I

MECHAZINE(FAME A nniversary Special Issue)

j lS ID E P A R T MENT OF i sM c h a n i c a l ENGINEERINGSRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE,TADEPALLEGUDEM -5 3 4 1 0 1

iti ITOK

APRIL-2014Volume -2 Issue-1

DEPARTMENT OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING(*SRI VASAVl ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PEDATADEPALLE,5 3 4 1 0 1 )

MECHAZINE MAGZINEV olum e - 2 is s u e - 1

APRIL- 2 0 1 4

(SPECIAL ISSUE FOR FAME ANNIVERSARY)

* FACULITY EDITOR*

MS.D.KUSUMA, asst. Professor

* STUDENT EDITORS *

T.CHALAPATHI (12A 85A 0307) (h i r dy r )

Y.SUSHMA( 11A 8 1A 0359) p rd yr)

Our Special than k s to

S.V.DURGAPRAS AD( 1 1 A 81A 0 3 5 1)

T.PRASANTHI( 12A 85A 0307)

—CONTENTS—

1. PERSON OF THE YEAR

2. HISTORY OF MECHANICALENGINEERING

3. MECHANICAL JOB mantra ALL ABOUT PSUs & PROFIELS

4. TOP -5 ENGINEERS

5. TOP 5 MECHANICAL INVENTIONS

6. QUESTION OF THE MAGZINE?

7. INSPIRATION OF THE MAGZINE

1.PERSON OF TH E YEAR

JAMES WATT(1736-1819)

: MECHANICAL ENGINEER

SCO TTISH

: STEAM ENGINE

(father of m echanical engineering)

JAMES WATT was a Scottish inventor and mechanical enginer whose

improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.

While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realised that contemporary engine c o ig n s wrasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and re-heating the n nn.der. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which •voided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost- cfteiiiveness of steam engines

W in mempted to commercialise his invention, but experienced great financial difficulties until he entered a partnership . In his retirement, Watt continued to develop new inventions though none were as significant as his steam engine worK. H att has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history.121

He developed the concept of horse power131 and the SI unit of power, the watt, was named after him.

NAME:

FIELD

N A TIO N A LITY

INVENTION

2. HISTORY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of engineering, physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools.111 It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines.

jt&faa mu

Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. Mechanical engineering science emerged in the 19th century as a result of developments in the field of physics. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements in technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing developments in such fields as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. Mechanical engineering overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, petroleum engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, and other engineering disciplines to varying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also work in the field of Biomedical engineering, specifically with biomechanics, transport phenomena, bio mechatronics, bio nanotechnology and modeling of biological systems, like soft tissue mechanics.

Applications of mechanical engineering are found in the records of many ancient and medieval societies throughout the globe. In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287 BC-212 BC) deeply influenced mechanics in the Western tradition and Heron of Alexandria (c. 10-70 AD) created the first steam enginEl:1131

3 .MECHANICAL ENGINNERLNQ -JO B MANTHRA

PSU-(PUBLIC SECTOR UNDER TA KIN G S):

Psu as name suggests ,are government owned corporations or state own corporations.

TYPES o f psus

• Maharatna• Navartna• Mini ratna cpses

Maharatna CPSEs

1. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited2. Coal India Limited3. GAIL (India) Limited4. Indian Oil Corporation Limited5. NTPC Limited6. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited7. Steel Authority o f India Limited

Navratna CPSEs

1. Bharat Electronics Limited2. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited3. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited4. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited5. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited6. National Aluminium Company Limited7. NMDC Limited8. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited9. Oil India Limited10. Power Finance Corporation Limited11. Power Grid Corporation o f India Limited12. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited13. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited14. Shipping Corporation o f India Limited

M iniratna Category - 1 CPSEs

1. Airports Authority o f India2. Antrix Corporation Limited3. Balmer Lawrie & Co. Limited4. Bharat Dynamics Limited5. BEML Limited6. Bharat SancharNigam Limited7. Bridge & Roof Company (India) Limited8. Central Warehousing Corporation9. Central Coalfields Limited10. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited11. Cochin Shipyard Limited12. Container Corporation o f India Limited13. Dredging Corporation of India Limited14. Engineers India Limited15. Ennore Port Limited16. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited17. Goa Shipyard Limited18. Hindustan Copper Limited19. HLL Lifecare Limited20. Hindustan Newsprint Limited21. Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited22. Housing & Urban Development Corporation Limited23. India Tourism Development Corporation Limited24. Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited25. IRCON International Limited26. KIOCL Limited27. Mazagaon Dock Limited28. Mahanadi Coalfields Limited29. Manganese Ore (India) Limited30. Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemical Limited31. Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited32. MMTC Limited33.M STC Limited34. National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited35. National Fertilizers Limited36. National Seeds Corporation Limited37. NHPC Limited38. Northern Coalfields Limited39. North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited40. Numaligarh Refinery Limited41. ONGC Videsh Limited42. Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited

43. Projects & Development India Limited44. Railtel Corporation o f India Limited45. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited46. RITES Limited47. SJVN Limited48. Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited49. South Eastern Coalfields Limited50. State Trading Corporation o f India Limited51. Telecommunications Consultants India Limited52. THDC India Limited53. Western Coalfields Limited54.WAPCOS Limited

Miniratna Category-II CPSEs

• Bharat Pumps & Compressors Limited• Broadcast Engineering Consultants (I) Limited• Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited• Central Railside Warehouse Company Limited• Ed.CIL (India) Limited• Engineering Projects (India) Limited• FCI Aravali Gypsum & Minerals India Limited• Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited• -'.7 i International) Limited• SCC India) Limited• - 7'^de Promotion Organisation• _r Medicines & Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited• M E C O X Limited• Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited• National Film Envelopment Corporation Limited• National Small Industries Corporation Limited• P E C Limited• Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limite

Tentative Exam Schedule of PSUs

ORGANIZATION POST TENTATIVE DATES OF NOTIFICATION

BARC JRF, SRF, Research Associates Last date of submission of application form; Feb

BEL ProbationaryEngineer

Online registration: Apr/May

Last date for receiving registration slip: May

Written Exam: Jul

BHEL Engineer Trainees Online submission of

BHEL ManagementTrainee

applications: Aug

Closing of online submission: Sep

Written Exam: Oct

BPCL ManagementTrainee

Online application submission: Jun

Written Exam: Aug

Bridge ft Roof co, (1) Ltd Trainee Engineers

Last date of submission of application form: Sep

Written Exam: Oct

BSNL JTOcast date of application submission: Apr-

Written Exam : Jun

DMRC Junior EngineersLate date of submission :Aug

Written Exam: Oct.

DRDO Scientist-B Entry

Application available from; May

Late date of submission: Jun

Written Exam: Sep

ISRO Scientist/Engineer Online application availability Jan/FebSC Written Exam: Apr

MTNL JTOLast date of submission of application form: Apr

Written Exam: '* Aug

Online start registration: Aug

Last date for Online registration: Aug

NALCO Graduate Engineer Trainee Postal submission of form: Sep

Written Exam: Sep

Interview: Oct/Nov

Online registration: Apr/May

NHPC Trainee Engineers Last date for receiving registration slip: May

Written Exam : Jun/Jut

Online registration: Mar

NTPC ExecutiveTrainees Last date of submission: Mar

Written Exam: May

Registration: Apr

ONGC Graduate Trainees Last date for receiving registration slip with enclosures: May

Written Exam: Jun

PGCIL Executive Online form available: Dec /JanTrainees Written Exam: Feb

Application available from: Jun /Jut

PRASAR Bharti EngineeringAssistants Last date of submission: Aug

Written Fxsm : Ort

Percentage Criterion for Some of PSUs:

ORGANIZATION STREAMS APPLICABLEPERCENTAGE

GEN obc SG/ST PH

BARC CH, ME, Metallurgy, CS, EC, Instrumentation & Control Engg 60 60 60 55

BEL EE, ME, EC.CS, CH,.CE, Telecommunication 60 60 Pass Pass

BHEL ME, EE., EC., CE 65 65 60 60

BPCL ME, EE, EC, CS 60 §0 55 55

Bridge & Roof co, (I) Ltd CE,ME,EE 70 70 60 60

BSNL Telecommunication, EC, Radio, CS, EE, IT, CE - - -■

DMRC ME, EE, ECXE oO 60 55 55

BRDO EC, ME, CSXH.EE 60 55 55

ECU EC, EE, E&I.CS, CE,ME oG oc 50 50

GAIL

ME, Pft!, Production, M e ch a n ic 5 : : a EE E le r r c i r Electronics, IN, Instrumentation * Contra. 11 B e r : " a : Instrumentation, Electric^ ft In s tru m e n ta l’ (Jem ica, Petrochemical, Civil E&T, ' f e te c o ^ j - 'c a r c '

o5 0 j 60 60

GAIL ME, IN, CH 60 60 60 60

HAL ME, Production, industrial EC. EE. v CS 65 60 60 60

HPCL CE, CH, EE, IN, ME, EC 60 60 50 50

Indian Railways. CE, CH, ME, EE, EC. CS c 1' sc "• Onemistry or Applied Chemistry', Metallurgy

60 60 55 55

IOCLConcluding Petrochemicals Enggj.CE, EE, Instrumentation Engg (Including Electronics & instrumentation Engg, EC, Telecomm -unication Engg),ME, Manufacturing, Industrial Engg

65 65 ' 55 55

ISRO ME,EE,EC,CS 65 65 65 65

DMRC ME., EE, EC.CE 60 60 55 55

DRDO EC, ME, CS,CH,EE 60: 6fl: 55 55

ECU EC, EE, Eftl.CS, CE,ME 60 60 50 50

GAIL

ME, Pit, Production, Mechanical ft Automobile, EE, Electrical 1 Electronics, IN, Instrumentation ft Control, EC, Electronics ft Instrumentation, Electrical 5 Instrumentation, Chemical, Petrochemical, Civil, EftT, Telecommunication,

65 65 60 60

GAIL ME, IN, CH 60 60 ■ 60 60

HAL ME, Production, Industrial, EC, EE, IN, CS 65 60 60 60

HPCL CE, CH, EE, IN, ME, EC. 60 60 50 50 ■'

Indian Railways CE, CH, ME, EE, EC, CS wM.sc in Chemistry or Applied Chemistry, Metallurgy

60 60 55 55

IOCLCHpnduding Petrochemicats Engg),CE, EE, Instrumentation Engg (Including Electronics ft Instrumentation Engg, EC, Telecomm -unication Engg),ME, Manufacturing, Industrial Engg

65 65 55- 55

ISRO ME,EE,EC,CS 65 65 65 ■ 65

MTNL EC,IT,CS,EE 60 .60 55 55

NALCO ME,EE, Cftl, CS, IT, Mining, Chemical, CM, Metallurgy 65 65 55 55

NHPC CE, EE, ME 60 60 50 50

NTPC

EE, EC, Instrumentation ft Control, Power Systems ft High Voltage, Power Electronics, Power Plant Engg, ME, Production, Industrial Engg, Production ft Industrial Engg, Thermal Mechanical ft Automation, Electronics & Power

65 65 55 55

ONGC ME. EE, Petroleum, IN, CH, Environment Engg 65 65 60 60

PGGL EE, CM, IT Power Engg, AMIE in Electrical 65 65 Pass Pass

PRASAR Bharti EE, EC, IT, Radio ■ - -

SAIL ■ EC ,ME,EE,CS,i, CH, Metallurgy, Ceramic 65 65 50 50 .

SJVNL ME, EE, EC, Civil IT 55 50 50 50

VIZAG STEEI i internet M anana 60 60 50 50

Top 14 PSUs to Hire through GATE Exam

Given below is the list of top 14 PSUs that will recruit through GATE exam The following list also provides a brief description o f each company’s profile, eligibility criteria for selection and the cost to company (CTC) offered by each company.

• . Power Grid-This is the Central Transmission Utility (CTU) o f India and a Navratnapublic sector enterprise under the Ministry o f Power, Govt, of India. Power Grid operates around 1, 01,379 circuit kms of transmission lines and wheels about 50% of total power generated in the country through its transmission network. The company has already made announcement for the recruitment of its 19th batch of electrical executive trainee engineers on the basis o f GATE exam scores. The CTC offered is 13.4 lakhs per annum (PA).

• National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC)- This is India’s leading company in the power sector having excellence in planning, designing and executing hydro projects and operation and maintenance of hydro power stations. The company has released notice for the recruitment of trainee engineers in the civil, electrical and mechanical stream through GATE exam 2014. The CTC offered is between 5 and 5.51akhs PA.

• . Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPC1) - It is a mega integrated Oilrefining and marketing company that accounts for about 20% of the market share and about 10% of the nation's oil refining capacity. The company requires bright and dynamic engineering graduates from mechanical, civil, electrical, electronics & telecommunication and instrumentation stream with a valid score in the upcoming GATE exam 2014. CTC to be offered is 6 lakhs PA.

• Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (M ECL)-Established in October, 1972 as an autonomous Public Sector Company, MECL has worked with a mission to provide high quality, cost effective and time bound geo-scientific services for exploration and exploitation of minerals for the nation. The Company has recently released a recruitment notification for the posts of mechanical engineer, chemist, geologist and geophysicist post through GATE 2014. All other relevant details regarding number o f vacancies, CTC offered etc., will be notified soon on the company’s official website.

National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)-It has been ranked 6th best company to work for in (The Economic Times and Great Places to work Institute- 2013). As part of its growth plan, the company is going to recruit eligible graduates from electrical, mechanical, civil, instrumentation and electronics stream with a good score in the GATE exam. Selected candidates will be offered an annual CTC of 6 lakhs.Indian Oil-This company operates one o f the Asia's largest networks o f refineries, pipelines and marketing and petrochemicals business with a turnover o f Rs 4.15 lakh crore (US$ 76.2 billion). It has released a recruitment notice for hiring eligible graduate engineers from various disciplines. Candidates should have a valid GATE 2014 score. The company will offer an annual CTC of 7-10.5 lakhs.. Bharat Petroleum - Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is a Fortune 500, leading Navratna Public Sector Company in the exciting and dynamic energy sector, engaged in refining, marketing and distribution o f Petroleum products, exploration of Oil / Gas, with an annual turnover o f over 2,50,649 crores in the year 2012-13. The company is looking for young, energetic, ambitious graduate engineers in the field of mechanical engineering and chemical engineering for the post of management trainee at an annual CTC of 10.5 Lakhs.. Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) - It is one of India’s leading shipbuilding companies with ISO 9001:2008 accreditation. MDL has a current turnover o f Rs.2300 Cr with employee strength o f around 8700. The company announced that they will hire executive trainees from mechanical, electrical and electronics stream at annual CTC of 5-12.9 lakhs. Candidate should hold a valid score in the GATE exam 2014.. GAIL (India) Limited-GAIL is a Maharatna PSU and the largest state-owned natural gas processing and distribution company headquartered in New Delhi, India. The company is looking for committed, vibrant and passionate young graduate engineers for recruitment as executive trainees in the discipline of mechanical, electrical, instrumentation and chemical engineering. Candidates should appear in the GATE exam 2014 and hold a valid score to be considered for any of the positions.The annual CTC offered is between 6 and 6.5 Lakhs.Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC) - NLC is a government-owned lignite

mining and power generating company in India. It operates the largest open-pit lignite mines in India. The company is presently mining 24 metric tons (MT) o f lignite and has an installed capacity o f 2,740 MW of electricity. It has annual turnover of Rs.5590 Crores (approx.). To add to its strength and empower its growth, NLC is looking for young, dynamic & result oriented engineers from mechanical, electrical, mining, control & instrumentation, civil, and computer science disciplines for the post of graduate executive trainee for its units and facilities located in various parts o f the country. Eligible candidates will have to appear in the GATE exam 2014 and pass with a remarkable score to be considered for this exciting opportunity. The CTC offered by the company is 6.15 lakhs PA.

• Central Electronics Limited (CEL)- This Public Sector Enterprise operates under the Department o f Scientific & Industrial Research, Ministry of Science & Technology and is engaged in manufacturing o f Solar photovoltaic cells, module & systems, railway electronics systems and microwave electronics systems. The company has expressed interest in recruiting high calibre and talented engineering professionals from electronics & communication, mechanical and material science/physics/ chemistry stream. You are eligible to apply for this post, if you are planning to for the GATE exam 2014. A valid score is the exam is the first selection criterion for these openings. Selected candidates will be offered an annual CTC of 5.5 Lakhs.

• National Fertilizers Limited (NFL) - Established in 1974, NFL is a major Indian producer of inorganic and organic fertilizers and industrial chemicals. The company is looking for dynamic and result oriented graduate engineers from chemical, mechanical, electrical, instrumentation and materials engineering disciplines. The annual CTC to be offered to successful candidates with a valid score in GATE exam 2014 is between 4.5 and 5 lakhs.

• Vizag Steel-This is India's first shore-based integrated Steel Plant equipped with state-of-the-art technology. The company, which has an annual turnover o f Rs. 14000 crores, is a prime producer o f long steel products in the country. The company has planned to recruit Management Trainees in different disciplines, such as, metallurgy, mechanical and electrical engineering, based on scores of GATE 2014 exam

• Bihar State Power (Holding) Company Limited (BSPHCL) - BSPHCL is a state- owned electricity regulation board that operates within the state o f Bihar in India with more than 14,850 employees under its aegis. The company has invited application from eligible engineering graduates from electrical and civil engineering discipline. Candidates with a valid score in the GATE 2014 exam stand a good chance to be appointed for these positions on an annual CTC of 2.8 - 6.2 lakhs.

4. TOP 5-ENGINEERS

Engineering is tru ly a noble profession, w ithout it life w ould not exist as w e know it.These 10 engineers are rem arkable in the sense that they did not have any blueprints or guides to go by, but they set out to accom plish w hat had never been done before. All they had w as their genius and passion for bettering hum anity w ith their creations.

5. Nicolaus Otto

Nicolaus Otto was a German inventor credited with developing the four-stroke or Otto- cycle engine which sparked the development o f the motor care. His Otto-cycle engine worked in four steps; drawing in fuel and air, compressing the mixture, igniting it and expelling the exhaust. This Otto-cycle is still used in the internal combustion engines that run all o f our cars today.

4. Archimedes

It was Archimedes who came up with the simple yet clever idea o f detennining an object’s volume by measuring the amount o f water displaced by the object. Other inventions credited to him include the catapult, levers and pulleys, and the Archimedean Screw, a device used to raise water for irrigation or mining.

He also calculated an approximation for pi and developed many mathematical insights without which modem engineering would be impossible.

Q uote o f A rchim edes:

Eureka! - I have found it! (MECHANICAL MOTTO)Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world.

3. W ilbur and Orville W right

Before Wilbur and Orville discovered what would later become the safest mode o f transport, they were bicycle mechanics with a passion for kite-flying. The crucial insight from both fields would later propel them to victory in the race to the sky.The Wright brothers however understood that stability was crucial in overcoming this challenge. After several experiments using kites and gliders, they created a pulley system that altered the shape of the wing in mid-flight, increasing and decreasing the speeds. The Wright brothers were also the first to look at propeller design and aerodynamics, profoundly changing the world.

2. Henry Ford

IHenry Ford realized that he would a more efficient way to mass produce cars in order to lower the price. He looked at other industries and found four principles that would further their goal: interchangeable parts, continuous flow, division o f labor, and reducing wasted effort. Ford put these principles into play gradually over five years, fine-tuning and testing as he went along. In 1913. they came together in the first moving assembly line ever used for large-scale manufacturing. Ford produced cars at a record- breaking rate forever changing the automobile industry'.

1. Thomas Edison

Edison is the most prolific inventor in history, holding a record 1,097 patents. He developed the phonograph, incandescent light bulb, stock ticker, motion picture camera and projector, and hundreds more. He also created the first electrical plant and distribution infrastructure. Without these inventions, modem life is almost inconceivable.

5. TOP 5 MECHANICAL INVENTIONS

Spark Ignition 50cc Engine with the power 11 Kw-500 RPM and EURO-5 emissionSpark ignition 50cc engine with extrem e param eters of operation, capitalizing unique therm odynam ic cycle (S-cycle) tha t guarantees high specific both pow er (not less than 11 kW-7500 RPM) and torque, and provides fuel economy and environm ent friendliness - emission control up to the level of EURO-5

Supercharger Kit for small diesel engines with the displacem ent of 200cc to l,200ccSupercharger Kit im proves a very common small diesel engines like 170F(E), 178F(E), 186F(E), R175, R180, R185, R190, S195, SHOO, ZH195, ZH1100, ZH1105, ZH1115 with the engine displacem ent from 200cc up to 1200cc or the sim ilar ones. The Supercharger (air com pressor) as a main unit of the Supercharger Kit supplies the naturally aspirated engine w ith as much as additional 40% to 75% fresh air. Diesel engine pow er and torque increase accordingly.

Quartet Valves System for Gasoline and Diesel engines It’s to make the head of the Cylinderhead movable Fig3.(3), and, in this case we have the wizard Cylinderhead which give the exhaust gas the high capability of escaping with four holes of the entire valves situated on top of the Cylinderhead(2), and for the adm ission of the air it’s replaced with entire moving of the roof of the Cylinderhead (3) as one big valve of enhanced admission of the air, this valve w hen it open it have the four holes of the places of escapem ent valves with the outline of the entire big valve which constitute the top of the cylinder.

Supercharger (air com pressor) for motorcycle, m otor bike, scooter, and small automobile enginesSupercharger dram atically improves, up to 75%, perform ance of an internal combustion engine used for motorcycles, mopeds, scooters, and small cars w ith a displacem ent of 50cc to l,500cc. The Supercharger is an easily m anufactured positive displacem ent air pump. This inexpensive "true" air com pressor has a simple design, acceptable reliability and light weight.

6.QUESTI0N OF THE MAGZINE

f fH O W TO B E C O M E A G O O D M EC H A N IC A L ENG INEER?

M echanical engineers will find their skills in dem and in a variety of fields and industries including m edical, scientific research, construction, aerospace, acoustics,

com bustion, and autom otive engineering. If a device requires m ovem ent or

m anufacturing, design, testing, or packaging, a m echanical engineer will m ost likely be involved.

STEPS:

• Study mathematic, science, and computer in high school. Study pre-calculus and, if possible, calculus at a high school level, and be sure to take chemistry and physics classes in high school. Physics and calculus are the back bones o f engineering courses; understanding them is key to getting a degree. Certain types o f engineering will require knowledge of computer programming, learn it sooner than later

• Participate in math contests and science fairs. Try engineering nmcitT. too, iflfacy are active in your area.

• Develop hobbies related to mechanical engineering. These may include astronomy. rocketry, geology, auto mechanics, bicy cle repair, welding, or ev en robotics. Any sort o f tinkering is good practice

• Learn to use different sorts of tools. Hammers and screwdrivers are a great place to start, but there are many more types than that. If you have the opportunity to take a wood, metals, or plastics shop class, do so. Auto shop is also a good choice. Don't forget to learn about various kinds o f measuring tools, too.

• T ake stuff apart. Ask friends and family to give you appliances and other machines that have broken, or gather them inexpensively from garage sales or even neighbors' curbs. Then, open them up and see what makes them go. If you can put something back together so that it works, great! If not, figure out what's inside and see what you can learn from it before throwing it out. If you're still not sure what's going on in there, look it up and find out

• Take drafting classes. Even though som e engineering schools do not offer drafting

classes, drafting classes m ay be available at the high school or com m unity college

level. If at all possible, learn a CAD (com puter-aided drafting) program or two.

7. INSPIRATION OF THE MAGZINE

Not everyone who's on top today got there with success after success. More often than not, those who history best remembers were faced with numerous obstacles that forced them to work harder and show more determination than others. This can be said for education as well, as furthering your education with a bachelor's or master's degree can also help do wonders for your success.

FAM O U S F A ILU R E S :

Bill Gates: Gates didn't seem like a shoe-in for success after dropping out of Harvard and starting a failed first business with Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen called Traf-O-Data. While this early idea didn't work, Gates' later work did, creating the global empire that is Microsoft.

Albert Einstein: Most of us take Einstein's name as synonymous with genius, but he didn't always show such promise. Einstein did not speak until he was four and did not read until he was seven, causing his teachers and parents to think he was mentally handicapped, slow and anti-social. Eventually, he was expelled from school and was refused admittance to the Zurich Polytechnic School. It might have taken him a bit longer, but most people would agree that he caught on pretty well in the end, winning the Nobel Prize and changing the face of modern physics

Isaac Newton: Newton was undoubtedly a genius when it came to math, but he had some failings early on. He never did particularly well in school and when put in charge of running the family farm, he failed miserably, so poorly in fact that an uncle took charge and sent him off to Cambridge where he finally blossomed into the scholar we know today.

Abraham Lincoln: While today he is remembered as one of the greatest leaders of world, Lincoln's life wasn't so easy. In his youth he went to war a captain and returned a private (if you're not familiar with military ranks, just know that private is as low as it goes.) Lincoln didn't stop failing there, however. He started numerous failed business and was defeated in numerous runs he made for public office.

Charlie Chaplin: It's hard to imagine film without the iconic Charlie Chaplin, but his act was initially rejected by Hollywood studio chiefs because they felt it was a little too nonsensical to ever sell

StephenHW King: The first book by this author, the iconic thriller Carrie, received 30 rejections, finally causing King to give up and throw it in the trash. His wife fished it out and encouraged him to resubmit it, and the rest is history, with King now having hundreds of books published the distinction of being one of the best-selling authors of all time.