measuring young people's legal capability

7/31/2019 Measuring Young People's Legal Capability

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6/50

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7/50

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8/50

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9/50

Ibfbkdfk hijpdjf|Ibft jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh df pod| |px`t {jxe` ~hblp bkk~h||dwhet dg `hbedfk {dpo lh~pbdf

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10/50

Aht ~hljiihf`bpdjf|

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bf` ejfk)ph~i di}blp| jg ]EH blpdwdpdh| jf

pohd~ }b~pdld}bfp|&


11/50

\p~xlpx~h jg pod| ~h}j~p

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ihpoj`jejkt

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12/50

]xnedl ehkbe h`xlbpdjf /]EH$ bf` gdfbfldbe lb}bndedpt

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13/50

Pt}h| jg ]EH

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0 {{{&eb{{j~a|&j~k&xa

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14/50

Tjxfk }hj}eh% }b~pdlxeb~et poj|h {oj b~h bkh` 27)>8 bf` {oj |xggh~ g~ji ixepd}eh

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df Hfkebf` bf` [beh| b~h }jphfpdbeet wh~t wxefh~bneh nhlbx|h jg pohd~ dkfj~bflh jg ehkbe ~dkop|&

Jxp jg poh gdwh pojx|bf` }hj}eh {oj pjja }b~p% jfet


15/50

ddd Bppdpx`h| nhdfk {deedfk pj b}}et pohd~ afj{eh`kh bf` xf`h~|pbf`dfk pj bppbdf pohd~ h|d~h`jxpljih& Pod| dflex`h|3

b$ poh {deedfkfh|| pj dfwh|p pdih

n$ nhdfk bneh pj kbdf bllh|| pj dfgj~ibpdjf bf` b wdlh

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dfpj blljxfp:

Edph~bpx~h ~hwdh{



16/50

Gjeej{dfk poh }~hedidfb~t edph~bpx~h ~hwdh{ dp nhlbih lehb~ pobp poh~h {b| b fhh` pj gx~poh~

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b ehb|h bf` afj{dfk {ohf poht idkop nh n~hbloh`&

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8 @hwhej}dfk poh ljflh}p jgehkbe lb}bndedpt

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17/50

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@hwhej}dfk poh ljflh}p jg ehkbe lb}bndedpt



18/50

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ddd `d|bneh % bf`*j~


2;Ihb|x~dfk tjxfk }hj}eh| ehkbe lb}bndedpt


19/50

dw g~ji gbidedh| {dpo edidph` dfljih% bf`*j~

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Df }b~pdlxeb~3 >= jxp jg


20/50

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jg `bt% pj b }h~|jf| phi}h~bihfp&




21/50

Dfp~j`xlpdjf

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7 Gdf`dfk| g~ji poh tjxfk }hj}eh|ehkbe lb}bndedpt }dejp |px`t


22/50

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23/50

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24/50

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27/50

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28/50

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jg pohd~ ehkbe hfpdpehihfp| {ohf nxtdfk kjj`| bf` |h~wdlh|&

Tjxfk }hj}eh| |adee|

\}jppdfk b ehkbe d||xh

@d~hlpet edfah` pj afj{dfk bf` xf`h~|pbf`dfk ehkbe ~dkop| bf` ~hih`dh| d| poh bndedpt pj bfbet|h

bf d||xh bf` nh b{b~h jg dp| `dggh~hfp `dihf|djf|& B }h~|jf xfb{b~h pobp poht b~h h}h~dhfldfk

b eb{)~hebph` d||xh {jxe` nh xfb{b~h jg oj{ ~dkop|% ~hih`dh|% ehkbe }~jlh||h|% bf` bkhfldh|

jggh~dfk ohe} bf` |x}}j~p idkop nh bneh pj ohe} pohi&

Df poh dfph~wdh{|% poh tjxfk }hj}eh `d|lx||h` b wb~dhpt jg }~jnehi| pobp poht ob` gblh`% g~ji

nhdfk hlex`h` g~ji |lojje% nhdfk dfwjewh` df gdkop|% j~ `hbedfk {dpo d|~x}pdwh fhdkonjx~|&

Poht {h~h b|ah` {ohpoh~ poht ljf|d`h~h` poh }~jnehi poht ob` hfljxfph~h` pj nh b ehkbe jfh&

Df hblo lb|h poh }~jnehi poht `h|l~dnh` {b| eb{ ~hebph` bf` {jxe` ~hrxd~h |jih b{b~hfh||jg ehkbe ~dkop|% ~hih`dh| bf` }~jlh||h| pj blodhwh b `h|d~bneh jxpljih& Oj{hwh~% cx|p p{j jg

poh 2= tjxfk }hj}eh bf|{h~h` pobp poht ljf|d`h~h` pohd~ }~jnehi pj nh b ehkbe jfh j~ obwh b

ehkbe hehihfp&

Fjfh jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh afh{ pohd~ ~dkop| bp poh pdih bf` fjfh jg pohi b}}~jbloh`

bftjfh gj~ b`wdlh j~ ohe} jxp|d`h pohd~ g~dhf`| bf` gbidet&


>;Ihb|x~dfk tjxfk }hj}eh| ehkbe lb}bndedpt


29/50

[h pohf b|ah` poh tjxfk }hj}eh dg poht {jxe` `j bftpodfk `dggh~hfpet& Ij|p |bd` pobp poht{h~h xf|x~h {obp poht {jxe` `j `dggh~hfpet1 jfet jfh |bd` poht {jxe` |hha ohe}& \oh |bd`3

D `d`fp khp {obp D {bfph`% D ljxe` obwh kjp |jihjfh ~hbeet rxbedgdh` pj ohe}ih ibtnh&

/Tjxfk ghibeh% 27)2;% nebla N~dpd|o$

B |dideb~ ebla jg b{b~hfh|| jg poh wb~djx| `dihf|djf| jg b eb{)~hebph` d||xh {b| b}}b~hfp g~ji oj{poh tjxfk }hj}eh bf|{h~h` lh~pbdf rxh|pdjf| df poh ljf|xih~ bf` `jih|pdl wdjehflh |lhfb~dj|&

Ij|p jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh pojxkop pobp `jih|pdl wdjehflh {b| b gbidet }~jnehi pobp `d`fjp {b~~bfp dfph~whfpdjf nt }jedlh& Df poh dfgj~ibe `d|lx||djf| pobp gjeej{h`% |jih jgpoh tjxfk }hj}eh h}ebdfh` pobp df |xlo |lhfb~dj| pobp dfwjewh` gbidet ihinh~|% poh~h{b| b `xpt jf jpoh~ gbidet ihinh~| pj ~h|jewh dp df ojx|h&

Gdfbeet% |jih jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh df dfgj~ibe `d|lx||djf| gjeej{dfk poh ljf|xih~ |lhfb~dj `d`

fjp |hh ~hpx~fdfk b gbxept dphi b| b eb{)~hebph` d||xh&

]ebffdfk

Poh bndedpt pj }ebf d| bf di}j~pbfp lb}bndedpt gj~ b }h~|jf `hbedfk {dpo b eb{)~hebph`d||xh& Dp beej{| poh }h~|jf pj }xp pohd~ afj{eh`kh bf` xf`h~|pbf`dfk df b ljfphp bf``hld`h df {obp j~`h~ poht |ojxe` }~jlhh` pj blodhwh pohd~ h|d~h` jxpljih&

G~ji poh dfph~wdh{| dp nhlbih b}}b~hfp pobp |jih jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh ob` gjxf` dp `dggdlxep pjib} jxp j~ }ebf oj{ poht {h~h kjdfk pj `hbe {dpo b }b~pdlxeb~ eb{)~hebph` d||xh& Pod| d|

xf|x~}~d|dfk% b| ibft jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh `d` fjp obwh ixlo afj{eh`kh jg ~dkop|% ~hih`dh| bf`ehkbe }~jlh||h|&

Gj~ hbi}eh% jfh jg poh tjxfk dfph~wdh{hh| {oj ob` ehgp ojih nhlbx|h jg }~jnehi| {dpo od|}b~hfp| {b| obwdfk p~jxneh df `hld`dfk oj{ pj }~jlhh` {dpo od| }~jnehi& Oh ob` b wbkxh d`hbpobp oh idkop nh bneh pj }x~|xh ojx|dfk j}pdjf| g~ji poh ejlbe bxpoj~dpt bf` pobp oh ljxe` kjbf` |pbt df b oj|phe& Oh |jxkop b`wdlh g~ji od| g~dhf`| bf` p{j tjxfk }hj}eh| bkhfldh| pobp{h~h fjp bneh pj ohe} odi jwh~ poh }ojfh& Od| d`hbe jxpljih {b| pj ~h|pj~h poh ~hebpdjf|od}{dpo od| }b~hfp| bf` hwhfpxbeet ijwh nbla dfpj od| gbidet ojih&

Oh `d` fjp% oj{hwh~% afj{ oj{ pj khp bllh|| pj ojx|dfk j~ bft jpoh~ |x}}j~p |h~wdlh| pjohe} odi ~h|jewh poh ~hebpdjf|od} }~jnehi| {dpo od| }b~hfp|& B| b ~h|xep oh ghep ej|pbf` ob` fj }ebf| jf oj{ pj }~jlhh` bf` oj}h` poh }~jnehi {jxe` ~h|jewh dp|heg&

]b~p jg }ebffdfk bohb` d| nhdfk j~kbfd|h` bf` xf`h~|pbf`dfk {obp tjx fhh` pj `hbe {dpo b}~jnehi& Dp {b| be|j b gdf`dfk g~ji poh ljf|xih~ |lhfb~dj pobp poh tjxfk }hj}eh b}}hb~h` pjobwh bf xf`h~|pbf`dfk jg poh di}j~pbflh jg obwdfk hwd`hflh {ohf |hhadfk pohd~ ~hih`dh|& B||oj{f nt lob~p ?% bee nxp jfh jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh xf`h~|pjj` poh di}j~pbflh jg pbadfk pohd~~hlhd}p {dpo pohi dg poht ob` pj ~hpx~f bf dphi pj b |oj}&

G~ji gx~poh~ `d|lx||djf| poh tjxfk }hj}eh ghep pobp dp {b| di}j~pbfp pj obwh }~jjg jg}x~lob|h {dpo pohi df |xlo b |dpxbpdjf& Gj~ |jih jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh pod| afj{eh`kh

{b| nb|h` jf }b|p h}h~dhflh| {oh~h poht ob` ~hrxd~h` }~jjg jg }x~lob|h df bljf|xih~ |dpxbpdjf&


>? Ihb|x~dfk tjxfk }hj}eh| ehkbe lb}bndedpt


30/50

Ljiixfdlbpdjf |adee|

Poh bndedpt pj x|h ebfkxbkh pj ljiixfdlbph jx~ pojxkop| bf` fhh`| d| pbahf gj~ k~bfph` b| bf

beij|p nb|dl fhlh||dpt jg |x~wdwbe& Ljiixfdlbpdjf |adee| ljxe` nh |bd` pj hflji}b|| {obp d|

|bd` bf` oj{ dp d| |bd`% dflex`dfk nj`t ebfkxbkh&

@x~dfk poh gjlx| k~jx}| dp {b| jn|h~wh` pobp |jih jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh |hhih` pj obwh

k~hbp `dggdlxept nhdfk bneh pj h}~h|| pohd~ d`hb| wh~nbeet&

Gj~ hbi}eh% jfh kd~e df poh gd~|p Ejf`jf gjlx| k~jx} ljiihfph`3

D afj{ {obp D ihbf df it ohb`% D cx|p `jfp afj{ oj{ pj |bt dp&

/Tjxfk ghibeh% 27)2;% `xbe oh~dpbkh$

Dp {b| be|j jn|h~wh` df poh |hljf` Ejf`jf gjlx| k~jx} pobp poh po~hh }b~pdld}bfp|% {ohf

}~ji}ph` pj hwhej} pohd~ bf|{h~| j~ kdwh h}ebfbpdjf|% {h~h jgphf jfet bneh pj kdwh wh~t

nb|dl ~h|}jf|h|& Gx~poh~ij~h% df poh|h gjlx| k~jx}|% |jih jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh |}jah wh~t

rxdhpet j~ ixineh`&

Poh bf|{h~| pobp |jih jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh kbwh pj poh ljf|xih~ |lhfb~dj be|j

|xkkh|p| pobp poht idkop ljiixfdlbph df bf bkk~h||dwh ibffh~ {ohf hbedfk {dpojpoh~ }hj}eh&

[ohf b|ah` oj{ poht idkop ~hblp df poh ljf|xih~ |lhfb~dj {ohf pje` pobp poht {jxe` fjp nh

hfpdpeh` pj bf hlobfkh j~ ~hgxf`% |hwhf jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh |bd` poht {jxe` ~hblp {dpo

wdjehflh% bf` 2= |bd` poht {jxe` ~hblp {dpo bfkh~& Poh ~h|}jf|h| dflex`h`3

Ljfp~je bfkh~% `jfp |ojxp j~ |{hb~% kdwh ~h|}hlp&

/Tjxfk ibeh% 27)2;% Nebla Bg~dlbf$

]j||dnet oj|pdeh% nxp fjpodfk }ot|dlbe&

/Tjxfk ibeh% >=)>8% Od|}bfdl$

D {jxe` |pb~p |ojxpdfk bf` b|a gj~ poh ibfbkh~&

/Tjxfk ibeh% 27)2;% nebla Lb~dnnhbf$

Jfet gjx~ jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh |bd` poht {jxe` ~hblp lbeiet&


>4Ihb|x~dfk tjxfk }hj}eh| ehkbe lb}bndedpt

Lob~p ?

^h|}jf|h| g~ji R&b jg ljf|xih~ |lhfb~dj3 {obp dphi| b tjxfk }h~|jf idkop pbah {dpo pohi pj b |oj} {ohf

~hpx~fdfk bf dphi

>4

2 jg poh nhej{$&

B| ob| nhhf |xkkh|ph` hb~edh~ dp b}}hb~| g~ji njpo poh dfph~wdh{| bf` gjlx| k~jx}| pobp b tjxfk

}h~|jf| `hld|djf pj |hha ohe} bf` b`wdlh idkop `h}hf` jf pohd~ bppdpx`h pj{b~`| pj }jphfpdbe

|jx~lh| jg b`wdlh& Poh ~h|hb~lo gjxf` pobp tjxfk }hj}eh phf`h` pj k~bwdpbph pj{b~`| g~dhf`|

bf` gbidet b| b |jx~lh jg b`wdlh bf` ohe} nhlbx|h poht p~x|ph` bf` {h~h gbidedb~ {dpo pohi&

@x~dfk dfgj~ibe d|lx||djf| dp be|j nhlbih b}}b~hfp pobp |jih jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh

{h~h |x|}dldjx| jg b`wdlh }~jgh||djfbe| df |xdp| {oj `jfp fhlh||b~det |}hba poh |bih

ebfkxbkh b| pohi j~ |ob~h |dideb~ h}h~dhflh|&

Dp d| b }j||dndedpt poh~hgj~h pobp poh|h tjxfk }hj}eh `j fjp |hh ljfwhfpdjfbe b`wdlh |h~wdlh| b|

b wdbneh j}pdjf gj~ pohi nhlbx|h poht b~h |hhf b| bf jpoh~&

Bppdpx`h| pj{b~`| poh }~jnehi

G~ji poh gjlx| k~jx}| dp {b| lehb~ pobp poh pt}h jg ehkbe }~jnehi bf` poh }hj}eh dfwjewh`

{jxe` `hph~idfh poh bppdpx`h poht ob` pj dp&

Pod| {b| }b~pdlxeb~et hwd`hfp df poh jih|pdl wdjehflh |lhfb~dj& Jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh {oj |bd`pobp poh `jih|pdl wdjehflh |lhfb~dj {b| fjp b ibpph~ gj~ poh }jedlh% |hwhf |bd` pobp pod| {b|

nhlbx|h dp {b| b gbidet ibpph~ /|hh lob~p 2

2

=

Lbei j{f`b`

^h|}jf` {dpowdjehflh*bkk~h||djf

\}edp x} Pjibf` @b`

Pbah Pji pjoj|}dpbe

Lbee hih~khflt|h~wdlh|

Ljfpblp g~dhf`|j~ gbidet

Jpoh~

^hblpdjf


35/50

Poh gblp pobp gbidet ihinh~| {h~h dfwjewh` df pod| d||xh ob` fjp xfh}hlph`et lobfkh` poh

tjxfk }h~|jf| bppdpx`h pj{b~`| poh }~jnehi& Dp {b| fjp |x~}~d|dfk% poh~hgj~h% pobp poh tjxfk

}hj}eh {jxe` px~f pj pohd~ gbidet gj~ |x}}j~p df pod| |dpxbpdjf& Poh~h ibt nh jpoh~ |lhfb~dj| df

poh tjxfk }hj}eh| edwh| {oh~h poht hfljxfph~ b |h~djx| eb{)~hebph` hwhfp% nxp pohd~ wdh{| jg dp

b~h beph~h` nhlbx|h dp dfwjewh| gbidedb~ }hj}eh&

Bppdpx`h| pj{b~`| |}blh

Dp {b| b ibcj~ gdf`dfk jg pod| ~h}j~p pobp bppdpx`h pj{b~`| |}blh }ebt| b eb~kh }b~p df b tjxfk

}h~|jf| {deedfkfh|| pj |hha |x}}j~p& B| h}ej~h` df poh dfp~j`xlpdjf bf` ihpoj`jejkt |hlpdjf%

poh~h {b| b wh~t ej{ px~f jxp df p{j jg poh Ejf`jf gjlx| k~jx}|& Bgph~ dfgj~ibe lobp| {dpo poh

tjxfk }hj}eh {oj `d` bpphf`% dp {b| lehb~ pobp gj~ |jih jg pohi% {oj obwh b ghb~ jg wdjehflh

dg poht ijwh g~ji pohd~ ejlbe b~hb {oh~h poht ghhe |bgh% j~ {oj b~h xfljigj~pbneh p~bwheedfk pj

xfgbidedb~ }eblh|% {oh~h ohe} bf` |x}}j~p d| ejlbph` {jxe` }ebt b eb~kh }b~p df {ohpoh~ poht

{jxe` loj|h pj x|h dp&

Pod| d| |x}}j~ph` nt poh gdf`dfk| bnjwh {odlo |oj{h` pobp poh tjxfk }hj}eh }~hgh~~h` pj |hha

ohe} g~ji pohd~ g~dhf`| bf` gbidet nhlbx|h poht {h~h gbidedb~ bf` p~x|ph`& [ohf poh gjlx|

k~jx}| {h~h lobfkh` pj `dggh~hfp ejlbpdjf| df tjxpo |hppdfk| df poh tjxfk }hj}eh| ejlbe b~hb%

poh px~f jxp `~bibpdlbeet di}~jwh`% bf` poh tjxfk }hj}eh |hhih` ixlo ij~h bp hb|h&

Pod| gdf`dfk |x}}j~p| b fxinh~ jg `d|lx||djf| pobp {h~h ohe` bp b ]EH ljfgh~hflh df Ghn~xb~t

>==?? nt `hehkbph| {oj }~jwd`h` pbdej~h` ehkbe |h~wdlh| pj tjxfk }hj}eh&

Poh~h {b| b |p~jfk df`dlbpdjf pobp poh jfet {bt pj }~jwd`h ]EH |h~wdlh| pj ib~kdfbed|h`

tjxfk }hj}eh {b| po~jxko jxp~hblo {j~a df poh tjxpo |hppdfk% j~ poh tjxfk }hj}eh|

ejlbe b~hb% xh pj poh|h d||xh| jg p~x|p bf` xfgbidedb~dpt&


==?%2=?0%G]&opie

Lob~p 2

2

8

Fxinh~jg~h|}jf|h|

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7

0

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=

Nhlbx|h dp d| bgbidet ibpph~

Bwjd l~didfbe edbndedpt @d|p~x|p }jedlh Jpoh~

[ot tjxfk }h~|jf `jh| fjp podfa dp d| b ibpph~ gj~ poh }jedlh


36/50

\xiib~t

Poh }b~pdld}bfp| }h~|d|phflh df `hbedfk {dpo eb{)~hebph` d||xh| `h}hf`h` jf {obp {b| bp

|pbah% poht ibt poh~hgj~h fjp njpoh~ pj p~t bf` ~h|jewh }~jnehi| pobp poht |hh b| idfj~&

Poh }b~pdld}bfp| {deedfkfh|| pj }h~|d|p {b| lobeehfkh` {ohf poht {h~h hbedfk {dpo

b }~jnehi pobp poht wdh{h` b| dggdlxep j~ lji}eh pj ~h|jewh&

Dp {b| b ibcj~ gdf`dfk jg pod| ~h}j~p pobp bppdpx`h pj{b~`| |}blh }ebt| b eb~kh }b~p df

b tjxfk }h~|jf| {deedfkfh|| pj |hha |x}}j~p&

Bepojxko dp {b| lehb~ g~ji poh ~h|hb~lo pobp poh tjxfk }hj}eh ob` b }b~pdlxeb~ bppdpx`h

pj{b~`| pohd~ }~jnehi| bf` }b~pdlxeb~ }hj}eh% dp d| xflh~pbdf pj {obp hphfp pohd~

nblak~jxf` bf` h}h~dhflh| ijxe` poh|h bppdpx`h|&

Hijpdjfbe di}blp jg }~jnehi|

Poh eb{)~hebph` }~jnehi| poh tjxfk }hj}eh ob` hbep {dpo ob` bf hijpdjfbe di}blp jf

pohd~ edwh|& Pod| |xkkh|p| pobp df `hedwh~dfk ]EH |h~wdlh|% }~jwd`h~| ibt fhh` pj ljf|d`h~

poh hijpdjfbe |pbph jg poh pb~khp k~jx} {ohf h|dkfdfk pohd~ blpdwdpdh|&

Gx~poh~ ~h|hb~lo fhh`| pj nh ljf`xlph` df pod| b~hb pj h|pbned|o {ohpoh~ ibfbkdfk hijpdjf|

bf` j~ ghhedfk| d| bf hehihfp jg ehkbe lb}bndedpt% j~ {ohpoh~ dp ljxe` nh b |hljf`b~t b`cxflp jg

bft ]EH blpdwdpt&

Dp {b| b}}b~hfp pobp poh tjxfk }hj}eh gbldfk ij|p `dggdlxepdh| {h~h poj|h {oj ob` ojx|dfk

}~jnehi|& Jfh jg poh tjxfk dfph~wdh{hh| ob` ehgp ojih `xh pj b }~jnehi {dpo od| }b~hfp| bf`

{b| ejjadfk gj~ |jih{oh~h pj edwh {ode|p |pbtdfk bp pod| g~dhf`| ojx|h& Oh |bd` pobp oh {b|3

df b {hd~` |pbph% podfadfk bnjxp b ejp jg podfk|% oj{ ejfk D {b| kjdfk pj

nh |pbtdfk bp g~dhf`| ojx|h| ghhe ej|p& @jfp afj{ oj{ Di kjdfk pj `j dp&

Ghhe ljfgx|h`&

/Tjxfk ibeh% 27)2;% Nebla Bg~dlbf$

Bfjpoh~ tjxfk }h~|jf `hbedfk {dpo b ojx|dfk }~jnehi |bd`3

D ghep |b` bf` l~dh` b ejp% ljxe`fp ljflhfp~bph jf {j~a& D ob` edppeh pdih pj pbea pj

it }b~hfp| bf` dp kjp {j~|h {ohf D `d` pbea pj pohi&

/Tjxfk ghibeh% 27)2;% Nebla N~dpd|o$



37/50

Bfjpoh~ jfh jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh {oj ob` |xggh~h` g~ji ob~b||ihfp nt oh~ edfh ibfbkh~ df poh{j~a}eblh |bd`3

D ghep ohe}eh|| po~jxkojxp poh {ojeh }h~dj`& Poh }~jnehi ob` nxdep x} jwh~ b}h~dj` jg pdih bf` dp cx|p ib`h ih fjp {bfp pj kj dfpj {j~a& Pohf D {b| p~tdfk pj`j podfk| gj~ poh }x~}j|h jg {j~a bf` ghep pjpbeet `d|ohb~phfh` {ohf D {b| pje`

it {j~a {b| fj kjj`& D cx|p ghep edah D ob` nhhf lohbph`&/Tjxfk ghibeh% >=)>8% Lodfh|h$

Df ljf|d`h~dfk poh hehihfp| g~ji {odlo ehkbe lb}bndedpt b~j|h df poh ljfphp jg poh|h gjlx|k~jx}| poh~h b~h ibft jpoh~ }j||dneh `jibdf| {odlo {jxe` ibah x} ehkbe lb}bndedpt {odlo b~hfjp ljwh~h` nt pod| ~h|hb~lo& Gj~ df|pbflh% dp {b| `dggdlxep pj h|pbned|o {ohpoh~ b tjxfk }h~|jf|ljfgd`hflh bgghlph` pohd~ lb}bndedpt& Kdwhf poh ledfdlbe fbpx~h jg poh gjlx| k~jx}| dp {b| be|j`dggdlxep pj ph|p `hld|djf)ibadfk |adee| bf` `hwhej} gx~poh~ bf xf`h~|pbf`dfk jg }ebffdfk |adee|&

Poh ~hebpdjf|od} nhp{hhf poh `dggh~hfp hehihfp| jg ehkbe lb}bndedpt

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Afj{eh`kh Poh bnjwh `bpb |xkkh|p| pobp b ebla jg afj{eh`kh lbf obwh bf b`wh~|h bgghlpjf b }h~|jf| bppdpx`h pj{b~`| eb{)~hebph` hwhfp|& Gj~ df|pbflh% poh tjxfk }hj}eh {oj ob`edidph` afj{eh`kh jg ehkbe ~dkop| bf` ~hih`dh|% bf` {oh~h pj kj gj~ ohe} {jxe` nh ij~hedahet pj ~hblp bkk~h||dwhet& Gx~poh~% fjp afj{dfk pohd~ ~dkop| j~ {oh~h pj ejja idkop ihbfb tjxfk }h~|jf kdwh| x}% {odlo {dee obwh b fhkbpdwh di}blp jf pohd~ ~h|dedhflh j~}h~|hwh~bflh& ]h~ob}| xf|x~}~d|dfket pod| {jxe` |hhi pj |xkkh|p pobp b ebla jg afj{eh`khlbf lbx|h |jihjfh pj ~hblp fhkbpdwhet pj poh }~jnehi j~ d||xh pobp poht b~h `hbedfk {dpo&

Oj{hwh~% dp {jxe` be|j |hhi poh lb|h pobp hwhf {oh~h b tjxfk }h~|jf ibt obwh |jihafj{eh`kh bnjxp pohd~ }~jnehi bf` bkhfldh| pobp ljxe` ohe} pohi% b fhkbpdwh bppdpx`hpj{b~`| poj|h bkhfldh| {jxe` }~hwhfp pohi g~ji |hhadfk ohe}& Pod| {b| }b~pdlxeb~et |jgj~ poh }jedlh% {oj {h~h fjp |hhf b| }b~p jg b |jexpdjf pj b }~jnehi% nxp poh j}}j|dph&Gx~poh~ij~h% b ij~h }j|dpdwh bppdpx`h pj{b~`| g~dhf`| bf` gbidet b| b |jx~lh jg ohe} ljxe`nh }~jnehibpdl% dg poj|h }hj}eh `d` fjp obwh poh lb}bndedpdh| pj ~h|jewh poh d||xh&

Gdfbeet% b ebla jg nb|dl afj{eh`kh bnjxp poh b~hb jg eb{ ~hebpdfk pj poh d||xh nhdfk `hbep {dpoljxe` blp b| b nb~~dh~ gj~ |}jppdfk pobp dp d| b ehkbe d||xh& Pod| {b| }b~pdlxeb~et poh lb|h gj~ poh

tjxfk }hj}eh {oj pjja }b~p df poh dfph~wdh{|& Hdkop jxp jg poh 2= dfph~wdh{hh|% {oj `d` fjppodfa pobp poht {h~h `hbedfk {dpo b ehkbe d||xh bp poh pdih% ob` edidph` j~ fj afj{eh`kh jg~dkop| bf` ~hih`dh| bf` {oh~h pj kj gj~ ohe}& Pod| ljxe` nh b gxf`bihfpbe }~jnehi gj~ btjxfk }h~|jf `hbedfk {dpo b eb{)~hebph` d||xh% b| fjp xf`h~|pbf`dfk poh }~jnehi `hbep {dpo{jxe` xf{dppdfket }~hlex`h pobp }h~|jf g~ji pbadfk bft blpdjf pj ~h|jewh dp&

\adee| Poh tjxfk }hj}eh| ljiixfdlbpdjf |adee| {b| poh ibdf |adee |hp pobp b}}hb~h` pjobwh b `~bibpdlbeet fhkbpdwh hgghlp jf pohd~ jwh~bee lb}bndedpt& Df }b~pdlxeb~ dp {b| lehb~ pobppoh dfph~wdh{hh| ljiixfdlbpdjf |adee| ob` blph` b| b nb~~dh~ df poh }b|p pj ~h|jewdfk pohd~eb{)~hebph` d||xh|& Gx~poh~% b| `h|l~dnh` df poh gdf`dfk| ibft jg poh tjxfk }hj}eh {jxe`pbah bf bkk~h||dwh b}}~jblo pj `hbedfk {dpo b eb{)~hebph` d||xh% {odlo% bp poh wh~t ehb|pidkop `bibkh pohd~ lobflh| jg fhkjpdbpdfk {dpo jpoh~ }hj}eh bf` {j~|p lbx|h poh }h~|jf

poht b~h ljiixfdlbpdfk {dpo pj be|j nhljih bkk~h||dwh& Poh~hgj~h% dp d| }j||dneh pobp hwhfpojxko b }h~|jf ibt obwh b`hrxbph afj{eh`kh jg pohd~ ~dkop| bf` ~hih`dh|% bf` {oh~h pjkj gj~ ohe}% pobp }jj~ ljiixfdlbpdjf |adee| ljxe` }~hwhfp pohi g~ji ibadfk kjj`hfpdpehihfp| pobp poht obwh&



38/50

Bppdpx`h| Dp {b| `dggdlxep {dpo pod| }dhlh jg ~h|hb~lo pj ibah poh edfa nhp{hhf b }h~|jf|bppdpx`h| /nhtjf` {obp ob| nhhf h}ej~h` bnjwh$ bf` pohd~ jwh~bee ehkbe lb}bndedpt& Dp d|

lehb~ pobp gx~poh~ ~h|hb~lo d| fhh`h` pj h|pbned|o dg poh~h d| b edfa nhp{hhf b tjxfk }h~|jf|

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khfh~beet dp lbf nh |bd` pobp b tjxfk }h~|jf| bppdpx`h pj{b~`| }b~pdlxeb~ d||xh| bf` }hj}eh

b~h ohbwdet `h}hf`hfp jf pohd~ afj{eh`kh bf` |adee|&

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|adee| pj b`wjlbph gj~ pohd~ ~dkop|*hfpdpehihfp|&


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nb|dl ehwhe jg lb}bndedpt /dnd`$&

^xffdfk ohb`


? ^hljiihf`bpdjf|


43/50

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jf gdfbfldbe lb}bndedpt& \xlo b |px`t {jxe` fhh` pj h}ej~h poh `h|dkf jg rxh|pdjffbd~h| bf` }dejp bf` `hwhej}

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0> Ihb|x~dfk tjxfk }hj}eh| ehkbe lb}bndedpt


44/50

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Ljf|xih~ \lhfb~dj

Poh |lhfb~dj\b~bo kjh| dfpj OIW pj nxt b L@ gj~ oh~ n~jpoh~|

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0


45/50

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46/50

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47/50

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48/50

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49/50

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50/50

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