RAJENDRA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIHARRAJENDRA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIHAR

Pusa (Samastipur) – 848125Pusa (Samastipur) – 848125

HOD, Farm Machinery

Status of farm mechanization Status of farm mechanization in Bihar, constraints and in Bihar, constraints and

promotional strategypromotional strategy

Important factsImportant facts 76% population depends on agriculture for 76% population depends on agriculture for

livelihood.livelihood. Marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farmers Marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farmers

contribute to 99.9% of total number of holdings and contribute to 99.9% of total number of holdings and 97.2% of total area of operational holdings.97.2% of total area of operational holdings.

Net sown area has decreased from 57.6% in 2011-12 Net sown area has decreased from 57.6% in 2011-12 to 42.3% in 2012-13.to 42.3% in 2012-13.

Cropping intensity has increased from 1.37 to 1.44.Cropping intensity has increased from 1.37 to 1.44. Cereals have share of more than 85% in total Cereals have share of more than 85% in total

cultivable land for crop production.cultivable land for crop production. Productivity has declining trend from 2012-13 and Productivity has declining trend from 2012-13 and

this is mainly due to mainly decrease in annual this is mainly due to mainly decrease in annual rainfall.rainfall.

Farm mechanization has growing trend and farm Farm mechanization has growing trend and farm power availability was 1.90 kw/ha in 2014-15.power availability was 1.90 kw/ha in 2014-15.

Agro Climate Zones of BiharAgro Climate Zones of BiharZoneZone DistrictsDistricts

Zone – I Zone – I :: West Champaran, East Champaran, Siwan, West Champaran, East Champaran, Siwan, Saran, Sitamarhi, Sheohar, Muzaffarpur, Saran, Sitamarhi, Sheohar, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Vaishali, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur, Gopalganj, Begusarai Samastipur, Gopalganj, Begusarai (13 districts)(13 districts)

Zone – IIZone – II :: Khagaria, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Khagaria, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Madhepura, Araria, Kisanganj, Supaul Madhepura, Araria, Kisanganj, Supaul (8 districts)(8 districts)

Zone – IIIZone – III :: Rohtas, Bhojpur, Buxer, Kaimur, Arwal, Rohtas, Bhojpur, Buxer, Kaimur, Arwal, Patna, Nalanda, Nawada, Shiekhpura, Patna, Nalanda, Nawada, Shiekhpura, Jahanabad, Aurangabad, Gaya, Munger, Jahanabad, Aurangabad, Gaya, Munger, Bhalpur, Banka, Jamui, Lakhisarai Bhalpur, Banka, Jamui, Lakhisarai (17 districts)(17 districts)

Land utilization (Area in '000 ha)Land utilization (Area in '000 ha)Land useLand use 2010-112010-11 2011-122011-12 2012-132012-13

Geographical areaGeographical area 9359.57 9359.57 (100.0)(100.0) 9359.57 9359.57 (100.0)(100.0) 9359.57 9359.57 (100.0)(100.0)ForestForest 621.64 621.64 (6.6)(6.6) 621.64 621.64 (6.6)(6.6) 621.64 621.64 (6.6)(6.6)Barren and uncultivable landBarren and uncultivable land 431.72 431.72 (4.6)(4.6) 431.72 431.72 (4.6)(4.6) 431.72 431.72 (4.6)(4.6)Land put to non-agricultural Land put to non-agricultural useuse

1699.72 1699.72 (18.2)(18.2) 1699.72 1699.72 (18.2)(18.2) 1699.72 1699.72 (18.2)(18.2)

Land under tree cropLand under tree crop 244.56 244.56 (2.6)(2.6) 244.56 244.56 (2.6)(2.6) 246.34 246.34 (2.6)(2.6)Fallow landFallow land 121.88 121.88 (1.3)(1.3) 121.17 121.17 (1.3)(1.3) 121.78 121.78 (1.3)(1.3)Current fallowCurrent fallow 920.27 920.27 (9.8)(9.8) 781.26 781.26 (8.3)(8.3) 766.7 766.7 (8.2)(8.2)Total uncultivable landTotal uncultivable land 4100.87 4100.87 (43.8)(43.8) 3963.83 3963.83 (42.4)(42.4) 3957.17 3957.17 (42.3)(42.3)Net sown areaNet sown area 5258.70 5258.70 (56.2)(56.2) 5395.75 5395.75 (57.6)(57.6) 3957.17 3957.17 (42.3)(42.3)Gross sown areaGross sown area 71947194 7646.767646.76 7777.527777.52Cropping intensityCropping intensity 1.371.37 1.421.42 1.441.44

Note : The figure in parenthesis denote percentage share in total geographical area.Note : The figure in parenthesis denote percentage share in total geographical area.

Source : Directorate of economics & statistics, Govt. of Bihar

Distribution of holdings by size classDistribution of holdings by size class

Category of farmersCategory of farmers No. of holdingsNo. of holdings Operational Operational holdings (in ha)holdings (in ha)

Marginal (0-1 ha)Marginal (0-1 ha) 86,45,932 86,45,932 (82.9%)(82.9%) 27,87,789 27,87,789 (40.8%)(40.8%)Small (1-2 ha)Small (1-2 ha) 10,05,650 10,05,650 (9.6%)(9.6%) 13,00,667 13,00,667 (19.0%)(19.0%)Semi medium (2-4 ha)Semi medium (2-4 ha) 5,90,970 5,90,970 (5.7%)(5.7%) 15,82,279 15,82,279 (23.1%)(23.1%)Medium (4-10 ha)Medium (4-10 ha) 1,78,295 1,78,295 (1.7%)(1.7%) 9,75,355 9,75,355 (14.3%)(14.3%)Large (10-above ha)Large (10-above ha) 11,570 11,570 (0.1%)(0.1%) 1,93,760 1,93,760 (2.8%)(2.8%)TotalTotal 1,04,32,417 (100%)1,04,32,417 (100%) 68,39,850 (100%)68,39,850 (100%)

Source : Agricultural Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi

Marginal, small and semi medium farmers contribute to Marginal, small and semi medium farmers contribute to 98.2% of total farming community. 98.2% of total farming community.

Annual rainfall for different season (mm)Annual rainfall for different season (mm)

YearYear Winter rain Winter rain (Jan.-Feb.)(Jan.-Feb.)

Hot-weather Hot-weather rain rain

(Mar.-May)(Mar.-May)

South-west South-west monsoon monsoon (Jun.Sep.)(Jun.Sep.)

North-east North-east rain rain

(Oct.-Dec.)(Oct.-Dec.)TotalTotal

20092009 0.09 0.09 (0.5)(0.5) 98.22 98.22 (131.3)(131.3) 699.17 699.17 (83.0)(83.0) 71.13 71.13 (110.1)(110.1) 868.61 868.61 (87.3)(87.3)20102010 0.74 0.74 (4.4)(4.4) 49.30 49.30 (65.9)(65.9) 584.40 584.40 (69.3)(69.3) 43.41 43.41 (67.2)(67.2) 677.85 677.85 (68.1)(68.1)20112011 5.20 5.20 (31)(31) 79.40 79.40 (106.1)(106.1) 1028.00 1028.00 (122.0)(122.0) 0.50 0.50 (0.8)(0.8) 1113.1 1113.1 (111.9)(111.9)20122012 11.20 11.20 (66.9)(66.9) 31.30 31.30 (41.8)(41.8) 704.20 704.20 (83.5)(83.5) 51.20 51.20 (79.2)(79.2) 797.9 797.9 (80.2)(80.2)20132013 17.10 17.10 (102.1)(102.1) 73.80 73.80 (98.7)(98.7) 518.40 518.40 (61.5)(61.5) 164.30 164.30 (254.3)(254.3) 773.6 773.6 (77.8)(77.8)20142014 33.30 33.30 (198.8)(198.8) 96.10 96.10 (128.5)(128.5) 788.30 788.30 (93.5)(93.5) 41.90 41.90 (64.8)(64.8) 959.6 959.6 (96.5)(96.5)2015 2015

(Upto Sep(Upto Sep11.70 11.70 (69.9)(69.9) 89.30 89.30 (119.4)(119.4) 693.30 693.30 (82.3)(82.3) -- --

Average 11.33 73.92 716.54 62.07 865.11

In recent years, decrease in rainfall has adversely affected In recent years, decrease in rainfall has adversely affected crop production and agricultural mechanizationcrop production and agricultural mechanization

Note : Figures in parenthesis denotes actual rainfall as the percentage Note : Figures in parenthesis denotes actual rainfall as the percentage of averageof average

Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Bihar

Cropping patternCropping pattern

CropCrop Percentage in areaPercentage in area2010-112010-11 2011-122011-12 2012-132012-13 2013-142013-14 2014-152014-15

Food grainsFood grains 92.0692.06 93.0193.01 93.0293.02 92.8992.89 93.2593.25CerealCereal 84.0384.03 85.7385.73 85.985.9 85.885.8 86.1686.16PulsesPulses 8.038.03 7.287.28 7.117.11 7.087.08 7.097.09Oil-seedsOil-seeds 1.941.94 1.851.85 1.591.59 1.741.74 1.631.63Fibre cropFibre crop 2.272.27 2.112.11 1.941.94 1.711.71 1.561.56SugarcaneSugarcane 3.733.73 3.033.03 3.463.46 3.663.66 3.513.51

Source : Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar

Production and Productivity of cereals in Bihar (2008-15)

YearYear Production ('000 tonnes)Production ('000 tonnes) Productivity (t/ha)Productivity (t/ha)2008-092008-09 12143.012143.02009-102009-10 9616.39616.32010-112010-11 10352.110352.1 1.8381.8382011-12*2011-12* 17363.6517363.65 2.792.792012-13*2012-13* 17286.717286.7 2.782.782013-142013-14 15716.315716.3 2.592.592014-152014-15 14321.1614321.16 2.332.33

* In both years, massive demonstration on SRI and SWI * In both years, massive demonstration on SRI and SWI had impact on productivity of rice and wheat crop.had impact on productivity of rice and wheat crop.

Area and productivity Area and productivity under major crops in under major crops in

Bihar Bihar

CropCropArea Area

(in Lakh hectare)(in Lakh hectare)Productivity Productivity

(Q/ha)(Q/ha)2011-122011-12 2014-152014-15 2013-142013-14

Paddy 36.0 28.11 23.65Wheat 22.0 21.13 29.0Maize 6.5 7.5 38.7

Agriculture (Bihar)Agriculture (Bihar)

CropAv. Productivity enhancement

(%)During 2009-12

compared to 2000-03

During 2011-14 compared to

2005-08Rice 8.0 84.19Wheat 23.7 52.21Maize 30.3 51.82

Quantum jump in average productivity of three important cereals

Rice occupies a predominant position in Bihar, accounting for Rice occupies a predominant position in Bihar, accounting for 42.31 %42.31 % of the total cereals production against of the total cereals production against 50.5 %50.5 % in 2011-12. in 2011-12.

Operation-wise mechanization gapOperation-wise mechanization gap inin

study area (2013-14)study area (2013-14)

S. S. NoNo Name of blocksName of blocks

Operation-wise mechanization gap (%)Operation-wise mechanization gap (%)

TillageTillage PlantingPlanting/ sowing/ sowing

WeedingWeeding SprayingSpraying/ dusting/ dusting

LevelingLeveling HarvestingHarvesting ThreshingThreshing OtherOther

MadhubaniMadhubani1 MadhwapurMadhwapur 23.0 92.0 95.0 61.0 86.0 65.0 32.0 75.02 BenipattiBenipatti 28.0 100 92.0 59.0 100 85.0 26.0 70.03 BasopattiBasopatti 32.0 94.0 100 72.0 100 81.0 35.0 86.0

AverageAverage 27.6727.67 95.3395.33 95.6795.67 64.0064.00 95.3395.33 77.0077.00 31.0031.00 77.0077.00

SamastipurSamastipur4 KalyanpurKalyanpur 19.0 76.0 87.0 23.0 75.0 71.0 16.0 65.05 PusaPusa 16.0 64.0 72.0 27.0 45.0 65.0 9.0 62.0

AverageAverage 17.5017.50 70.0070.00 79.5079.50 25.0025.00 60.0060.00 68.0068.00 12.5012.50 63.5063.50

SitamarhiSitamarhi6 DumaraDumara 17.0 80.0 100 31.0 62.0 70.0 25.0 80.07 Runi SaidpurRuni Saidpur 21.0 85.0 84.0 33.0 100 62.0 19.0 74.0

PupariPupari 39.0 90.0 100.0 31.0 85.0 85.0 20.0 81.0

AverageAverage 25.6725.67 85.0085.00 94.6794.67 31.6731.67 82.3382.33 72.3372.33 21.3321.33 78.3378.33

S. S. NoNo Name of blocksName of blocks

Operation-wise mechanization gap (%)Operation-wise mechanization gap (%)

TillageTillage PlantingPlanting/ sowing/ sowing

WeedingWeeding SprayingSpraying/ dusting/ dusting

LevelingLeveling HarvestingHarvesting ThreshingThreshing OtherOther

MuzaffarpurMuzaffarpur8 MushahariMushahari 22.0 61.0 63.0 21.0 85.0 55.0 17.0 77.09 SakaraSakara 37.0 72.0 98.0 43.0 75.0 60.0 22.0 61.0

AverageAverage 29.5029.50 66.5066.50 80.5080.50 32.0032.00 80.0080.00 57.5057.50 19.5019.50 69.0069.00

DarbhangaDarbhanga10 Hanuman Hanuman

NagarNagar35.0 79.0 65.0 42.0 60.0 72.0 13.0 73.0

11 SingwaraSingwara 29.0 87.0 88.0 57.0 80.0 68.0 27.0 62.0

AverageAverage 32.0032.00 83.0083.00 76.5076.50 49.5049.50 70.0070.00 70.0070.00 20.0020.00 67.5067.50

Operation-wise mechanization gapOperation-wise mechanization gap inin

study area (2013-14)study area (2013-14)

District wise mechanization gap in different District wise mechanization gap in different farm operationsfarm operations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Tillage

Plantin

g

Weeding

Spray

ing

Levell

ing

Harves

ting

Thres

hing

Others

Mec

hani

zatio

n G

ap (%

)

MadhubaniSamastipurSitamarhiMuzaffarpurDarbhanga

Number of farm implements Number of farm implements distributed on subsidydistributed on subsidy

MachinesMachines 2010-112010-11 2011-122011-12 2012-132012-13 2013-142013-14 2014-152014-15 2015-162015-16TractorTractor 36443644 38483848 81588158 50535053 90629062 51055105Power tillerPower tiller 53305330 75677567 64456445 42934293 20432043 18891889Laser land levelerLaser land leveler 1010 3030 -- 1111 11 33Paddy TransplanterPaddy Transplanter -- 1111 2525 6767 2424 --Zero tillageZero tillage 301301 37873787 77017701 97609760 13481348 18271827PumpsetPumpset 3034030340 2861528615 2552025520 1801918019 1620316203 63576357Reaper-cum-binderReaper-cum-binder -- -- 701701 580580 590590 509509Combine harvesterCombine harvester 6565 109109 322322 261261 164164 214214ThresherThresher 43164316 48574857 49844984 36523652 14381438 27102710Manual operated Manual operated implementsimplements

179790179790 146849146849 485209485209 4307843078 3152631526 45206*45206*

Source : Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar

* Maximum manually operated chaff cutter* Maximum manually operated chaff cutter

Tractor sale status in Bihar Tractor sale status in Bihar – With/without Subsidy– With/without Subsidy

YearYearNo. of No. of

tractor saletractor sale2000-012000-01 17344173442001-022001-02 14028140282002-032002-03 13115131152003-042003-04 12235122352004-052004-05 14636146362005-062005-06 994699462006-072006-07 11824118242007-082007-08 13104131042008-092008-09 17572175722009-102009-10 29050290502010-112010-11 26621266212011-122011-12 25987259872012-132012-13 28260282602013-142013-14 3018730187

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

With subsidyWithout subsidy

• Net Cultivable area Net Cultivable area – 56.03 lakh hectare– 56.03 lakh hectare• Tractor population upto 2013-14 – 2,63,909Tractor population upto 2013-14 – 2,63,909• Tractor availability/ thousand ha – 47Tractor availability/ thousand ha – 47

Source : TMA, New DelhiSource : TMA, New Delhi

Subsidy utilization & its distribution in Subsidy utilization & its distribution in different heads different heads

(2015-16)(2015-16)• Total subsidy amount Total subsidy amount – Rs. 175.0 crore– Rs. 175.0 crore• Total subsidy amount utilized Total subsidy amount utilized – Rs. 115.0 crore– Rs. 115.0 crore• Utilization of subsidy amountUtilization of subsidy amount – 65.71%– 65.71%

S. S. No.No.

Utilization headUtilization head Subsidy amount Subsidy amount released (Rs. in released (Rs. in

crore)crore)

Subsidy Subsidy utilized (%)utilized (%)

1.1. Power source (Tractor+ Power tiller)Power source (Tractor+ Power tiller) 29.2429.24 25.4325.432.2. Pumpset & irrigation pipePumpset & irrigation pipe 28.7428.74 24.9924.993.3. Manually operated (Sprayer + Weeder)Manually operated (Sprayer + Weeder) 19.0919.09 16.6016.604.4. Combine harvesterCombine harvester 6.656.65 5.785.785.5. Processing machinesProcessing machines 8.578.57 7.457.456.6. T/D & S/P equipments/ machinesT/D & S/P equipments/ machines 22.7122.71 19.7519.75

Source : Mechanization Cell, Deptt. of Agril., GOBSource : Mechanization Cell, Deptt. of Agril., GOB

Tractor sale trend for last three Tractor sale trend for last three years in Bihar (2012-15)years in Bihar (2012-15)

S. S. No.No. Power categorizationPower categorization Percentage share Percentage share

of total slaeof total slae1.1. Low power tractor Low power tractor

(<15kw)(<15kw)2.372.37

2.2. Medium power tractor Medium power tractor (23-30 kw)(23-30 kw)

74.0774.07

3.3. High power tractor High power tractor (>30kw)(>30kw)

23.5623.56

Estimated tractor availability/1000ha = 5.34Estimated tractor availability/1000ha = 5.34

Source : Deptt. of Agriculture (Mechanization Cell, GOB)

Farm Power availability Farm Power availability (kw/ha)(kw/ha)

S. No.S. No. YearYear Farm Power availabilityFarm Power availability1.1. 2009-102009-10 1.231.232.2. 2010-112010-11 1.491.493.3. 2011-122011-12 1.671.674.4. 2012-132012-13 1.691.695.5. 2013-142013-14 1.811.816.6. 2014-152014-15 1.901.90

Farm Power availability and Farm Power availability and productivity of cerealsproductivity of cereals

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Year

Farm PowerAvailabilityProductivity

Agricultural mechanization Agricultural mechanization – –

ChallengesChallenges • Farm mechanization, present level : 20 – 25%Farm mechanization, present level : 20 – 25%

• Small farmer and Small farmer and small farmssmall farms

• High cost machinery owning not profitable due to High cost machinery owning not profitable due to tendency of farmers for self use only.tendency of farmers for self use only.

• Inadequacy of farm power and matching implementsInadequacy of farm power and matching implements

• Lack of trained operators and mechanic.Lack of trained operators and mechanic.

• Lack of machinery service centres and unavailability Lack of machinery service centres and unavailability of spares at local level.of spares at local level.

Cont…..Cont…..

Agricultural mechanization Agricultural mechanization – –

ChallengesChallenges • In-appropriate machinery selectionIn-appropriate machinery selection

• High cost and lower use period machinesHigh cost and lower use period machines

• Variable weather and scanty rainfallVariable weather and scanty rainfall

• Poor quality of implements supplyPoor quality of implements supply

• Poor socio-economic conditions of farmersPoor socio-economic conditions of farmers

• Lack of farm roadsLack of farm roads

• Poor participation of youth and women in agriculturePoor participation of youth and women in agriculture

Strategy of promotionStrategy of promotion• Land consolidationLand consolidation

• F.I.M. (Farmers-Institution-Manufacturers) linkageF.I.M. (Farmers-Institution-Manufacturers) linkage

• Special credit support to machine manufacturers and Special credit support to machine manufacturers and purchasers purchasers

• Promotional policy for machine manufacturersPromotional policy for machine manufacturers

• Innovating custom service model for farmersInnovating custom service model for farmers

• Training and demonstration in participatory modeTraining and demonstration in participatory mode

• Counseling to farmers for adoption of improved technologyCounseling to farmers for adoption of improved technologyCont…..Cont…..

Strategy of promotionStrategy of promotion• Establishment of Farm Machine Banks.Establishment of Farm Machine Banks.

• Special subsidy for owning and promotion of Special subsidy for owning and promotion of remunerative as well as high cost - low use period remunerative as well as high cost - low use period machine.machine.

• Promotion of machine ownership for custom hiring by Promotion of machine ownership for custom hiring by socially/ financially backward youth.socially/ financially backward youth.

• Promotion of small machines for individual ownership by Promotion of small machines for individual ownership by small and marginal farmers.small and marginal farmers.

• Promotion of Farm Machinery Advisory SystemPromotion of Farm Machinery Advisory System

• Categorization and grading of local manufacturersCategorization and grading of local manufacturers

• Timely execution of mechanization promotional Timely execution of mechanization promotional programmes.programmes.

ThanksThanks