Mechanical Engineering Questions and Answers: 46 :: What are the differences between pneumatics and hydraulics?* a) Working fluid: Pneumatics use air, Hydraulics use Oil* b) Power: Pneumatic power less than hydraulic power* c) Size: P components are smaller than H components* d) Leakage: Leaks in hydraulics cause fluid to be sticking around the components. In pneumatics, air is leaked into the atmosphere.* e) Pneumatics obtain power from an air compressor while hydraulics require a pump* f) Air is compressible, hydraulic oil is notIs This Answer Correct?10 Yes0 No

47 :: What is enthalpy?Enthalpy is the heat content of a chemical system.Is This Answer Correct?6 Yes1 No

48 :: What is a positive displacement pump?A positive displacement pump causes a liquid or gas to move by trapping a fixed amount of fluid or gas and then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Positive displacement pumps can be further classified as either rotary-type (for example the rotary vane) or lobe pumps similar to oil pumps used in car engines. These pumps give a non-pulsating output or displacement unlike the reciprocating pumps. Hence, they are called positive displacement pumps.Is This Answer Correct?0 Yes1 No

49 :: Why would you use hydraulics rather than pneumatics?Hydraulics is suitable for higher forces & precise motion than pneumatics. This is because hydraulic systems generally run at significantly higher pressures than pneumatics systems. Movements are more precise (repeatable) because hydraulics uses an incompressible liquid to transfer power whilst pneumatics uses gases.

Pneumatic systems have some advantages too. They are usually significantly cheaper than hydraulic systems, can move faster (gas much less viscous than oil) and do not leak oil if they develop a leak.Is This Answer Correct?2 Yes0 No

50 :: What is the formula for Heat loss in a pipe?

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(1) Pitot tube is used for measurement of(a) Pressure(b) Temperature(c) Discharge(d) VelocityAns.:(d) Velocity

(2) Slow plastic deformation of material under constant stress is(a) Creep(b) Fatigue(c) Endurance(d) Elastic deformationAns.:(a) Creep

(3) Mass balancing is done to(a) Avoid flutter(b) Increase bending stress(c) Reduce drag(d) Distributing mass on control surfaceAns.:(a) Avoid flutter

(4) Short columns are preferred over long columns from(a) Strength consideration(b) Buckling consideration(c) Weight consideration(d) None of the aboveAns.:(b) Buckling consideration

(5) Centre of pressure of an aerofoil with an increase of angle of attack will(a) Move forward(b) Move backward(c) Not move(d) None of the aboveAns.:(a) Move forward

(6) Thermal efficiency of a gas turbine plant as compared to diesel engine plant(a) Higher(b) Lower(c) Same(d) May be higher or lowerAns.:(a) Higher

(7) A closed cycle gas turbine works on(a) Carnot cycle(b) Rankine cycle(c) Joule cycle(d) Atkinson cycleAns.:(c) Joule cycle

(8) A bolt of uniform strength can be developed by(a) Keeping the core dia of threads equal to the dia of unthreaded portion of bolt(b) Keeping the core dia of threads smaller than the dia of unthreaded portion of bolt(c) Keeping the nominal dia of threads equal to the dia of unthreaded portion of bolt(d) None of the aboveAns.:(a) Keeping the core dia of threads equal to the dia of unthreaded portion of bolt

(9) Stress concentration factor is defined as ratio of(a) Max stress to endurance limit(b) Nominal stress to endurance limit(c) Max stress to nominal stress(d) Nominal stress to max stressAns.:(c) Max stress to nominal stress

(10) Principle effect of humidity is(a) Corrosion(b) Leaking from sealed enclosures(c) Permanent set of packing and gaskets(d) Differential contraction of metal partsAns.:(a) Corrosion

(11) Backlash is(a) Sum of the clearance of two gears(b) Mutual play between two gears(c) Amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth on pitch circle(d) Any of the aboveAns.:(c) Amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth on pitch circle

(12) Teflon is used for bearings because of(a) Low co-efficient of friction(b) Better heat dissipation(c) Smaller space constraint(d) All of the aboveAns.:(a) Low co-efficient of friction

(13) When two elastic bodies collide with each other(a) Two bodies will momentarily come to rest after collision(b) The two bodies tend to compress & deform at the surface of contact(c) Two bodies begins to retain their original shape(d) All of the aboveAns.:(d) All of the above

(14) Antifriction bearings are(a) Thick lubricated bearing(b) Thin lubricated bearing(c) Ball & roller bearing(d) Plastic bearingAns.:(c) Ball & roller bearing

(15) What is Hertzian stress?(a) Tensile stress on inner surface of cylinder(b) Bending stress on two contact surface(c) Contact stress on two contact surfaces(d) Shear stress on two contact surfacesAns.:(c) Contact stress on two contact surfaces

(16) Mohrs circle can be used to determine following stress on inclined surface(a) Principal stresses(b) Normal stresses(c) Maximum shear stresses(d) All of the aboveAns.:(a) Principal stresses

(17) What size of material required for making rolled threads?(a) Pitch diameter(b) Root diameter(c) Major diameter(d) NoneAns.:(a) Pitch diameter

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1. Normalizing operation is carried out ina) Waterb) Oilc) Aird) FurnaceAns.:c) Air2. The main purpose of heat treatment of steels is to change thea) Chemical compositionb) Mechanical propertiesc) Surface finishd) Physical propertiesAns.:b) Mechanical properties3. Which of the following is a non-destructive testa) Impact testb) Charpy testc) Cupping testd) Radiography testAns.:d) Radiography test4. Polymerization is associated witha) Stainless steelb) Cast ironc) Thermoplasticd) DuraluminAns.:c) Thermoplastic5. The material of pattern in the investment casting isa) Resinb) Sandc) Waxd) WoodAns.:c) Wax6. Shell moulding process requiresa) Wooden patternb) Plastic patternc) Sand patternd) Metal patternAns.: d) Metal pattern7. Liquid nitrogen containers can be made froma) Ferritic stainless steelb) HSLA steelc) Titaniumd) Austenitic stainless steelAns.:d)Austenitic stainless steel8. Stretching of rolled rings is done toa) To meet dimensional requirementb) To relieve stressesc) To introduce stressesd) To improve finishAns.:b)To relieve stresses

9. During manufacturing of spring, the coiling pitch is assumed to be larger than specified pitch bya) 5-8%b) 10-12%c) 2-5%d) noneAns.: a) 5-8%10. Metric thread have included angle:a) 60b) 55c) 30d) NoneAns.: a) 6011. Which part of the cutting tool is prone to crater weara) Flankb) Facec) Shankd) BaseAns.:b) Face12. The crater wear of a cutting tool is due toa) Chemical action of the coolantb) Excessive heat generated during cutting operationc) Rubbing of tool against the work pieced) Abrasive action of the chipAns.:d) Abrasive action of the chip13. Crater wear is predominant ina) Carbon tool steelsb) Tungsten carbide toolsc) High speed steel toolsd) Ceramic toolsAns.:b) Tungsten carbide tools14. Identify the single point cutting toola) Milling cutterb) Hacksaw bladec) Grinding wheeld) Cutting tool used in a slotting machineAns.:d) Cutting tool used in a slotting machine15. The angle between the tool face and the plane parallel to the base of the cutting tool is calleda) Lip angleb) Cutting anglec) Rack angled) Shear angleAns.:c) Rack angle16. In metal cutting operation, the cutting angle is defined as the anglea) between the flank and the horizontal machined surfaceb) between the shear plane and the direction of tool travelc) between the face of tool and the line tangent to the machined surface at the cutting pointd) between the tool face and the ground end surface of flankAns.:c)between the face of tool and the line tangent to the machined surface at the cutting point17. The angle between the face and the flank of the single point cutting tool is known asa) Rack angleb) Clearance anglec) Lip angled) Point angleAns.:b) Clearance angle18. Cutting tool may be provided with large positive rack angle toa) Have a better heat dissipationb) Avoid rubbing with the finished surfacec) Increase the strength of cutting edged) Reduce the magnitude of cutting forcesAns.:d) Reduce the magnitude of cutting forces19. Single point thread cutting tool should ideally havea) Zero rack angleb) Positive rackc) Negative rackd) Normal rackAns.:a) Zero rack angle20. With an increase in nose radius of single point cutting toolsa) Tool life increasesb) Excessive heat is generatedc) Surface finish deterioratesd) Cutting speeds have to be kept smallAns.:a) Tool life increases21. Tool signaturea) Is a pictorial view of the toolb) Outlines the orthographic projection of the toolc) Represents complete specification of the toold) Is a numerical method of tool identificatione) Indicate life of toolAns.:d) Is a numerical method of tool identification22. The cutting speed of a tool refers toa) Revolution made by the tool in a specified timeb) Revolutions turned by the job in a specified timec) Distance travelled by the tool in one revolution of the jobd) Rate at which cutting edge of the tool passes over the surface of work pieceAns.:d) Rate at which cutting edge of the tool passes over the surface of work piece23. Which is not the primary function of coolant in a metal cutting operationa) To cool the tool and work piece and conduct the heat generatedb) To improve the cutting actionc) To help in giving bright shining surface to the jobd) To reduce the friction at the cutting pointAns.:a) To cool the tool and work piece and conduct the heat generated24. Choose the coolant that would be most appropriate for light cuts on aluminum alloysa) Keroseneb) Mineral oilc) Soluble oil or emulsionsd) Straight fatty oilAns.:a) Kerosene

25. Tool life may be measured by thea) Total time the tool has been in contact with the jobb) Quantity of material removed between the total sharpeningc) Number of work pieces machined between tool sharpeningd) Time for the flank wear to reach a certain dimensione) Any one of the aboveAns.:e) Any one of the above26. The tool life is influenced maximum bya) Cutting speedb) Tool material and geometryc) Cutting fluidd) Surface conditions of the workpiecee) Skill of the operatorAns.:a) Cutting speed1.How Cavitation can be eliminated in a Pump?Cavitation means bubbles are forming in the liquid. To avoid Cavitation, we have to increase the Pump size to One or Two Inch; To increase the pressure of the Suction Head, or Decrease the Pump Speed.

2.Which pump is more efficient Centrifugal pump or Reciprocating pump?Centrifugal pump.Because flow rate is higher compared to reciprocating pump. Flow is smooth and it requires less space to install. Lower initial cost and lower maintenance cost.

3.Why Centrifugal Pump is not called as a Positive Displacement Type of Pump?The centrifugal has varying flow depending on pressure or head, whereas the Positive Displacement pump has more or less constant flow regardless of pressure.Likewise viscosity is constant for positive displacement pump where centrifugal pump have up and down value because the higher viscosity liquids fill the clearances of the pump causing a higher volumetric efficiency. When there is a viscosity change in supply there is also greater loss in the system. This means change in pump flow affected by the pressure change.One more example is, positive displacement pump has more or less constant efficiency, where centrifugal pump has varying efficiency rate.

4.Why the centrifugal pump is called high discharge pump?Centrifugal pump is a kinetic device. The centrifugal pump uses the centrifugal force to push out the fluid. So the liquid entering the pump receives kinetic energy from the rotating impeller. The centrifugal action of the impeller accelerates the liquid to a high velocity, transferring mechanical (rotational) energy to the liquid. So it discharges the liquid in high rate. It is given in the following formulae:Centrifugal forceF= (M*V2)/R.Where,M-MassV-VelocityR-Radius

5.Why cavitation will occur in Centrifugal Pumps and not in Displacement pumps?The formation of cavities (or bubbles) is induced by flow separation, or non-uniform flow velocities, inside a pump casing. In centrifugal pumps the eye of the pump impeller is smaller than the flow area of pipe. This decrease in flow area of pump results in increase in flow rate. So pressure drop happened between pump suction and the vanes of the impeller. Here air bubbles or cavities are formed because of liquid vapour due to increase in temperature in impeller. This air bubbles are transmitted to pump which forms cavitation. What is a radial-flow turbine?In a radial-flow turbine, steam flows outward from the shaft to the casing. The unit is usually a reaction unit, having both fixed and moving blades. What are four types of turbine seals? Carbon rings fitted in segments around the shaft and held together by garter or retainer springs. Labyrinth mated with shaft serrations or shaft seal strips. Water seals where a shaft runner acts as a pump to create a ring of water around the shaft. Use only treated water to avoid shaft pitting. Stuffing box using woven or soft packing rings that are compressed with a gland to prevent leakage along the shaft. What are two types of clearance in a turbine? Radial clearance at the tips of the rotor and casing. Axial the fore-and-aft clearance, at the sides of the rotor and the casing. What is the function of a thrust bearing?Thrust bearings keep the rotor in its correct axial position. What are some conditions that may prevent a turbine from developing full power? The machine is overloaded. The initial steam pressure and temperature are not up to design conditions. The exhaust pressure is too high. The governor is set too low. The steam strainer is clogged. Turbine nozzles are clogged with deposits. Internal wear on nozzles and blades. What is a stage in a steam turbine?In an impulse turbine, the stage is a set of moving blades behind the nozzle. In a reaction turbine, each row of blades is called a "stage." A single Curtis stage may consist of two or more rows of moving blades. What is a diaphragm?Partitions between pressure stages in a turbines casing are called diaphragms. They hold the vane-shaped nozzles and seals between the stages. Usually labyrinth-type seals are used. One-half of the diaphragm is fitted into the top of the casing, the other half into the bottom. What are the two basic types of steam turbines? Impulse type. Reaction type. What are topping and superposed turbines?Topping and superposed turbines arc high-pressure, non-condensing units that can be added to an older, moderate-pressure plant. Topping turbines receive high-pressure steam from new high-pressure boilers. The exhaust steam of the new turbine has the same pressure as the old boilers and is used to supply the old turbines. What is a combination thrust and radial bearing?This unit has the ends of the Babbitt bearing extended radically over the end of the shell. Collars on the rotor face these thrust pads, and the journal is supported in the bearing between the thrust collars. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RATED SPEED AND ECONOMIC SPEED?THE RATED SPEED TELLS US ABOUT THE MAXIMUM SPEED WHICH CAN BE ACHIEVED BY A VEHICLE OR SOME OTHER MACHINE BUT THE ECONOMICAL SPEED MEANS THE SPEED LIMIT AT WHICH THE MACHINE WORKS EFFICIENTLY WITH LEAST CONSUMPTION OF FUEL.EG-IN NORMAL BIKES(NOT RACING),THE MAX.SPEED LIMIT SHOWN ON SPEEDOMETER IS UPTO 120 KMPH BUT COMPANIES ALWAYS ADVICE THEIR CUSTOMERS TO DRIVE SUCH BIKES AT AROUND 60 KMPH TO HAVE MAXIMUM MILEAGE. What is the purpose of scrapper ringscrap the excess lube oil from the cylinder walls.there by preventing oil from entering combustion zone. What are the causes of main engine black smoke?There is many cause of black smoke.1.is improper mixture of fuel supply by carburetor like very rich mixture so the fuel improper burn.2. it is when piston or piston ring is fail so back side cooling oil release in combustion chamber it cause black smoke.3.improper ignition system like not sufficient time of pressure rise delay period . how cooling tower height selected?The Function of a cooling tower is to cool the water coming from condenser.The water coming from condenser is hot and it is sprayed in a cooling tower and a air coming out from bottom cool the water which is coming down.Outside air is cool and air in inside the cooling tower is hot due to humidity.So there is a density difference between outside and inside air which caused pressure difference.Pr Difference = g x H x ( density difference)Where,H = Height of chimneyPr Difference = Pr Difference so that air can flow to cooling tower from outside How does axial thrust balance in multistage pump?A BALANCING LINE FROM DISCHARGE END IS CONNECTED TO SUCTIONSIDE TO BALANCE AXIAL THRUST. how to calculate the boiler efficiency?any formula is there?boiler efficiency= (heat transferred to feed water inconverting it to steam)/(heat released by completecombustion of fuel)n(eta)= Mass of steam * (h- H(water))/(mass of fuel *calorific value fuel) What is the significance of torque(in N-m) given in the engine specificationit give the moment about any point or simple rotation. what is the exact requirement of priming?priming is done in pumps to remove the entrapped air from the suction pipe thus aiding in smooth operation and avoiding in excess load on the pump. What is the use of a PULLEY?transmission of power(force) in rotary form why does cycle rim dont bend even in heavy loads?Because of rubber tires. The load is distributed and its effect reduces i.e. tires absorbs heavy load and shocks with the support of steel rim.The rim has many spokes. The spokes distribute the load equally and the rubber tires absorb more than half of the load. How tonnage can be controlled in PLC base hydraulic presscustomintegration of press interlocks to interfacingwith other parts of the hydraulic press line such as thefeeder or transfer systems. what is BHP?Brake horsepower is the amount of work generated by a motor under ideal conditions. This work is calculated without the consideration of effects of any auxiliary component, that may slow down the actual speed of the motor. Brake horsepower is measured within the engines output shaft and was originally designed to calculate and compare the output of steam engines.As per the conventions, 1 BHP equals to: 745.5 watts 1.01389 ps 33,000 ft lbf/min 42.2 BTU/minYou might also likeMechanical Engineering Interview QuestionsWhat is the function of EGR valve EGR means Exhaust Gas Recirculation. The main function of EGR is...

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Different between technology & engineering?Engineering is application of science. Technology shows various methods of Engineering. A bridge can be made by using beams to bear the load,by an arc or by hanging in a cable; all shows different technology but comes under civil engineering and science applied is laws of force/load distribution. how a diesel engine works in generator?Diesel engine is a prime mover,for a generator,pump,and for vehicles etc.generator is connected to engine by shaft.mostly in thermal power plat ,there is an engine is used to drive generator to generate power. WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME OF MICROMETER & VERNIER CALLIPERMicrometers other name is Screw Gauze & Vernier calipers other name is slide caliper. What is flashpoint?Flash point: the lowest temperature at which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be ignited in air. what is basic difference between impulse turbine and reaction turbineIn impulse turbine, jet is used to create impulse on bladeswhich rotates the turbine and in reaction turbine, no jetis used pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy.In impulse turbine fluid enter& leave with same energy ,but in reaction turbine fluid enter with pressure energy&leaves with kinetic energyIn impulse turbine all the pressure drops in nozzle only &in reaction turbine pressure drops both fixed & movingblades.the difference is due to blade profiles. What is the need for drafting?Drafting is the allowance give to casting process.it also used to remove the casting from mould without damage ofcorners. what is the difference between BSP thread and BSW thread?The British Standard Pipe thread (BSP thread) is a familyof standard screw thread types that has been adoptedinternationally for interconnecting and sealing pipe endsby mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread.British Standard Whitworth (BSW) is one of a number ofimperial unit based screw thread standards which use thesame bolt heads and nut hexagonal sizes. What is refrigerant?Any substance that transfers heat from one place to another,creating a cooling effect. water is the refrigerant in absorption machines. The amount of carbon present in Cast IronCarbon is basically present in the form of cementite in cast iron.Its percentage lies in the range of 2.03-6.67(% by weight of cementite for Cast Iron.If the amount is less than the above range than it is stainless steel. What are the loads considered when designing the Nut and Bolts?Shear Loads & crushing loads what is the effect of reheat on rankine cycle? 1.efficiency increases 2.work output increases 3. both 4. none of these.1.Efficiency increases.this prevents the vapor from condensing during its expansion which can seriously damage the turbine blades, and improves the efficiency of the cycle, as more of the heat flow into the cycle occurs at higher temperature.1.In a four stage compressor, if the pressure at the first and third stage are 1 bar and 16 bar, then the delivery pressure at the fourth stage will be

A.1 bar

B.16 bar

C.64 bar

D.256 bar

Answer & ExplanationAnswer:OptionCExplanation:No answer description available for this question.Let us discuss.View AnswerWorkspaceReportDiscuss in Forum

2.The compressed air may be used

A.in gas turbine plants

B.for operating pneumatic drills

C.in starting and supercharging of I.C. engines

D.all of the above

Answer & ExplanationAnswer:OptionDExplanation:No answer description available for this question.Let us discuss.View AnswerWorkspaceReportDiscuss in Forum

3.A rocket works with maximum overall efficiency when air-craft velocity is __________ the jet velocity.

A.equal to

B.one-half

C.double

Answer & ExplanationAnswer:OptionBExplanation:No answer description available for this question.Let us discuss.View AnswerWorkspaceReportDiscuss in Forum

4.The volumetric efficiency for reciprocating air compressors is about

A.10 to 40%

B.40 to 60%

C.60 to 70%

D.70 to 90%

Answer & ExplanationAnswer:OptionDExplanation:No answer description available for this question.Let us discuss.View AnswerWorkspaceReportDiscuss in Forum

5.The maximum temperature in a gas turbine is

A.200CB.500C

C.700CD.1000C

Answer & ExplanationAnswer:OptionCExplanation:No answer description available for this question.L

26 :: Where do you put the oil in a compressor?In the reciprocating compressors, you fill the crankcase with the lubricante.

In screw compressors, there is a reservoir to separate oil from compressed air, that reservoir works as the oil sump of the screw compressor.Is This Answer Correct?1 Yes0 No

27 :: What is a pneumatic system?Pneumatic system is a system that uses air to power something. For instance, have you seen the tube systems at bank drive-up tellers? Air is used to push the tubes back and forth from the teller to the customer.

Air is also used to power drills, sanders, grinders, and the like at garages and car body shops.Is This Answer Correct?2 Yes0 No

28 :: What kinds of pipes are used for steam lines?Normally galvanized pipes are not used for steam. Mild steel with screwed or welded fittings are the norm. Pressure and temperature are very important factors to be considered in what type of materials to be used. Steam even at low pressures can be extremely dangerous.Is This Answer Correct?2 Yes1 No

29 :: What is the difference between shear center flexural center of twist and elastic center?The shear center is the centroid of a cross-section. The flexural center is the center of twist, which is the point on a beam that you can add a load without torsion. The elastic center is located at the center of gravity. If the object is homogeneous and symmetrical in both directions of the cross-section then they are all equivalent.Is This Answer Correct?1 Yes0 No

30 :: What is ferrite?Magnetic iron rockIs This Answer Correct?2 Yes0 No

Q1. Give reasoning for decrease in temperature as we move higher.Ans.The earth can be considered as isochoric system that is volume of air is constant around our globe. As at constant volume the pressure is directly proportional to temp. as a result temp will also decrease as pressure decreases as we move higher and higher.Q2. Explain heat exchanger and its usage.Ans.A heat exchanger (HX) is used for exchanging heat between two mediums i.e fluids.Its consists of following two groups;1. Inirect Contact HX2. Direct Contact HXIn other words, heat exchanger is a device used for heat dissipation from a certain part where excess heat may can prove to be harmful to the system.It increases the heat dissipation by simply exposing more area to the atmosphere as the heat transfer directly depends on the availability of area for heat transfer. For instance, fins on the engine cylinderQ3. Differentiate between stress and pressure?Ans.Pressure is exerted only in case of fluid or liquid or gases whereas stress is applied only on solid.Q4.Expain how can we find bearing number or bearing size?Ans.We can find bearing number or bearing size through a commercial catalog for some companies like SKF or by reading the size on the cylinder blockQ5. What psi represent?Ans.psi is an abbreviation for pounds force per square inch and can be commonly seen on pressure gauges as unit.Q6. Define four stroke engine?Ans.In four stroke engine there are two valves i.e. one is inlet and another is exhaust. The stroke is done one by one in sequence as suction, compression, power and exhaust and for every four stroke there is one power.Q7. Differentiate between a pipe and tube?Ans.Pipe is usually denoted by OD x gauge. Pipe is used to transfer liquid or gas. Pipe is flexible. Pipe is disignated with its Inner dia.Tube is denoted by ID which is NB x sch.Tube is used to transfer Heat. Tube is Rigid and is disignated with Outer Diameter.Q8. What will be the consequence when water flowing through pipe is suddenly cut?Ans.When water flowing through a pipe is suddenly stopped, a pressure wave eqiuvalent to sound will get created and will move to and fro. It causes damage to pipe by suddenly hitting the pipe wall which is known as water hammeringQ9. Amongst four stroke engine or a two stroke which one is more efficient? Why?Ans. Since there is one power stroke forevery 2 strokes in 2-Stroke engine, it is more efficient and compact for same power generation although four stroke engine is more frequently used.Q10. If I have a thermal flask in which i have to fill the boiled water. Along with I also have thermocol, saw dust and silver paper. Arrange these materials to attain minimum heat loss.Ans. The arrangement can bethermal flask outside silver paper outside saw dust and finally thermocol because thermal condutivity of silver is more than sawdust and thermal conductivity of saw dust is more than thermocol arrangement is like this.Q11. Explain the four basic quantities in engineering mechanics?Ans. Length, time, mass and force are the four basic quantities in engineering mechanics.Length is required to locate the position of a point in space and hence describe the size of a physical system .Time is taken as a sucession of events. The principles of statics are time dependent and play an important role in the study of dynamics.Mass is property of matter and using it we can compare the action of one body with that of another.Force is considered as a push or pull which is exerted by one body on another body.Q12. Explain viscosity ?Ans.Viscosity is the measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress. It is internal friction. Water and petrol are thin because they have lower viscosity, whereas honey is thick because it has higher viscosityQ13. Define Mechanical Engineer?Ans.Mechanical Engineer is a discipline of engineering which applies the principles of physics and materials science for manufacturing, design, analysis, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that encompasses the generation and application of heat and mechanical power and also in the design, production, and use of machines and tools.Q14. Why you chose mechanical branch?Ans. It is the Power Centre of Technical field and is very dynamic in nature. It started with to do something afresh. So mechanical engineering is just different from all other branch with its merits on other.Q15. Define autocad?Ans.It is very important for engineers and uses 3d drawings, solids modeling, wire frame modeling, fast working, 2D drawings etcQ16.Define Electrical motor maximum speed?Ans. RPM (ROTATION PER MINUTE) determines it.Q17. Explain the method to find the amount of natural gas required to generate 1 kwhr of energy?Ans.It can be found by heat rate of power plant run by natural gas divided gross calorific value of the natural gas.Q18. Explain the procedure to check wheather a gear and pinion are properly aligned or not for both running and static condition?Ans.It can be checked by the shaft(axis) of the pinion and gear must in 90 degree.Q19. What do you think is boiler a closed system?Ans. Yes.Q20. Explain Hess Law?Ans.According to this, the energy transfer is simply independent of the path followed. The same amount of energy will be dissipated or absorbed if the reactant and the product of the whole process are the same. Explain the Second Law of Thermodynamics.The entropy of the universe increases over time and moves towards a maximum value. How do you measure temperature in a Wet Bulb Thermometer?Wet bulb temperature is measured in a wet bulb thermometer by covering the bulb with a wick and wetting it with water. It corresponds to the dew point temperature and relative humidity. What is Bending moment?When a moment is applied to bend an element, a bending moment exists in the element What are the points in the Stress Strain curve for Steel?Proportional limit, elastic limit or yield point, ultimate stress and stress at failure. Define Reynolds number.Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial force and viscous force. It is a dimensionless number. It determines the type of fluid flow. What is a Newtonian fluid?A Newtonian fluid possesses a linear stress strain relationship curve and it passes through the origin. The fluid properties of a Newtonian fluid do not change when any force acts upon it. How many Joules is 1 BTU?1 BTU is equal to 1055.056 joules. What is PS?PS is Pferdestarke, the German unit for Horsepower. Explain Otto cycle.Otto cycle can be explained by a pressure volume relationship diagram. It shows the functioning cycle of a four stroke engine. The cycle starts with an intake stroke, closing the intake and moving to the compression stroke, starting of combustion, power stroke, heat exchange stroke where heat is rejected and the exhaust stroke. It was designed by Nicolas Otto, a German engineer. Explain the nomenclature of a 6203-ZZ bearing.6 is the type code, which shows it is a single-row ball bearing, 2 is the series, means light, 03 is the bore, which is 17 mm and ZZ is the suffix meaning double shielded bearing. What is Gear ratio?It is the ratio of the number of revolutions of the pinion gear to one revolution of the idler gear. What is Annealing?It is a process of heating a material above the re-crystallization temperature and cooling after a specific time interval. This increases the hardness and strength if the material. Define Torque.Torque is defined as a force applied to an object that results in rotational motion. What is Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature?It is the temperature below which the tendency of a material to fracture increases rather than forming. Below this temperature the material loses its ductility. It is also called Nil Ductility Temperature.Based on engineering methods, mechanical engineers provide efficient solutions to processes and products, in a variety of fields and industries.They supervise installation, testing, operation and maintenance to ensure that products, usually mechanical equipment, function according to engineering specs.The required skills for these engineers are: team player, creativity, highly innovative, naturally science/math oriented, and excellent communication skills.The education/qualifications requirements are: Bsc. /Msc. in mechanical engineering. MBA is an advantage, as are other advanced degrees in specialized engineering fields and documented engineering experience.Mechanical EngineerJob Interview Questions and AnswersQuestion:Tell me about yourself. As a mechanical engineer, are you experienced in design work, research and development, manufacturing, installation and final commissioning?Answer:If you worked across a variety of projects stages as listed above, describe your involvement in these projects.Question:Have you been involved in managing or leading a team or projects?Answer:If you did, relate some of your managerial experience; highlight how your background as a project/team manager can benefit the prospective employer.Question:What type of mechanical engineering projects have you supervised or engineered?Answer:Mechanical engineers can work in many industries and each may bring useful related experience to the table. As a candidate, indicate your significant involvement in any related field, such as research and development in any sector. For example, discuss your experience in power, mechanical devices, construction, maintenance and any other industry.Question:When designing/planning projects and products, have you considered issues such as cost effectiveness, time on market, safety, reliability and QA?Answer:As an experienced mechanical engineer, you must have worked on these aspects and surely can provide details of your experience, in: Solving complex mechanical issues. Developing production processes. Ensuring product reliably andperformance under specific operating environments. Managing projects under standardized engineering principles/techniques.Question:Describe an innovative project you developed or key product element that you designed.Answer:Speak enthusiastically about any unique approach you took to develop a mechanism or new system. Explain the steps/methods you utilized to enhance production, or freshen perspectives, enabling superior development of specific elements. Relate any creative ideas you initiated for providing practical solutions or any innovative solutions to complex issues.Question:What type of mechanical tools do you utilize in your day to day work?Answer:Mechanical engineer incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their design/analysis processes, including 2D/3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD) or computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Explain your knowledge and experience with these tools and any others.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSGeneralWhat is a security clearance?A security clearance is a determination by the United States Government that a person or company is eligible for access to classified information. The term eligibility for access means the same thing as security clearance and appears in some Government record systems. There are two types of clearances: Personnel Security Clearances (PCLs) and Facility Security Clearances (FCLs).What are the security clearance levels?Security clearances can be issued by many United States Government agencies, including the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Energy (DoE), the Department of Justice, and the Central Intelligence Agency. DoD, which issues more than 80% of all clearances, and most other agencies have three levels of security clearances: Confidential Secret Top SecretDoE primarily issues L, and Q Access Authorizations, which are roughly equivalent to Secret and Top Secret clearances, respectively.What was DISCO and DOHA?The Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office (DISCO) was part of the Defense Security Service (DSS), an agency of the Department of Defense (DoD). DISCO processed and adjudicated Personnel Security Clearances (PCL) and Facility Security Clearances (FCL) for defense contractor personnel and defense contractor facilities. The Defense Office of Hearings and Appeals (DOHA) worked with DISCO and adjudicated the most problematic DISCO cases. Previously DISCO/DOHA was one of nine Central Adjudication Facilities (CAFs) within DoD.What is DoDCAF?In summer 2011 all nine DoD Central Adjudication Facilities relocated to a new building on Fort Meade, Md. Between August 2012 and January 2013 six of these CAFs (Army CCF, DoNCAF, AFCAF, JCSCAF, WHSCAF, and DISCO/DOHA consolidated into one DoDCAF. The new CAF will have full operational capability by September 2013, including responsibility for Employment Suitability and HSPD-12 credentialing determinations. There has been no decision regarding consolidation of the remaining three CAFs (NSA, DIA, and NGA). They will continue to remain separate entities while the matter is being studied.What type of information is requested on a security clearance application?The application form, Standard Form 86SF86 (Questionnaire for National Security Positions), requires personal identifying data, as well as information regarding citizenship, residence, education, and employment history; family and associates; and foreign connections/travel. Additionally, it asks for information about Security Clearance Frequently Asked QuestionsQuestions and answers related to US Government security clearances, including those administered under the National Industrial Security Program (NISP), and compiled by ClearanceJobs.com.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENScriminal records, illegal drug involvement, financial delinquencies, mental health counseling, alcohol-related incidents and counseling, military service, prior clearances and investigations, civil court actions, misuse of computer systems, and subversive activities. The number of years of information required on the form varies from question to questionmany require 7 years, some require 10 years, and others are not limited to any period of time.How long does a clearance remain in effect?Generally as long as cleared individuals remain employed by a cleared contractor or government agency and are reasonably expected to require access to classified information, their personnel security clearance will remain in effect, provided they comply with Periodic Reinvestigation requirements.When is a clearance terminated?A clearance is terminated when a person permanently leaves a position for which the clearance was granted. Cleared individuals who no longer require access to classified information, but who remain continuously employed by the same cleared contractor (or government agency) and do not anticipate future access can have their clearances administratively downgraded or withdrawn until such time that they require access again, provided their security clearance investigation has not expired. Under such circumstances the clearance can be administratively restored.What do the terms active, current, and expired mean?People either have a clearance or they dont have a clearance. The Personnel Security Investigation (PSI) on which the clearance is based can be either current or expired. PSIs are current if they are not more than five years old for a Top Secret clearance, 10 years old for a Secret clearance, or 15 years old for a Confidential clearance. Generally, if the PSI is out-of-date (expired) or there has been a break-in-service of two years or more, a person must be nominated for a new clearance, complete a new application, and undergo a new PSI. People commonly use the terms active, current, and expired to mean:Activea clearance that has not been terminated.Currenta terminated clearance that is still eligible for reinstatement.Expireda terminated clearance that is no longer eligible for reinstatement.Can a clearance be reinstated after it has been terminated?Yes. If a person previously had a clearance and the investigation is still current, the clearance can be reinstated by the agency that originally granted the clearance or it can be accepted and reciprocally granted by a different agency, provided there hasnt been a break-in-service of two years or more. This can be done without the individual submitting a new SF86; however, for clearances involving special access authorizations a new SF86 can be required if there has been a break-in-access of more than 60 days or if a polygraph examination is required.What is an interim security clearance?An interim clearance (also known as interim eligibility) is based on the completion of minimum investigative requirements and granted on a temporary basis, pending the completion of the full investigative requirements for the final clearance. Interim Secret clearances can be granted in a few days once the clearance granting authority receives a properly completed SF86. Interim Top Secret clearances take one or two months longer. Interim clearances can be declined, if unfavorable information is listed on the SF86. All industrial applicants 1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENS(defense contractor personnel) are considered for interim clearances. Interim clearances can be withdrawn at any time significant unfavorable information is developed during the investigation. It is not possible to appeal the declination or withdrawal of an interim clearance, and the CAF is not required to provide a reason for the declination/withdrawal. Effective 1 August 2012 the term declined was replaced by the term Eligibility Pending, which has the same effect as the declination of an interim clearance.With some exceptions an interim clearance permits a person to have access to classified material at all levels of classification up to the level of the interim clearance granted. Interim Secret clearances are not sufficient for access to special categories of classified information, such as COMSEC, Restricted Data, and NATO. Interim Top Secret clearances are sufficient for access to most Top Secret information and to COMSEC, NATO, and Restricted Data at the Secret and Confidential levels only.Getting a ClearanceCan I obtain a security clearance on my own?No. You must be sponsored by a cleared contractor or a Government agency. To be sponsored you must be employed (or hired as a consultant) in a position that requires a clearance. As an exception, a candidate for employment may be submitted for a clearance if the employer has made an offer of employment and the candidate has accepted the offer. Both the offer and acceptance must be in writing. The offer of employment from a cleared contractor must indicate that employment will begin within 30 days of receiving the clearance.Can a Naturalized Citizen get a Personnel Clearance?Yes. The source of US citizenship does not make a difference for security clearance eligibility.Can non-US citizens obtain security clearances?No. Non-US citizens cannot obtain a security clearance; however, they may be granted a Limited Access Authorization (LAA). LAAs are grant in those rare circumstances where the non-US citizen possesses unique or unusual skill or expertise that is urgently needed to support a specific US Government requirement involving access to specified classified information (no higher than Secret), and a cleared or clearable US citizen is not readily available.Personnel Security Clearances (PCL)Who issues clearances?The Department of Defense Central Clearance Facility (DoDCAF) at Fort Meade, Md. issues Personnel Clearances (PCL) for most DoD civilians, military personnel, and contractor personnel. Previously the DISCO issued clearances to most defense contractor personnel; however, DISCO was consolidated into DoDCAF in October 2012. Other DoD agencies that issue clearances are DIA, NGA, and NSA. Other Executive Branch departments that issue PCLs include the departments of Energy, State, Homeland Security, Transportation, Agriculture, Labor, Commerce, Treasury, Justice, Interior, Housing and Urban Development, Veterans Affairs, Health and Human Services, and Veterans Affairs. Many component agencies of these departments, as well as independent agencies (i.e. CIA, OPM, EPA, GAO, FCC, USITC, etc.), issue clearances. Clearance determinations are based on completed personnel security investigations (PSI) using the Adjudicative Guidelines for Determining Eligibility for Access to Classified Information.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSHow much does it cost to get a PCL?At this time, there is no direct charge for a PCL issued by DoD and most other federal agencies.What is a collateral clearance?The term collateral clearance is used to describe a security clearance without any special access authorizations.What is a special access authorization?Access to classified defense information is based on an appropriate level of security clearance (Confidential, Secret or Top Secret) and a need-to-know. Need-to-know can be either a formal or an informal determination. All classified defense information exists within one of these two need-to-know domainsformal or informal. Information that exists within the domain of informal need-to-know determinations is referred to as collateral classified information. Information that requires a formal need-to-know determination (also known as a special access authorization) exists within Special Access Programs (SAP), including Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) and Restricted Data (RD).Acronyms such as ATOMAL, CNWDI, COMSEC, COSMIC, CRYPTO, NOFORN, ORCON, SAP, SCI, RD, SIOP-ESI, SPECAT, SIOP-ESI, etc., are not clearances. They are categories of classified information, some of which have extra need-to-know restrictions or require special access authorizations. For example, COSMIC stands for Control of Secret Material in an International Command. COSMIC Top Secret is the term used for NATO Top Secret Information. There are many such markings (caveats) stamped or printed on classified material, but most are only acronyms denoting special administrative handling procedures.How can I be granted Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) access?Since SCI encompasses several categories of compartmented information, CAFs grant eligibility for access to SCI. In order to be considered for SCI eligibility, a cleared individual must first be nominated for an SCI billet and approved by the government agency that controls the information. Once this eligibility has been established, a person can be granted a special access authorization for a specific category of information within SCI. SCI access eligibility is divided into 3 sensitivity levels and each has a different investigative requirement: SSBI without polygraph SSBI with Counterintelligence Scope polygraph SSBI with Full Scope polygraphWhat is a Special Access Program (SAP)?A SAP is defined as: a program established for a specific class of classified information that imposes safeguarding and access requirements that exceed those normally required for information at the same classification level. Technically, SCI is a SAP. Some SAPs are referred to as black programs, the very existence of which can be classified.Can you get an interim eligibility for access for SCI/SAP?Interim access eligibility for Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) and Special Access Programs (SAP) are granted under very limited circumstances.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSClearance ProcessWhat are the steps to getting a Personnel Clearance (PCL)?For DoD clearances a cleared contractor or Government agency identifies an employee with a need to have access to classified information. Once identified, the contractors Facility Security Officer (FSO) or the Government agencys Security Officer (SO) submits an investigation request through the Joint Personnel Adjudication System (JPAS) and ensures that the employee completes a clearance application in the Electronic Questionnaires for Investigations Processing (e-QIP). The FSO or SO then reviews, approves, and forwards the completed e-QIP to the DoDCAF for their approval, issuance of an interim clearance, and release to Office of Personnel Management (OPM). OPM conducts an investigation and sends the results of the investigation to DoDCAF. DoDCAF either grants a clearance or issues a Letter of Intent to deny clearance. Clearances for other federal agencies are processed in essentially the same manner, but can involve a different Investigation Service Provider (ISP).How are security clearance investigations carried out?A National Agency Check (NAC), police record checks, and credit check are components of all clearance investigations. When possible these are done centrally by an Investigation Service Provider (ISP), like OPM. Some police record checks must be done locally by field investigators. For investigations requiring other record checks, reference interviews, and/or a Subject Interview, tasking is sent from the ISP simultaneously to field investigators (either federal agents or contract investigators) in all locations involved. If the investigation develops information that requires further action in another location, tasking is sent from the investigator that developed the information to another field office. Investigative reports are electronically submitted as the work is completed. When all reports have been received at the ISP, the case is reviewed for completeness, and then forwarded to the appropriate Central Adjudication Facility (CAF).How long does it take to process a security clearance?In April 2012 DISCO reported average end-to-end processing time of 99 days for the fastest 90% of defense contractor Top Secret clearances and 52 days for Secret clearances.With some exceptions most federal agencies are completing the fastest 90% of all initial clearances (Secret and Top Secret) close to the average of 60 days as required by the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA). This average for the fastest 90% can include cases that take up to about 180 days. The remaining 10% can take from 6 months to over a year.Will my clearance be granted faster because I had a clearance three years ago?No. A new application with need to be submitted and a completely new investigation will need to be conducted and adjudicated.Will my clearance be granted faster, if I have immediate family members who have clearances?No.Why does it take so long to get a clearance?Compared to a few years ago, the vast majority of clearances are now being completed much faster than they previously were, but some clearances continue to take a long time. For these cases part of the answer involves the applicant and requires a better understanding of the process. There are three phases to clearance 1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSprocessing: 1) application initiation, 2) investigation, and 3) adjudication. In the past most clearance delays occurred during the investigation phase. Due primarily to a significant increase in the number of investigators, the average time for investigations has been significantly reduced. Today most of the delays in getting a clearance occur in the application initiation phase and the adjudication phase. The problems that cause these delays are:1. The applicant is not available for a Subject Interview2. Missing or inaccurate data on security clearance application forms 3. Problems involving fingerprint submission4. Serious security/suitability issues5. Queuing time Problem #1 occurs during the investigation phase and is usually due to the applicant being out of the country. If the applicant is in a war zone, the Subject Interview is usually conducted when the applicant returns to the United States. There can also be substantial delays when an applicant is in a location, such as Germany, Japan, Great Britain, or South Korea.Problems #2 and #3 occur primarily at the application initiation phase and can result in an application being rejected by the CAF or ISP and returned to the requestor. About 10% to 12% of all clearance applications are rejected. This can result in delays of 30 to 60 days. Reviews of applications at the CAF and at the ISP before an investigation is opened can only discover obvious errors and omissions. These reviews do not discover wrong addresses, telephone numbers and dates, nor do they discover omitted foreign travel, relatives, residences, employment or education. These errors and omissions are only discovered during the investigation phase where the case can also be delayed.Problems #4 and #5 occur primarily at the adjudication phase and can result in much longer delays. Serious issues may require additional information or investigation. When a CAF requests additional information or investigations, it can delay a case for months. A certain amount of queuing time is necessary for efficient operations, but when there is a backlog of cases with major issues, queuing time becomes excessive.What can I do to speed up the process of getting a clearance?1. Download a printable copy of the application form (Standard Form 86SF86) from the OPM website. Complete the printed copy of the SF86, before attempting to complete the electronic (e-QIP) version online. You will save yourself a lot of time and frustration.2. Provide complete and accurate information. Too often applicants fail to list short-term employment, residence, education, and other seemingly unimportant information. When an investigation turns up missing or discrepant information, it adds extra time to the investigation. Among other things, failure to list the organization that is sponsoring your clearance as you current employer will cause your application to be rejected. 3. Postal Zip Codes are critical. A wrong Zip Code can result in part of your investigation being sent to the wrong investigative office, and the case could languish for days before the error is noticed. Get Zip Codes at https://www.usps.com/zip4/.4. Get a free credit report from www.annualcreditreport.com and review it before completing an SF86. Something you were unaware of may appear on the report and cause delays.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENS5. When entering the Name of Person Who Knew You in the Residence Section of the SF86, try to list neighbors. Avoid listing relatives in any section of the SF86, except Section 17Marital Status and Section 18Relatives.6. Dont indicate dual citizenship just because you were born in a foreign country, unless you are certain you have dual citizenship. Go to www.opm.gov/extra/investigate/IS-01.pdf and check the citizenship laws of the foreign county where you were born. If you have dual citizenship, you should indicate in the SF86 your willingness to renounce foreign citizenship.7. If you have a foreign passport due to dual citizenship, arrange with the security office processing your clearance to either surrender or destroy the passport. Indicate in the Optional Comments field of the e-QIP version of the SF86 that you have either surrendered the passport to the appropriate security officer or destroyed it in his/her presence. Obtain a written receipt or a statement from the security officer regarding the disposition of your foreign passport. Do not contact any foreign official regarding the foreign passport or citizenship, unless you are instructed to do so by a representative of the U.S. Government.8. If you had mental health or substance abuse counseling in the past 7 years, contact the facility where the counseling occurred and determine if they will accept a standard government forms for release of medical information. If not, get a blank copy of their release and take it with you when you are interviewed by an investigator.9. If you left a job under less than favorable circumstances, explain the situation in the Optional Comments field of section of Section 22 of your e-QIP, and give the name and/or position of the person who terminated you or asked you to quit.10. Couch any unfavorable security and suitability information in terms directly applicable to the mitigating conditions listed in the Adjudicative Guidelines. The most recent version of the Adjudicative Guidelines for Determining Eligibility for Access to Classified Information was issued on December 29, 2005 and implemented in 2006. There are 13 guidelines covering such things as alcohol consumption, drug involvement, financial considerations, criminal conduct, etc. Each provides examples of potential disqualifying conditions and mitigating conditions.Who should I list as references on my clearance application?There are 4 sections of the clearance application (Where You Have Lived, Where You Went To School, Your Employment Activities, and People Who Know You Well) that require names and contact information for people who can be interviewed as references. Unless there is no other choice, do not list any relatives in these sections. For your residences you should list current and former neighbors. For employment you should list current and former supervisors. If you believe the investigator will have trouble locating a former supervisor, use the Optional Comments field and add contact information for a former coworker or second tier supervisor. For schools you should list former classmates or faculty members who will remember you. For People Who Know You Well try to list at least one person who has known you for the past seven years and who knows who your other friends are. Try not to list the same person more than once on your clearance application.Will I be interviewed by an investigator?If you are being investigated for a Top Secret clearance or for a Secret clearance that requires access to a designated Special Access Program (SAP), an Enhanced Subject Interview (ESI) is a regular part of the investigation. ESIs can also be required in an investigation for a Confidential or Secret clearance, 1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSif a suitability/security issue is listed on your clearance application or surfaces during the investigation. A Special Interview (SPIN) can be required in any investigation, if a previously undisclosed suitability/security issue surfaces during an investigation after an ESI was conducted.What will I be asked during a security clearance interview?During a ESI, the investigator will cover every item on your clearance application and have you confirm the accuracy and completeness of the information. You will be asked about a few matters that are not on your application, such as the handling of protected information, susceptibility to blackmail, and sexual misconduct. You will be asked to provide details regarding any potential security/suitability issues.During a SPIN, the investigator will only cover the security/suitability issue(s) that triggered the SPIN. The purpose of the SPIN is to afford the applicant the opportunity to refute or to confirm and provide details regarding the issue(s).Should I reveal unfavorable information about myself on the clearance application?You must answer all questions on the clearance application form truthfully and completely, but you do not have to volunteer unfavorable information that is not related to any of the questions on the form. Many clearance denials for financial problems, drugs, alcohol, and criminal conduct also involve providing false information during the clearance process. Often the act of providing false information is more serious than the issues people try to hide. Passage of time is a major mitigating factor for all issues involving misconduct. Willfully providing false information on a clearance application or during a Subject Interview is a serious criminal offense and is very difficult to mitigate because of the recency of the offense.What are the most common errors requiring correction before the investigation is opened?1. Fingerprints not received with required timeframe of 14 days2. Missing information on employment.3. Missing information on references (education, employment, and/or character references)4. Illegible Certification/Release forms5. Certification/Release forms not meeting date requirements6. Missing information on relatives7. Missing Selective Service registration information8. Incorrect date or place of birth (i.e. information on fingerprint card and SF86 dont match)9. Missing financial information10. Missing information on cohabitant11. Missing information on spouse12.Incorrect Certification/Release form number13.Incorrect social security numberHow can I find out the status of my clearance application?For DoD clearances only your security officer may inquire about the status of your security clearance application. This can be done by checking the Joint Personnel Adjudication System (JPAS) and/or the Security and Investigations Index (SII) or by telephoning the DoD Security Service Center at 888-282-7682. 1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSHow will I be informed when I am granted a clearance?Normally you will be contacted by your security office, receive a security briefing, and required to sign a Classified Information Non-disclosure Agreement, prior to be granted access to classified information.What types of things can prevent someone from receiving a security clearance?With rare exceptions the following will result in a clearance denial: criminal conviction resulting in incarceration for a period of one year or more current unlawful use of or addiction to a controlled substance determined to be mentally incompetent by a mental health professional approved by DoD discharge or dismissal from the Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions unwillingness to surrender a foreign passportOtherwise, the most common reasons for clearance denial are serious repeated financial problems, intentional false statements in connection with a clearance investigation, recent illegal drug involvement, repeated alcohol abuse, and a pattern of criminal conduct or rule violation. For many people these issues can be mitigated, if presented properly during a security interview or in response to a Letter of Intent to deny clearance.The 2005 Adjudicative Guidelines for Determining Eligibility for Access to Classified Information list various conditions under 13 separate guidelines that could result in clearance denial.What happens when a security clearance is denied?When a case contains significant unmitigated derogatory information, the adjudicator issues a Letter of Intent (LOI) to deny a clearance. The LOI is a preliminary, tentative decision and will contain a Statement of Reasons (SOR) detailing the issues that are the basis of the decision. The LOI contains instructions on how to request a copy of the investigative file on which the decision to issue the LOI was based.Industrial applicants (federal contractor personnel) can submit a written rebuttal to the SOR and request a hearing. If the applicant does not rebut the SOR, DoDCAF will deny the clearance. If the applicant rebuts the SOR without requesting a hearing, DoDCAF sends the applicant a File of Relevant Material (FORM) that will be presented to an Administrative Judge (AJ) for a clearance decision based on the written record. The applicant can submit a written response to the FORM, which will also be presented to the AJ. If the applicant requests a hearing, the applicant (with or without an attorney or personal representative) may present witnesses and other evidence at the hearing. The applicant may also cross-examine witnesses and challenge evidence presented by the DoDCAF Department Counsel (an attorney representing DoD). The AJ makes a written decision and a copy is sent to the applicant. DoDCAF is then directed to grant or deny the clearance in accordance with the AJs decision. If the clearance is denied, the applicant is notified in writing and advised of their right to appeal the decision. It is possible that an adjudicator could grant the clearance after reviewing the applicants response to the SOR, thus obviating the need to present the case to an AJ.DoD civilian employees and military personnel can submit a written rebuttal to the SOR, but they are not entitled to a hearing. If the applicant does not rebut the SOR, DoDCAF will deny the clearance. If they submit a written rebuttal to the SOR, the adjudicator will decide to grant or deny the clearance in light of information submitted in the rebuttal. If a decision is made to deny a clearance, the applicant is notified in writing and advised of their right to appeal the decision. 1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSCan I appeal a clearance denial or revocation?Any applicant may appeal a clearance denial or revocation to the federal agencys three-member Personnel Security Appeals Board (PSAB). PSAB decisions are made by a majority vote.Industrial applicants are limited to submitting a written appeal, but the PSAB will not consider any new evidence. The appeal must be based on procedural error(s) by the AJ. In industrial cases the DoD Department Counsel can appeal the favorable decision of an AJ. The PSAB issues a written decision addressing the material issues raised on appeal and a copy is sent to both parties. The PSAB can affirm, reverse, or remand a case to the original AJ with instructions for further review. If the original decision is reversed or affirmed, the decision of the PSAB is final.DoD civilian employees and military personnel have the choice of submitting a written appeal with supporting documents directly to their PSAB or requesting a personal appearance before an AJ. In either case new evidence can be submitted. Those who choose to appear before an AJ are permitted to explain their case (with or without an attorney or personal representative), submit supporting documents, and present witnesses, but it is not a hearing and there is usually no opposing counsel. The AJ evaluates all the information and makes a written clearance recommendation to the applicants PSAB. The PSAB is not required to follow the recommendation of the AJ. The PSAB notifies the applicant of their final decision and includes reasons for their decision.Applicants who are denied a clearance with or without an appeal are barred from applying for a security clearance for a period of one year.What is the EPSQ (Electronic Personnel Security Questionnaire)?The EPSQ was the only electronic security clearance application used within the DoD until July 2005, when it was gradually replaced by e-QIP.What is e-QIP (Electronic Questionnaire for Investigations Processing)?E-QIP is an Office of Personnel Management (OPM) web-based computer program in which an applicant enters the same information as required on the Questionnaire for National Security Positions (Standard Form 86SF86). E-QIP became available in July 2005 and slowly replaced the EPSQ. E-QIP now accounts for over 95% of all clearance applications.What is JPAS (Joint Personnel Adjudication System)?JPAS is the official personnel security clearance database management system for DoD, including National Industrial Security Program (NISP) cleared contractors. This system is used for all types of personnel clearance actions, including initiating requests for clearance investigations. JPAS is managed by the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC). For more information, visit the DMDC website. How can I get a copy of my clearance investigation?First you must determine who conducted your investigation. The Defense Security Service (DSS) and the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) have conducted more than 90% of all clearance investigations over the past 35 years. Additionally, due to the transfer of the DoD personnel security investigations function from DSS to OPM on February 20, 2005, any requests for DSS investigations completed after February 20, 2005 should be sent to the OPM. DSS only maintains those personnel security investigations completed by DSS prior to the February 20, 2005 transfer.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSFor OPM investigations mail or fax a request with your hand written signature to:FOI/P, OPM-FIPCP.O. Box 6181137 Branchton RoadBoyers, PA 16018-0618FAX: 724-794-4590Include the following information in your request: Full name Social Security Number Date of birth Place of birth Current home address (a Post Office Box is not acceptable; the records are sent by certified mail and require your signature)For DSS investigations mail a written request with your original notarized signature to:Defense Security Service (DSS)Office of FOIA and Privacy27130 Telegraph Rd.Quantico, VA 22134 Include the following information in your request: Full current name Any other names you may have used in the past Date of Birth Social Security Number A brief description of the records you are seeking Any other information that you feel may help in searching for records pertaining to you PolygraphsWhat are polygraphs?Polygraphs are instruments that measure physiological responses (respiration, pulse, blood pressure, and galvanic resistance) to stress. Polygraphs are used to help determine an individuals eligibility for a special assignment or access to specifically designated information protected within SAPs. They are not generally use for collateral security clearances, unless they are necessary to resolve serious credible derogatory information that cannot be resolved through conventional investigative means. Polygraph examinations are conducted as a supplement to, not as a substitute for, other forms of investigation that may be required under the circumstances. Polygraphs exams are only administered by agencies with approved personnel security polygraph programs and these exams are only conducted by government trained and certified examiners.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSWhat are the differences between Counterintelligence, Lifestyle, and Full Scope Polygraphs?Within the context of security clearances, the purpose of a polygraph exam is to assist in determining whether or not an applicant can be trusted with sensitive information. Within DoD, polygraph screening exams used to determine initial eligibility for special assignment or special access are limited to two types of polygraph exams, and either one or both exams may be administered.A Counterintelligence Polygraph is the most common type of polygraph exam. A Counterintelligence Polygraph asks the candidate questions limited to those necessary to determine whether the examinee ever had any involvement with or knowledge of: Espionage Sabotage Terrorist Activities Deliberate damage of U.S. Government Information Systems Intentional compromise of U.S. Government Classified Information Secret contact with a foreign national or representativeA Lifestyle Polygraph asks the candidate questions concerning their personal life and conduct and can involve all aspects of present and past behavior. Questions asked might concern drug and alcohol use, sexual misconduct, mental health, family relationships, compulsive or addictive behavior, and more. A Lifestyle Polygraph can also attempt to look for issues in a persons private life for which he or she might be susceptible to blackmail or coercion. DoD Lifestyle Polygraph exam questions cover the following topics. Involvement in a serious crime Personal involvement with illegal drugs during the last seven years Deliberate falsification of the security forms A Full Scope Polygraph exam is a combination of both the Counterintelligence and Lifestyle polygraphsTypes of InvestigationsNACLC (National Agency Check with Local Agency Checks and Credit Check)An NACLC is the type of investigation required for a Secret or Confidential clearance for military and contractor personnel. It includes a credit bureau report and a review of records held by federal agencies and by local criminal justice agencies. It generally does not require an interview with an investigator. The investigation routinely covers no more than the past seven years of a persons life or a shorter period if the applicant is less than 25 years old.ANACI (Access National Agency Check with Inquiries)An ANACI is an investigation required for a Secret or Confidential clearance for new federal employees. It is a combination of the National Agency Check with Inquiries (NACI) used for federal employment suitability and the NACLC. It includes all the components of an NACLC plus written inquires to past and present employers, schools, and references covering the past 5 years.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSSSBI (Single Scope Background Investigation)An SSBI is a more detailed investigation than the NACLC and is required for a Top Secret clearance, for Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) access, and for designated Special Access Programs (SAP) at the Secret level. It includes an NACLC, an Enhanced Subject Interview (ESI), interviews of former spouses; interviews of character, employment, neighborhood, and educational references; reviews of residence, employment, and academic records. The investigation routinely covers no more than the past 10 years of a persons life or a shorter period if the applicant is less than 28 years old.SSBI-PR (Single Scope Background InvestigationPeriodic Reinvestigation)An SSBI-PR includes an NACLC, ESI, references interviews, and record reviews, covering at least the past five years.PPR (Phased Periodic Reinvestigation)In September 2005 OPM made the PPR available as a less comprehensive and less expensive alternative to the SSBI-PR. The investigation includes an NACLC, ESI, and limited reference interviews and record reviews. PPRs may not be requested when certain questions on the clearance application contain responses indicating a possible security or suitability issue.Interval of Periodic ReinvestigationsPeople with security clearances must be routinely reinvestigated at set intervals based on the level of clearance they possess. A PR is done to ensure that cleared personnel are still suitable for access to classified information. The type of reinvestigation and frequency required depend on the level of clearance: Top Secret requires an SSBI-PR or PPR every 5 years Secret requires an NACLC every 10 years Confidential requires an NACLC every 15 yearsIn the near future the interval of PRs for Confidential and Secret clearance will change to 5 years. There is a plan to change the PR interval for Top Secret clearances to 1 year by December 2013.Reimbursable Suitability Investigation (RSI)The RSI consists of a focused investigation to provide additional specific information to resolve developed issue(s) that fall outside the scope of coverage of other investigative products offered by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM).Trustworthiness InvestigationA trustworthiness investigation is a DoD term used for a background investigation for a person who is nominated for non-critical sensitive or critical sensitive national security position that does not involve access to classified information. Non-critical sensitive positions require the same investigation and reinvestigation required for a Secret clearance and critical sensitive positions require the same investigation and reinvestigation required for a Top Secret clearance.Suitability InvestigationSuitability investigations are conducted on all new federal employees, either immediately before or shortly after they are hired. They are also conducted on federal contractor personnel being considered for Public 1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSTrust positions or a Personal Identity Verification (PIV) card required by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12). Within DoD a PIV is called a Common Access Card (CAC).When based on the submission of an SF86 (Questionnaire For National Security Positions) rather than an SF85P (Questionnaire For Public Trust Positions), some suitability investigations are used to determine eligibility for both a Public Trust position and a Secret clearance.Facility Security Clearances (FCL)What is the National Industrial Security Program (NISP)?The NISP is the industrial security program that governs the contractual security obligations of DoD contractors and contractors of 23 other federal agencies. The Defense Security Service (DSS) has primary responsibility for monitoring NISP compliance. All NISP requirements are contained in the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) and NISPOM supplements.How does a company get a facility clearance (FCL)?A company must be sponsored for an FCL by a federal agency or a cleared contractor. A company cannot sponsor itself for an FCL. The cleared contract or federal agency requests the FCL when a definite, classified procurement need has been established.How does a cleared contractor sponsor a company for a FCL?Sponsorship is in the form of a letter to the Facility Clearance Branch of the Defense Security Service, requesting that a particular company be processed. The letter provides the prospective companys name, address, phone number and point of contact. It should also provide the contract number for the classified procurement, a copy of the Contract Security Classification Specification, facility clearance level needed and the requestor point of contact and phone number.What is a DoD Security Agreement (DD Form 441)?A DD Form 441 is required for an FCL. It is an agreement between the Government and the contractor. The the Government agrees to issue the FCL and inform the contractor of the security classification of information to which the contractor will have access, and the contractor agrees to abide by the security requirements set forth in the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM).What is a Contract Security Classification Specification (DD Form 254), and how does it relate to a FCL?A DD Form 254 is issued when classified work is contracted to a facility. It provides the security classification and safeguarding requirements to be applied to information. The federal agency or cleared contractor issues the 254 to the contracted facility and justifies the need for a FCL. One or more active DD Form 254 is necessary to maintain an active FCL. The DD Form 254 will determine the level of the FCL granted to the company. A companys FCL level must be as high as the highest classification specified in any of its DD Forms 254.What is a DSS Industrial Security Representative (IS Rep.)?Once sponsored for a FCL, contractors are assigned an IS Rep (a DSS employee). The IS Reps job is to assist the contractor in following the requirements of the NISPOM the entire time it is a NISP participant.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSWhat is a DSS inspection/review?A DSS review is a periodic visit to the contractor facility by a DSS IS Rep. The review is conducted to assist the contractor in following the requirements of the NISPOM and ensure that safeguards employed by the contractor are adequate for the protection of classified information. The IS Rep determines the frequency of such formal reviews, but reviews are normally conducted annually.Who has to be cleared in connection with a FCL?A DSS Industrial Security Representative (IS Rep) with the help of the companys POC will determine which individuals must be cleared in connection with the FCL. Ordinarily, those who have control over the company (e.g., owners, officers, directors, and executive personnel) and the Facility Security Officer (FSO) must be cleared. Those individuals cleared in connection with a FCL are called Key Management Personnel (KMP).What happens if a controlling officer cannot be cleared in connection with the FCL?The facility is not eligible for a FCL. The National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) has provisions for excluding certain KMP (but not the senior management official or FSO), if they are unable to obtain a clearance. Under this provision there must be a resolution by the companys executive body (e.g., Board of Directors) that the named individual will not be provided any classified information, can be effectively excluded from access to all classified information, and is not in a position to adversely affect the performance of the classified contract. Alternatively, the officer can officially step down from his or her position as an officer/director and relinquish control of the facility.What is a Facility Security Officer (FSO)?The FSO is a KMP who has responsibility over the facilitys security program. During the time a facility is cleared, the FSO is the main POC for the DSS IS Rep.Does the FSO have to have a personnel clearance? What level?Yes. The FSO must have a clearance at the same level as the FCL.How does a company get a Top Secret FCL?A company must be sponsored for a Top Secret FCL, even if it already has a lower level FCL. The cleared contractor or federal agency must follow the same sponsorship procedures, and personnel clearances for all KMPs must be upgraded as well.How much does it cost to get a FCL?At this time, there is no direct charge for a FCL issued by the Defense Security Service.What is FOCI (Foreign Ownership, Control or Influence)?A contractor is determined as having FOCI when under such a level of foreign control or influence that it cannot be cleared without a negation method. DSS assists the contractor in selecting a negation method; however, some levels of FOCI cannot be negated and the contractor is determined ineligible for an FCL.What are SCIFs and SAPFs?A SCIF (Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility) and a SAPF (Special Access Program Facility) are specially constructed facilities to safeguard SCI and SAP information.1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSWho inspects SCIFs and SAPFs?DSS is responsible for inspections of these facilities, unless they have been specifically carved out of the NISP by the Government customer. In such cases the Government customer who approved the facility and owns the information inspects the facility.Security Clearance JobsWhere can I search for jobs that require a security clearance?Candidates with active clearances can search for jobs that make use of that clearance at ClearanceJobs.com (http://www.ClearanceJobs.com).If I dont have a security clearance, where can I find job opportunities that dont require a clearance?Candidates without clearances can search for jobs that do not require clearances at other internet-based career sites like Dice.com (for IT candidates), Rigzone.com (oil & gas professions), HealthCallings.com (healthcare professions), and eFinancialCareers.com (finance professions).Security Clearance ProcessingHow can I better understand the course of events that have shaped the personnel security clearance process?The history is fairly long and complicated. However, certain specific events give a clear understanding of how the security clearance process has evolved since 1972, and the difficulties the US Government has faced.Its important to recognize that federal security clearance processing does not exist within a single monolithic structure with one agency conducting investigations and one agency making clearance decisions. There are dozens of federal agencies that process clearances. All agencies use the same basic procedures and standards for granting or denying clearances, but many agencies use their own resources to make clearance decisions. Most agencies use the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) as their Investigation Service Provider (ISP), but many agencies have statutory or delegated authority to use other ISPs or their own internal investigative personnel. Consequently there are significant differences in the time it takes to complete a security clearance.About 87% of all Personnel Security Investigations (PSIs) are conducted on DoD personnel (federal employees, military, and contractors). The next largest are DHS (including its component agencies) at about 3% and DoE at about 1.2%. Each of the other agencies processes only a fraction of 1% of the 850,000 PSIs conducted each year. Because the DoD personnel security program dwarfs the combined size of all other federal agency programs, its necessary to focus on DoD when discussing security clearance processing.In 1972 the responsibility for Army, Navy, Air Force, and DoD contractor PSIs was transferred to the newly created Defense Investigative Service (DIS). A DoD Personnel Security Working Group (PSWG) published a report In April 1975 documenting the lack of standardization throughout the personnel security program. The PSWG reported that adjudications for collateral clearances were being performed in several thousand locations across DoD and repeated criticized the inconsistencies in adjudicative decisions. It also recommended that the number of different types of PSIs be reduced. Many of the PSWGs recommendations were implemented during the 1970s and 1980s, including the consolidation of several thousand adjudicative offices into 18 DoD Central Adjudication Facilities (CAFs). In December 1979 DoD Directive 5200.2, Personnel Security Program, and its 1.877.386.3323 www.clearancejobs.com SECURITY CLEARANCE JOBS FOR U.S. CITIZENSimplementing regulation, DoD 5200.2-R were issue, and for the first time, most of the elements of personnel security were standardized throughout DoD. In 1981 the first formal Adjudicative Guidelines were established and incorporated into DoD 5200.2-R.From its inception DIS was understaffed and had 48,000 pending cases (twice its optimum workload), many of which were overdue. From 1974 to 1985 its workload increased over 58% with 17% fewer investigators than the military had to do the job prior to 1972. A General Accounting Office (GAO) report in 1981 estimated that delays for initial clearances were cos