measuring decent work indicators and work statistics
TRANSCRIPT
Beyond-GDP in Africa:Innovative idea for a Regional
Dashboard
MEASURING DECENT WORK INDICATORS AND WORK STATISTICS
ByDr Coffi Agossou
Senior Labour Statistics Specialist
Contents
I. Decent Work concept and ILO Objectives
II. Decent work indicators
III. Quick look on 19 th ICLS Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour uderutilization
I Decent Work concept and ILO Objectives
Global issues
governance
lack of skills
migration
globalization
unemployment poverty
jobless growth
informal economy
human rights
social security
safe work
child labour
what people, anywhere, want?:
• work for all who seek to work– be it wage- or self-employment, in the formal or the informal
economy
• freedom of choice– excluding forced or bonded labour and worst forms of child labour
• productive work– providing adequate income, ensuring competitiveness
• equity in work – meaning absence of discrimination in access to, and at work
• security at work– as concerns health and safety, pensions and livelihoods
• dignity at work– in terms of respect extended to workers and their rights at work
ILO concept of decent work
The concept of Decent Work has been defined by the ILO and endorsed by the international community as
“Opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity.”
1999 International Labour Conference Report
ILO Department of Statistics
Decent work as a global goal
• Endorsed by ECOSOC, Presidential Summits and Head of State Summits in all regions, UN system, European Union, among others.
• ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization (2008) endorses Decent Work Agenda and its 4 dimensions:
(i) International labour standards and fundamental principles and rights at work
(ii) Employment creation (iii) Social Protection(iv) Social Dialogue and tripartism
ILO Department of Statistics
II Different type of decent work indicators
Commitments to monitor progress towards decent work
• 2008 Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization recommends that ILO Members may consider:
“the establishment of appropriate indicators or statistics, if necessary with the assistance of the ILO, to monitor and evaluate the progress made”
• Monitoring of Milennium Development Goals (MDGs):– Goal 1, Target 1B: Achieve full and productive employment
and decent work for all, including women and young people.– Goal 3, Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and
secondary education (indicator 3.2)
ILO Department of Statistics
Principles and framework for measuring decent work – launched in 2008 (1)
– Purpose: to (i) assist constituents to assess progress towards decent work and (ii) offer comparable information for analysis and policy development.
– NO ranking of countries & NO composite index
– Covers all four dimensions of Decent Work
– New framework:• Developed by a Tripartite Meeting of Experts; presented to the ILO Governing
Body and 18th ICLS in 2008 • Groups statistical/legal framework indicators under 11 substantive elements • Includes 71 statistical (quantitative) and 21 legal framework (qualitative,
textual) indicators• Layered approach to statistical indicators (main, additional, future, context) &
by sex• Dynamic, international model that can adapt to national circumstances
– Information is derived from various official sources: household and establishment surveys, administrative records, qualitative legal framework information, among others
10ILO Department of Statistics
Structure of Decent Work Measurement Framework
Grouping of statistical and legal framework indicators under 10 substantive elements:
11
1. Employment opportunities (1 + 2)
2. Adequate earnings and productive work (1 + 3)
3. Decent working time* (1 + 3)
(Note: name change from “Decent hours”)
4. Combining work, family and personal life (1 + 3)
5. Work that should be abolished (1 + 3)
6. Stability and security of work (1, 2 + 3)
7. Equal opportunity and treatment in employment
(1, 2 + 3)
8. Safe work environment (1 + 3)
9. Social security (1 + 3)
10. Social dialogue, workers’ and employers’
representation (1 + 4)
11. Economic and social context for decent workPlus one area on economic
and social context
Note: 1 = Rights at work, 2 = Employment opportunities, 3 = Social Protection, 4 = Social Dialogue
ILO Department of Statistics
Different types of statistical indicators
A layered approach to indicators:
12
Main indicators (M) Parsimonious core set of indicators to
monitor progress towards decent work.
Additional indicators (A) To be used where appropriate, and where data are
available
Context indicators (C) Provide information on the economic and social
context for decent work
Future indicators (F) Currently not feasible, but to be included as data
become more widely available
Legal framework indicators (L) Qualitative information included under the legal
framework
NOTE:
• Gender is a cross-cutting concern of the Decent Work Agenda
• An (S) suggests the indicator be presented by sex in addition to the total value
ILO Department of Statistics
18 Main statistical indicators in the DW Measurement framework: 12 titles have changed since 2008* or are new**
1 – EMPL-1. Employment-to-population ratio (EPR)*
2 – EMPL-2. Unemployment rate (UR)
3 – EMPL-3. Youth not in employment, education or training (NEET), 15-24 years*
4 – EMPL-4. Informal employment rate (IER)*
5 – EARN-1. Working poverty rate (WPR)*
6 – EARN-2. Employees with low pay rate (ELPR)*
7 – TIME-1. Employment in excessive working time (more than 48 hours per week)*
8 – ABLOL-1. Child labour rate (CLR)*
9 – STAB-1. Precarious employment rate**
10 – EQUA-1. Occupational segregation by sex
11 – EQUA-2. Female share of employment in senior and middle management*
12 – SAFE-1. Occupational injury frequency rate, fatal*
13 – SECU-1. Share of population above the statutory pensionable age (or aged 65 or above) benefiting from an old-age pension*
14 – SECU-2. Public social security expenditure (percentage of GDP)
15 – DIAL-1. Trade union density rate (TUR)*
16 – DIAL-2. Employers’ organization density rate (ED)* (Note: definition suggested to be changed with title change)
17 – DIAL-3. Collective bargaining coverage rate
18 - DIAL-4. Indicator for Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work - (Note: To be developed by the Office)
Department of Statistics 13
14
• Labour productivity growth rate,
• Labour productivity represents the total volume of output (measured in terms of GDP) achieved per unit of labour (measured in terms of employed persons). The purpose of this indicator is to assess the role of labour, which is one of the inputs to the production process, in terms of GDP growth.
• Analysing labour productivity growth together with employment indicators, for example, the employment-to-population ratio or the unemployment rate can inform about labour utilization.
Coherence between national policies on decent work and statistical planning
Tripartite constituents define decent work
policy areas to be targeted (Decent Work Country
Programme, DWCP)
Tripartite constituents define decent work indicators to meet
the needs for monitoring DWCP Feedback
mechanism
NATIONAL STATISTICS
OFFICE develops and
maintains surveys to
produce statistics for
construction of DW
indicators
MINISTRY OFLABOUR, SOCIAL
SECURITY AGENCY etc.
develop & maintain
administrative records that can
be used for statistics to
construct DW indicators
ILO Decent Work Indicator Manual
guides the construction of indicatorsILO Department of Statistics
III - QUICK LOOK ON THE 19TH ICLS RESOLUTION on statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization
New resolution
• Is Built on existing standards (1982) and good practice
• Provided expanded guidelines for countries
• Facilitated progressive implementation
• Enable reconstruction of existing series
• Promoted international comparability
ILO Department of Statistics 17
Scopes of the New resolution• Forms of Work
– Employment, Own-use production work, Volunteer work, ...• Measures of Labour underutilization
– Unemployment, underemployment, potential labour force• Classifications of working age population
– By labour force status, main form of work• Data collection programmes
– Pop. coverage, Age limits, Sources, Periodicity of collection / reporting
• Indicators, tabulations– To select minimum national set, including headline indicators
• National and international reporting– Phased adoption of new standards (parallel series)
WorkNew statistical definition (I)
“Any activity performed
by persons of any sex and age
to produce goods or provide services
for use by others or for own use”Para 6,Resol I. (19th ICLS, 2013)
ILO Department of Statistics 19
Concept for reference purposes
Not for direct measurement !
Recognizes all productive activities as work
But WORK ≠ Employment
WorkNew statistical definition (II)
• Aligned with General production boundary (2008 SNA)
– Must fulfill third person criterion
– Must result in production of goods or services
• Can be performed in any kind of economic unit
– Market units (i.e. for profit units, such as corporations, quasi-corporations and household unincorporated market enterprises)
– Non-market units (i.e. government & non-profit institutions)
– Households producing goods or services for own final use
• Irrespective of formal, informal nature or legality of activity
ILO Department of Statistics 20Enables coherence between work statistics and economic statistics
Economic production as per 2008 SNA
“Economic production may be defined as
an activity carried out under the
control & responsibility of an institutional unit that
uses inputs of labour, capital, goods & services
to produce outputs of goods or services”Para. 6.24, 2008 SNA
ILO Department of Statistics 21
Defines the General production boundary
Economic production and Work
ILO Department of Statistics 22
Activities
Productive activities
Market units
GoodsServices
Non-market units
Services Goods
Householdsproducing for own final use
GoodsServices
Non-productiveactivities
Self-careSleepingLearning
Own-recreationBeggingStealing
General
production
boundary
SNA production
boundary
New reference concept of “Work” == ALL productive activities
Previous activity scope for “employment”3rd person
criterion
Productive activities outside the
SNA production boundary• Services for final use by households
– Excluded when provided
• Unpaid by household members
• Unpaid by volunteers
– Rationale (as per 2008 SNA): • Productive, but not easy to value
• Limits relevance of statistics to assess market behaviour
– NOTE: These activities are included when provided
• For pay by domestic employees
ILO Department of Statistics 23
Form of Work statistics
19th ICLS resolution 2013
Intended destination
of production
For own use Use by others
Forms of work
Own-production work
Employment (work for
pay or profit)
QLFS
Unpaid trainee work QLFS
Other work
activities
?
Volunteer Work
VAS, TUS
of services
TUS
of goods QLFS
in market
and non
market units
in households producing
goods services
Relation with 2008
SNA
Activities within SNA production boundary
Activities inside SNA general production boundary
Forms of work framework (II)
• Distinguishes different “types” of work (i.e. productive activities)
– Main intended destination of production (own final use / use by others)
– Type of transaction (for remuneration / without remuneration)
• Enables their separate measurement in full
• Supports more targeted monitoring to inform policymaking
• Permits coherence with national accounts
– National production & satellite accounts
ILO Department of Statistics 25
Forms of work framework (III)By main intended destination & transaction type
ILO Department of Statistics 26
Productive activities (i.e. activities to produce goods and services)
For own final use (by households)
Own-use production
work
For use by others (i.e. other units)
For remuneration (i.e. for pay or profit)
Employment
Without remuneration
Unpaid trainee work
Other work activities
(compulsory unpaid work)
Volunteer work
S G S G S G G SServices Goods
Conclusion• Workers experience decent work (or decent work deficits)
from a perspective which goes beyond the scope of traditional labour statistics. They might ask:– How family-friendly are work arrangements?
– Do I get a living wage?
– Do workers have to work long hours?
– Can I join a union?
– Do migrant workers face discrimination?
– What happens when I fall sick?
– How dangerous is work?
– Will I get paid maternity / paternity leave when I get a baby?
• On some of these questions, traditional labour market statistics can give answers –but it’s more difficult for others.
Resources and Contact
• ICLS Resolutions and Guidelines
http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and databases/standards-and-
guidelines/
• ILO contact
29
Thank you!