MED 103: MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYLisa H. Young, RN, BSN, MA Ed.

Elements of a Medical Terms

• Roots

• the constant, unchanging foundation of a

medical term

• usually of Greek or Latin origin

• nearly all medical terms have one or more

roots

Elements of a Medical Terms

•Combining vowel

• has no meaning of its own

• joins a root to another root

• joins a root to a suffix

• makes a word easier to pronounce• “o” is the most common combining vowel, followed by “a”

Elements of a Medical Term

•Combining form

• combines a root and a combining vowel• can be attached to another root or combining form

• can precede a suffix

Example: enter/o

Elements of a Medical Term

• Identify the elements of the following word:

gynecologist

gynec/ -o- -logist

root combining suffix

vowel

Greek, Latin, and Old English Words• Some medical terms do not break down (deconstruct) into

word elements

Examples:

• Greek: toxin meaning poison

• Latin: medical meaning to heal

• Old English: record meaning to remember

Terms That Are Alike• Many words in the medical language are very similar.

Examples:

• ilium and ileum

• malleus and malleolus

Chapter 1 Summary• Elements

• prefix, root, combining vowel, combining form, and suffix

• Greek, Latin, and Old English Words• Some do not break down

• Terms That Are Alike• Look alike/sound alike

Suffixes

• Added to the end of a root/combining form • Changes the meaning of medical terms

• Use of combining vowel

hemat -oma= root + suffix

hemat/o -logist = root + combining

vowel + suffix

Classification of Suffixes

• Diagnostic

• Diagnosis, procedure, or test

• Surgical

• Describes surgical procedures

• Pathological

• Describes a sign/symptom of a disease

Classification of Suffixes

• Adjectives

• 28 suffixes mean pertaining to

• Nouns

• do not fall under any classifications

• maintain the root or combining form as a noun

Diagnostic Suffixes• Identify the suffixes of the following words:

hematoma

hemat/ -oma

root suffix

hematuria

hemat/ -uria

root suffix

Surgical Suffixes• Identify the suffixes of the following word:

appendectomy

append/ -ectomy

root suffix

lithotripsy

lith/o -tripsy

combining suffix

form

Pathological Suffixes• Identify the suffixes of the following words:

cystitis

cyst/ -itis

root suffix

cyanosis

cyan/ -osis

root suffix

Adjective Suffixes

Suffixes meaning pertaining to:

-ac cardiac pertaining to the heart

-ary pulmonary pertaining to the lungs

-ior posterior pertaining to the back of the body

Noun Suffixes• Identify the suffixes of the following words:

arteriole

arteri/ -ole

root suffix

venule

ven/ -ule

root suffix

Prefixes

• Added to the beginning of a medical term• Change the meaning of medical terms

• No use of combining vowel

peri-cardium = prefix + root

epi-cardium = prefix + root

Position Prefixes• Identify the prefixes of the following words:

epidermis

epi- dermis

prefix root

hypodermis

hypo dermis

prefix root

Number and Measurement Prefixes• Identify the prefixes of the following word:

multipara

multi- para

prefix root

Primipara

primi- para

prefix root

Direction Prefixes• Identify the prefixes of the following word:

antevert

anti- vert

prefix root

synapse

syn- apse

prefix root

Element Review• Identify the prefixes and suffixes of the following word:

hypogastric

hypo- / gastr / -ic

prefix root suffix

Chapter 2 Summary• Suffixes and Prefixes

• Change the meaning of medical terms

• Suffix• Added to the end of a root/combining form • Use of combining vowel

• Prefix• Added to the beginning of a medical term

Decoding Terms• CARD Method

• Check for the word parts in a term• Assign meanings to the word parts• Reverse the meaning of the suffix to the front of

the definition• Define the term

Word Analysis, Definition & Pronounciation

• Analyze the following term:

endocarditis

1. suffix — itis meaning inflammation

2. prefix endo — meaning inside

3. root card meaning heart

4. put the terms together—inflammation

of the inside of the heart

Building Terms• Spelling Rules

• If the suffix starts with a vowel, a combining vowel is NOT needed to join the parts

arthr/o itis = arthritis

• If the suffix starts with a consonant, a combining vowel IS needed to join the two word parts

arthr/o + plasty = arthroplasty

Building Terms• If a combining form ends with the same vowel that begins a suffix,

one of the vowels is dropped

Endo- + cardi/o + itis = Endocarditis

• If two or more combining forms are used in a term, the combining form is retained

Gastr/o + enter/0 + itis = Gastroenteritis

Building Terms• When two or more combining forms are used to make a medical

term, special notice must be paid to the order in which the combining forms are joined

Esophag/0 + gastr/o + duoden/o + scopy =

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy(joining the CF reflects the direction in which the scope travels through the body)

Plurals• Singular / Plural Rules

• Ends in –a add –ae vertebraae• Ends in -is add –es arthrosises • Ends in –ix or –ex add –ices appendixices• Ends in –itis add –itides arthritisitides• Ends in –nx add –nges phalanxnges• Ends in –um add an –a endocardiumia• Ends in –us add an –I digitusi• Ends in –y add –ies thearpyies

Chapter 3 Summary

• Word Analysis and Definition

• break it down into its component elements

• Plurals and Pronunciations

• memorize the plurals of medical terms

• correct pronunciation is vital

• Precision in Communication http://connect.mcgraw-hill.com/connectweb/login/?&node=connectdr_3

Composition of the Body• The body is composed of:

- organs

- tissues

- cells

- organelles

- molecules

- atoms

Structure and Functions of Cells• Basic Functions of Life

- manufacture

- production

- communication

- replication

- reproduction

Nucleus

Tissues• Primary Tissue Groups

- connective

- epithelial

- muscle

- nervous

Organs & Organ Systems• Integumentary

• Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glandis

• Skeletal• Bones, ligaments, cartilages, tendons

• Muscular• Muscles

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSqwRkDLyH4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBLm7rK05Yc

Organs and Organ Systems• Nervous

• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organ

• Endocrine• Glands that secrete hormones: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,

adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus

• Cardiovascular• Heart, blood vessels

Organs and Organ Systems• Lymphatic

• Lymph vessels and nodes, thymus spleen

• Digestive• Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus,

stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

• Respiratory• Control intake and output of air, exchange gases between air and

blood

Organs and Organ Systems• Urinary

• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

• Reproductive• Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal

vesicles, prostate, blubourethral glands, urethra, penis• Female: ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva

Prefixes for Body Organization

ana- up, apart, away

cata- down

en- in

endo- within

epi- above, upon

meta- beyond, change

para- neat, beside, abnormal

Suffixes for Body Organizations

ai, -ous pertaining to

-ia, -ism condition, state of

-on structure

-plasm formation

-some body

-stasis controlling, stopping

-um structure, thing, membrane

-us structure

Anatomical Positions, Planes, and Directions

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuV-2WKZmSM

Anatomical Planes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wBAwxZ_yxnE

Positional & Directional Terms• Anteroposterior (AP) & Posteroanterior (PA)• Anterior & ventral to the front/belly side• Posterior & dorsal back of body/back• Superior & Cephalad upward/toward head• Inferior & Caudad downward/toward tail• Medial pertaining to the middle• Lateral pertaining to the side• Ipsilateral pertaining to same side

Position & Directional Terms• Contralateral pertaining to the opposite side• Unilateral pertaining to one side• Bilateral pertaining to two sides• Superficial on the surface of the body• Deep away from the surface of the body• Proximal near the origin• Distal far from the origin• Dextrad toward the right

Position & Directional Terms• Sinistrad toward the left• Afferent carrying toward a structure• Efferent carrying away from structure• Supine lying on back• Prone lying on stomach

Body Cavities

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeFoxTi02yg

Chapter 4 Summary

• Organization of the Body • All the elements interact with each other

• Anatomical Position, Planes, and Directions• Describe the location of anatomical structures

Digestive System• Alimentary Canal

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

• Accessory OrgansTeeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Functions of the Digestive System

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1h2VW8USCAA

Prefixes of the Digestive System• Prefixes for the Digestive System

• Endo- within • Exo- outside• Hypo- below• Par- near• Peri- surrounding• Retro- behind• Sub- under

Suffixes of the Digestive System• Suffixes for the Digestive System

• -al, - ar, -ary, -eal, -id, -ine, -ous, -ic pertaining to • -ase enzyme• -crine to secrete• -kinin movement substance• -stalsis contraction

Digestive System• Define the following root elements:

- bari

- digest

- laparo

- lymph

Digestive System Root Elements• Identify and define the root elements of the following

terms:

- amylase

- deglutition

- elimination

- peristalsis

Digestive Systems Root Elements• Define the following root elements:

- cusp

- lingu

- mandibul

- saliv

Digestive System Root Elements• Define the following root elements:

- chol/e

- emuls

- gall

- hepat

Digestive System Root Elements• Define the following root elements:

- amin

- hydr

- carb

- lact

Digestive System Prefixes• Define the following prefixes:

mono-

di-

tri-

poly-

Digestive System Suffixes• Define the following suffixes:

- itis

- ectomy

- osis

- dynia

- ist

Digestive System• Define the meaning of the following suffixes:

- um

- rrhoid

- ion

- ative

Digestive System• Define the following suffixes:

- um

- in

- ion

- gen

- us

Urinary System

Anatomy and PhysiologyKidneys (nephron) UretersBladderUrethraUrinary meatusTrigone

Urinary System

•Functions of the Kidneys• filter blood to eliminate wastes• regulate blood volume• maintain homeostasis• secrete renin• secrete erythropoietin• synthesize vitamin D

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfGYd1wrTgE

Urinary System

Location

Structure

Function

Micturition

Urinary System

• Prefixes for the anatomy of the urinary system• Extra- outside• En- in• Par- beside, near• Retro- backward

Urinary System

• Suffixes for the anatomy of the urinary system• -al, -ar, -ic pertaining to• -ation, -ion process of

Urinary System

• ectomy excision, resection• -lithotomy extirpation• -lysis release• -pexy repair, reposition• -scopy inspection• -stomy bypass, drainage• -tomy drainage, division• -tripsy fragmentation

Male Reproductive System

• Primary Sex Organs

• Secondary Sex Organs

• Accessory Glands

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PHxTdIjkmw

Male Reproductive System

• Testes• Location• Structure

• Spermatic Cord• Location• Structure

• Spermatogenesis

Spermatic Ducts & Accessory Glands

• Spermatic Ducts• Epididymis• Vas deferens• Ejaculatory ducts

• Accessory Glands• Prostate• Seminal vesicle• Bulbourethral glands

Male Reproductive System

• Penis• erection• ejaculation

Male Reproductive System• Prefixes for the anatomy of the male reproductive

system• en- in• par- near, beside

• Suffixes for the anatomy of the male reproductive system• -al, -ous, -ar, -ile, -atic, -ic pertaining to • -ferous pertaining to carrying• -genesis production• -one substance that forms

Male Reproductive System

• cision resection• -ectomy excision, resection• -ligation occlusion• -pexy repair, reposition• -plasty repair, supplement• -stomy repair• -tomy drainage

Female Reproductive System

• Perineum• Vulva

structures of the vulva

Female Reproductive System

Vagina

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries

Fallopian Tubes

Uterus

Female Reproductive System• Suffixes for the anatomy of the female reproductive

system• -arche beginning• -ation process of• -pause stop, cease• -salpinx fallopian tube• -ectomy excision, resection• -pexy repair, reposition• -plasty repair, supplement,

alteration,replacement• -scopy inspection• -tomy drainage, division• -lysis release• -ligation occlusion

Pregnancy

• Embryo

• Placenta

• Fetus

Pregnancy

• Suffixes for the A & P of pregnancy

• -blast embryonic, immature• -cyst sac• -gravida, -cyesis pregnancy• -para, -tocia delivery

Childbirth

Stage One: dilation and effacementStage Two: expulsion of the fetusStage Three: expulsion of the placenta

Breast

Anatomy of breast

Mammary gland

Nervous System

Functions of the Nervous System• Sensory Input• Motor Output• Evaluation and Integration• Homeostasis• Mental Activity

CNS• Brain and spinal cord

PNS• Nerves all over the body

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odZw2jvbjr8

Nervous System• Suffixes

-cyte cell-glia glue-on structure-stasis stopping, controlling-tome instrument used to cut

• Suffixes and Root Operations-ectomy excision, resection, destruction

-emphraxis destruction

-exeresis extraction

-plasty repair, supplement

-stomy bypass, drainage

-tomy drainage, division, destruction

The Brain

Divisions of the Brain• Cerebrum• Cerebellum• Brain stem

The Cerebrum

Four Cerebral Lobes• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Temporal lobe

• Occipital lobe

Functions of the Brain

Functional Regions of the Brain

• thalamus• hypothalamus• basal nuclei• limbic system• brainstem• cerebellum

Spinal Cord

Four Regions:cervicalthoraciclumbarsacral

Cardiovascular System

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H04d3rJCLCE

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Pulmonary circulationSystemic circulationArteries (great, upper and lower)Veins (upper & lower)

Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Cycle - electrical properties of the heart

Cardiovascular System• Prefixes

con- together

infra- under

inter- between

Intra- within

oxy- oxygen

semi- half

supra- above

• Suffixes-ar, -ary, -ic, -al, -id, -eal pertaining to

-cyte cell

-ia condition

-ion process of

-um structure

Circulatory System

• Functions of the Peripheral Circulation

- carry blood

- transport

- maintain homeostasis

- regulate blood pressure

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzJKvkWWDc

Circulatory System

• Suffixes-ar, -ary, -ic, -al, -id, -eal pertaining to

-cyte cell

-ia condition

-ion process of

-um structure

Hematology

Components of BloodFormed Elements - RBCs - hematocrit - WBCs - platelets - plasma - serum

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p14tLl8rOREhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sKZWqsUpw

Hematology

• Functions of Blood - maintain homeostasis

- maintain body temperature

- transport nutrients, vitamins, and

minerals

- transport waste products

- transport hormones

- transport gases

- protect against foreign substances

- form clots

- regulate pH and osmosis

Hematology

Common Prefixesa- without

anti- against

inter- between

mono- one

poly- many

pro- before

Hematology

Suffixes

cyte cell -phil attraction

-exia condition -poiesis formation

-gen producing -poietin forming

-globinprotein substance substance

-in substance - siderin iron

-kine movement substance

-leukinwhite substance - stasis controlling,

-lysis breaking down stopping

-osis abnormal condition -thrombin clotting

substance

Immune & Lymphatic Systems

BODY DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Physical Mechanisms

Cellular Mechanisms

Humoral Defense Mechanisms

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Non4MkYQpYAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGRceUoQRVw

Lymphatic System

Vessels

Cells, Tissues,

Organs

Lymph Nodes

Lymph

Lymphatic System

Functions

absorption

removal

Lymphatic System

T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes

Null Cells

Macrophages

Lymphatic Organs

Spleen

Tonsils

Adenoids

Thymus Gland

Immune System• Humoral Immunity

• specificity

• memory

• discrimination

• Immunity• Cellular• Humoral

• Natural Active Immunity

• Natural Passive Immunity

• Artificial Active Immunity

• Artificial Passive Immunity

Blood & Immune System• Prefixes for A & P

a- without

anti- against

inter- between

mono- one

poly- many

pro- before

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noMsCGRkwSE

Blood & Immune System• Suffixes for the A & P

-cyte cell -phil attraction-exia condition -poiesis formation-gen producing -poietin forming-globinprotein substance substance-in substance - siderin iron-kine movement substance-leukinwhite substance - stasis controlling,-lysis breaking down stopping-osis abnormal condition -thrombin clotting

substance

Respiratory SystemStructures of the Respiratory System - nose - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi and bronchioles - alveoliFunctions of the Respiratory System

- exchange of gases- regulation of blood pH- protection- voice production- olfaction

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lr5dDmTASos

Respiratory System• Prefixes

ex- outin- ininter- betweenoxy- oxygenpara- nearre- again

Suffixes -centesis drainage

-ectomy excision, resection

-lysis release

-plasty alteration, reposition, repair,

replacement, supplement

-rrhaphy repair

-tomy drainage

Musculoskeletal System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6sLwgUHwTk

Musculoskeletal System• Prefixes

• Ab- away from• Ad- toward• Amphi- both• Bi- two• Circum- around• Dia- through, complete• Endo-, end- within• Epi- above, upon• Ex-,e- out• In- n• Inter- between• Intra- within• Peri- surrounding, around• Pro- forward• Re- back• Syn- together,joined

Musculoskeletal System• Suffixes

• -ar, -al, -ic, -ous, -eal pertaining to• -blast embryonic• -clast breaking down• -cyte cell• -genesis production, origin• -oid resembling, like• -physis growth• -poiesis formation• -sis condition• -um structure

Joints• Classes of Joints

- fibrous

- cartilaginous

- synovial

• Functions and Structure of Skeletal Muscle

- functions

Muscles and Tendons

Functions and Structure of Skeletal Muscle - structure of skeletal muscle

Integumentary System

Functions of the Skin• Protection• Water resistance• Temperature regulation• Vitamin D synthesis• Sensation• Excretion and secretion• Social functions

Epidermis - protects underlying structures - withstands pollution of life - sheds superficial cells and renews them - provides a waterproof barrier

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVIIgHyNRdI

Integumentary System• Prefixes

• a- no, not without• apo- separate, away from• ec- out, outward• epi- above• eu- healthy, normal• hypo-, sub- under, below• par- near

• Suffixes • -al, -ar, -ous, -ic pertaining to• -crine to secrete• -cyte cell• -ferous pertaining to carrying• -ium structure

Special Senses of the Eye & Ear

Suffixes and Root Operations-ectomy excision, resection-plasty reposition, repair, replacement, supplemental-rrhaphy repair-tomy drainage, repair

Special Senses of the Eye & Ear

Suffixes and Root Operations -centesis drainage -ectomy excision, resection -lysis release -plasty repair, replacement -scopy inspection -stomy drainage -tomy drainage

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiJQEcOIj90

Endocrine System

Major Organs:- hypothalamus - pituitary gland- pineal gland - thyroid gland- parathyroid glands - thymus gland- adrenal gland - pancreas- testes - ovaries

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNLsXKkLSTs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjmS4_7kvDM

Endocrine System • Prefixes

endo- within

exo- outward

hypo- under, deficient

supra- above

• Suffixes-al pertaining to

-crine to secrete

-logy study of

-us, -is structure

Mental Health

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koqGEVKYU78

Geriatrics

Senescence of Organ SystemsTheories of Senescence Complex Effects of Aging

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEqZgOFVm6Y

https://jeopardylabs.com/play/geriatrics17

Oncology (Cancer)

• Malignant• Benign

• Carcinogenesis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pMkxFAJxiY

Radiology and Nuclear Medicine

Pharmacology