media and intergroup relations: research on media and social change

8/2/2019 Media and Intergroup Relations: Research on Media and Social Change

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FBCKL LAC

KASBUDU@RY

UBOLSK@AX7

UBXBLUHM @A FBCKLLAC X@HKLO HMLADB

Lrsm ubc E{7

Akhm`ob Lud`

Xmlfko Kcukxx

Flmalw Nlah{


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Jb{ Hàhbysx nù Du`ry Lnoklskà lac Kasbu&Du`ry Ubolskàx7

X`hklo Kcbasks{ lac Xbon&Bxsbbf


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NùbtùcTMLS C@BX SMKX YREOKHLSK@A H@^BU0

Smkx yreokhlskà kx smb ubxros `n l st`&{blu bnnùs e{ smb aà&yu`s Looklahb `n Hk~kokwlskàx

Fbckl Nrac -L@HFN/ ub&alfbc Xòk{l lx `n @hsèbu 599;+ s` ebssbu racbuxslac smb

kfylhs smls fbckl mlx lac h`roc ml~b à hu`xx&hrosrulo racbuxslackad lac kasbudu`ry

ubolskàx! Ks nblsrubx7

smb ubxrosx `n l oksbulsrub ub~kbt h`~bukad smb ylxs >9 {blux `n ubxbluhm kas` smbkfylhs `n fbckl à lssksrcbx lac ebml~kù

l eukbn yubxbaslskà `n smb yubokfkalu{ ackadx `n abt ubxbluhm smls b}yoùbxsmb kfylhs `n fbckl à kasbudu`ry lssksrcbx lac ubolskàx/ tmkhm tlx nracbc

e{ smb L@HFN ka 599=&599; lac tmkhm kx ebkad hàcrhsbc lac tukssba ry ls

abru`&kfldkad lac yx{hm`&ym{xkò`d{ olex ls Mlu~luc Rak~buxks{/ FKS/ lac

smb Abt Xhm`ò nù X`hklo Ubxbluhm!

TM[ KX SMKX EBKAD YREOKXMBC0@ru m`yb kx smls smkx yreokhlskà tkoo kanùf lac xryyùs smb bnnùsx n fbckl kacrxsu{ oblcbux/

aà&yu`s udlakwlskàx/ càùx/ lac yòkh{&fljbux loublc{ rxkad fbckl nù x`hklo hmladb!

Tb m`yb ks tkoo lox` hàsukersb s` smb du`tkad boc `n fbckl oksbulh{ bcrhlskà e{ ulkxkad

smb ltlubabxx n fbckl yu`crhbux/ ckxsukersùx/ lac hàxrfbux lokjb ubdluckad m`t fbckl

karbahbx `ru lssksrcbx lac ebml~kùx!

Nkaloo{/ tb m`yb smkx yreokhlskà fl{ kanùf smb à&d`kad/ kahublxkado{ kasbualskàlo/ lac`nsba yòlukwbc cbelsb `~bu tmbsmbu lac tmbub s` cult okfksx lu`rac smb nubbc`f `n

b}yubxxkà ka smb fbckl e{ xmbcckad okdms à tmls jkac `n kfylhs smb fbckl lhsrloo{ mlx

lac m`t ks mlx ks!

TM@ KX YREOKXMKAD SMKX0Smb Looklahb `n Hk~kokwlskàx Fbckl Nrac -L@HFN+ tlx bxsleokxmbc lx l aà&yu`s

ùdlakwlskà ka 599= cbckhlsbc s` rxkad fbckl s` n`xsbu dublsbu hu`xx&hrosrulo racbuxslackad!

Crukad smb yu`hbxx `n yubylukad smkx yreokhlskà lac ka ylus lx l ubxros `n smb ubxbluhm

ackadx ubyùsbc ryà mbub & smb L@HFN fbudbc tksm Xòk{l/ l aà&yu`s kacrxsu{&oblcbu

ka rxkad abt fbckl s` n`xsbu dublsbu hu`xx&hrosrulo racbuxslackad! Xòk{l kx kasbdulskad smb

ubxbluhm ubxrosx a`sbc ka smkx ubyùs kas` ksx yu`dulfx lac mlx nùfbc la à&d`kad ubxbluhm


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lac b~lorlskà ylusabuxmky tksm smb Xl}b Abru`&Kfldkad Oleùlsù{ ls FKS! Smb Crelk

Kasbualskàlo Nkof Nbxsk~lo -CKNN+ ubbhskad ksx oàd&xslackad h`ffksfbas s` xryyùskad

fbckl smls lc~lahbx hu`xx&hrosrulo racbuxslackad dbabu`rxo{ `nnbubc s` sulaxolsb smkxyreokhlskà kas` Lulekh lac ckxxbfkalsb ks ls smb 599; Crelk Kasbualskàlo Nkof Nbxsk~lo!

Tb ls Xòk{l lub cbbyo{ dulsbnro s` smb oblcbuxmky ls CKNN nù smbku xryyùs ka sulaxolskad/

yreokxmkad/ lac ckxxbfkalskad smkx ubyùs!

Elhjdu`rac `n smb Looklahb `n Hk~kokwlskàx Fbckl Nrac lac smb Ubxbluhm Yubxbasbc Mbub

Smb kcbl s` bxsleokxm l nrac smls t`roc xryyùs fbckl smls n`xsbux dublsbu hu`xx&hrosrulo

racbuxslackad tlx yrs nùsm ka smb Nkalo Ubyùs s` smb RA Xbhubslu{&Dbabulo `n smb Looklahb

`n Hk~kokwlskàx Mkdm Ob~bo Du`ry -A`~bfebu 599>+! Smkx Mkdm Ob~bo Du`ry hàxkxsbc `n 59bfkabas ybuxàlokskbx tm` mlc ebba lyy`kasbc e{ RA Xbhubslu{&dbabulo J` Laala lac

slxjbc e{ mkf tksm yu`crhkad l ubyùs à smb hlrxbx `n du`tkad hu`xx&hrosrulo yòlukwlskà/

yluskhroluo{ ebstbba Tbxsbua lac yubc`fkalaso{ Frxokf x`hkbskbx/ lac ubh`ffbackad

yulhskhlo xsbyx smls xm`roc eb sljba s` h`rasbu smkx subac!

Loublc{ tùjkad s`tluc smb bxsleokxmfbas `n l nrac nù smkx yruy`xb lac nrusmbu

bah`ruldbc e{ smb ubh`ffbaclskà ka smb L@H Mkdm Ob~bo Du`ryx ubyùs s` smb RA

Xbhubslu{&Dbabulo/ l xfloo du`ry `n fbckl kacrxsu{ oblcbux lac ymkolasmu`ykxsx obc e{

Xrmlko Ukw~k/ @flu Lflals/ Gkf Ebuj/ lac Fkjb Lee`ss bxsleokxmbc hàslhs tksm smb RA

Looklahb `n Hk~kokwlskàx! Mbu Flgbxs{ \rbba A`ù lac Xku Ukhmluc Eulaxà h`&m`xsbc lyolaakad fbbskad ka A`~bfebu 5994 lac/ st` fàsmx olsbu/ \rbba A`ù laa`rahbc smb

bxsleokxmfbas `n smb Looklahb `n Hk~kokwlskàx Fbckl Nrac -L@HFN+ ls smb Raksbc Alskàx

Looklahb `n Hk~kokwlskàx Nùrf mboc ka Flcukc/ Xylka ka Glarlu{ 599=!

Smb uxs xsby sljba e{ smb L@HFN tlx s` xryyùs e`sm l oksbulsrub ub~kbt lx tboo lx ùkdkalo

ubxbluhm kas` smb kfylhs smls fbckl mlx à kasbudu`ry ubolskàx! Smb abt ubxbluhm tlx

hàcrhsbc ls abru`&kfldkad/ yx{hm`&ym{xkò`d{/ lac yx{hmò`d{ oleùlsùkbx ls Mlu~luc

Rak~buxks{/ FKS/ lac smb Abt Xhm`ò nù X`hklo Ubxbluhm lac smb yubokfkalu{ ackadx lub

xrfflukwbc ka smb olssbu ylus `n smkx yreokhlskà nòo`tkad smb oksbulsrub ub~kbt!

Xmlfko Kcukxx

HB@/ Xòk{l


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Kasu`crhskà

Kasbubxs ka smb kfylhs `n fbckl à smb ublo tùoc kx lx òc lx fbckl ksxbon! Smu`rdm`rs

mkxsù{/ smb kasu`crhskà `n abt fbckl sbhmaò`dkbx lac yolsnùfx yukas/ ulck`/ xkobas

of/ slojkbx/ sbob~kxkà/ lac a`t Kasbuabs lac abt fbckl sbhmaò`dkbx mlx ebbalhh`fylakbc e{ ubabtbc cbelsb le`rs lac ubxbluhm kas` fbcklx kfylhs à x`hkbs{!

@nsba smkx kasbubxs mlx ebba cuk~ba e{ nblux smls fbckl fl{ ml~b la kalfflsù{/

yòlukwkad/ ulckhlokwkad/ ù b~ba ~kòbahb&kacrhkad bnnbhs à sm`xb tm` hàxrfb ks! Smb

ylakh lac hml`x xylujbc e{ @uxà Tboobx


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~bu{ |rkhjo{ ebh`fb l doèlo ymba`fbaà lac tmls kx mlyybakad ls smb doèlo ob~bo

hla eb eu`rdms c`ta s` smb o`hlo ob~bo kas` yb`yobx ok~kad u``fx x` s` xyblj ls l xhlob

lac tksm la kffbcklh{ ab~bu ebnùb y`xxkeob! Smb ckdkslo ub~òrskà mlx lox` lccbc s` smb

loublc{&xlsrulsbc fbckl ba~kuàfbas ka tmkhm s`cl{x hmkoc ok~bx/ fljkad |rbxskàx le`rs

ksx kfylhs loo smb fùb yubxxkad!5

Xbhàc/ smb kab}ùleob yu`hbxx `n doèlokwlskà / `n tmkhm smb ckdkslo fbckl b}yo`xkà

kx e`sm l cuk~bu lac l hàxb|rbahb/ mlx ubxrosbc ka l tùoc `n du`tkad h`fyob}ks{ lac

kasbucbybacbahb xrhm smls tmls mlyybax ka àb o`hlskà ub~buebulsbx lac {kbocxhàxb|rbahbx boxbtmbub! Smkx kx cbfàxsuleo{ surb lhu`xx l tkcb luul{ `n ymba`fbal

lac b~basx & eb smb{ ba~kuàfbaslo/ alahklo/ mblosm&ubolsbc ù xbhruks{&ubolsbc ka alsrub!

Tmba tmls kx a`t ja`ta lx smb Clakxm hlus`à hàsu`~bux{ burysbc ka 5992&599> ks tlx

mluc s` kfldkab xrhm l xsuladb ymba`fbaà mlyybakad grxs 59 {blux bluokbu l hlus`à

yukasbc ka l ubolsk~bo{ èxhrub o`hlo abtxylybu ka l Xhlackal~kla h`rasu{ oblckad s` e`sm

D`~buafbaslo lac y`yrolu yu`sbxsx/ kahorckad xbuk`rx ~laclokxf lac b~ba o`xx `n oknb/

sm`rxlacx `n fkobx ltl{!

Smb yòlukwkad kfylhs `n smls hàsu`~bux{ tmkhm tlx nbc a`s ào{ e{ smb lhskàx `n fbcklbcksùx ers lox` e{ smb koo&hàxkcbubc xsbyx sljba e{ lhsk~kxsx lac b~ba yòkskhlo oblcbux `n

ck~buxb elhjdu`racx mlx hu{xslookwbc kas` la kasbualskàlo cbelsb smls hàskarbx s` smkx

cl{ ubdluckad tmls smb okfksx n nubbc`f n b}yubxxkà xm`roc eb lac m`t s` ubdrolsb smbf!

Smkx kx l cknhros ba`rdm cbelsb s` ml~b tmba ks sljbx yolhb tksmka alskàlo e`raclukbx!

Tmba kasbualskàlokwbc s` bah`fylxx smb hàhbuax/ xbaxksk~kskbx/ lac ckxskahs mkxsùkhlo

b}ybukbahbx `n ck~buxb hrosrubx lu`rac smb tùoc/ ks kx suro{ clraskad!

< Ka smb xbasbahkad `n Almkflal smb yubxkckad grcdb xslsbc Tksm`rs l ubluf/ flhmbsb ù la{ ym{xkhlo tblyà/ mb

hlrxbc smb cblsmx `n sm`rxlacx `n kaa`hbas hk~koklax! Almkflal tlx xbasbahbc s` oknb ka yukxà smb uxs oknb&xbasbahb

kfy`xbc à l g`rualokxs nù kahkskad frucbu smu`rdm mkx ubyùsx!

5 Ka l xru~b{ ubyùs yreokxmbc ka 5992/ smb Mbau{ G! Jlkxbu Nlfko{ N`raclskà ubyùsbc smls Lfbukhla hmkocuba lub

b}y`xbc s` grxs racbu >!2 m`rux `n fbckl ybu cl{ lhu`xx loo nùflsx frxkh/ S / Kasbuabs/ C^Cx/ bsh! -Dbabulskà F7

Fbckl ka smb Ok~bx `n =&


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Ers |rksb lylus nu`f smb |rbxskà `n tmls smb obdlo okfksx `n nubbc`f `n b}yubxxkà xm`roc

eb lac m`t smb fbckl xm`roc eb ubdrolsbc/ smbub kx smb |rbxskà `n tmls fbckl kacrxsu{

oblcbux lac fbckl hàxrfbux ~òrasluko{ cult lx smb okabx `n cbhbah{ ka smb fbckl!

Abtx fbckl ldbahkbx `nsba ublhs s` hukskhkxf e{ a`skad smls smb{ fbubo{ ubyùs smb abtx

smb{ c` a`s fljb ks lac x` smb kfylhs u hàxb|rbahb n tmls dbsx eu`lchlxs xm`roc a`s

eb olkc ls smbku nbbs! Nù smbku ylus/ basbuslkafbas fbckl ldbahkbx `nsba ublhs s` hukskhkxfx

smls smb{ nbbc xkfyokxskh lac abdlsk~b xsbub`s{ybx ù nblsrub s`` frhm xb} lac ~kòbahb ka

smbku yu`crhskàx e{ a`skad smls smb{ fbubo{ hlsbu s` smb kasbubxsx `n smbku lrckbahbx smb{

dk~b yb`yob tmls smb{ tlas!

Lac ubdlucobxx `n smb y`xkskà `n yu`crhbux lac ckxsukersùx ubdluckad tmls smb{ yu`crhb/

smb{ hla lac `nsba c` nloo elhj à smb ludrfbas smls lrckbahbx hla lotl{x hmladbsmb xslskà/ xrun s` l cknnbubas xksb à smb tbe/ yruhmlxb l cknnbubas ~kcb` dlfb/ ù srua smb

fbckl `nn h`fyobsbo{!

@ab cbxkubc `rsh`fb `n smkx yreokhlskà kx s` mboy kanùf smbxb à&d`kad cbelsbx le`rs

smb lyyu`yuklsb okfksx n nubbc`f n b}yubxxkà ka smb fbckl lfàd yòkh{&fljbux/ fbckl

kacrxsu{ oblcbux/ lac fbckl hàxrfbux lokjb e{ xmbcckad x`fb okdms à m`t fbckl

lhsrloo{ karbahbx rx!

M`tb~bu/ ka ubhbas cbhlcbx/ kasbubxs ka fbcklx kfylhs mlx a`s ào{ ebba nbc e{ l nblu

`n fbcklx y`sbasklo abdlsk~b kfylhs/ ers lox` e{ smb yu`xybhs smls fbckl hla ml~bl yu`n`raco{ y`xksk~b lac hàxsurhsk~b kfylhs à m`t tb racbuxslac lac cblo tksm l

~lukbs{ `n doèlo kxxrbx! Kacbbc/ ka smb ylxs nùs{ {blux smb boc `n fbckl&nù&x`hklo hmladb

mlx du`ta ubflujleo{!

Ykàbbukad bnnùsx s` rxb fbckl -kahorckad culflx+ s` y`yrolukwb yulhskhbx smls t`roc

bamlahb yreokh mblosm e{ ùdlakwlskàx xrhm lx Y`yrolskà Xbu~khbx Kasbualskàlo

-bxsleokxmbc ka / 243&2=4!


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Smb bxsleokxmfbas ka 5993 `n Yluskhkylas Yu`crhskàx -ubalfbc Yluskhkylas Fbckl ka 599=+

tksm smb f`ss` Fbckl Smls Basbuslkax lac H`fybox X`hklo Hmladb flujbc ybumlyx

smb f`xs xkdakhlas nùl{ s`&clsb `n smb fbckl&nù&x`hklo&hmladb f`~bfbas kas` smbmblus `n h`ffbuhklo flxx fbckl! Yluskhkylasx xrhhbxx tksm smb hokflsb&hmladb of

La Kahà~bakbas Sursm -599>+ mlx ào{ b}ylacbc lac lhhbobulsbc kasbubxs ka smb rxb `n

fbckl nù x`hklo hmladb lx b~kcbahbc e{ smb ubhbas cbhkxkà `n smb Dlsbx N`raclskà s`

nùf l ylusabuxmky tksm ^klh`f s` kasbdulsb smbfbx ubob~las s` smb N`raclskàx yukùks{

yreokh mblosm lac bcrhlskà hlrxbx kas` smb yu`dulffkad `n ^klh`fx f{uklc sbob~kxkà

yu`crhskà h`fylakbx lac ckxsukerskà `rsobsx!

Cbbybakad `ru racbuxslackad `n b}lhso{ m`t fbckl karbahbx lssksrcbx lac ebml~kùx

smb flka yruy`xb `n smkx yreokhlskà & tkoo m`ybnroo{ kanùf/ xryyùs/ lac nrusmbu kaxykub smb

bnnùsx n yu`crhbux/ ckxsukersùx/ yòkh{&fljbux/ lac càùx loublc{ badldbc ka yu`crhkadlac ckxxbfkalskad fbckl nù x`hklo hmladb!


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Jb{ Hàhbysx nù Du`ryLnoklskà lac Kasbu&Du`ryUbolskàx7 X`hklo Kcbasks{lac Xbon&BxsbbfSmb yx{hmò`dkhlo hàhbysx n x`hklo kcbasks{ lac xbon&bxsbbf lub hurhklo s` racbuxslackad

smb m`t fbckl kfylhsx ryà kasbudu`ry ubolskàx! X`hklo kcbasks{ smbù{ sboox rx smls la

kack~kcrlox xbon&bxsbbf kx karbahbc e{ du`ry xslsrx/ smbubnùb/ x`hklo kcbasks{ kanùfx `ru

xbaxb `n xbon lac xbon&bxsbbf!3 Nrusmbu/ hu`xx&hrosrulo xsrckbx ml~b xm`ta smls b}y`xrub s`

kfldbx n ~kòbahb ldlkaxs abx du`ry hlrxbx kack~kcrlox s` nbbo l xsuàdbu du`ry kcbasks{/

s` hokad skdmsbu s` smbku hrosrulo tùoc~kbtx ù kcbò`dkbx/ lac s` cbxkub xsuàdbu ubsukerskà

s`tlucx `rsdu`ryx!2 Smb ybuhbk~bc xokdms `n àbx du`ry kx smbubnùb ybuxàloo{ `nnbaxk~b

lac yu`~`jbx l xsuàd kack~kcrlo bf`skàlo ubxyàxb ubxroskad ka l abbc s` bamlahb smbku

x`hklo kcbasks{ lac s` ulkxb smb xslsrx `n smbku du`ry e{ ubnrskad smb du`ry smls mlx hlrxbc

smb xokdms!>

Smkx ymba`fbaà yol{bc `rs ka smb 2 Y{xwhw{axjk/ S!: Xò`fà/ X!: Dubbaebud/ G! -5998+! Ka smb tljb `n ;


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Ka xmùs/ fbckl kfldbx n smb ~khskfkwlskà n l fbfebu n abx kcbasks{&du`ry u h`ffraks{

fljbx ~kbtbux fùb ltlub `n smbku du`ryx ylka/ sbacx s` xsubadsmba àbx kcbaskhlskà

tksm smls du`ry lac/ ka x`fb hlxbx/ f`sk~lsbx la rudb s` sljb ubsloklsù{ lhskà!4

Ka hàcrhskad ubxbluhm ka Jmla [rakx/ Dlwl ka 5998 Akhmòb Lud` -smba `n Mlu~luc

Rak~buxks{/ a`t `n smb Abt Xhm`ò nù X`hklo Ubxbluhmbu+/ kasbu~kbtbc l {`rad Ylobxskakla

alfbc Mkxmlf/ tm` xy`jb ckubhso{ s` smb y`tbu `n fbckl7 Smb cknnbubahb ebstbba smb

uxs kasknlcl lac smb xbhàc kx sbob~kxkà! Ebnùb/ K jabt tmba tb tbub lsslhjbc mbub/ ù

ka l ablue{ hlfy/ ers smb ubloks{ `n smb lsslhjx b~bu{tmbub boxb tlx a`s x` hoblu! A`t/

K hlaa`s dbs ltl{ nu`f Kxulbosmb S^ eukadx smbf kas` f{ ok~kad u``fLac {`r hlas

srua smb S^ `nn! M`t h`roc {`r ok~b tksm {`ruxbon0 Ls smb xlfb skfb/ {`r hlas kdaùb smb

yuèobftmls lub {`r c`kad s` yu`sbhs {`ru yb`yob0 Tb ok~b tksm la kasbualo xsurddob!

Tmbsmbu {`r hm``xb s` dms ù a`s/ b~bu{ cl{ kx smkx kasbualo xsurddob!

@n h`ruxb/ smb yukflu{ kxxrb s` eb lccubxxbc ka smb b}lfyobx a`sbc le`~b kx smb b}kxsbahb

`n eursloks{ lac ~kòbahb a`s fbubo{ fbcklx h`~buldb `n smbxb ublokskbx! Ks kx a`s smb

yruy`xb `n smkx ubyùs s` kdaùb smkx ubloks{! M`tb~bu/ smb y`tbu `n fbckl s` eukad smbxb

ublokskbx kas` yb`yobx m`fbx/ s` lfyokn{ smbf lac/ ka x`fb hlxbx/ s` xbaxlskàlokwb smbf

lac smb kfylhs smkx mlx à fbckl hàxrfbux & abbcx s` eb ebssbu racbuxs``c! X` s``

c`bx smb kfylhs `n cbmrflakwkad fbckl hàsbas tmkhm kx a`s ubolsbc s` ublo b~basx

basbuslkafbas fbckl ka smb nùf `n ofx/ sbob~kxkà culflx lac ubloks{&yu`dulfx/ ~kcb`&

dlfbx/ lac à&okab rxbu&dbabulsbc lac ckxsukersbc hàsbas!

Fùb`~bu/ smb y`tbu n e`sm abtx lac basbuslkafbas fbckl s` nrusmbu ck~kcb lac yòlukwb

h`ffrakskbx ebdx smb |rbxskà c`bx smb ub~buxb mòc0 Xybhkhloo{/ t`roc smb cbykhskà

`n dbarkab lhsx `n ubxybhs lac ubh`dakskà/ ckubhso{ ubolsbc s` àbx du`ry&kcbasks{ lac

xbon&bxsbbf/ mboy s` cbnrxb hàkhs lac hàsukersb s` ubhàhkokad h`ffrakskbx0

Smb ubxbluhm nracbc e{ smb L@HFN hàsukersbx s` `ru racbuxslackad `n smbxb |rbxskà

e{ sbxskad xbon&lnuflskà smbù{/ tmkhm y`xksx smls kack~kcrlox lac du`ryx ubxkxs ybuxrlxkà

lssbfysx lac yuldflskh abd`sklskà h`fyu`fkxbx ka ylus ebhlrxb s` c` `smbutkxb t`roc

eb h`xso{ s` smbku xbaxb `n kcbasks{ lac xbon&kasbduks{/ tmkob xbon&lnuflskà fljbx yb`yob

ubolsk~bo{ fùb `yba s` kanùflskà lac kcblx smls t`roc `smbutkxb yu`~b smublsbakad s`smbku kcbò`dkhlo kcbasks{!=

4 E! Ebacbu/ Xsrc{ Hksbx Xbbcx `n Sbuuù ka Kul|7 Tlu Ulckhlokwbc F`xs/ E`xsà Doèb/ Gro{ : Fluj Flwwbssk/ Xy{ Ldbahkbx Xl{ Kul| Tlu

Tùxbax Sbuuù Smubls/ Abt [ùj Skfbx/ Xbysbfebu 53/ 599>!= Xmbufla/ C! J!/ . H`mba/ D! O! -599>+! Smb yx{hmò`d{ `n xbon&cbnbaxb7 Xbon&lnuflskà smbù{! Ka F! Y! Wlaal -Bc!+

Lc~lahbx ka B}ybukfbaslo X`hklo Yx{hmò`d{ -^ò! 8=/ yy!


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smb ~k~kcabxx `n l hàxsurhs/54 lac ksx ubolskàx tksm `smbulhhbxxkeob hàxsurhsx!5=

M`t c`bx loo `n smkx ubolsb s` fbckl kfylhsx0 @ab tl{ smls fbckl okjbo{ karbahbx ~kbtbu

grcdfbasx kx e{ yu`~kckad ~kbtbux tksm lhhbxxkeob hàxsurhsx/ ù yukfbx! Yukfkad kx la{

fblaxb~ba xreokfkalo`n lhsk~lskad ka `ru fkac l xhukys ù xsù{ nù l dk~ba xksrlskà! Ks

kx l yu`hbxx tmbub àb smkad smls {`r smkaj le`rs ubfkacx {`r `n `smbu smkadx ka {`ru fkac

smls {`r ml~b lxx`hklsbc tksm smls smkad! Lhhùckad s` Obàluc Ebuj`tksw lac Braj{rad G`/

st` yukfkad b}ybusx/ tmba yb`yob tksabxx/ ublc ù mblu `n la b~bas ~kl smb flxx fbckl/

kcblx ml~kad xkfkolu fblakad lub lhsk~lsbc ka smbf nù l xmùs skfb lnsbutlucx/ lacsmbxb

sm`rdmsx ka srua hla lhsk~lsb `smbu xbflaskhloo{ ubolsbc kcblx lac lhskà&sbacbahkbx5;!

Tmba yluskhrolu hàhbysx lub yùsul{bc ka l ubolsk~bo{ hàxkxsbas lac nùfrolkh tl{lx

smb{ lub ka sbob~kxkà yu`dulfx lac ofxsmb{ yu`~kcb xhukysx ù xksrlskàlo f`cbox

nù smb ~kbtbu!89 Nù kaxslahb/ ~kbtbux fl{ ebdka s` lxx`hklsb ladbu tksm hukfb ù

~kòbahb!8 Mkddkax/ B! S! -+! Ja`tobcdb lhsk~lskà7 Lhhbxxkekoks{/ lyyokhlekoks{ lac xlokbahb! Ka B! S! Mkddkax . L! B!

Jurdolaxjk -Bcx!+/ X`hklo yx{hmò`d{7 Mlace``j `n elxkh yukahkyobx -yy!


18/44

Smrx/ eukadkad ks elhj s` tmls tb~b obluabc nu`f x`hklo h`dakskà f`cbox/ ks kx smb xregbhsk~b

blxb `n ubhloo lac a`s smb nub|rbah{ `n fbckl b}y`xrub smls karbahbx grcdfbasx!83 @ru

b}ybukbahbx/ ~kl fbckl lac ~kl oknb/ kanùf `ru ubyubxbaslskàx `n smb tùoc! Smb f`xs~k~kc/ ubhbas/ lac nub|rbas kayrsx tb ubhbk~b ubdluckad l xksrlskà smls tb fl{ àb cl{

bah`rasbu cbsbufkab m`t tb racbuxslac lac grcdb smls xksrlskà tmba ks b~basrloo{

yubxbasx ksxbon! Smkx ulkxbx |rbxskàx nù smb uòb fbckl yol{x ka nù kaxslahb kanùfkad m`t

tb racbuxslac lac grcdb xksrlskàx/ hrosrubx/ lac smb lhskàx `n kack~kcrlox ù du`ryx tksm

tm`f tb ml~b okssob ckubhs hàslhs ù ublo&tùoc b}ybukbahb!

83 Xhmtlusw bs lo! -


19/44

Ka smb R!X!/ nù kaxslahb/

tb ja`t smls tmkob Lnukhla Lfbukhlax lhsrloo{ h`fyukxbc smb o`tbxs ybuhbasldb `n

luubxsx ka ublo hukfb xslskxskhx ka O!L!/ smb{ h`fyukxbc smb mkdmbxs ybuhbasldb n ybuybsulsùx

ubyubxbasbc à S^ abtx smbub!84 Ka hàsulxs/ h`fylubc s` smbku lhsrlo luubxs ulsbx -5="+/

Tmksbx h`fyukxbc ào{ 5


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22/44

59

^kòbas Fbckl lac Lddubxxkà

X`hklo h`dakskà ackadx ml~b lox` ebba ka~`jbc s` b}yolka smb yu`hbxx e{ tmkhm ~kòbasfbckl lnnbhsx lddubxxkà! Smb kcbl kx smls fbckl ~kòbahb yukfbx sm`rdmsx ubolsbc

s` m`xskoks{/32 lac nù l xmùs ybuk`c `n skfb nòo`tkad b}y`xrub s` fbckl ~kòbahb/ xrhm

sm`rdmsx fkdms lnnbhs smb tl{ tb xbb smbu yb`yob lac kasbuyubs smbku lhskàx -tùoc~kbt+!

Xbhàco{/ fbckl ~kòbahb fkdms yukfb smb ebokbn smls lddubxxk~b ebml~kù kx lhhbysbc e{

x`hkbs{ lac smbubnùb grxskbc ù tluulasbc -aùfx+! Nù kaxslahb/ Erxmfla bs lo! o``jbc

ls tmbsmbu ~kòbas ~kcb` dlfbx yu`crhb l m`xskob b}ybhslskà eklx/ ù ka `smbu tùcx/ smb

sbacbah{ s` b}ybhs `smbux s` ublhs s` y`sbasklo hàkhsx tksm lddubxxkà! Lnsbu yol{kad

bksmbu l ~kòbas u aà&~kòbas ~kcb` dlfb/ yluskhkylasx ublc lfekdr`rx xsù{ kasu`crhskàx

le`rs y`sbasklo kasbuybuxàlo hàkhsx! Smb{ tbub lxjbc tmls smb flka hmlulhsbu t`roc

c`/ xl{/ smkaj/ lac nbbo lx smb xsù{ hàskarbx! Yb`yob tm` yol{bc l ~kòbas ~kcb` dlfbcbxhukebc smb flka hmlulhsbu lx ebml~kad fùb lddubxxk~bo{/ smkajkad fùb lddubxxk~b

sm`rdmsx/ lac nbbokad ladukbu smla ckc yb`yob tm` yol{bc l aà~kòbas ~kcb` dlfb!3>

Xkfkolu xsrckbx ml~b xm`ta smls ~kòbas hàxsurhsx ebh`fb fùb lhhbxxkeob lnsbu ~kbtkad

~kòbas ofx!34

32 Ebuj`tksw lac G`/

E Erxmfla lac H Lacbuxà! -5995+! ^kòbas ^kcb` Dlfbx lac M`xskob B}ybhslskàx! Ybuxàloks{ lac X`hklo Yx{hmò`d{Eroobska/ ~!5=/ a!!34 E Erxmfla! -


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53!25 Elsxà bs lo/ Bfylsm{ lac Lssksrcbx7 Hla Nbbokad nù l Fbfebu `n l Xskdflskwbc Du`ry Kfyu`~b Nbbokadx S`tluc smb

Du`ry0 G`rualo `n Ybuxàloks{ lac X`hklo Yx{hmò`d{


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58

Smbxb ubxrosx sboo rx x`fbsmkad ~bu{ kfyùslas le`rs m`t lac tmba bfylsm{ karbahbx

lssksrcbx7 uxs/ bf`skàlo yu`hbxxbx hla eb xreokflsbc e{ h`daksk~b bnnùs! Yluskhkylasx

ka smb b}ybukfbas le`~b xbbfbc s` ubxkxs obsskad smbku bfylsm{&kacrhbc nbbokadx nù smbfrucbubu karbahb smbku lssksrcbx s`tluc hà~khsbc frucbubux kffbcklsbo{/ tmba smb{

tbub ltlub `n smb `~bus karbahb `n smb fbckl xskfrorx! Ers/ olsbu/ tksm smbku drluc c`ta/

smb bnnbhs xm`tbc ka smbku lssksrckalo xmkns!

Lx ka smb hlxb `n xsbub`s{ybx/ tùoc~kbtx lac m`xskoks{lddubxxkà/ àb `n smb xsuàdbxs

u`rsbx e{ tmkhm fbckl lyyblux s` karbahb lssksrcb hmladb ù bfylsm{ kx kfyokhks! Loo

s`dbsmbu/ smkx ub~kbt xrddbxsx kfyùslas hàxkcbulskàx nù yu`nbxxkàlox ka~ò~bc ka smb

erxkabxx `n fbckl lac x`hklo hmladb! Nkuxs/ ks fl{ eb smls hmladkad ebokbnx lac ~lorbx

xm`roc a`s eb yukflu{ d`lox ka fbckl&fljkad: kaxsblc/ xkahb ybuhbk~bc aùfx ml~b ebbaxm`ta s` fùb xsuàdo{ yubckhs ebml~kù/ yu crhbux fl{ tkxm s` hublsb x`hkloo{ hàxsurhsk~b

fbckl tmkhm losbux fbxxldbx le`rs x`hklo aùfx! Xbhàc/ fbckl yu`crhbux xm`roc eb

ltlub smls ~kbtbux lub tlu{ `n lssbfysx s` ybuxrlcb smbf! Lx oàd lx smb{ ybuhbk~b

la bnnùs s` bf`skàloo{ karbahb smbf/ smb{ tkoo okjbo{ dbabulsb h`daksk~b eo`hjx! Smbxb

eo`hjx fl{ ù fl{ a`s yub~bas surb lssksrcb hmladb bxybhkloo{ `~bu skfb! Ers smkx oblcx s`

l smkuc hàxkcbulskà/ tmkhm kx smls fbckl fljbux xm`roc lrdfbas smb hà~baskàlo xru~b{

fblxrubx rxbc s` sbxs smb kfylhs `n smbku fbckl hlfylkdax tksm fùb kfyokhks fblxrubx

lkfbc ls ub~blokad ebokbn lac lssksrcb hmladbx `n tmkhm ubxyàcbasx smbfxbo~bx fl{ a`s

b~ba eb ltlub!


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53

Looklahb `n Hk~kokwlskàxFbckl Nrac -L@HFN+&Xryyùsbc Oleùlsù{HòoleùlskàxTmkob smb xsrckbx ckxhrxxbc le`~b lub a`sbtùsm{ nù smbku bnnùsx s` ub~blo m`t fbckl

karbahb tùjx/ smb L@HFN tlasbc s` sbxs smbxb fbhmlakxfx ka nrusmbu ka cbysm!

Xybhkhloo{/ ks tlx kasbubxsbc ka m`t ~kòbas ù xsbub`s{ykhloo{ abdlsk~b fbckl kfylhsx

du`ry ubolskàx e{ lhsrloo{ hàabhskad l y`tbunro kasbudu`ry fbckl b}ybukbahb s` l eulka

xhla ù s` la kasbulhskà tksm la `rsdu`ry fbfebu! Xkfkoluo{/ ks tlasbc s` ka~bxskdlsb m`t

x`hkloo{&ubxyàxkeob fbckl -tmbub nùfbuo{ xsbub`s{ybc du`ryx lac kasbudu`ry ubolskàx lububyubxbasbc ka l fùb&elolahbc lac ubxybhsnro flaabu+ fl{ c` smb xlfb! Ks smbubnùb

lxjbc oblckad ubxbluhmbux nu`f smb bocx n eulka lac h`daksk~b xhkbahbx/ yx{hm`ym{xkò`d{/

lac x`hklo yx{hmò`d{ -ls Mlu~luc/ FKS lac smb Abt Xhm`ò nù X`hklo Ubxbluhm+ s` cb~kxb

lac hàcrhs kacbybacbas/ ùkdkalo xsrckbx s` smkx bac! Du`ry ubolskàx ka smbxb xsrckbx

lub fblxrubc e{ smb ebokbnx/ bf`skàx/ b}ybhslskàx/ lssksrcbx/ lac ebml~kùx la kack~kcrlo

mòcx s`tlucx la `rsdu`ry! Ubxbluhm mlx ebba hàcrhsbc xkahb Fluhm `n 599=/ lac tkoo

hàskarb smu`rdm 59


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52

Nù smkx ublxà/ st` `n smb L@HFN&nracbc oleùlsùkbx bfyo`{bc yx{hm`&ym{xkò`dkhlo

fbsm`cx! Smb d`lo tlx s` kcbaskn{ smb ym{xkhlo hùubolsbx `n bf`skà/ h`dakskà lac

ebml~kù! Eulka xhlax -nFUK+/ nù kaxslahb/ loo`t ubxbluhmbux s` o`hlsb sm`xb lublx `n smbeulka smls lub lhsk~lsbc e{ fbckl lac kasbudu`ry yu`hbxxbx/ smrx dk~kad l xbaxb n smb uòb

smls bf`skà lac h`dakskà abstùjx ka smb eulka yol{ ka ebokbn& lac lssksrcb&nùflskà!

Eulka kfldkad ubxbluhm mlx kahorcbc dbabulo eulka flyykad `n lcòbxhbasx ~kbtkad

~kòbas hskàlo kfldbx:28 smb uòb `n bf`skà ka fùlo grcdfbasx lac cbhkxkà&fljkad:23

lac smb uòb `n bf`skà ka fljkad eolfb lssukerskàx!22 Okjbtkxb/ mblus ulsb ~luklekoks{/ xjka

hàcrhslahb/ lac mùfàb ublckadx ml~b ebba rxbc ka fbckl lac kasbudu`ry ubxbluhm

s` kacb} lssbaskà/ bf`skàlo lu`rxlo/ hàsldkà lac h`daksk~b bnnùs!2>

28 Fruul{ GY -5999+/ Fbckl Bnnbhsx/ ka Bah{ho`ybckl n Yx{hmò`d{ ~!2/ Jlwcka LB/ bc! -Abt [ùj7 @}nùc Rak~buxks{ Yubxx/


28/44

5>

NkackadxKa lxjkad m`t fbckl hàsbas hla lnnbhs ~kbtbux kasbudu`ry bf`skàx/ ebokbnx/ lac

ebml~kùx/ smb L@HFN&nracbc olex lub b}yoùkad smb nòo`tkad7

lac cbxkub nù ubsloklskà smla b}ybukbahkad l xokdms ù mluf àb1x xbon

-Cu! Gbubf{ Dkadbx/ X`hklo Yx{hmò`d{/ Smb Abt Xhm`ò nù X`hklo Ubxbluhm+!

5! M`t fbckl kfldbx n ~kòbahb lac mrfkoklskà ldlkaxs àbx du`ry -hskàlo

ù aà&hskàlo+ lnnbhs àbx bf`skàx/ ebokbnx/ lac ebml~kùx!

-Cu! Tbac{ Fbacbx/ Mlu~luc/ Yx{hm`ym{xkò`d{ Ole+

8! Kn lac m`t fbckl kfldbx `n y`xksk~b kasbudu`ry hàslhs & k!b! kasbulhskàx

ubbhskad du`ry&elxbc ubh`dakskà lac ubxybhs mboy s` cbnrxb kasbudu`ryeklxbx! -Cu! Ubebhhl Xl}b/ FKS/ Eulka lac H`daksk~b Xhkbahb+!

Tb ckxhrxx x`fb `n smb kaksklo ackadx ebo`t!

Nkackad (


29/44

54

Nkdrub 9

Nkackad (87 Fbckl xmlybx `ru xregbhsk~b ubloks{ kfyokhkso{/ ls smb ob~bo `nxsbub`s{ybx/ lac ka sbufx `n ebokbnx le`rs smb tùoc!

Yx{hmò`d{ ubxbluhmbux x`fbskfbx bfyo`{ la b}buhkxb hloobc smb tblyàx slxj s`dlrdb kack~kcrlox kfyokhks xsbub`s{ybx!>< @ukdkaloo{ cb~bo`ybc s` b}lfkab lxx`hklskàx

ebstbba Lnukhla&Lfbukhla -~buxrx Tmksb+ nlhbx lac dra ~kòbahb/ smb Fbacbx Ole ls

Mlu~luc Rak~buxks{ lclysbc smb slxj s` b}lfkab lxx`hklskàx ebstbba Lule -~buxrx Tmksb+

nlhbx lac dra ~kòbahb! Smb tblyàx slxj dlrdbx tmbsmbu yluskhkylasx lub nlxsbu lac

fùb lhhrulsb ls kcbaskn{kad l dra lnsbu xbbkad la Lule ù Tmksb nlhb! Smb xybbc `n

kcbaskhlskà kx l fblxrub `n smb xsubadsm `n rahàxhk`rx lxx`hklskà -b!d! smb nlxsbu smb

ubxyàxb/ smb xsuàdbu smb lxx`hklskà ebstbba nlhb bsmakhks{ lac dra+! Fla{ x`hklo

yx{hmò`dkxsx smkaj smls ml~kad l xsuàdbu lxx`hklskà ebstbba àb s{yb `n nlhb lac drax

-lx h`fylubc s` la`smbu s{yb `n nlhb lac drax+ kx l s{yb `n eklx!

Smb Fbacbx Ole ls Mlu~luc Rak~buxks{ cbhkcbc s` sbxs tmbsmbu smb xkfyob lhs `n ublckad

le`rs lac ckxhrxxkad l mlsb hukfb -ybuybsulsbc e{ Tmksbx ldlkaxs Lulex ka àb hàckskà/

lac e{ Lulex ldlkaxs Tmksbx ka la`smbu+ t`roc karbahb yluskhkylasx kfyokhks eklxbx!

Yubokfkalu{ ubxrosx xm`t smls/ mòckad hàxslas smb lf`ras `n kasbudu`ry hàslhs xregbhsx

ml~b mlc/ xregbhsx mlcls oblxs sbfyùluko{ l xsuàdbu lxx`hklskà ebstbba tblyàx

lac tmkhmb~bu ulhb mlc ybuybsulsbc smb mlsb hukfb ka smb xsù{ smb{ ublc/ b~ba kn ks tlx

smbku `ta!>5

24 Flhjkb/ C! F!/ Cb~`x/ S!/ . Xfksm/ B! U! -5999+! Kasbudu`ry bf`skàx7 B}yolkakad `nnbaxk~b lhskà sbacbahkbx ka la

kasbudu`ry hàsb}s! G`rualo `n Ybuxàloks{ lac X`hklo Yx{hmò`d{/ 4;/ >95&>!2= Y{xwhw{axjk/ S!: Xò`fà/ X!: Dubbaebud/ G! -5998+! Ka smb tljb `n ;


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Smbub lub st` kfyùslas sljb&ltl{x mbub! Nkuxs/ fbckl hla ml~b la kffbcklsb lnnbhs à

`ru hàxsurlo `n x`hklo ubloks{ b~ba kn ks cbbx b}kxskad xsbub`s{ybx! Ka smkx hlxb/ ks xbbfx

smls Tmksbx mboc xsuàdbu tmksb&dra lxx`hklskàx lnsbu ublckad smb mlsb hukfb xsù{ smlsnblsrubc tmksb ybuybsulsùx! Xbhàc/ smb yubokfkalu{ ackadx xrddbxsbc l xsuàdbu Lule&

dra lxx`hklskà nù tmksb yluskhkylasx tmba smb ~khskf `n smb mlsb hukfb tlx lox` tmksb!

Smrx/ kn ubhbas fbckl b}y`xrub lnnbhsx rahàxhk`rx lxx`hklskàx `n bsmakh du`ryx tksm

~kòbahbks fl{ c` x` s` dublsbu b}sbas tmba smb hukfb kx yx{hmò`dkhloo{ ablu s` àbx

du`ry! Kn smbxb ackadx tbub s` eblu rs ka nrusmbu lalo{xkx/ smb{ t`roc hàdblo tksm la`smbu

xsrc{ sljkad yolhb ls smb xlfb skfb ka smb Absmbuolacx! Smbub/ ubxbluhmbux n`rac smls

sbuuùkxf abtx kahublxbc b}yokhks yubgrckhb s`tluc `rsdu`ry fbfebux ka e`sm Frxokf lac

Aà&Frxokf yluskhkylasx!>8 Ebhlrxb smb ukdms&tkad yòkskhkla la D`dm tlx lxxlxxkalsbc ka

smb Absmbuolacx crukad smb xsrc{x ura/ aà&Lule xsrc{ yluskhkylasx lyyblubc s` nbbo smls

sbuuùkxf ldlkaxs smbku du`ry tlx yx{hmò`dkhloo{ ho`xb!

Nkackad (37 X`hklo Hàsb}s Flssbux! Tb b}ybukbahb cknnbubas bf`skàlo ublhskàxlac bf`skàlo kasbaxkskbx elxbc à tm` tb b}ybukbahb fbckl tksm!

Smb Fbacbx Ole xsrc{ ubnbubahbc le`~b yu`crhbc la`smbu yubokfkalu{ ackad n ubob~lahb

s` smkx ubyùs! Ka smb xsrc{/ tmksb yluskhkylasx ublc le`rs l mlsb hukfb lnsbu ml~kad fbs

la kasbulhskà ylusabu tm` tlx bksmbu Lule ù Tmksb -smb kasbulhskà ylusabux tbub

hànbcbulsbx/ sulkabc e{ smb oleùlsù{ s` balhs smb xlfb ebml~kùx tksm loo yluskhkylasx+!Ka àb hàckskà/ smb mlsb hukfb smb yluskhkylas ublc le`rs tlx ybuybsulsbc e{ smubb

Tmksb fba ldlkaxs la Lule fla: ka smb `smbu hàckskà/ smb mlsb hukfb tlx ybuybsulsbc

e{ smubb Lule fba ldlkaxs l Tmksb fla! Lnsbu yluskhkylasx akxmbc ublckad le`rs smb mlsb

hukfb/ smb{ ckxhrxxbc ks tksm smbku ylusabu! Xbon&ubyùsbc bf`skàx tbub hòobhsbc grxs lnsbu

ublckad le`rs smb mlsb hukfb/ lac smba ldlka lnsbu smb ylusabu kasbulhskà!

Yubokfkalu{ lalo{xkx xrddbxsx st` kfyùslas y`kasx `n kasbubxs! Smb uxs kx smls yukù s` smb

ckxhrxxkà le`rs smb mlsb hukfb/ ublckad smb mlsb hukfb dbabulsbc smb f`xs abdlsk~b

bf`skàx nù tmksb yluskhkylasx tm` tbub le`rs s` kasbulhs tksm la Lule ylusabu! Smls kx/

tmbsmbu smb mlsb hukfb ybuybsulsùx tbub Lule u Tmksb/ Tmksb xregbhsx nbos fùb abdlsk~bbf`skàx ls smb yu`xybhs `n ckxhrxxkad tksm la Lule ylusabu smla tksm l Tmksb ab! Tmksb

xregbhsx lyyblu s` ml~b b}ybukbahbc smb f`xs abdlsk~b bf`skàx tmba smb{ tbub le`rs

s` ckxhrxx smb mlsb hukfb tksm la Lule ylusabu/ lac smb ybuybsulsù ka smb fbckl xhbaluk`

mlc ebba Tmksb!

>8 Clx/ B!/ Erxmfla/ E!/ Ebwbfbu F!/ Jbujm`n Y!/ ^bufbroba K! -599;+! M`t sbuuùkxf abtx ubyùsx kahublxb yubgrckhb

ldlkaxs `rsdu`ryx7 L sbuuù flaldbfbas lhh`ras! G`rualo `n B}ybukfbaslo X`hklo Yx{hmò`d{ 327 328&32;!


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S` nrusmbu sbxs smb kfylhs `n cklo`drb le`rs lac yu`hbxxkad `n fbckl hàsbas/ Xòk{l

-nùfbuo{ smb L@HFN+ mlx nùfbc la a&d`kad ubxbluhm ylusabuxmky tksm smb Xl}b H`daksk~b

Abru`xhkbahb Ole ls FKS tmbube{ smb Ole tkoo sbxs smb kfylhs `n Xòk{lx yu`dulfx/ tmkhm

rxb tbe&elxbc fbckl lac cklo`drb s` n`xsbu dublsbu hu`xx&hrosrulo racbuxslackad!

>3 Xbb Ylorhj/ 599;!


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85

HàhorxkàCbhlcbx `n ubxbluhm à fbckl bnnbhsx sboo rx smls fbckl karbahbx tùoc~kbtx/ x`hklo

ybuhbyskà/ lac ebml~kù ka h`fyob} tl{x! Fbcklx kfylhs à kasbudu`ry ubolskàx kx

xkfkoluo{ h`fyob}! Smkx ubyùs mlx mkdmokdmsbc xb~bulo kfyùslas ackadx!

Nkuxs/ ks mkdmokdmsx smb hbasulo kfyùslahb `n ybuxàlo xbon&bxsbbf! Ebhlrxb x`hklo kcbasks{

kx l xsuàd nlhsù karbahkad àbx kack~kcrlo bxsbbf/ xskdflskwkad cbykhskàx `n `ru x`hklo

du`ryx bnnbhs `ru xbon&bxsbbf lac f`sk~lskàx lx kack~kcrlox! Ka ubxyàxb s` fbcklx

yùsul{lo `n mluf ù ybuhbk~bc xokdmsx ldlkaxs kcbasks{&du`ryx s` tmkhm tb eboàd/ tb lub

okjbo{ s` hokad b~ba fùb skdmso{ s` ru x`hklo kcbaskskbx lac cbnbac smbf ka smb xfloo u oludb

tl{x l~lkoleob s` rx! Racbu hbuslka hàckskàx/ smkx hla oblc s` kahublxbc sbaxkà ù b~ba

~kòbahb ebstbba du`ryx!

Ka sbufx `n fbckl fbhmlakxfx/ tb ml~b obluabc nu`f hrosk~lskà smbù{ lac yukfkad

xsrckbx smls fbckl cbykhskàx n smbu x`hklo du`ryx -eb smb{ nlhsrlo u hskàlo+ kanùf ru

ebokbnx le`rs x`hklo ubloks{ lac kasbudu`ry aùfx/ k!b! m`t smb `smbu smkajx lac nbbox lac

m`t tb xm`roc kasbulhs/ bxybhkloo{ ka smb lexbahb `n xrexslasklo ublo&tùoc b}ybukbahb ù

kasbulhskà tksm sm`xb cbykhsbc du`ryx!

Tb ml~b obluabc smls fbcklx lekoks{ s` hmladb lssksrcbx lac xsbub`s{ybx kx nsba kackubhs

fbckl hàxrfbux lub ~kdkolas ldlkaxs b}yokhks lssbfysx s` ybuxrlcb smbf! Kaxsblc/ smb{

lub fùb okjbo{ s` eb karbahbc kfyokhkso{/ ~kl bf`skàx lac ~kl fbckl smls karbahbx smbku

~kbtx `n x`hklo aùfx!

Smkx ubyùs cbckhlsbc xrexslasklo lssbaskà s` ylxs ubxbluhm a fbckl ~kòbahb/ yluskhroluo{

ka sbufx `n smb yukfkad lac cbxbaxkskwkad bnnbhsx `n ubyblsbc fbckl fbxxldkad! Abt

ubxbluhm kasbdulskad fbckl ~kòbahb lac kasbudu`ry ybuxybhsk~bx cbfàxsulsbx smls

xrhm bnnbhsx b}sbac s` kasbudu`ry lssksrcbx lac ebml~kù! Nù kaxslahb/ tmba abdlsk~b

xsbub`s{ybx `n Lnukhla&Lfbukhla tbub yukfbc/ sbxs xregbhsx dl~b obxx xryyùs s` hlrxbx

xrhm lx mboy nù Lnukhla&Lfbukhla ~khskfx `n Mruukhlab Jlsukal! Tmba Crshm yluskhkylasx

tbub b}y`xbc s` fùb abtx xsùkbx le`rs lhsx `n b}subfkxf lac sbuuùkxf h`ffkssbc e{

Lule ybuybsulsùx/ lac tmba smb{ nbos ks ubxàlsbc tksm smbku yòkskhlo ublokskbx ls m`fb/ smb{

b}mkeksbc dublsbu xsbub`s{ybx ldlkaxs Lulex!


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Losm`rdm xskoo ka yu`dubxx/ smb abt ubxbluhm h`~bubc s`tluc smb bac `n smkx ubyùs mlx

loublc{ nrusmbubc `ru racbuxslackad `n fbckl lac kasbudu`ry ubolskàx ka x`fb kfyùslas

tl{x! Nkuxs/ rxkad xslsb `n smb lus eulka kfldkad sbhmaò`d{/ smb Xl}b Ole ls FKS mlxxm`ta smls kack~kcrlox yu`hbxx du`ry&ubolsbc kanùflskà ka bf`skà&hbasbux `n smb eulka!

Smls kx/ du`ry&ubolsbc ublxàkad lac ybuhbyskà fl{ tboo eb kfyokhks/ bf`skàlo/ lac

ras`rhmleob ~kl sulckskàlo h`daksk~b ù ulskàlo lyyu`lhmbx! Kn surb/ tb t`roc b}ybhs

du`ryx s` ubxyàc ~bu{ cknnbubaso{ s` smb xlfb fbckl xskfrok! Tb t`roc lox` b}ybhs smls

h`daksk~b/ nlhs&elxbc bnnùsx s` karbahb kasbudu`ry lssksrcbx t`roc eb obxx xrhhbxxnro smla

obxx b}yokhks lyyu`lhmbx smls karbahb bf`skàx/ kahorckad ~kusrlo hmlulhsbu b}ybukbahbx n

`rsdu`ry fbfebux n smb jkac smls abt&fbckl sbhmaò`dkbx fljb y`xxkeob ls l yub~k`rxo{

kfy`xxkeob xhlob lac ubcrhbc h`xs!

La`smbu ackad mkdmokdmsx smb y`tbunro kfyokhks kfylhs smls fbckl mlx à kack~kcrlox! SmbFbacbx Ole xm`tbc smls yluskhkylasx tbub fùb okjbo{ s` mòc la kfyokhks eklx ldlkaxs

tmkhmb~bu ulhklo du`ry smb{ mlc grxs ublc le`rs lx ybuybsulskad l mlsb hukfbb~ba kn ks

tlx smbku `ta!

Olxso{/ smb x`hklo hàsb}s tksmka tmkhm àb b}ybukbahbx fbckl lyyblux hbasulo s` m`t ks

tkoo lnnbhs smbf! Ka smb Fbacbx ole/ Tmksb xregbhsx ckc a`s ubloo{ bfylsmkwb tksm ù nbbo

& smb ylka `n l mlsb hukfb ~khskf raobxx smb{ kasbulhsbc tksm l cklo`drb ylusabu tm` tlx

smb xlfb ulhb lx smb ~khskf -eb ks Lule ù Tmksb+! Kn smb ylusabu tlx Tmksb/ smb{ tbub fùb

okjbo{ s` nbbo ladbu: lac kn smb ylusabu tlx Lule/ smb{ tbub fùb okjbo{ s` nbbo la}kbs{/ drkos

ù xmlfb! Tmkob smb Fbacbx ole cblos f`xso{ tksm xbon&ubyùsbc bf`skàx/ `smbu xsrckbx lubackad smls x`hklo hàsb}s lox` yol{x l uòb ka smb tl{ fbckl kfylhsx ybuhbk~bc x`hklo

aùfx! Smls kx/ ulck` ù sbob~kxkà yu`dulfx le`rs y`xksk~b kasbudu`ry ubolskàx lyyblu s`

ml~b l xsuàdbu bnnbhs tmba okxsbabux ù ~kbtbux ybuhbk~b smls `smbu h`ffraks{ fbfebux

lac x`hkbs{ ls&oludb lhhbys smb ebml~kù lac ~lorbx ebkad yùsul{bc!

Kfyokhlskàx nù Fbckl Kacrxsu{ Oblcbux/ Fbckl&nù&X`hklo&Hmladb Lc~`hlsbx/ lac Fbckl

Oksbulh{ Bcrhlsùx/ lac Càùx lac Yòkh{&Fljbux ka smbxb Nkbocx

xksrlskàx ka l yluskhrolu tl{ bxybhkloo{ du`ryx ù xksrlskàx tksm tmkhm fbcklhàxrfbux ml~b okssob ckubhs b}ybukbahb bxsleokxm xhukysx ka smb fkacx `n

fbckl hàxrfbux -k!b! la lxx`hklskà `n yb`yob nu`f l hbuslka bsmakh/ ubokdk`rx/

ù ulhklo du ry tksm lddubxxk~b u ~kòbas ebml~kù nù kaxslahb+! Tmba smb{

smba bah`rasbu smbxb xksrlskàx ù fbfebux `n smbxb du`ryx ka ublo&oknb/ smb{ fl{

eb yukfbc s` racbuxslac lac grcdb smbf -lac s` lhs lhhùckado{+ elxbc à

smbxb xhukysx! Smb ubhbah{ lac nub|rbah{ tksm tmkhm xrhm cbykhskàx lub

hàxrfbc kahublxbx smb blxb tksm tmkhm smb{ lub smba ubhloobc e{ kack~kcrlox

s` kanùf lac drkcb smbku racbuxslackad `n smb ublo tùoc! Smkx mlyybax oludbo{

à l xrehàxhk`rx lac bf`skàlo ob~bo x` frhm x` smls xsrckbx `n eklx smls

ubo{ xòbo{ à xbon&ubyùskad `n lssksrcbx tkoo `nsba racbubxskflsb smb cbdubb s`tmkhm eklx lhsrloo{ b}kxsx lac kx lhsbc ryà!


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5! Smb hbasuloks{ `n bf`skà! Fùb eu`lco{ xybljkad/ bf`skà yol{x l hbasulo

uòb ka nùfkad `ru grcdfbasx/ tùoc~kbt/ . ~lorbx! Bnnùsx s` ybuxrlcb smu`rdm

h`daksk~b ublxàkad lac smb yubxbaslskà `n h`rasbunlhsrlox sbac s` eb obxxbnnbhsk~b smla fbckl kasbu~baskàx smls xyblj s` ù bokhks la bf`skàlo ublhskà!

8! Hàsb}s lac kasbulhskà flssbux! Tm` tb hàxrfb fbckl tksm lac tksm

tm`f tb kasbulhs nòo`tkad `ru b}y`xrub s` fbckl mlx l cbsbufkalsk~b bnnbhs

à smb cbdubb s` tmkhm tb ebh`fb bf`skàloo{ ka~bxsbc ka ks! Ka fbckl

cbykhskàx `n ~kòbahb ebstbba st` du`ryx/ fbckl hàxrfbux ebh`fb f`xs

bf`skàlo tmba smb fbckl b}y`xrub tlx nòo`tbc e{ cklo`drb tksm l

ubyubxbaslsk~b `n smb ~khskfkwbc du`ry! Dk~ba smls abt fbckl sbhmaò`dkbx

b}ylac smb y`xxkekokskbx nù fbckl b}y`xrub nòo`tbc e{ kasbulhskà tksm

lnnbhsbc h`ffrakskbx/ smkx lyyblux s` eb la b}hkskad abt nuàskbu nù smb boc `nfbckl&nù&x`hklo&hmladb!

3! Tb ublxà le`rs du`ry&ubolsbc kxxrbx bf`skàloo{! Tb b}ybukbahb smb

bf`skàx `n du`ryx tksm tm`f tb kcbaskn{ ~khluk`rxo{ k!b! tmba tb

tksabxx/ smu`rdm smb fbckl/ nukbacx ù nboo`t&fbfebux `n du`ryx tksm tm`f tb

kcbaskn{ ebkad xokdmsbc/ mlufbc ù ~khskfkwbc/ tb b}ybukbahb lac yu`hbxx smbku

ylka ka l xkfkolu nlxmkà s` m`t tb t`roc b}ybukbahb ks kn ks tbub mlyybakad

s` rx ckubhso{! Ka x`fb/ b}y`xrub s` xrhm b}ybukbahbx smu`rdm smb fbckl n`xsbux

l dublsbu rudb nù ubsloklskà smla smb{ t`roc nbbo b~ba kn ks tbub mlyybakad s`

smbf ckubhso{! Smb b}ybukbahb `n ~kbtkad smb mlufkad `n x`fbàb tksm tm`ftb kcbaskn{ hla eb x` kasbaxb lx s` oblc rx s` sljb losurkxskh yraksk~b lhskà

k!b! lhskàx smls mluf smb ybuhbk~bc lddubxxù ers lub lox` h`xso{ ù mlufnro s`

rx ybuxàloo{! X`fb ubxbluhmbux ebokb~b smls xrhm lhskà hla ebxs eb b}yolkabc

lx ebkad f`sk~lsbc e{ l cbxkub s` ubdlka xbon&bxsbbf à ebmlon `n àbx du`ry!

2! Smb y`tbu `n x`hklo aùfx! @ru lxxrfyskàx le`rs x`hklo aùfx yubckhs `ru

ebml~kù fùb smla `ru `ta xslsbc ebokbnx ù ~lorbx c`! Ka `smbu tùcx/ tmba

ks h`fbx s` `ru ebml~kù/ tb lub okjbo{ s` lhs ka tl{x smls sljb kas` lhh`ras

tmls tb ebokb~b smbux tkoo c`! Fbckl hlfylkdax smls lssbfys s` karbahb

ebml~kù -k!b! lask&xf`jkad hlfylkdax/ bnnùsx s` ubcrhb kasbu&h`ffralo~kòbahb/ bsh!+ e{ ckubhso{ lccubxxkad smb lssksrcbx ù ebokbnx `n l dk~ba kack~kcrlo

fl{ smbubnùb a`s eb lx bnnbhsk~b lx sm`xb smls hà~kahb smls kack~kcrlo smls

`smbu yb`yobx lssksrcbx lac ebml~kùx ml~b hmladbc! Ubolsbc s` smb y`kas

ubdluckad xsbub`s{ykad lac yukfkad/ ybuxkxsbas fbckl cbykhskàx `n ~kòbahb

fkdms yukfb smb ebokbn smls lddubxxk~b ebml~kù kx lhhbysbc e{ x`hkbs{ lac

smbubnùb grxskbc ù tluulasbc!


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>! Smb tlu{ ~kbtbu! ^kbtbux lub tlu{ `n lssbfysx s` ybuxrlcb smbf! Lx oàd

lx smb{ ybuhbk~b la bnnùs s` bf`skàloo{ karbahb smbf/ smb{ lub okjbo{ s`

dbabulsb h`daksk~b eo`hjx/ ù s` xmrs c`ta bf`skàloo{! Smbxb eo`hjx/b~ba tmba bnnbhsk~b ka smb xmùs sbuf fl{ a`s eb lx bnnbhsk~b `~bu skfb!

Ubdlucobxx/ ks xbbfx smls tmba fbckl kx f`xs bnnbhsk~b ls xmknskad lssksrcbx/ ks

kx rxrloo{ a`s su{kad/ ù ls oblxs a`s ybuhbk~bc e{ smb fbckl hàxrfbu s`

eb su{kad!

Fbckl yu`nbxxkàlox xm`roc ubh`dakwb smls smkx ub~kbt mlx xy`jba le`rs fbckl bnnbhsx ka

sbufx `n l~buldbx! Ers kack~kcrlox cknnbu ka smbku xrxhbyskekoks{ s` fbckl! Nù kaxslahb/ yb`yob

tm` sbac s` fkxsljb hskà nù nlhs sbac s` b}mkeks l oludbu fbckl karbahb smla sm`xb

tm` c` a`s fljb xrhm hànrxkàx!>2

Lac ybumlyx xruyukxkado{/ mbl~{ ~kbtbux `n sbob~kxkàckxh`ras sbob~kxkà kanùflskà s` l dublsbu b}sbas smla okdms ~kbtbuxsmb{ lub fùb ltlub

`n fbckl eklx lac smbubnùb bfyo`{ dublsbu h`daksk~b ~kdkolahb!>>

Nù fbckl yu`crhbux/ smbub kx frhm bfymlxkx a erkockad kasbudu`ry bfylsm{ smu`rdm fùb

lhhrulsb cbykhskàx `n xskdflskwbc du`ryx/ lx tboo lx fùb bfylsmkh hmlulhsbukwlskà!

Ers yu`crhbux xm`roc eb ltlub smls smb ubolskàxmky ebstbba bfylsm{ lac fbckl kx

h`fyob}! Bfylsm{ fl{ xkfyo{ oblc s` ybuxàlokwlskà ù xre&hlsbdùkwlskà -tmbub l

fbckl hàxrfbu fl{ xl{/ @m/ ers smkx hmlulhsbu kx cknnbubas smla smb ubxs+/ lac smbubnùb

a`s dbabulokwb s` smb ubxs `n smb du`ry! Lox`/ tmba xrhm bnnùsx lub flcb s`` b}yokhkso{/

hàxrfbux tkoo eb ~kdkolas ldlkaxs ybuxrlxkà!>4

Kacbbc/ fbckl lssbfysx s` xmkns lssksrcbx/tmba ybuhbk~bc lx `~bus/ hla elhjub/ ubxroskad ka b~ba mluxmbu xsbub`s{ybx lac lssksrcbx

ldlkaxs smb `smbu du`ry!

>2 F Flubx! -+! Smb Uòb `n X`ruhb hànrxkàx ka sbob~kxkàx hrosk~lskà `n x`hklo ubloks{ grcdfbasx! Mrfla

H`ffrakhlskà Ubxbluhm/ ~!58/ yy!54=&5;4!>> OG Xmurf/ UX T{bu lac SH @Drkaa! -4 XG Xmbufla lac B Hùs{! -


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Le`rs smb L@HFN&Nracbc Ubxbluhm

OleùlsùkbxSmb L@HFN mlx h`ffkxxkàbc smubb xbsx `n xsrckbx hàcrhsbc e{ oblckad xhkbaskxsx kafroskyob bocx ls Mlu~luc/ FKS lac Smb Abt Xhm`ò nù X`hklo Ubxbluhm!

Smb froskckxhkyokalu{ sblf `n ka~bxskdlsùx nù L@HFN ubxbluhm kahorcbx7

Tbac{ Fbacbx/ Ym!C! Lxxkxslas Yu`nbxxù `n Yx{hmò`d{ ka smb Nlhros{ `n Lusx lac Xhkbahbx/

Mlu~luc Rak~buxks{

Cu! Fbacbx urax smb Mblosm . Yx{hm`ym{xkò`d{ Oleùlsù{ ls smb Cbylusfbas `nYx{hmò`d{ ls Mlu~luc Rak~buxks{! Mbu ubxbluhm hàhbasulsbx eu`lco{ à xsrc{kad m`t smb

fkac karbahbx smb e`c{/ tksm l xybhkh kasbubxs ka kasbudu`ry ubolskàx lac xskdflskwlskà/

lac smb bnnbhsx `n bf`skà lac xsubxx xslsbx à h`daksk~b yu`hbxxkad/ ebml~kù/ lac

ym{xkò`d{! Ka yluskhrolu/ xmb b}lfkabx m`t sm`rdmsx lac nbbokadx xmlyb e`cko{ ubxyàxbx/

lx tboo lx m`t e`cko{ hmladbx hla xmlyb h`dakskà/ s` o``j ls m`t yb`yob flaldb lac

lssbfys s` hàsuò smbku ulhklo eklxbx lac m`t sm`xb ubdrolsù{ lssbfysx `nsba nlko ubxroskad

ka ub~blokad dublsbu ulhklo eklx! Smkx frosk&fbsm`c lyyu`lhm kahorckad ym{xkò`dkhlo

ubxyàxbx/ bobhsu`f{`dulym{/ lrsà`fkh ublhsk~ks{/ abru`&bac`hukab ubxyàxbx/

bobhsu`bahbymlo`dulym{/ lac xslusob ubb} aà&~buelo ubxyàxbx/ h`daksk~b ybunùflahb/

lac xbon&ubyùsbc bf`skàx lac lyyulkxlox `ybax l abt ybuxybhsk~b à smb cb~bo`yfbas`n xsbub`s{ykad lac eklxbx!

Fbacbx Ole -Yx{hm`ym{xkò`d{+\rbxskà7 M`t c`bx b}y`xrub s` fbckl

cbykhskad ~kòbahb ldlkaxs àbx du`ry smls ybuxà ka l xrexb|rbas kasbulhskà

tksm l fbfebu `n smb ybuybsulskad du`ry0

Fbsm`c7 H`fylub smb bnnbhsx `n cknnbubas fbckl xskfroktukssba abtx xsù{/

abtx n``sldb/ aà&hskà ofxm`tkad ~kòbahb ldlkaxs àbx du`ry!

Gbubf{ Dkadbx/ Ym!C! Lxxkxslas Yu`nbxxù `n Cbylusfbas `n Yx{hmò`d{/ Abt Xhm`ò nù

X`hklo Ubxbluhm


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Cu! Dkadbxx x`hklo yx{hmò`d{ ubxbluhm kx hbasbubc a kasbudu`ry hàkhs/ abd`sklskà lac

h``ybulskà: xlhubc ~lorbx lac fùlo ublxàkad lhu`xx hrosrubx: lac yòkskhlo ~kòbahb

lac xrkhkcb lsslhjx! Ml~kad càb b}sbaxk~b ubxbluhm à m`t hàkhs ubxòrskà xsulsbdkbxnù smb Kxulbok&Ylobxskakla hàkhs fkdms eb kfyu`~bc/ Dkadbx xru~b{ `n 3/999 Ylobxskaklax

lac Kxulbokx ebstbba 5993 lac 599= nù smb Alskàlo Xhkbahb N`raclskà lac Cbnbaxb

Cbylusfbas ub~blobc smls fùlo ebokbnx lub erkos ryà ka~kòleob hùb ~lorbx! Xsulsbdkbx

ka~ò~kad flsbuklo h`fybaxlskà nù cu`yykad sm`xb ~lorbx tkoo nlko lx smbxb xlhubc ~lorbx

lub cbnbacbc ubdlucobxx `n h`xs! Kaxsblc/ smkx xru~b{ n`rac smls x{feòkh dbxsrubx `n

hàhbxxkàx/ xrhm lx la lyò`d{ ù ubh`dakskà `n ukdmsx/ tlx fùb okjbo{ s` cult yluskbx s`

smb abd`sklskà sleob!

Dkadbx Ole -Ebml~kùlo+\rbxskà7 Tmba c`bx du`ry&elxbc xokdms hublsb

`rsuldb0 M`t c`bx `rsuldb cknnbu nu`f xmlfb/ ladbu ù uldb0 C`bx ks cknnbu

tmba ks kx kasbuybuxàlo ~buxrx du`ry&elxbc0 Ybuxàloo{ b}ybukbahbc ~buxrx~khluk`rx -~kl fbckl+0

Ubebhhl Xl}b/ Ym!C! Lxxkxslas Yu`nbxxù ka Eulka lac H`daksk~b Xhkbahbx/ FKS

Bfkob Eurablr/ Ym!C! Y`xs&C`hsùlo Nboo`t/ Eulka lac H`daksk~b Xhkbahbx/ FKS

Cu! Xl}bx ole hàcrhsx x`hklo h`daksk~b abru`xhkbahb xsrckbx ka ùcbu s` racbuxslac smb

abrulo elxkx `n ybuhbyskà lac ublxàkad le`rs `smbu yb`yob! Cbo~kad kas` l abt lubl

`n ka|rku{ ka smb boc/ smb Xl}b ole rxbx fbsm`cx kahorckad nrahskàlo fldabskh ubxàlahb

kfldkad -nFUK+/ sulaxhulaklo fldabskh xskfrolskà -SFX+/ abru`yx{hmò`dkhlo ylskbas xsrckbx/

lac b{b&sulhjkad lac ebml~kùlo fbsm`cx/ s` o``j kas` m`t smb eulka & la bobhsukhlo lac

ekò`dkhlo flhmkab & hàxsurhsx lexsulhs sm`rdmsx!

Xl}b Ole -Abru`kfldkad+\rbxskà7 C` lhsx `n ubh`dakskà ù y`xksk~b

kasbudu`ry hàslhs loob~klsb m`xskob `rsdu`ry ybuhbyskàx0 C` smbxb smkadx

mòc smb xlfb bnnbhs tmba b}ybukbahbc ~kl fbckl0

Fbsm`c7


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EKEOK@DULYM[Leulmlf/ O! l! L! @! -599>+! Nulfkad Abtx Xsùkbx7 Smb Uòb `n ^kxrlo Kfldbu{ ka Yukfkad Ulhklo

Xsbub`s{ybx! M`tluc G`rualo n H`ffrakhlskà +! X`hklo n`raclskàx `n sm`rdms lac lhskà7 L x`hklo h`daksk~b smbù{! Badobt``c Hoknnx/

AG/ Yubaskhb Mloo/ Kah!

Elacrul/ L! -599;+! X`hklo H`daksk~b Smbù{ `n Flxx H`ffrakhlskà! Fbckl Bnnbhsx! G! Eu{las/ lac Flu{

Ebsm @ok~bu! Abt [ùj/ U`rsobcdb7 ;3&


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Eu{las/ G!/ lac Flu{ Ebsm @ok~bu/ Bc! -599;+! Fbckl Bnnbhsx7Lc~lahbx ka Smbù{ lac Ubxbluhm!

H`ffrakhlskà Xbukbx! Abt [ uj/ U`rsobcdb!

Erxmfla/ E! -Yx{hmò`d{ Eroobska 897


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Mltjkax/ U! E! l! Y!/ X! -+!

Mrxsà/ L! H!/ Càabuxsbka/ B!/ Nlkuhmkoc/ M! bs lo! -+7 &+! Fbckl ubyubxbaslskàx `n ulhb/ yu`s`s{ykhloks{/ lac yòkh{ ublxàkad7 La

lyyokhlskà `n xbon&hlsbdùkwlskà smbù{! G`rualo `n Eu`lchlxskad lac Bobhsuàkh Fbckl 297 892&855!

Flslelab/ Y! l! F!/ E! -+! Lnukhla Lfbukhlax à sbob~kxkà7 Stbas{&~b {blux lnsbu Jbuabu!

Smb M`tluc G`rualo `n H`ffrakhlskàx 47 85;&884!

Flsmbtx/ ^! Y!/ Juàbaebudbu/ T!D!/ Tlad/ [!/ Oruks`/ G!S!/ O`tb/ F!G!/ lac Craa/ C! -5992+! Fbckl

~kòbahb b}y`xrub lac nuàslo oèb lhsk~lskà fblxrubc e{ nrahskàlo fldabskh ubxàlahb kfldkad

ka lddubxxk~b lac aàlddubxxk~b lcòbxhbasx! G`rualo `n H`fyrsbu Lxxkxsbc S`f`dulym{ 5;7 5=4&5;5!

FhDrkub/ T! G! -+! Smb F{sm `n Flxxk~b Fbckl Kfylhs7 Xl~ldkadx lac Xlo~ldkadx! Yreokh

H`ffrakhlskà lac Ebml~kù! D! H`fxs`hj! Abt [ùj/ Lhlcbfkh Yubxx!


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3&85!

Yluj/ G!/ Nbok}/ J!/ lac Obb/ D! -5994+! Kfyokhks Lssksrcbx S`tluc Lule&Frxokfx lac smb F`cbulskad Bnnbhsx

`n X`hklo Kanùflskà! Elxkh lac Lyyokbc X`hklo Yx{hmò`d{ 5;-lc~buskxbfbasx nù lcòbxhbasx0 Smb rxb `n yu`sbhskà f`sk~lskà smbù{ s` kcbaskn{ bnnbhsk~b fbxxldb

smbfbx! G`rualo `n Flujbskad >47 7 !

Xhmurf/ O! G! -599;+! Fbckl Hàxrfyskà lac Ybuhbyskàx `n X`hklo Ubloks{! Fbckl Bnnbhsx7 Lc~lahbx ka

Smbù{ lac Ubxbluhm! G! Eu{las/ lac Flu{ Ebsm @ok~bu! Abt [ùj/ U`rsobcdb7 29&48!

Xylujx D/ X! H!/ lac Xylujx B -599;+! Fbckl ^kòbahb! Fbckl Bnnbhsx! G! Eu{las/ lac Flu{ Ebsm @ok~bu! Abt

[ùj/ U`rsobcdb7 5>;&5=>!

Xsbaxsu`f/ C!/ Okhjbo E!/ Cbaxà/ S!/ lac Fkoobu/ A! -599=+! Smb uòbx `n kadu`ry kcbaskhlskà lac `rsdu`ry

baskslsk~ks{ ka kasbudu`ry ubsukerskà! Ybuxàloks{ lac X`hklo Yx{hmò`d{ Eroobska 837 47 8>5&84


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Sruabu H!/ l! E!/ O! -3!

S~buxj{/ L!/ lac Jlmabfla/ C! --3+7 =9!

Tboofla/ E! -!

T{bu/ U! X! -5993+! X`hklo H`fyubmbaxkà lac Grcdfbas7 Smb uòb `n xksrlskàlo f`cbox/ aluulsk~bx/ lac

kfyokhks smbùkbx! Flmtlm/ AG/ Bluoelrf!

[wbue{s/ C!/ Tkdeòcrx lac Dùckga -5998+! K nbbo nù rx7 smb kfylhs `n hlsbdùkwlskàlac kcbaskhlskà

à bf`skàxlac lhskà&sbacbahkbx! Eukskxm G`rualo `n X`hklo Yx{hmò`d{ 357 288&23;!

Wkoffla/ C!/ lac Glfbx E! Tbl~bu -5998+! Bnnbhsx `n Yuòàdbc B}y`xrub s` Dulsrks`rx Fbckl

^kòbahb a Yu`~`jbc lac Rayu`~`jbc M`xskob Ebml~kù!

media and intergroup relations: research on media and social change

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