nuanced and reflective of party autonomy; participants in that type of process wouldnot agree to settlement terms that constitute distorted distribution of benefits and burdens. Hence, the argument runs, using mutual acceptability as the measure of justice rather than adherence to independent legal norms increases the probability that the outcome comports with our considered judgments about fair treatment.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ERHAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ERHAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0There is another significant impetus for rejecting the jurisprudential notion that \u8220\'3fjustice from above\u8221\'3f is desirable: as Hyman and Love sensitively point out, the legal process (or any other rule-governed process), even ifimmune from the shortcomings noted above, might not recognize as a \u8220\'3flegal cause of action\u8221\'3f a particular harm or set of harms - a set of injustices - that a person has suffered.}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200This insight is not that the system per se is constitutionally vulnerable to th

e possibility of promoting injustices but that there are institutional or conceptual limitations on what a \u8220\'3fsystem\u8221\'3f can do. Rule-makers may decide, for reasons of efficiency or effective enforcement, that it is not possibl


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{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb020}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200is just that. Examples abound: laws mandating non-discrimination practices should be lauded as signs of social progress. Laws prohibiting murder or assault com

port with our beliefs that one person should not be vulnerable to losing his orher material possessions or physical health because someone else is physically stronger and intimidating. Positive laws, such as minimum wage laws or occupational safety and health laws, while perhaps more controversial in detail, reflect principles about fair treatment that address alleviating economic and social injustices among individuals. One powerful response to those who critique \u8220\'3fjustice from above\u8221\'3f is, therefore, that if parties agree to outcomes that are inconsistent with a law\rquote s mandate and that law itself promotes morally desirable practices, then supporting party acceptability in those circumstances might be to support (morally) unfair arrangements.\par}

}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EDKAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EDKAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Second, it is accurate to observe that a legal system does not recognize every harm as a legal harm. Rather than viewing that as a criticism of the system, though, we typically celebrate such perspective taking. While having a system of laws is a central feature of a stable civil society, a legal system is not the onlyvaluable institution in a free society. Debating whether or not a particular harm should be prohibited by law involves analyzing whether government might become too intrusive in a citizen\rquote s life; citizens can genuinely disagree, for

example, as to whether it is desirable to regulate the diet of all teenagers soas to minimize the harm they might experience as either anorexic or obese individuals.}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Additionally, it is important to analyze whether, as a matter of administrativeefficiency, it is effective to have the legal system regulate the targeted behavior. These discussions about whether to regulate particular behavior or the administrative inefficiencies attached to regulating such behaviors are significantconversations in a democratic society. For many individuals, it is desirable tohave a legal system that is both efficient and non-intrusive, and the result of}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_220_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_220_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*220}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200such convictions is to applaud (perhaps appropriately tempered) rather than bemoan the fact that some harms may not be redressed through law.\par}}



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{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGLAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGLAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0I believe that these responses to the critiques of \u8220\'3fjustice from above\u8221\'3f are sound. What additional arguments or alternative perspectives can be advanced, then, on behalf of the \u8220\'3fjustice from below\u8221\'3f perspective - i.e. on behalf of the proposition that mutually-agreed upon outcomes bythe parties more closely reflect our convictions about the demands of distributi

ve justice than those outcomes generated by a rule-governed system?\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EVLAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EVLAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0I believe that analyzing justice in terms of party acceptability gains tractionby viewing mediation - and justice in or arising from mediation - as a system that Rawls characterizes as one of pure procedural justice.

}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F21313237121_ID0E4L}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F21313237121_ID0E4L}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F21313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb021}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200A system of pure procedural justice is one for which there is not an independent standard of justice or fairness against which to assess whether a particular process secures or advances that standard. That is, there is no independent crite

rion for assessing whether the process generated the correct result. A poker game exemplifies a practice of pure procedural justice: presuming that every participant voluntarily participates in the game, knows the rules, and plays by them,we conclude that any resulting distribution of earnings and losses is fair, evenif it leaves one participant financially destitute and another wealthy. Of course, we can also say that the outcome is regrettable or unfortunate or any othernumber of things (i.e. we can assess the outcome according to other moral values) but what we cannot say is that it is unjust. Another example of a system of pure procedural justice, some might argue, is the operation of a capitalist economy: persons participate freely when making choices about what to buy and sell, and whatever the resulting distribution of wealth results from those transactionsis fair.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ESMAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ESMAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0In contrast to a system of pure procedural justice, according to Rawls, are those that are either imperfect or perfect.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F22313237121_ID0E1M}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe

ference_F22313237121_ID0E1M}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F22313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0


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22}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0What unites these two perspectives is that for each one, we presume that we canidentify the right result independent of the process. We can then evaluate thedesirability and efficiency of a given process by assessing how effectively or i

neffectively it secures the correct result. The right result of a criminal justice system is to convict those individuals who, in fact, committed the prohibitedact and to exonerate those who are innocent of the charges. We describe our criminal}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_221_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_221_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*221}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200

justice system as \u8220\'3fimperfect\u8221\'3f if we know that, despite our best efforts, there will be occasions in which innocent persons are convicted; that is, they are \u8220\'3fwrongly\u8221\'3f (\u8220\'3funjustly\u8221\'3f or \u8220\'3funfairly\u8221\'3f) convicted of a crime that they did not commit. In a criminal justice system of perfect procedural justice, these processes would operate correctly each time.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUNAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUNAE_1}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Rawls, as noted earlier, applies his analysis to those principles of justice that shape the basic structure of society, not to individual transactions within it.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F23313237121_ID0E3N}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F23313237121_ID0E3N}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F23313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb023}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Despite his focus, though, I believe it plausible to explore transplanting thatanalytical framework to individual transactions occurring within the mediationprocess and examine whether such an account is persuasive. If it is plausible, it provides an important way to escape the unsatisfactory and sterile debate between such ADR critics as Fiss and Delgado who argue that mediation promotes peace, not justice, and those who, in trying to defend mediation\rquote s capacity toensure justice, compromise their argument by licensing a mediator to evaluate the legal merits of a case in an effort to gain party acceptability.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F24313237121_ID0EEO}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe

ference_F24313237121_ID0EEO}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F24313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0


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24}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0As Robert Bush so perceptively noted, if the goal is to secure the protection of legal rights or promote efficiency, mediation may be a poor process to advancethem.

}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F25313237121_ID0EJO}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F25313237121_ID0EJO}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F25313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb025}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200Alternatively, if the goal is to secure justice, it might be the most promisingvehicle.

\par}}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ESOAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ESOAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200III. Mediation as a Matter of Pure Procedural Justice: Identifying the Challenges\par}

}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3OAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3OAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0My goal is to construct a system of mediation that contains within its operationthose features that lead us to conclude that if these features are present, then any outcomes the parties agree to are just.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F26313237121_ID0EEP}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F26313237121_ID0EEP}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F26313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb026}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0The intellectual strategy for this approach borrows heavily on Rawls\rquote notion of reflective equilibrium: first identify the justice-based criticisms thatcan be lodged against the process, then build conditions or constraints into the conception of the mediation}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_222_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_222_1}



25/92


26/92

living in a modern democratic society is entitled to exercise a range of fundamental liberties; we view these liberties, such as the freedom to pursue a personal calling or career, travel freely, and read widely, as central to our capacityto shape a meaningful human existence. If an individual agreed to relinquish such liberties, particularly for a long period of time, we are appropriately circumspect about the circumstances leading to that \u8220\'3fagreement\u8221\'3f andmight be persuaded to modify or nullify enforcement of that bargain.

\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E3RAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E3RAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0One example illustrates this concern. Mary contracts with Ben to become his permanent mistress in exchange for Ben financially}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1

{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_223_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_223_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*223}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0underwriting a medical surgery that will save the life of Mary\rquote s child.Ben pays for the surgery and the child survives, but two months later, Mary reneges on her contractual commitment. Ben sues for enforcement}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F28313237121_ID0EQS}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F28313237121_ID0EQS}

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F28313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb028}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200and the case goes to mediation. Would we feel comfortable if Mary, on reflection during the mediation conference, agrees to abide by her contractual obligations? While one can develop a factual background that might make this case less troublesome, I think that in the situation described, most persons believe that itwould be fair for Mary to withdraw from the arrangement as a dimension of her freedom to pursue her own life\rquote s aims and objectives, even though she had entered into the arrangement knowingly and without physical coercion. We believethat an individual who enters into an arrangement that results in her being another\rquote s slave - i.e. work for that person or organization \u8220\'3ffor life\u8221\'3f - should, on grounds of justice, have the capacity to withdraw fromthat situation.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECTAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECTAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200

3) Parties agree to settlement terms that violate that jurisdiction\rquote s positive law. Public laws, as noted above, can promote fair treatment among individuals or reduce severe inequities in the distribution of economic or social advan


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tages. Further, even if some laws are subject to moral criticism, we might tolerate some inequities because, overall, the presence of a functioning, broad-basedlegal system promotes social order and provides individual citizens with reliable, public procedures by which they can predictably shape their current and future social interaction. Therefore, if disputants agree to an outcome that is acceptable to them but contrary to the requirements of the public law system, the situation raises concerns regarding the continuing viability of the broad-based sy

stem and, in consequence, the important values that a credible legal system advances. Is it fair, then, to let people agree to arrangements known by them to beillegal?\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1TAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1TAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Consider the following: In a mediation session involving a case of employment te

rmination, A agrees to settle the case by rehiring B, his terminated employee, but only on the condition that B agrees to be paid in cash and otherwise work \u8220\'3foff the books.\u8221\'3f B agrees. What is troublesome in this situation?We have already acknowledged that there is no necessary relationship between doing that which is legal and doing that which is morally just; these settlement terms might promote overall resource allocations in a manner that minimizes inequitable distributions and thereby advance}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_224_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_224_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*224}

}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0justice considerations. This agreement works, though, only if the parties keepthe arrangement secret. These parties depend upon others, including the mediator, not to divulge this arrangement, for not only is the arrangement non-enforceable but there might be other legal liabilities the parties suffer if its terms became public.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F29313237121_ID0ETU}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F29313237121_ID0ETU}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F29313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb029}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200In essence, the agreement \u8220\'3fworks\u8221\'3f because the parties are free-riders. They assume an entitlement to be treated differently not necessarily by the particular law in question (for others might want to change that as well)but by the fact that everyone else must be law-abiding individuals while they are free to decide which laws they choose to comply with and which ones they can discard.\par}

}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj


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{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E6UAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E6UAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb04) Agreement terms violate or ignore a significant dimension of a person\rquotes human dignity. We would be uncomfortable believing that justice was promoted or secured if persons resolved their controversies in a manner that enabled one party to ignore or be non-attentive to a significant dimension of its bargaining

counterpart\rquote s human dignity.}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200That is, we can acknowledge that one party might control the discussion agendain such a way as to skew the conversation, thereby promoting agreement on some matters but avoiding discussion of or reaching agreement on matters of fundamental interest to the other party. That is, the parties can have reached agreement,but it was not about matters that meant the most to at least some of the parties; were that to occur, the fact of \u8220\'3facceptability\u8221\'3f would not ease our concern about possible unfairness.\par}

}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EUVAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EUVAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0A recent controversy in the world of opera hints of this dimension.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F30313237121_ID0E3V}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F30313237121_ID0E3V}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F30313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0

30}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200The Royal Opera at Covent Garden decided to drop the world\rquote s leading soprano from a title role in a forthcoming production. The reported reason for breaching the contract was that the soprano was too physically heavy to wear a slinky black dress that the director now views as central to the definition of the character\rquote s role. The contract was consummated five years earlier. The presumption is that the singer will be compensated for those cancelled performancesand related monetary damages.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EOWAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EOWAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Although the singer reports that she made efforts to lose weight, there was no reported discussion of whether the parties addressed the understandable embarrassment and humiliation the}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_225_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_225_1}



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}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200singer must have endured as a result of the director\rquote s apparently unilateral decision to change directions in his conception of the opera. It appears that the injuries are viewed as those for which money damages will have to suffice.\par

}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ECXAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ECXAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200From a justice perspective, the apparent outcome appears inadequate. In the interests of freedom and liberty, persons should be able to enter arrangements but then subsequently change their minds and pursue different ideas and options. Legal remedies are designed to facilitate that process. But the missing ingredient in this scenario is that the company was able to act in a unilateral fashion and

create harms, of which only some were addressed, and perhaps these were not themost important harms to the individual. Fair dealing, in this instance, might require those decision makers to consult with the individual before deciding, share the perspective of the new direction, and structure the conversation in a waythat enables the singer to identify how the news of the announced change might create embarrassments for her that the company could mitigate, if not completelyeliminate.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E1XAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E1XAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb2005) Agreement terms are accepted with \u8220\'3ffull knowledge\u8221\'3f of the possible alternatives. We do not applaud the situation in which persons reach settlement terms that would likely have been different had one of the parties knownof other options or possibilities. That is, we critique acceptability as not being fair if one of the parties agrees to an arrangement without adequate information regarding her rights or practices.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EMYAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EMYAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Poignant examples arise in the family area. Presume a separating mother agrees to accept a proposal from her estranged husband regarding the levels of financialsupport for the children or the denial of his retirement benefits to her. However, had she known that the legally mandated minimum support guidelines in her jurisdiction provided a richer basis for resolution, or that the law indicated that she was entitled to a significant portion of her husband\rquote s pension benefits, she might have resisted the proposal. Similarly, if a defendant had realized that her fear of being legally vulnerable to an employment discrimination charge was unfounded because the statute of limitations had expired on the plaintif

f\rquote s claim, then the defendant might have simply refused to continue discussions about a proposed job reinstatement.}


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{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200In each instance, our notion is that mutually acceptable outcomes based on ignorance taint the fairness of those outcomes.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F31313237121_ID0E6Y}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F31313237121_ID0E6Y}

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F31313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb031}}}\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EGZAE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EGZAE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0

}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_226_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_226_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*226}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0There is another dimension in which knowledge influences the justice of the decision making process. Elster refers to this as \u8220\'3fsour grapes.\u8221\'3f}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F32313237121_ID0EVZ}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteRe

ference_F32313237121_ID0EVZ}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F32313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb032}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0It is the phenomenon of someone who, by virtue of his or her life experiences,background or intellectual imagination, does not envision the possibility of alternate and improved conditions.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F33313237121_ID0E1Z}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F33313237121_ID0E1Z}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F33313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb033}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0For example, Babcock and Laschever}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F34313237121_ID0E4Z}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F34313237121_ID0E4Z}

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F34313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb034


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}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200claim that it does not occur to women in the workforce to ask for a raise for certain types of job changes or to ask for the same size raise that a male wouldseek; when one calculates those financial differentials over the course of a working lifetime, the difference in earning power between females and males raise s

erious questions of fair distribution. This justice challenge emanates from a person not envisioning that it was possible to ask for something, not from a power-hungry individual who denied it to her.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EJ1AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EJ1AE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb2006) Agreement terms are inconsistent with fundamental values of the concept of a

person that is embraced by the larger community. Persons might agree to outcomesthey find acceptable, but those outcomes are inconsistent with fundamental values presumptively shared by a broader community. To put it sharply, how are conflicts emanating from cultural differences resolved fairly in mediation?\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E21AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E21AE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0Presume that a Somalian father and mother living in the U.S. seek unsuccessfully

to have a U.S. doctor perform a clitoridectomy and infibulation on the parents\rquote fourteen year old daughter.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F35313237121_ID0ED2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F35313237121_ID0ED2}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F35313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb035}}}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200The practice, a cultural norm in Somalia, is reportedly undertaken\par}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200. . . not for reasons of health or because they are religiously prescribed . . .but rather, because the surgeries are \u8216\'3fthought to be crucial to the definition of a beautiful feminine body, the marriageability of daughters, the balance of sexual desire between the sexes, or the sense of value and identity thatcomes from following the traditions of the group.\u8217\'3f}

{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F36313237121_ID0EY2}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F36313237121_ID0EY2}


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}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EG4AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EG4AE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200

So I conclude as follows: in order to support the thesis that party-generated outcomes acceptable to the parties are also just, we must develop a conception ofmediation that minimizes or eliminates any or all of these six features from determining the outcome.\par}}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \qc \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ES4AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ES4AE_1}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa200 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb200IV. Mediation as Pure Procedural Justice: Governing Elements\par}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E34AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E34AE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0For each challenge noted above, we must affirmatively identify the principle that, if respected, minimizes the concern that justice will not be secured. The principle must necessarily be stated at a high level of generality; the challenge then becomes, both in this Part and in the final section, to shape its concrete a

pplication.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EL5AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EL5AE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200The six principles can be stated as follows:\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EX5AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EX5AE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb01. Voluntariness. Persons will participate in a consensual dispute resolution process if, and only if, they possess the capacity}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_228_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_228_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*228

}}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200


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to exercise meaningful choices regarding two or more possible courses of action.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EL6AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EL6AE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb2002. Inalienability of interests. Persons will participate in a consensual disputeresolution process if, and only if, they do not irrevocably relinquish their ability to enjoy fundamental freedom throughout the course of a normal life.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj

{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E16AE_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E16AE_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb2003. Publicity of outcomes. Persons will participate in a consensual dispute resolution process if, and only if, the outcomes can be publicly known and justified.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKAAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKAAG_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb2004. Dignity and respect. Persons will participate in a consensual dispute resolut

ion process if, and only if, the settlement terms are mutually accepted for reasons that a reasonable person cannot reasonably reject.}{\i0 \fs16 \cf1 \f2 \b0{\*\bkmkstart co_footnoteReference_F39313237121_ID0EUA}{\*\bkmkend co_footnoteReference_F39313237121_ID0EUA}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_footnote_F39313237121_1" }{\fldrslt{\i0 \fs16 \sa0 \ul0 \cf5 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb039}}}\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0E2AAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0E2AAG_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb2005. Informed decision-making. Persons will participate in a consensual dispute resolution process if, and only if, the participants have access to a reasonably rich life experience to suggest that a person capably envisions and appreciates the value of alternative courses of action for living a life of normal duration.\par}}



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{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EKBAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EKBAG_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb2006. Toleration of conflicting fundamental values. Persons will participate in a consensual dispute resolution process if, and only if, they possess a reasonablyintelligent capacity to envision and shape a life\rquote s plan according to a considered vision of a life over a reasonable life span.\par

}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZBAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZBAG_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200These principles deter the conduct and outcomes highlighted in Part II, but their meaning, when stated at this level of generality, requires elaboration.\par}}

{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb2001.Voluntariness.\par}}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0ENCAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0ENCAG_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200

Persons will participate in a consensual dispute resolution process if, and onlyif, they possess the capacity to exercise meaningful choices regarding two or more possible courses of action.\par}}}{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\ri0 \i0 \fs20 \cf1 \f2 \li0 \b0 \qj{\*\bkmkstart co_g_ID0EZCAG_1}{\*\bkmkend co_g_ID0EZCAG_1}{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb0We endorse using mediation, in part, because we believe that mediation, distinctfrom any rule-governed process, supports the concept of individual autonomy. This respect for autonomy lies at the core of a democratic lifestyle. Mediation isbased on the belief that parties to a controversy have the right and responsibility to decide for themselves what constitutes an acceptable resolution. A central feature of a person\rquote s identity is her capacity to exercise judgment and choice over a broad domain of personal or community}{\i1 \fs20 \cf20 \f2 \b1{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_168009_229_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_168009_229_1}{\i1 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf20 \strike0 \f2 \b1 \sb0*229}}

{\i0 \fs20 \sa0 \ul0 \cf1 \strike0 \f2 \b0 \sb200issues, from trivial topics to fundamental life matters. We believe an individual should have the right to decide what career she wants to pursue, where she wa


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nts to live, what she eats for breakfast and whom she wants to love. To the degree that she permits other persons to make such choices for her, we lose respectfor her sense of maturity. If public policies constrain such choices, we believethat the burden is on those advocating the restriction to justify the proposedconstraint.\par}

}}{\ri0 \i0 \f

mediation and justice what standards govern

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