measuring water pollution a quick overview. how do you measure the quality of a moving, ever...

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Measuring Water Measuring Water Pollution Pollution A Quick Overview A Quick Overview

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Page 1: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Measuring Water PollutionMeasuring Water Pollution

A Quick OverviewA Quick Overview

Page 2: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

How do you measure the How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?changing fluid medium?

Page 3: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Two Basic Approaches:Two Basic Approaches: TECHNOLOGY-TECHNOLOGY-

BASED LIMITS: BASED LIMITS: Use a certain Use a certain treatment treatment technology (BPT, technology (BPT, BAT, MACT, BPJ) to BAT, MACT, BPJ) to achieve a given achieve a given quality of effluent quality of effluent (work backward (work backward from effluent from effluent chemistry)chemistry)

WATER QUALITY-WATER QUALITY-BASED LIMITS: BASED LIMITS: Quantitative Quantitative relationship relationship between inputs and between inputs and quality (LDquality (LD5050, , NOEL)--dose/responNOEL)--dose/response risk assessment, se risk assessment, hydrology, mass hydrology, mass balancebalance

Page 4: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

The “Conventional” The “Conventional” Pollutant Measures:Pollutant Measures:

Oxygen (BOD, COD, DO)Oxygen (BOD, COD, DO) Solids content (TSS, Conductivity, Solids content (TSS, Conductivity,

Secchi disk, settleable solids)Secchi disk, settleable solids) Nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen) Nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen)

/Algae/Eutrophication/Algae/Eutrophication Acidity (pH)Acidity (pH) Bacteria (e.g., fecal coliform)Bacteria (e.g., fecal coliform) TemperatureTemperature

Page 5: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Oxidizing (Oxygen-Using)Oxidizing (Oxygen-Using)ReactionsReactions

FireFire

Metabolism of Metabolism of humans and humans and animalsanimals

Fate of pollutants Fate of pollutants in waterin water

C in fuel combines C in fuel combines with atmospheric Owith atmospheric O22

carbon-bearing carbon-bearing organic compounds organic compounds oxidized to oxidized to COCO22,water, energy,water, energy

pollutants are pollutants are oxidized, depleting oxidized, depleting OO2 2 in waterin water

Page 6: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

““Assimilative capacity”: Assimilative capacity”: ability of a waterbody to ability of a waterbody to convert a pollutant into convert a pollutant into something harmless (to something harmless (to

whom or what?)whom or what?)

Page 7: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Measures of oxygen in Measures of oxygen in water:water:

Dissolved oxygen (DO)--time and Dissolved oxygen (DO)--time and space variables, dilutionspace variables, dilution

Biological oxygen demand, five Biological oxygen demand, five days (BODdays (BOD55))

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Sediment oxygen demand (SOD)Sediment oxygen demand (SOD)

Page 8: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Oxygen and other Oxygen and other pollutants may vary pollutants may vary

according to:according to:

Fluctuations in inputs (lagged)Fluctuations in inputs (lagged) Time of day (day-night)Time of day (day-night) Time of year (summer-winter)Time of year (summer-winter) Water temperature (thermal Water temperature (thermal

stratification)stratification) Stream flowStream flow

– Which in turn varies with land Which in turn varies with land clearing/impervious cover, storm events, clearing/impervious cover, storm events, seasonal variations, channel structure, etc.seasonal variations, channel structure, etc.

Page 9: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

SedimentsSediments

Page 10: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Effects of sediment Effects of sediment loadingloading

Destruction of spawning bedsDestruction of spawning beds Adsorption and transport of other Adsorption and transport of other

pollutantspollutants Reduced light penetration, aquatic Reduced light penetration, aquatic

vegetationvegetation Greater nutrients loadings, oxygen Greater nutrients loadings, oxygen

demanddemand Interference with navigation, flood Interference with navigation, flood

control, recreation, industrycontrol, recreation, industry

Page 11: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Effects of nutrient loadingsEffects of nutrient loadings (N, P measured by (N, P measured by

Chlorophyll a, Secchi, algal Chlorophyll a, Secchi, algal species)species)

Algae bloomsAlgae blooms DO changes, fish killsDO changes, fish kills Shift of trophic status toward Shift of trophic status toward

eutrophiceutrophic Drinking water impairment (direct Drinking water impairment (direct

and indirect)and indirect) Aesthetics (color, clarity, smell)Aesthetics (color, clarity, smell) Uptake and release of toxicsUptake and release of toxics

Page 12: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Effects of acidificationEffects of acidification(measured in pH--log (measured in pH--log

scale)scale)

Direct kill of living thingsDirect kill of living things Shift toward acid-tolerant speciesShift toward acid-tolerant species Mobilization (dilution, desorption) Mobilization (dilution, desorption)

of metals and other toxicsof metals and other toxics

Page 13: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Toxics and Toxics and BioaccumulationBioaccumulation

Page 14: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Impacts of toxicsImpacts of toxics

Acute mortality (instant death)Acute mortality (instant death) Chronic illnesses (e.g., cancer)Chronic illnesses (e.g., cancer) Toxicity at low doses (e.g., dioxin)Toxicity at low doses (e.g., dioxin) Reproductive and developmental toxicity Reproductive and developmental toxicity

(“hormone mimics”)(“hormone mimics”) Persistence over space (toxaphene) and Persistence over space (toxaphene) and

time (PCBs); or transformation (DDT to time (PCBs); or transformation (DDT to DDE, PCB dechlorination, methyl mercury)DDE, PCB dechlorination, methyl mercury)

Storage in reservoirs (sediment sinks)Storage in reservoirs (sediment sinks)

Page 15: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Some approaches to Some approaches to toxics parameterstoxics parameters

Chemical levels (water, sediment)Chemical levels (water, sediment) Ability to support designated usesAbility to support designated uses Ability to support beneficial usesAbility to support beneficial uses Fish advisoriesFish advisories Historical baselinesHistorical baselines Background levelsBackground levels ““Narrative criteria” (no toxics in toxic Narrative criteria” (no toxics in toxic

amounts)amounts)

Page 16: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Traditional sampling: Traditional sampling: “grab samples”“grab samples”

Page 17: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Automated Measurements:Automated Measurements:Sondes (Hydrolab or YSI)Sondes (Hydrolab or YSI)

Automated Automated sampling of basic sampling of basic conventional conventional parametersparameters

Fine-grained (e.g., Fine-grained (e.g., every 15 minutes)every 15 minutes)

Download to Download to laptop for analysislaptop for analysis

Page 18: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

IndicesIndices

Bring diverse measurements Bring diverse measurements together into a single-number together into a single-number

valuevalue

Page 19: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Ecosystem approachesEcosystem approaches

Look at interactions of living and Look at interactions of living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem nonliving parts of the ecosystem (what’s an ecosystem?)(what’s an ecosystem?)

Try to identify stresses and Try to identify stresses and responsesresponses

Holistically integrate physical, Holistically integrate physical, biological, and social aspects of biological, and social aspects of the area in questionthe area in question

Page 20: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Institutional Context: Institutional Context: Remedial Action PlanRemedial Action Plan

Great Lakes Great Lakes Water Quality Water Quality AgreementsAgreements

““Areas of Areas of Concern”Concern”

Plan to restore Plan to restore “beneficial uses”“beneficial uses”

Page 21: Measuring Water Pollution A Quick Overview. How do you measure the quality of a moving, ever changing fluid medium?

Beneficial UsesBeneficial Uses Restrictions on Fish Restrictions on Fish

ConsumptionConsumption Restrictions on Restrictions on

DredgingDredging Added costs to Added costs to

agriculture or agriculture or industryindustry

Tainting of fish flavorTainting of fish flavor Restrictions on Restrictions on

drinking water drinking water consumptionconsumption

Degraded fish or Degraded fish or wildlife wildlife populationspopulations

Degraded benthosDegraded benthos Eutrophication or Eutrophication or

undesirable algaeundesirable algae Loss of fish or Loss of fish or

wildlife habitatwildlife habitat Fish tumors or Fish tumors or

deformitiesdeformities