measuring exposure toexchange rate fluctuations

Measuring Exposure ToExchange Rate Fluctuations

Measuring Exposure ToExchange Rate Fluctuations

Chapter Objectives

• To discuss the relevance of an MNC’s exposure to exchange rate risk;

• To explain how transaction exposure can be measured;

• To explain how economic exposure can be measured; and

• To explain how translation exposure can be measured.

Is Exchange Rate Risk Relevant?

Purchasing Power Parity Argument Exchange rate movements will be matched

by price movements. PPP does not necessarily hold.


The Investor Hedge Argument MNC shareholders can hedge against

exchange rate fluctuations on their own. The investors may not have complete

information on corporate exposure. They may not have the capabilities to correctly insulate their individual exposure too.

Currency Diversification Argument An MNC that is well diversified should not

be affected by exchange rate movements because of offsetting effects.

This is a naive presumption.


Stakeholder Diversification Argument Well diversified stakeholders will be

somewhat insulated against losses experienced by an MNC due to exchange rate risk.

MNCs may be affected in the same way because of exchange rate risk.


Response from MNCs

• Many MNCs have attempted to stabilize their earnings with hedging strategies, which confirms the view that exchange rate risk is relevant.


• For current and historic exchange rates, as well as implied currency volatilities, visit http://www.ny.frb.org/pihome/statistics/.

Online Application

11/30/01

Implied Vols 1 Week 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 6 Month 12 Month 2 Year 3 Year EUR 10.9 9.9 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.9 11.9 11.8 JPY 9.1 8.9 9.5 9.9 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.7 CHF 11.2 10.3 11.2 11.5 11.9 12.1 12.0 12.0 GBP 9.0 8.1 8.8 9.1 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 CAD 6.2 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.1 AUD 10.4 10.3 11.0 11.4 11.8 12.0 12.0 12.0 GBPEUR 8.1 6.9 7.4 7.7 8.4 8.7 8.6 8.5 EURJPY 9.3 9.0 9.7 10.3 10.8 11.3 11.4 11.4

http://www.ny.frb.org/pihome/statistics/







Types of Exposure

• Although exchange rates cannot be forecasted with perfect accuracy, firms can at least measure their exposure to exchange rate fluctuations.

• Exposure to exchange rate fluctuations comes in three forms:¤ Transaction exposure¤ Economic exposure¤ Translation exposure

Transaction Exposure

• The degree to which the value of future cash transactions can be affected by exchange rate fluctuations is referred to as transaction exposure.

• To measure transaction exposure:project the net amount of inflows or outflows

in each foreign currency, and determine the overall risk of exposure to

those currencies.

• MNCs can usually anticipate foreign cash flows for an upcoming short-term period with reasonable accuracy.

• After the consolidated net currency flows for the entire MNC has been determined, each net flow is converted into either a point estimate or a range of a chosen currency, so as to standardize the exposure assessment for each currency.


• An MNC’s overall exposure can be assessed by considering each currency position together with the currency’s variability and the correlations among the currencies.

• The standard deviation statistic on historical data serves as one measure of currency variability. Note that currency variability levels may change over time.


Currency 1981-1993 1994-1998

British pound 0.0309 0.0148Canadian dollar 0.0100 0.0110Indian rupee 0.0219 0.0168Japanese yen 0.0279 0.0298New Zealand dollar 0.0289 0.0190Swedish krona 0.0287 0.0195Swiss franc 0.0330 0.0246Singapore dollar 0.0111 0.0174


Standard Deviations of Exchange Rate MovementsBased on Monthly Data

• The correlations among currency movements can be measured by their correlation coefficients, which indicate the degree to which two currencies move in relation to each other.

coefficientperfect positive correlation 1.00no correlation 0.00perfect negative correlation -1.00


£ Can$ ¥ NZ$ Sk SwFBritishpound (£) 1.00Canadiandollar (Can$) .18 1.00Japaneseyen (¥) .45 .06 1.00New Zealanddollar (NZ$) .39 .20 .33 1.00Swedishkrona (Sk) .62 .16 .46 .33 1.00Swiss franc(SwF) .63 .12 .61 .37 .70 1.00


Correlations Among Exchange Rate Movements

• The point in considering correlations is to detect positions that could somewhat offset each other.

• For example, if currencies X and Y are highly correlated, the exposures of a net X inflow and a net Y outflow will offset each other to a certain degree.

• Note that the corrrelations among currencies may change over time.


Movements of Selected CurrenciesAgainst the Dollar

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

$/100 ¥$/10 Indian rupees

$/Chinese yuan

$/5 Swedish krona

$/Canadian$

$/Singapore$

$ pe

r un

it

• A related method, the value-at-risk (VAR) method, incorporates currency volatility and correlations to determine the potential maximum one-day loss.

• Historical data is used to determine the potential one-day decline in a particular currency. This decline is then applied to the net cash flows in that currency.


Economic Exposure

• Economic exposure refers to the degree to which a firm’s present value of future cash flows can be influenced by exchange rate fluctuations.

• Cash flows that do not require conversion of currencies do not reflect transaction exposure. Yet, these cash flows may also be influenced significantly by exchange rate movements.

Economic Exposure

Transactions that Influence the Firm’s

Cash InflowsLocal Currency

AppreciatesLocal Currency

DepreciatesLocal sales (relative to foreign competition in local markets)Firm’s exports denominated in local currencyFirm’s exports denominated in foreign currencyInterest received from foreign investments

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Increase

Increase

Increase

Increase

Impact on Transactions

Transactions reflecting transaction exposure.

Economic Exposure

Transactions that Influence the Firm’s

Cash OutflowsLocal Currency

AppreciatesLocal Currency

Depreciates

Impact on Transactions

Transactions reflecting transaction exposure.

Firm’s imported supplies denominated in local currency

Firm’s imported supplies denominated in foreign currency

Interest owed on foreign funds borrowed

No Change

Decrease

Decrease

No Change

Increase

Increase

• Even purely domestic firms may be affected by economic exposure if there is foreign competition within the local markets.

• MNCs are likely to be much more exposed to exchange rate fluctuations. The impact varies across MNCs according to their individual operating characteristics and net currency positions.

Economic Exposure

• One measure of economic exposure involves classifying the firm’s cash flows into income statement items, and then reviewing how the earnings forecast in the income statement changes in response to alternative exchange rate scenarios.

• In general, firms with more foreign costs than revenues will be unfavorably affected by stronger foreign currencies.

Economic Exposure

• Another method of assessing a firm’s economic exposure involves applying regression analysis to historical cash flow and exchange rate data.

Economic Exposure

PCFt = a0 + a1et + t

PCFt = % change in inflation-adjusted cash flows measured in the firm’s home currency over period tet = % change in the currency exchange rate over period tt= random error term

a0= intercept

a1= slope coefficient

Economic Exposure

• The regression model may be revised to handle multiple currencies by including them as additional independent variables, or by using a currency index (composite).

• By changing the dependent variable, the impact of exchange rates on the firm’s value (as measured by its stock price), earnings, exports, sales, etc. may also be assessed.

Economic Exposure

Translation Exposure

• The exposure of the MNC’s consolidated financial statements to exchange rate fluctuations is known as translation exposure.

• In particular, subsidiary earnings translated into the reporting currency on the consolidated income statement are subject to changing exchange rates.


Does Translation Exposure Matter?

• Cash Flow Perspective - Translating financial statements for consolidated reporting purposes does not by itself affect an MNC’s cash flows.

• However, a weak foreign currency today may result in a forecast of a weak exchange rate at the time subsidiary earnings are actually remitted.


• Stock Price Perspective - Since an MNC’s translation exposure affects its consolidated earnings and many investors tend to use earnings when valuing firms, the MNC’s valuation may be affected.

Does Translation Exposure Matter?

• In general, translation exposure is relevant becausesome MNC subsidiaries may want to remit

their earnings to their parents now, the prevailing exchange rates may be used

to forecast the expected cash flows that will result from future remittances, and

consolidated earnings are used by many investors to value MNCs.


• An MNC’s degree of translation exposure is dependent on: the proportion of its business conducted by

its foreign subsidiaries, the locations of its foreign subsidiaries, and the accounting method that it uses.


• According to World Research Advisory estimates, the translated earnings of U.S.-based MNCs in aggregate were reduced by $20 billion in the third quarter of 1998 alone simply because of the depreciation of Asian currencies against the dollar.

• In 2000, the weakness of the euro also caused several U.S.-based MNCs to report lower earnings than expected.


• The annual reports for many MNCs may be found at http://www.reportgallery.com. Review some annual reports and see if you can find any comments that describe the MNCs’ transaction, economic, or translation exposures.

Online Application

http://www.reportgallery.com/



Impact of Exchange Rate Exposureon an MNC’s Value

n

tt

m

jtjtj

k1=

1 , ,

1

ER ECF E

= Value

E (CFj,t ) = expected cash flows in currency j to be received by the U.S. parent at the end of period tE (ERj,t ) = expected exchange rate at which currency j can be converted to dollars at the end of period tk = weighted average cost of capital of the parent

Transaction ExposureEconomic Exposure

• Is Exchange Rate Risk Relevant?¤ Purchasing Power Parity Argument¤ The Investor Hedge Argument¤ Currency Diversification Argument¤ Stakeholder Diversification Argument¤ Response from MNCs

• Types of Exposure¤ Transaction, Economic, and Translation

Exposures

Chapter Review

Chapter Review

• Transaction Exposure¤ Transaction Exposure to “Net” Cash Flows¤ Transaction Exposure Based on Currency

Variability¤ Transaction Exposure Based on Currency

Correlations¤ Transaction Exposure Based on Value-at-

Risk

Chapter Review

• Economic Exposure¤ Economic Exposure to Local Currency

Appreciation & Depreciation¤ Economic Exposure of Domestic Firms &

MNCs¤ Measuring Economic Exposure

Sensitivity of Earnings & Cash Flows to Exchange Rates

Chapter Review

• Translation Exposure¤ Does Translation Exposure Matter?

Cash Flow Perspective Stock Price Perspective

¤ Determinants of Translation Exposure¤ Examples of Translation Exposure

• Impact of Exchange Rate Exposure on an MNC’s Value

measuring exposure toexchange rate fluctuations

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