mebs6016 kklam energyaudit print

7/25/2019 MEBS6016 KKLam EnergyAudit Print

1/42

Energy Auditing of Buildings

Department of EEE

Easwari Engineering College


2/42

Energy Consumption Pattern

of Commercial PremisesAverage consumption:

-Office 2! "#$%m2%year

-$ospital 2&& "#$%m2%year

-Post office '(& "#$%m2%year

Energy consumption pattern:

-AC )*+

-Office e,uipment 22+

-ig.ting '/+

-ift and Ot.er ''+


3/42

#.at is Energy Audit

Energy Audit is a periodic e0aminationof an energy system to ensure t.atenergy is 1eing used as efficiently as

possi1leEnergy audit is a top-down initiative3ts result depends on t.e resources

1eing allocated 1y top management3n many ways4 an energy audit issimilar to financial accounting andauditing


4/42

Advantages of Energy Audit

5.roug. energy audit4 you can:Promote awareness in energy efficiency3dentify t.e cost of energy you use

3dentify and minimi6e wastage7a"ing c.anges to procedure4 e,uipmentand system to save energy

8etrofit energy efficiency tec.nologiesConserve non-renewa1le energy resourcesProtect t.e environment 1y reducing powergeneration

8educe running costs


5/42

Procedure of Energy Audit Pre-audit stage

' Defining scope of energy audit

2 9orming an energy audit team

Estimating time frame and 1udget

) Collecting 1uilding information Energy audit stage

' Conducting site inspection and measurement

2 Analy6ing data collected

Preparing energy audit report Post-audit stage

' 3mplementation of energy management opportunities

2 7onitoring and review


6/42

;cope of Energy Audit

3mportance of involvement of seniormanagement4 facilities operator and staff indetermining t.e scopes of wor"s and t.eavaila1le resources for conducting t.e

energy audit5.e scopes of wor" include t.e areas to1e audited4 t.e level of sop.istication of t.e

audit4 t.e savings anticipated4 t.e needs forimprovements on O


7/42

Energy Audit 5eam

A team of auditors form t.e audit team 5.enum1er of auditors depend on t.e scope and

o1=ectives of t.e energy audit 5.e duties of t.e

mem1ers of t.e audit team s.ould 1e defined

Auditors are competent person .aving ade,uate

"nowledge on B; installations

3nvolving t.e facilities operators to provide input

3f in-.ouse e0pertise is not ade,uate4 energy

audit consultants >including ?niversity staff@

s.ould 1e employed


8/42

5ime9rame and Budget

Based on availa1le resources4 t.e time frame andt.e 1udget can 1e esta1lis.ed

5.e 1udget is mainly 1uilt-up on cost of auditor-.ours

5.e num1er of auditor-.ours is dependent of t.edegree of sop.istication re,uired 1y t.e scope ofaudit A detailed audit can .ave auditor-.ours t.atare a1out ! to '& times t.at re,uired 1y a wal"-t.roug. audit

5.e audit team s.ould c.ec" if ade,uate testinginstruments are availa1le and cost of purc.asingadditional instruments s.ould 1e added

3n addition4 t.e cost of employing B; Consultants

s.ould 1e included4 if so re,uired


9/42

8e,uired 5esting 3nstruments >'@

Electricaloltmeter oltage

Ammeter Current

O.mmeter 8esistance7ulti-meter 4 3 < 8

#attmeter Active power

Power factor meter Power factor%apparent power

ig.t meter ig.ting level

Power ,uality analy6er $armonic contents

5.ermograp.ic scanner Conductors temperature


10/42

8e,uired 5esting 3nstruments >2@

5emperature and $umidity

5.ermometer Dry 1ul1 temp

;ling psyc.rometer Dry < wet 1ul1 temp

3nfrared remote tempsensing gun

;ense energy losses due toimproper insulation

Digital t.ermometer

wit. temp pro1e

5emp inside air duct

>t.ermocouple pro1e for .ig. 5@$air .ygrometer $umidity%wet 1ul1 temp

Digital t.ermometer $umidity%dry < wet 1ul1 temp


11/42

8e,uired 5esting 3nstruments >@

Pressure < elocityPitotstatic tu1emanometer

Air flow velocity < pressure

Digital anemometer wit.pro1e Air flow velocity < pressure

ane type anemometer Air velocity t.roug. a coil4 airinta"e < e0.aust4 etc

$ood type anemometer Air flow rate of grillePressure gauge i,uid Pressure

?ltrasonic flow meterwit. pipe clamps

i,uid flow < velocity


12/42

8e,uired 5esting 3nstruments >)@

7iscellaneous

E0.aust gas analy6erwit. pro1e

54 O24 CO4 CO2and O0

8efrigerant gas lea"agetester

Detect refrigerant lea"age

?ltrasonic lea" detector Detect compressed air lea"age

;team lea" detector Detect steam lea"age >usually forsteam trap@

5ac.ometer 8otating speed


13/42

Collecting Building 3nformation

>'@

eneral 1uilding c.aracteristics suc. as floor plans4num1er of occupants4 .our of occupation4 details of1uilding elements4 orientation4 etc

5ec.nical details of energy consuminge,uipment%systemsB; design reports wit. system sc.ematic diagrams4layout drawings4 etcE,uipment%system operation records4 including datalog s.eets8ecord of E7O already implementedO


14/42


>[email protected] audit team s.ould determine t.e

appropriate parties to 1e approac.ed for

information collection

5.e needs to discuss wit. t.ese parties for

familiari6ation of t.e 1uilding and t.e

e,uipment%systems

5.e audit team s.ould consider issuing

,uestionnaires to end-users to collect

information on t.ermal comfort4 lig.ting comfort4

operational .ours of t.e offices4 etc

C ll ti B ildi 3 f ti


15/42


>@As t.is stage4 t.e audit team s.ould 1e a1le to tell t.e

c.aracteristics of t.e energy consuming

e,uipment%systems suc. as:

' 5ype of c.illers4 t.eir capacities < c.aracteristics

2 5ype of $AC systems4 t.eir components andc.aracteristics

Occupancies or usage for various systems

) Control devices for various e,uipment%systems

! 5ype of luminaires4 t.eir c.aracteristics and controlmec.anisms

Power distri1ution system c.aracteristics

( Operational c.aracteristics of lift < escalator system

* C.aracteristics of t.e 1uilding


16/42

;ite 3nspection < 7easurement >'@

Plan t.e site inspection for t.e areas and t.ee,uipment%systems to 1e investigated

Allocate t.e wor" among t.e auditors

Develop energy audit forms to record t.efindings

Plan a.ead on t.e site measurements to

supplement or verify t.e information collected5.e measurements s.ould focus on

e,uipment%systems t.at inade,uate information

is availa1le


17/42

;ite 3nspection < 7easurement >2@

3nspection of 1uilding and plants to identify o1vious

areas of wastage and E7O 5ypical areas include: 8unning .ours of AC system 8unning .ours of ot.er system%e,uipment engt. of AC pre-cool period Control set point of a1ove system%e,uipment

3nternal comfort conditions4 eg 54 8$4 air flow rates4 lig.ting level4water temperature4 etc Doors not properly closed Curtains or 1linds not provided in AC areas ocations w.ere AC and lig.ting are unnecessarily provided 5.e use of energy inefficient lig.ting

3mproper positioning of t.ermostats and switc.es A1normal water consumption Ade,uacy of insulation of 1uilding fa1rics Amount of waste .eat disc.arged from e,uipment t.at could 1e

recovered

Areas of .ig. energy consumption and t.e opportunities forimprovement


18/42

;ite 3nspection < 7easurement >@

During measurement4 t.e sensors s.ould

1e located at points t.at can 1est reflectt.e need or function of t.e controlledparameters

3f provisions for measurement are a1sent4t.e auditor may .ave to install test .oles< plugs or to use ultrasonic type meters

3f measurements are not practical forsome systems4 t.e auditor may .ave torefer to t.e c.aracteristics curves%grap.s

from t.e O


19/42

Analy6ing Data Collected >'@

Based on t.e information collected4 t.e audit teams.ould screen and spot t.e parameters wit. valuesand trends t.at deviate from w.at would 1eanticipated 5.ese are potential energy management

opportunities >E7Os@E7Os are improvement wor"s t.at save energy andt.e investments can 1e repaid 1y t.e savings inreasona1le time

$owever4 t.ey s.ould ta"e into account t.e analysisof t.e irregularities caused 1y c.anges in occupancy4weat.er or ot.er activities

5o identify t.e potential E7Os4 calculations s.ould 1e

performed ,ualifying energy savings


20/42

Analy6ing Data Collected >2@

5o evaluate t.e effectiveness of an E7O4 t.e auditor.as to calculate t.e pay1ac" period4 net present day

value or rate of return ;ometimes a life cycle cost

assessment may .ave to 1e performed

An E7O s.ould normally not downgrade t.e ,uality ofservice to t.at 1elow common design standards

3t is important to maintain good t.ermal comfort4 lig.ting

comfort and ade,uate supply of fres. air3t is always possi1le to improve energy efficiency and at

t.e same time maintain or even improve indoor air

,uality


21/42

Analy6ing Data Collected >@

#.en determining E7O4 it is necessary tota"e into account t.e already sc.eduledma=or maintenance wor"s 5.is reduces t.ecost accounta1le to t.e implementation of

t.e E7Os 5.e auditors s.ould produce t.e following for

use in t.e audit report:

' grap.s of various energy consumption againstmont.s

2 C.arts of different proportion of energyconsumption of a 1uilding

Energy utili6ation inde0 >eg energy%m2@


22/42

Analy6ing Data Collected >)@

Data collected may .ave different units and it is useful

to use t.e following conversion ta1le to facilitatecomparison

Energy form ?nit Conversion factor >7@Electricity "#.

5own gas ?nit )*

P "g )

Diesel fuel "g )2!

litre (

Petrol litre 2!

erosene litre !

9uel oil litre /(

"g )'*


23/42

Energy 7anagement Opportunities

Cat ' E7Os are E7Os wit. no costimplication

Cat 2 E7Os are E7Os wit. little cost

implicationCat E7Os are E7Os wit. significant

investment


24/42

Cat' E7Os >'@

Correcting air%water flow rate;witc.ing off fittings in vacant areas

Delamping

Closing of doors4 windows

C.ec"ing fres. air dampers

;witc. off lifts and escalators during off pea"

period

Adopt natural or mec.anical ventilation as far

as possi1le


25/42

Cat ' E7Os >2@

$ouse"eeping measures4 eg notices4

promotional activities4 turn on e,uipment 2@

Energy efficient office e,uipment8eplacing damaged insulation

Occupancy sensor

5ime switc.8e-programming of CC7;

Day lig.t sensor

;et1ac" controlCO2sensor

$armonic filter

Power factor correction device


28/42

Cat E7Os >'@

3nstalling 5!4 5* wit. electronic 1allasts

B7; and software en.ancement

ew c.illers wit. .ig. COP

#ater-cooled system wit. cooling tower

$ig. efficiency motors

;D#ater saving taps

ow volume water closet


29/42

Cat E7Os >2@

8ecover waste .eat%cool air eg t.ermalw.eel4

$eat pump

Automatic condenser cleaning

7oderni6ation of old lifts

reen 3nitiatives t.at en.ance corporate

image4 eg renewa1le energy4 replacement of

o6one depleting refrigerant


30/42

Energy Audit 8eport >'@

E0ecutive summary' Provides t.e 1uilding management a ,uic"

overview of t.e scope of audit4 E7Os identified4recommended actions =ustified 1y savings and

implementation plan

3ntroduction

' 5.e 1uilding 1eing audited wit. c.aracteristics of

t.e 1uilding4 sc.ematics4 layouts as appendi02 O1=ectives

;cope of audit

) Audit team


31/42

Energy Audit 8eport >2@

Description of e,uipment%systems' Foning of systems according to 1uilding .eig.t or

usage

2 $AC installation for different areas ig.ting installation

) Electrical installation

! ift < escalator installation Plum1ing < drainage system

( $ot water system

* Ot.er energy consuming e,uipment%systems


32/42

Energy Audit 8eport >@

9indings -5.is part aims to focus ondescription of t.e results of t.e site inspection

' 9indings in a systematic format suc. as in order of

systems or order of floors or in order of usage

2 Description of areas wit. special re,uirements

eg 2)-.our operation4 low temperature4 etc

Calculation on cooling load4 lig.ting load4 electrical

load and annual energy consumption wit. detailedcalculation in appendi0

) 9indings on O


33/42

Energy Audit 8eport >)@

Analysis and identification of EMOs' Comparison on actual performance of e,uipment%systems

against original design and identify causes of anydiscrepancy

2 Possi1le E7Os and su1stantiations >detailed calculations

in appendi0@ 3mplementation costs for E7Os >detailed calculations in

appendi0@

) Comparison of different solutions to t.e same E7Os

! Classification of t.e E7Os into categories

isting of all E7Os in a systematic format suc. as in orderof system eg $AC4 lig.ting4 etc

( 3nvestments and pay1ac" of eac. E7O

* Difficulties t.at may encounter in implementation

/ Programme for implementation of E7Os'& Areas for furt.er stud if an


34/42

Energy Audit 8eport >!@

Recommendations' 8ecommendations s.ould 1e made in a

systematic order

2 rouping items of similarnature%location%usage toget.er

rouping according to t.eir categories >ie

Cat '4 Cat 2 and Cat @) 5.e initial investment and pay1ac" s.ould

1e .ig.lig.ted .ere again


35/42

3mplementation of E7O

;elf funding G t.is will .arvest t.e 1iggest 1enefits1ut t.e organi6ation must .ave initial funding

Energy services company G can 1e employed tocarry out t.e implementation of E7Os

Energy performance contracting

- using t.e saved energy cost to finance t.e energy

efficiency improvement wor"s-eeds for fair contract and protocol for verificationof energy savings

-;uccessful cases in .ospital and university


36/42

Common 9indings of Energy Audit

$AC GE7O Cat 'AC remained HonI outsideoffice area

5.e last man out to turn offAC or install time switc.

?nnecessary consumptionof energy

AC remained HonI forunoccupied areas orredundant areas

5.e last man out to turn offAC or install occupancysensors


Door or window left openw.en AC is HonI

Close door or window ! to 2&+ savings

5oo cold in summer egroom at 2'&C

;et t.ermostat to 2)&C '& to &+ savings

E0cessive pressure drop

across filters

Clean filters ! to 2&+ savings in fan

power

C.illed water at &C outsidesummer

8e-set temperature to *&C to + savings of c.illerpower

Automatic control overrides1y manual control

Disa1le manual control '& to '!+ savings

E0cessive ventilation Ad=ust fres. air dampers ! to &+ savings


37/42


$AC GE7O Cat 2o 1linds or 1linds notclosed for windows

3nstall or close 1linds ! to &+ savings to offsetsolar .eat gain

Access door of A$? orductwor" .as lea"age ofsay +

8ectify lea"ages + of fan power

E0cessive water leavingpump gland

8eplace stuffing 1o0 wit.mec.anical seal

A flow of ' lit%min flowmeans '&&& "#. per year

Overcooled spots due toimproper air 1alancing

Add dampers if re,uiredand 1alance t.e system

'! to 2!+ savings

Overcooled spots due to

improper water 1alancing

Add valves if re,uired and

1alance t.e system

'! to 2!+ savings

ac" of individual control Add controller '& to '!+ savings

Building lea"age 8ectify lea"age ! to '&+ savings

Poorly maintained systems 3mprove maintenance

procedures

'& to &+ savings


38/42


$AC GE7O Cat

E,uipments operating1eyond t.eir economic lifee0pectancy

8eplace wit. energyefficient e,uipment

'& to &+ savings

3nefficient air cooled c.illers 8eplace wit. cooling tower

wit. water cooled c.illers

2& to &+ savings

Outdated control system 3nstall B7;%CC7; '& to 2!+ savings

Air flow controlled 1y inletguide vanes

3nstall ;D '& to &+ savings in fanpower

C.illed water pump driven1y constant speed motor

3nstall ;D '& to &+ savings in pumppower

C 9i di f E A di


39/42


ig.ting 3nstallation GE7O Cat '

ig.ting level too .ig. Disconnect power supply tosome fittings

'! to &+ savings

ig.ting along window areasturned HonI at day time

5urn off perimeter lig.tings 2& to &+ savings

ig.ting remained HonIoutside office area

5.e last man out to turn offlig.ting or install time switc.


ig.ting remained HonI forunoccupied areas

5.e last man out to turn offlig.ting or install occupancy

sensors


ig.ting remained HonI forredundant function

8emove t.e unnecessarylig.ting


C 9i di f E A dit


40/42


ig.ting 3nstallation GE7O Cat 2

5'2%5'& fittings used inlig.ting

8eplace wit. 5! fittings & to )&+ savings

5* fittings used in lig.ting 8eplace wit. 5! fittings 2& to &+ savings

7anual control for lig.ting 3nstall occupancy sensor J2&+ savings

3ncandescent lamp 1eingused

8eplace wit. compactfluorescent lamp

*&+ savings

ot enoug. lig.ting controlswitc.es 3nstall more switc.es >a1outone per '& m2@ '& to 2&+ savings

C 9i di f E A dit


41/42


Electrical 3nstallation GE7O Cat 2 <

Over si6ing of motor 1y &+ 8eplace wit. smaller motorof proper si6e

Add ;D

!+ savings

!&+ savings

Overall power factor of &* 3mprove to min of &*! 7inimi6e losses t.roug.networ"

&+ total .armonicsdistortion

Add .armonic filter toreduce 5$D

7inimi6e losses t.roug.networ"

Power supply tariff is not

favoura1le

Conduct tariff review and

apply to supply company fora special c.arge rate ot.ert.an general tariff

;avings in electricity 1ills


42/42

7onitoring < 8eview

;u1se,uent to t.e implementation of t.eE7Os4 t.e audit team s.ould monitor t.eenergy consumption for at least one yearto verify t.e predicted savingsAny discrepancies s.ould 1e analy6edand corrective actions ta"en;uccess stories s.ould 1e recorded andused to =ustify future energy auditrecommendations9ollow up energy audit s.ould 1e carried

mebs6016 kklam energyaudit print

Documents