mdóúfha iy wjldyfha 04 iajndjh - e-thaksalawa · pdf file6378 la muk...

53fkdñf,a fnÞ§u i|yd

l mDÓú wNHka;rfha m%Odk ia:r jk lfnd," m%djrh" yrhiy Ys,d f.da,fha ixrpl ms<sn|j

l mfiys .=Kd;aul nj /l .ksñka mi M,Þhsj Ndú;d lrkwdldrh ms<sn|j

l wm jdih lrk mDÓúh msysgd we;s fi!r.%y uKav,h ms<sn|j

l wNHjldY .fõIK ms<sn|j

wkafõIKh lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;dj ,efnkq we;'wkafõIKh lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;dj ,efnkq we;'wkafõIKh lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;dj ,efnkq we;'wkafõIKh lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;dj ,efnkq we;'wkafõIKh lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;dj ,efnkq we;'

mDÓúfha iy wjldYfhamDÓúfha iy wjldYfhamDÓúfha iy wjldYfhamDÓúfha iy wjldYfhamDÓúfha iy wjldYfhaiajNdjhiajNdjhiajNdjhiajNdjhiajNdjh

fuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka miqj Tngfuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka miqj Tngfuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka miqj Tngfuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka miqj Tngfuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka miqj Tng

04

54fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd

wms ±ka mDÓúfha wNHka;rhgpdßldjla huq' fï .uk lsf,daóg¾6378 la muK ÿrhs' wfma .ukaud¾.fha .eU qrg hkak hkakWIaK;ajh iy mSvkh jeä fjkjd'wdYaajdi m%Yajdi lrkak jd;h fï.ufka§ wmsg ,efnkafka wvqfjka'tA i|yd iqÿiq Wml%u fhdÞf.k wms4'2 rEmh wdOdr lrf.k" mDÓúwNHka;rhg uk#l,ams; pdßldjlfhfouq'

4'1' mDÓúfha wNHka;rh4'1' mDÓúfha wNHka;rh4'1' mDÓúfha wNHka;rh4'1' mDÓúfha wNHka;rh4'1' mDÓúfha wNHka;rh

4'2' rEmh -mDÓú wNHka;rfha isgmDÓú mDIaGh olajd úúO ia:rfmkakqï lrk yrialv igykla

lfnd,lfnd,lfnd,lfnd,lfnd,

by< m%djrhby< m%djrhby< m%djrhby< m%djrhby< m%djrh

my< m%djrhmy< m%djrhmy< m%djrhmy< m%djrhmy< m%djrh

yrhyrhyrhyrhyrh

650 km

2900 km

6378 km

4'1' rEmh-y| u;=msg isg neÆúgmDÓúh fmfkk wdldrh

±kg fidhdf.k we;s mßÈ úYajfha c,h iy Ôùka iys; tlu.%yf,dj mDÓúh fõ' fuh wjqreÿ ì,shk 4'5 lg muK fmr ks¾udKhù we;' wm fjfik mßirh b;d iqkaor l÷ YsLr" ;eks;,d" ñáhdj;a".xÕd" we, fÞ," id.r iy úh<s ldka;dr j,ska iukaú; fõ' mDÓúfhacdhdrEmhla Tng 4'1 rEmfhka ±l .; yels h'

mDÓúh f.da,dldrh' tys mDIaGh >kmdIdK" Lksc iy mia j,ska ks¾udKhù we;' th mDÓú mDIA aGfha isgwNHka;rh olajd lfnd, (crust)"m%djrh (mantle)" yrh (core) f,im%Odk ia;r 3lg fjka l< yelsh'

m<uq kej;=u -m<uq kej;=u -m<uq kej;=u -m<uq kej;=u -m<uq kej;=u -wms ±ka bkafka mDÓúfha ndysru mDIaGh jk mDÓú lfnd,

u;hs' th mDÓúfha úYd,;ajhg idfmaCIj yqÕla ;=kShs ^4'2' rEmh&'tys >klu lsf,daóg¾ 10 isg 60 muK olajd fjkia fjkjd' id.rm;=f,a th lsf,daóg¾ 10 la muK mgq fjkjd' mDÓú lfndf,a m%udKh.ek Thd,g wjfndaOhla ,nd.kak uu ksoiqkla lshkakï'

10-60 km


4'3' rEmfha fmfkk fÞvï nEfha f.äh mDÓúh;rï úYd,hs lsh,d Thd,d ys;kak' t;fldgfï fodvï nEfha fmd;af;ka mDÓú lfndf,a>klu ksrEmkh lrkjd' mDÓú lfnd, >kmdIdK yd miaj,ska iukaú;hs' tys jeämqruwvx.= jkafka is,slka uQ, øjHh hs'

fojeks kej;=u -fojeks kej;=u -fojeks kej;=u -fojeks kej;=u -fojeks kej;=u -±ka wms bkafka mDÓú mDIaGfha b|,d lsf,daóg¾ 650 la muK

.eUqßka' fï m%foaYhg lshkafka m%djrfha by< fldgi lsh,d' Thf.d,a,kag fmakjd we;s by< m%djrh yeÈ, ;sfhkafka >k mdIdKj,ska' fï ia:dkfha isg by< m%foaYh Ys,df.da,h f,i kï lrkjd'fï fldgi tA lshkafka Ys,df.da,h fjku p,kh úh yels N+ ;,lsysmhlg fnÈ,d ;sfhkjd'

;=ka jk kej;=u -;=ka jk kej;=u -;=ka jk kej;=u -;=ka jk kej;=u -;=ka jk kej;=u -±ka wms bkafka lsf,daóg¾ 2900 la muK .eUqßka ;sfhk m%djrfha

my<u fldgfia' tA lshkafka mDÓúfha m%djrhhs" yrhhs fjkajkudhsfï' tA jf.au Thd,g fmakjd we;s by< m%djrh >k mdIdKj,skayeÈ, ;snqkg" my< m%djrh Wl=" øjuh mdIdKj,ska yeÈ, ;sfhk nj'

y;rjk kej;=u -y;rjk kej;=u -y;rjk kej;=u -y;rjk kej;=u -y;rjk kej;=u -fyd`ohs" oeka yefudau wy.kak' wms bkafka mDÓúfha yßueo'

fu;k b`o,d lsf,daa óg¾ 3478 la muK by<g mDÓúfha yrh úysfokjd'fuys WIaK;ajh 48000C muK jkjd' wms bkafka mDÓú mDIaGfha isglsf,daóg¾ 6378 la muK .eUqßka' wms ±ka blaukskau mDÓú mDIaGhghuq' fï fldgiska 80]la muK yeÈ,d ;sfhkafka øj wjia:dfõ we;shlv yd ksl,a f,day j,ska'

4 ' 3 ' r E m h - f Þ v ïf.ähl yrialvla

Tn okakjd o @Tn okakjd o @Tn okakjd o @Tn okakjd o @Tn okakjd o @= mDÓúfha Wiu ia:dkh óg¾ 8"848 la Wi bkaÈhdfõ msysá tjriaÜ lkaohs'= mDÓúfha .eUqreu ia:dkh óg¾ 11034 la .eUqre meismsla id.rfha msysá ußhdkd wd.dOhhs'


isßu,aisßu,aisßu,aisßu,aisßu,a :- Tõ" wms fï 4'5 rEmh Èyd n,uq' fï â& rEmfhka±lafjkafka wd.afkah mdIdKhla (igneous rock). fï mdIdK j¾.hg.a/khsÜ (granite)wh;a fjkjd'

â& ^b& ^c& 4' 5 rEmh - â& wd.afkah mdIdK" ^b& wjidÈ; mdIdK" ^c& úmÍ; mdIdK

Ys,df.da,h (lithosphere) mDÓú lfnd, iy by< m%djrh hkfldgia foflka iukaú; jk nj wms ±kgu;a oksuq' mDÓú mDIaGfhka71] la muK c,fhka jeiS we;' fuh c, f.da,h (hydrosphere) kïfõ' b;sß 29] l muK m%udKh uyoaùmsl mDIaGh f,i kï flf¾^4'4' rEmh&' Ys,d f.da,h mdIdK" Lksc yd mia ^rock, minerals,soil&j,ska ks¾udKh ù we;'

mdIdK mdIdK mdIdK mdIdK mdIdK (rocks)wm wjg mßirfha olakg ,efnk fndfyduhla mdIdK j¾.

tla Lkschlska fyda Lksc j¾. lsysmhlska iE§ we;' fuu Lksc j¾.ks¾udKh ùu i|yd os.=ld,hla .;fõ'

ufkdayÍ (- ufkdayÍ (- ufkdayÍ (- ufkdayÍ (- ufkdayÍ (- wo wfma .=re;=ó mx;sfha§ lsõjd wd.afkah mdIdK" wjidÈ;mdIdK iy úmÍ; mdIdK lsh, mdIdK j¾. ;=kla wmg mßirfhka±l.kak mqMjka lsh,d'

4'1'1 Ys,df.da,fha ixrpl 4'1'1 Ys,df.da,fha ixrpl 4'1'1 Ys,df.da,fha ixrpl 4'1'1 Ys,df.da,fha ixrpl 4'1'1 Ys,df.da,fha ixrpl

4'4 rEmh- Ys,d f.da,h" c, f.da,h" jdhq f.da,h

ufkdayÍ ufkdayÍ ufkdayÍ ufkdayÍ ufkdayÍ :- ^b& rEmh wjidÈ; mdIdKhla (sedimentary rock)" ^c&rEmh úmÍ; mdIdKhla (metamorphic rock)'

Ys,df.da,hYs,df.da,hYs,df.da,hYs,df.da,hYs,df.da,hc,f.da,hc,f.da,hc,f.da,hc,f.da,hc,f.da,h

jdhqf.da,hjdhqf.da,hjdhqf.da,hjdhqf.da,hjdhqf.da,h


isßu,aisßu,aisßu,aisßu,aisßu,a :- Tõ" wjidÈ; mdIdK" wd.afkah mdIdK jf.a ;o mdIdKj¾.hla fkfjhs' tAjd mdIdK ia;r úÈhg ;uhs msysg,d ;sfhkafka'tAjdfha m;=re .e,ú,d hkjd' yqKq.,a wjidÈ; mdIdK j¾.hla't;fldg úmÍ; mdIdK yßu ;o mdIdK j¾.hla'

ufkdayÍufkdayÍufkdayÍufkdayÍufkdayÍ :- t;fldg" fldfyduo fïjd yefokafka' @

isßu,aisßu,aisßu,aisßu,aisßu,a :- mDÓú wNHka;rfha b|,d .sks l÷j, l%shdldß;ajh ksidfmdf<dj u;= msgg øj mdIdK fyj;a ue.aud .,d tkjd' msg;gmeñ‚ ue.aud ,djd f,i y÷kajkjd' ta ,djd >k ùfuka wd.afkahmdIdK yefokjd' .,a" je,slen,s iy úúO Lksc øjH ld,hla ;siafia;Ügq jYfhka ;ekam;a ùfuka wjidÈ; mdIdK yefokjd' úmÍ;mdIdK lshkafka wjidÈ; fyda wd.afkah mdIdK mDÓú lfnd,;=< wêl WIaK;ajhg yd mSvkhg ,laùu ksid ks¾udKh jQ ;j;amdIdK j¾.hla'

ufkdayÍufkdayÍufkdayÍufkdayÍufkdayÍ :- ug ±ka fyd|g meyeÈ,shs' mdIdK lshkafka fudkjolsh,d' fndfydu ia;+;shs isßu,a'

Lksc Lksc Lksc Lksc Lksc (minerals)mdIdK iEoS we;af;a Lksc j,sks' Lksc iajdNdúlj ks¾udKh ù

we;s w;r tAjdg iaÓr ixhq;shla we;' fïjd >k iaMálrEmS iajNdjhlskahqla;h' is,sld je,s" lafjdagia ^;sßjdk& rka" ß§" Èhuka;s" ñksrka ydwemghsÜ yd úúO ue‚la j¾. Lksc i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhls'úúO ksIamdok i|yd wuqøjHhla f,i Lksc Ndú; lrkq ,efí'ksoiqka f,i fmdfydr ksIamdokhg wemghsÜ" mekai,a l+re ksIamdokhgñksrka" wdNrK ksmoùug rka" ß§" Èhuka;s wdÈh Ndú;h ±laúhyels h' YS% ,xldfõ Lksc j¾. fndfyduhla ±lsh yels h'

mi mi mi mi mi (soil)mDÓú lfndf,a u;=msg ia:rh mi hs' fuh m%Odk jYfhka

is,sld Lksc we;=¿ fjk;a Lksc j¾. j,ska iE§ we;' óg wu;rj thldnksl øjHhkaf.ka o" jd;h iy c,fhka o iukaú; fõ' mDÓúfhaÔùkaf.a meje;au i|yd mi by< Þhl;ajhla imhhs' mi tys iajNdjhwkqj ia:r lsysmhlg fjkal< yelsh' tkï u;= msg mi" Wm mi iyuõ mdIdK fõ ^4'6' rEmh&'


u;=msg mi Ydl fmdaIl w;ska by< neúka Ydl j¾Okh i|ydWmldÍ fõ' Wm mi fndfyda úg wef,k iq ;o mils' fuh Ydlj¾Okhg WmldÍ jk fmdaIl yd c, r|jkhla f,i l%shd lrhs'mfiys my<u iA:rh uõ mdIdKh jk w;r Bg by<ska î£ .sh mdIdKfldgia wka;¾.; h'

4'1'2 mdIdK" Lksc yd miaj, Ndú; 4'1'2 mdIdK" Lksc yd miaj, Ndú; 4'1'2 mdIdK" Lksc yd miaj, Ndú; 4'1'2 mdIdK" Lksc yd miaj, Ndú; 4'1'2 mdIdK" Lksc yd miaj, Ndú;

4'6' rEmh-o¾YSh mdxY+ me;slvla

u;=msg mi

Wm mi

uõ mdIdKh

úúO mdIdK f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍug;a" mdrj,a iE§ug;a" f.j,aw,xldr lsÍug;a" uQ¾;s yd l,d ks¾udK lsÍug;a fhdÞ .kS'

Lksc" isfuka;s yd w`MyqKq jeks øjH ksIamdokh lsÍug;a" wdydrfnda. j.d lsÍfï § mi idrj;a lsÍug;a fnfy;a iy fkdfhl=;aridhk øjH j¾. ksIamdokh i|yd;a" wdydr rij;a lsÍug;a" wmf.atÈfkÞ jev lghq;= i|yd wjYH jk NdKav ksIamdokhg;a fhdÞ.kS' ðmaiï" ¨Kq" wemghsÜ fï i|yd ksoiqka fõ'

ue‚la j¾. iy úis;=re .,a len,s wdNrK iE§u i|yd fhdÞ.kS'

mi wdydr fnda. iy Ydl j.d lsÍug;a" f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu"ùÿre iy msÕka .fvd,a ksIamdokfha § wuqøjHhla f,i;a fhdÞ.kS'

mejreu - 4'1mejreu - 4'1mejreu - 4'1mejreu - 4'1mejreu - 4'1= Tnf.a jgmsgdfõ ;sfnk mdIdK len,s tl;=

lrkak' iajNdjh wkqj tAjd j¾. lrkak'= Y%S ,xldfõ we;s Lksc iïm;a ms<sn| f;dr;=re

tla/ia lrkak' tAjdhska l< yels ksIamdok ms<sn|wOHhkhl fhfokak'


mia wxY= w;r úYd,ysveia mj;sk neúka c,hr`od mej;Su wvq h'tneúka Ydl j¾Okhgt;rï fhda.H fkd fõ'

jeämqr je,s wvx.=fõ',sys,a h'je,sje,sje,sje,sje,s

mimimimimi

f.dvke.s,sl¾udka;fha §

Ndú;djkaNdú;djkaNdú;djkaNdú;djkaNdú;djka

úYd, f,i ldnksl øjHwvx.= ksid c,h ydjd;h m%udKj;a f,ir|jd .kS'mdxY= Ôùka yd YdlfmdaIl nyq, h'fïksid mi idrj;a h'Ydl j¾Okh i|ydb;du;a fhda.H h'

lDIs l¾udka;hi|yd b;dm%fhdackj;a fõ'

f,daïf,daïf,daïf,daïf,daïmimimimimi

je,s"frdkauv iyueá ñY% ùfuka iE§we;'ldnksl ^ftkaøsh&øjH nyq, j we;'

miamiamiamiamiaj¾.hj¾.hj¾.hj¾.hj¾.h

mfiamfiamfiamfiamfiaiajNdjhiajNdjhiajNdjhiajNdjhiajNdjh mfia .=Kdx.mfia .=Kdx.mfia .=Kdx.mfia .=Kdx.mfia .=Kdx.

ueá wxY= jeämqrwvx.= fõ'wef,k iq h'

Ydl j¾Okhgw;HjYH jk c,h iyfmdaIH mÞ¾: fyd¢kar|jd ;nd .kS' mia wxY= w;r jd;h r|jd .; yels l=yr wvqksid Ydl j¾Okhgt;rï fhda.H fkd fõ'

.fvd,a iE§fï §ueá n÷ka iE§ugfirñla NdKavksIamdokfha §

ueáueáueáueáueámimimimimi

4'2'1 mfia úúO;ajh4'2'1 mfia úúO;ajh4'2'1 mfia úúO;ajh4'2'1 mfia úúO;ajh4'2'1 mfia úúO;ajh

4'2' mi M,ÞhSj Ndú; lsÍu4'2' mi M,ÞhSj Ndú; lsÍu4'2' mi M,ÞhSj Ndú; lsÍu4'2' mi M,ÞhSj Ndú; lsÍu4'2' mi M,ÞhSj Ndú; lsÍu

mDÓú lfndf,a u;=msg ia:rh mi hs' mia wxY= tAjdfha ;ru wkqjje,s" ueá yd frdkauv hk uQ,sl ix>gl ;=klg fnfoa' ueá hkqb;du ishqï wxY= fõ' je,s r¿ jk w;r frdkauv ;rñka uOHia: fõ'mi ks¾udKh ù we;af;a fuu ix>gl úúO wkqmd; j,ska ñY% ùfuks'tla tla mfia wvx.= tu ix>glj, nyq,;dj wkqj m%Odk mia j¾.;=kls' tajd kï ueá mi ueá mi ueá mi ueá mi ueá mi (clayey soil)" je,s mi je,s mi je,s mi je,s mi je,s mi (sandy soil) iyf,daï mi f,daï mi f,daï mi f,daï mi f,daï mi (loamy soil) fõ' úúO mia j¾.j, .=Kdx. tlsfklskafjkia fõ' wm wjg mßirfha fndfyda ia:dk j, fuu mia j¾.úúO m%udKj,ska ñY%j mj;S' fuu mia j¾. Ôùkaf.a meje;au i|ydWmldÍ jk wdldrh ms<sn|j wms ±ka i,ld n,uq ^j.=j 4'1&'

4'1' j.=j-mfia ixhq;sh


f,daï mi lDIs l¾udka;h i|yd m%fhdackj;a jk nj Tn ±kgu;aokakjd we;' je,s fyda ueá mila wjYH mßÈ ueá" je,s iy ldnksløjH tl;= lsßfuka lDIsl¾udka;hg iqÿiq f,daï mila njg m;alr.;yels fõ'

je,s" frdka uv" ueá jeks >k ix>gl" mdxY= c,h yd mdxY=jd;hg wu;rj mdxY= Ôùka o mfiys wvx.=h' .evú,d" ìx l=kavdmdxY= Ôùka i|yd ksoiqka fõ'

• Tn wjg mßirfhka mia idïm,hla .kak'• tu mia idïm,fha iajNdjh ksÍCIKh lrkak'• ysia cEï fnda;,hla f.k tu mia idïm,h c,fha Èhlr

tla /hla ksYap,j ;nkak'• bka miq fnda;,h fkdfid,ajd th ksÍCIKh lrkak'• Tnf.a ksÍCIK j.=.; lrkak'újO ia:dk j,ska ,nd .;a mia ksheÈ i|yd fuu l%shdldrlukej; lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 4 - 1l%shdldrlu 4 - 1l%shdldrlu 4 - 1l%shdldrlu 4 - 1l%shdldrlu 4 - 1

fuys § Tng meyeÈ,s ia:r lsysmhlafnda;,h ;=< ±l .; yelsjkq we;^4'7 rEmh&' fnda;,h m;=f,a ;ekam;aù we;af;a mfia nr u fldgi jkje,s fõ' Bg by,ska frdkauv o Bg;aby,ska ueá o ;ekam;a ù we;s njwmg ±l .; yelsh' tfukau ldnkslfldgia c,h u;=msg mdfjkq ±l .;yelsh'

4'7' rEmh - mia ksheÈhla c,hg ñY%l< úg ia:r fjka ùu

je,sje,sje,sje,sje,s

ueáueáueáueáueá

fld,frdvqfld,frdvqfld,frdvqfld,frdvqfld,frdvq

c,h

frdkauv


hï ia:dkhl we;s u;=msg mi c,h yd iq<Õ jeks ldrl u.skafjk;a ia:dkhlg bj;a ù hdu mdxY= Ldokh (soil erosion) f,i 1'4mßÉfÊoh hgf;a Tn Wf.k we;' úúO udkj ls%hdldrlï fya;=fjkafuu ls%hdj,sh ;jÿrg;a fõ.j;a fõ'mdxY= Ldokh isÿ ùug n,mdk lreKq fudkjd oehs i,ld n,uq'• mfia iajNdjh - mi b;d ,sys,a je,s iys; mila kï th iqM

jeiail§ jqjo Ldokhg ;=vq foa'• N+ñfha iajNdjh - N+ñh nEjqï iys; kï nEjqfï wdk;sh jeä jk

úg tys mi fidaÞ hEug ,la fõ'• Ydl wdjrKhla fkdue;s ùu - j¾Idj Rcqju mi u;g jeàu

ksid t<s lrk ,o ìï úYd, f,i Ldokhg ,la fõ'• j¾Idfõ fõ.h - j¾Idfõ fõ.h jeä jk úg mi yEÍ Ldokhg

,la fõ'• iq<fÕa fõ.h - iq<fÕa fõ.h jeä jk úg iq<Õiu. mia .idf.k hEfuka Ldokhg ,la fõ'tfukau uqyqÿ r< u.ska fjr< Ldokhg ,laùfukaf.dvìu CIh ùu isÿ fõ' fuh uqyqfoa jvÈh" ndÈhl%shdldÍ;ajh ksid fõ.j;a fõ'ñksiqkaf.a l%shdldrlï ksid u;= msg mi fia§ hEugm%Odk jYfhka fya;=jkafka bvï t<s fmfy<s lsßu".ia lemSu" l÷ nEjqï j, f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu jekslreKqhs'

4'2'2 mdxY= Ldokh4'2'2 mdxY= Ldokh4'2'2 mdxY= Ldokh4'2'2 mdxY= Ldokh4'2'2 mdxY= Ldokh

mdxY= Ldokh ksid we;sjk wys;lr n,mEïmdxY= Ldokh ksid we;sjk wys;lr n,mEïmdxY= Ldokh ksid we;sjk wys;lr n,mEïmdxY= Ldokh ksid we;sjk wys;lr n,mEïmdxY= Ldokh ksid we;sjk wys;lr n,mEï

• mdxY= Ldokh ksid u;=msg mi fia§ hEfuka mfia idrj;anj wvq fõ'

• mdxY= Ldokh ksid l÷ kdh hEug ,la fõ' fï ksid ud¾.wjysr ùu" ðù; iy foam, ydksùu isÿ fõ'

• .xÕd bjqre Ldokh ùfuka iy ks;r ks;r u;= msg mia fia§f.dia .xÕd we< fÞ<j, m;=f,a ;ekam;a ùfuka .x fudah wjysrùu iy .fÕa .eUqqr wvqùu ksid CI‚l c, .e,Sï we;s fõ'

4'8' rEmh - mdxY= Ldokhg ,lajQ ìula


mfia wdï,sl;dj jeäùu md,kh lsÍug iy mdxY= Ôùka úkdYùu je,elaùug lDIsridhk øjH Ndú;h yels;rï wvq l< hq;= h'

tfiau mfia idrj;a nj /l .ekSug j.d lrkq ,nk fnda.j¾. lkakfhka lkakhg udre lsÍu o iqÿiqh'

rks, fnda. j.d lsÍfuka o mfia idrj;a nj jeä lr .; yelsh'

ks;r ks;r j.d lghq;= lsÍfuka iy j¾Idj fya;=fjka mi fia§ hEuksid mfia .=Kd;aul nj wvq fõ' fï ksid wkd.;h fjkqfjka miwdrCIdlr .ekSu i|yd mdxY= ixrCIKh (soil conservation) l< hq;=h'

fuys § mdxY= Ldokh je,elaùug¦ jkdka;r t<slsÍu je,elaùu"kj jkdka;r j.d lSÍu" l÷ nEjqï j, .ia m÷re isgqùu" mdxY= Ldokhisÿjk ia:dk yryd .,a jeá ne£u iy ldKq lemSu" mdrj,a iE§fï §udhsï j, lïì ±,a t,d mia oud ieliSu yd iq,x ndOl Ydl j.dlsÍu jeks foaa wmg l< yels h'

mfia .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh i|yd mfia fmdaIl m%udKh jeälsÍug fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr mig tl;= l< yels h' fï u.ska mfiac,h yd jd;h fyd¢ka r|jd .kakd w;r ys;lr mdxY= Ôùka j¾Okhùu o fõ.j;a fõ' fï ksid mfia idrj;a nj jeä fõ'

mejreu - 4'2mejreu - 4'2mejreu - 4'2mejreu - 4'2mejreu - 4'2

• Y%S ,xldfõ iajNdúl úm;a ms<sn| f;dr;=re tla /ialrkak' fïjd ñksiqkaf.a l%shdl,dmhka ksid we;s jk tAjdiy iajNdúlj we;sjk tAjd f,i j¾. lrkak'• fïjd md,kh l< yels l%u ms<sn| j .=rejrhd iu.mka;sfha§ idlÉPd lrkak'

4'2'3 mdxY= ixrCIKh 4'2'3 mdxY= ixrCIKh 4'2'3 mdxY= ixrCIKh 4'2'3 mdxY= ixrCIKh 4'2'3 mdxY= ixrCIKh

mejreu - 4'3mejreu - 4'3mejreu - 4'3mejreu - 4'3mejreu - 4'3

nEjqï iys; N+ñhl mdxY+ Ldokh j,lajd .kakd wdldrksrEmKh lrk wdlD;shla ks¾udKh lrkak'


rd;%S wyi ksßCIKh l< úg" wmg .Kka l, fkdyels ;rïm%udKhla wdldY jia;=ka ±l .; yels h' tAjd w;r È,sfik l=vdjia;+ka" wdf,dalh úysok l=vd jia;+ka" .uka lrk wdf,dalhla jeksfoa wmg ±l .; yelsh'

fï wdldY jia;+ka ms<sn|j w;S;fha§ ñksiqkag fkdfhl=;a .eg¿mek ke.=ks' tneúka Tjqka ks;r wyi ksÍCIKh fldg wdldY jia;+=kams<sn| f;dr;=re tla /ia lrk ,§' tA i|yd kj WmlrK ks¾udKhflreKs' ¥f¾laIh" ñksiqka iys; yd rys; wNHjldY hdkd fïjdhskalSmhls' tA ksid úYajfha wm isák ia:dkh iy wfkl=;a .%y jia;+kams<sn|j;a fi!r.%y uKav,h (solar system) ms<sn|j;a wjfndaOhla,nd .ekSug wmg yels ù we;'

mDÓúh iQ¾hhd jgd mßN%uKh jk nj wms oksuq' mDÓúh fukauwfkl=;a ish`Mu iQ¾hhdg wh;a jk wdldY jia;= iQ¾hhd jgd lCI.;ù mßN%uKh fõ' fïjd .=re;ajdl¾IK n,fhka iQ¾hhd fj; ne£mj;S' fuhg wms fi!r.%y uKav,h hehs lshuq ^4'9' rEmh&'

4'3' wmf.a fi!r.%y uKav,h 4'3' wmf.a fi!r.%y uKav,h 4'3' wmf.a fi!r.%y uKav,h 4'3' wmf.a fi!r.%y uKav,h 4'3' wmf.a fi!r.%y uKav,h

fi!r.%y uKav,h CISr m:h (milky way) kï jQ.e,elaishl^ukaÞls‚hl& msysgd we;' fi!r.%y uKav,fha uOHfhaysre msysgd ;sfnkq 4'9' rEmfhka Tng ±l .; yelsh' tys ysre jgdmßN%uKh jk .%y f,dal wgla iy tAjdfha Wm .%yhkq;a" jduk.%yhka iy tAjdfha Wm .%yhkq;a" úYd, .Kkla l=vd jia;=" W,aldmd;"W,aldIau" j,a.d ;re" l=vd .,a len,s iy ¥ú,s wxY= jeks foaj,ao ±l.; yelsh'

4'9' rEmh - wfma fi!r .%y uKav,h

w`.yremDÓúhisl=re

nqO

OQ,s j,djka

fkmapQka

hqf¾kia

fikiqre

n%yiam;s


iQ¾hhd ;drldjls' ;drld wdf,dalh ksmojk wdldY jia;+kah'iQ¾hhd m%Odk f,i yhsv%cka iy yS,shï hk jdhQkaf.ka iukaú;fõ' ysref.a lsrKj, wdf,dalh iy ;dm Yla;sh wvx.= fõ' fï ysrelsrK mDÓúfha Ôjh mej;Sug WmldÍ fõ' th mDÓúh u; ld,.=‚lyd foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi we;s lsÍugo n,mdhs' iQ¾hhd u;=msg WIaK;ajhfi,aishia wxYl 6000 la muK jk w;r tys wNHka;r yrh ;=<WIaK;ajh fikaáf.%aâ wxYl ñ,shk 15 la muK fõ'

.%y f,dal iQ¾hhd jgd mßN%uKh jk nj ±kgu;a wms oksuq' tAjdf.da,dldr úYd, jia;= fõ' .%yf,dal wdf,dalh ksl=;a fkdlrk uq;atA u; m;s; jk iq¾hhdf.a wdf,dalh mrdj¾;khjk ksid tAjd wmg §ma;su;aj fmfka' ±ka wms fï.%yf,dalj, iajNdjh y÷kd.ksuq'

isl=re .%yhdisl=re .%yhdisl=re .%yhdisl=re .%yhdisl=re .%yhdiQ¾hhdf.a isg fojk ia:dkhg isákafka isl=re

(venus) .%y f,djhs' wyfia br nei .sh miq iy brmdhk úg fï .%y f,dj ±l .; yels h' tA ksid wmsfuhg —br ngq ;rej˜" —WÞ ;rej˜ hehs lshuq' tfy;ath mDÓúhg jvd ;rula l=vdh' mDÓúhg wdikak;u.%yhd neúka wmg th meyeÈ,sj ±l .; yels h' thgfyd¢ka ysre t<sh iy ;dmh ,efí'

nqO .%yhdnqO .%yhdnqO .%yhdnqO .%yhdnqO .%yhdiQ¾hhdg wdikak;u .%yf,dalh nqO

(mercury) fõ 4'10 rEmh&' tys u;=msg jdhqf.da,hlafkdue;' fï ksid ysref.a wdf,dalh iy ;dmhtys mDIaGhg ndOdjlska f;drj m;s; fõ' nqOu; Ôjh mj;sk njg idCIs fkdue;' thg Wm.%yhkao ke;' jdhqf.da,h yS,shï yd wd.ka j,ska iukaú; fõ'

4'3'2 .%yf,dal iy tAjdfha Wm.%yhka4'3'2 .%yf,dal iy tAjdfha Wm.%yhka4'3'2 .%yf,dal iy tAjdfha Wm.%yhka4'3'2 .%yf,dal iy tAjdfha Wm.%yhka4'3'2 .%yf,dal iy tAjdfha Wm.%yhka

4'3'1 iQ¾hhd4'3'1 iQ¾hhd4'3'1 iQ¾hhd4'3'1 iQ¾hhd4'3'1 iQ¾hhd

Tn okakjdo@Tn okakjdo@Tn okakjdo@Tn okakjdo@Tn okakjdo@ iQ¾h lsrK iQ¾hhdf.a isg mDÓúhg ,Õd ùug ñks;a;= 8 l=;a ;;amr 18 l ld,hla .;fõ'

4'10' rEmh - nqO .%yhd

4'11' rEmh -isl=re .%yhd


mDÓúhmDÓúhmDÓúhmDÓúhmDÓúhiQ¾hhdf.a isg ;=kajk ia:dkhg we;af;a mDÓúhhs(earth) ^4'11' rEmh&' th ±kg fidhdf.k we;smßÈ úYajfha Ôjh mj;sk tlu .%yf,dj fõ'mDÓúfha jdhqf.da,h fndfyda jdhQkaf.ka iukaú;h' fuh iQ¾hhdf.a we;eï wys;lr lsrK j¾.fmrd bj;a lrk w;r" mDÓú mDIaGh u; Ôùkai|yd iqÿiq WIaK;ajhla mj;ajd .ekSug o WmldÍfõ' mDÓúhg tla Wm.%yfhla isà' th rd;%S wyfia nn<k pkaøhdfõ' mDÓúfha isg neÆ úg ysre isák ÈYdj Èfkka Èk fjkia fõ'fuh wOHhkh lsßu i|yd my; l%shdldrlfuys fhfokak'

isl=re u; we;s jdhq f.da,h ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj úYd,m%udKhlskao" c, jdIam iy Tlaiscka l=vd m%udK j,skao iukaú;fõ' fuu jdhqf.da,h u.ska ysref.ka ,efnk wdf,dalh úYd, f,imrdj¾;kh lrk neúka th wmg b;d §ma;su;aj fmfka'

l%shdldrlu 4 - 2l%shdldrlu 4 - 2l%shdldrlu 4 - 2l%shdldrlu 4 - 2l%shdldrlu 4 - 2

^1& rEmh 4'13a ys fmfkk wdldrhg ,S lene,a,la f.k tysfijke,a, ldâfndaâ tl u; jefgk mßÈ isriaj w,jkak'

^2& fuu wegjqu ysre t<sh jefgk ia:dkhl ;nkak'^3& fõ,dj iy Èkh igyka lr .kak'^4& fijke,af,a ia:dkh ldâfndaâ tl u; 4'13b rEmfh ys mßÈ

,l=Kq lrkak'^5& fuu l%shdldrlu iEu Èklu tlu fõ,djl§ lsÍug W;aidy

lrkak'^6& ,S lene,af,a ÈYdj fjkia fkdlrkak'^7& Tn úiska ,l=Kq lrk ,o bß hd lr n,kak'

4'13a rEmh 4'13b rEmh

4'12' rEmh - mDÓúh


fikiqrefikiqrefikiqrefikiqrefikiqrefikiqre .%yhd (saturn)tys ;sfnk ¥ú,s j<¨kssid b;d m%isoaOh ^4'14' rEmh&' tys jdhqf.da,hn%yiam;sf.a jdhqf.da,hg iudklï olajhs' thgWm.%yhka 62 fofkl= isà' tys úYd,;u Wm.%yhd

ghsgka jk w;r th nqO.%yhdg jvd úYd,h'

fi!r .%y uKav,fha mDÓúhg miq isákafkawÕyre (mars) .%y f,djhs ^4'14' rEmh&' tysm%Odk f,i ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqjo Bgwu;rj khsÜrcka yd wd¾.ka jdhqj o we;'wÕyre u; ñÿkq c,h we;s njg kQ;kwNHjldY .fõIK f;dr;=re u.sk awkdjrKh lrf.k we;' tu ksid úoHd{hskawÕyre u; Ôjhla mj;S±hs fidhñka isà'vhsfudaia iy fmdafndaia hkq wÕyref.a Wm.%yhka fõ'

wÕyrewÕyrewÕyrewÕyrewÕyre

n%yiam;sn%yiam;sn%yiam;sn%yiam;sn%yiam;s

hqf¾kiahqf¾kiahqf¾kiahqf¾kiahqf¾kiahqf¾kia .%yhd (uranus) (4.17 rEmh) ysref.a

isg wE;ska we;s ksid YS;, .%y f,djls' tysjdhqf.da,h u.ska wdf,dalh b;d l=vd m%udKhla

ysref.a isg miajk ia:dkfha msysgkafkan%yiam;s .%yhd h (jupiter) ^4'15' rEmh&. tuksid tys jdhqf.da,h j,dl=M má j,ska hqla;fõ' th fi!r .%y uKav,fha úYd,u .%yhdfõ' n%yiam;sg Wm.%yhka 63 fofkl= isà'fïjdhska wfhda" hqfrdamd" .eksóâ iy le,siafgdam%Odk ia:dkhla .kS' .eksóâ Wm.%yhd fi!r.%y uKav,fha úYd,u Wm.%yhd jk w;r nqO.%yhdg o jvd úYd, fõ' jdhqf.da,h yhsârckayd yS,shï jdhqj,ska iukaú;h'

4'16' rEmhfikiqre .%yhd

4'14' rEmh -wÕyre .%yhd

4'15' rEmhn%yiam;s .%yhd

4'17' rEmhhqf¾kia .%yhd


2006 j¾Ih jk f;la maÆfgda o .%yf,dalhlaf,i i,lk ,§' kuq;a maÆfgdays ks¾udKh ie,ls,a,g f.k thjduk .%yhl= f,i kj j¾.SlrKhlg ,la lr we;' by; ±lajQ.%yf,dal ms<sn|j jeo.;a f;dr;=re /ila 4'2' j.=fõ ±lafõ'

fkmapQkafkmapQkafkmapQkafkmapQkafkmapQka

Èk

N%uK ld,h

nqO 58 0'38 - 88 58 15 30

isl=re 108 0'95 - 224 243 0 0

mDÓúh 150 1'00 - 365 23 56

wÕyre 228 0'53 01 362 24 37

n%yiam;s 778 11 11 314 - 9 50

fikiqre 1427 9 29 168 - 10 14

hqf¾kia 2871 4 84 04 - 10 49

fkmapqka 4497 4 164 292 - 15 48

.%y f,djmDÓúhgidfmaCIjúYd,;ajh

mßN%uKld,h

wjqreÿ úkdäÈk meh

ysref.a isgwe;s ÿr

lsf,da óg¾ñ,shk j,ska'

4'2' j.=j - .%yf,dal ms<sn| f;dr;=re lsysmhla

fi!r .%y uKav,fhafl,jf¾u we;s .%y f,dalh fkmapQka (neptune)fõ' thg Wm . %yhka 13 l a we;' tuWm.%yhkaf.ka úYd,u .%yf,dj jQ g%hsgka u;.sksl÷ we;' fi!r .%y uKav,fha N+f.da,Sh,CIK we;s tlu Wm.%yhd g%hsgka fõ'jdhqf.da,h yhsârcka yS,shï yd fuf;aka hkjdhqkaf.ka iukaú;h' ks,a meye;s .%y f,djls'

mrdj¾;kh lrhs' tksid th §ma;su;a .%yf,dalhla fkdfõ' thgWm.%yhka 27 fofkl= isà' jdhqf.da,h yhsârcka yS,shï yd fuf;akahk jdhqkaf.ka iukaú;h' ks,ajka fld< meye;s .%y f,djls'

4'18' rEmhfkmapQka .%yhd


fi!r.%y uKav,fha .%yf,dal" Wm.%yhka" jduk .%yhka yerekq úgb;d l=vd m%udKfha wdldY jia;=o úYd, .Kkla olakg ,efí' tAjd"j,a.d;re" W,aldmd;" W,aldIau iy ¥ú,s j,djka f,i j¾. l<yelsh' fuhska iuyrla ms<sn|j ±ka wms úu¾Ykh lr n,uq'

4'3'4 fi!r .%y uKav,fha l=vd jia;=4'3'4 fi!r .%y uKav,fha l=vd jia;=4'3'4 fi!r .%y uKav,fha l=vd jia;=4'3'4 fi!r .%y uKav,fha l=vd jia;=4'3'4 fi!r .%y uKav,fha l=vd jia;=

j,a.d;rej,a.d;rej,a.d;rej,a.d;rej,a.d;rej,a.d;re (comets) wê YS;kh jQ whsia" ¥ú,s iy jdhqkaf.ka

iE§ we;' th ysre foig .uka lrk úg tA u;g wdf,dalh jeà mrdj¾;khfõ' túg th ysreg m%;súreoaO ÈYdfjka j,a.hla f,i wmg Èia fõ' fuuj,s.h lsf,da ógr .Kkla È.= úh yelsh ^4'20' rEmh&' j,a.d ;refõwe;s ñÿkq ¥ú,s iy jdhQka" ysre lsrK j, n,mEu ksid jdIam fõ'W,aldmd;W,aldmd;W,aldmd;W,aldmd;W,aldmd;W,aldmd;hla (asteroids/meteors) Lksc iy ¥ú,s wxY= j,ska iE§we;' tAjd ;rula úYd,h' fïjd ysre jgd lCIhl N%uKh fjñkamj;S 4'21' rEmh&' mDÓúfha .=re;ajdl¾IKhg yiq jQ úg fïjd mDÓúhfoig we§ tAug bv we;' mDÓú jdhqf.da,fha§ fïjd fndfyduhla>¾IKhg ,la ùu ksid úkdY fõ' tfia úkdY fkdjk W,ald len,sW,aldIau (meteorites) f,i fmd<jg m;s; fõ'

4'19'rEmh- maÆfgda tysWm.%yhka ;=ka fokd iuÕ

pdfrd akapdfrd akapdfrd akapdfrd akapdfrd aka

kslaiakslaiakslaiakslaiakslaia

yhsv%dyhsv%dyhsv%dyhsv%dyhsv%d

maÆfgdamaÆfgdamaÆfgdamaÆfgdamaÆfgda

4'3'3 jduk .%yhka4'3'3 jduk .%yhka4'3'3 jduk .%yhka4'3'3 jduk .%yhka4'3'3 jduk .%yhkajduk .%yhska m%udKfhka .%y f,dal j,gjvd l=vd jk w;r W,aldmd; j,g jvdúYd,h' 2006 § m%:u j;djg jduk .%yhka(dwarf planets) f,i BÍia" maÆfgda iyiSÍia kï lrk ,§' Bßia Bßia Bßia Bßia Bßia bka úYd,u jduk.%yhd fõ' thg äiafkdañhd kñka tlaWm.%yfhla we;' maÆfgdag maÆfgdag maÆfgdag maÆfgdag maÆfgdag Wm.%yhka ;=kafofkl= isà' pdfrdaka bka úYd,;u Wm.%yhd fõ' kslaia iy yhsv%d jk wfklaWm.%yhka fofokd maÆfgda iy pdfrdakahk fofokd jgdu N%uKh fõ 4'19' rEmh&'


wNHjldY hdkd

wNHjldY ;rKh i|yd ñksiqka iys; iy ñksiqka rys; hdkd fhdÞ.kS'

wNHjldY .fõIKfha m%Odk wruqKq jkqfha úYajfha ieleiau ms<sn|jwOHhkh lsÍu" úYajfha Ôúka isák fjk;a .%yf,dal ms<sn|j fidhdne,Su" wm jdih lrk mDÓúhg msg;ska we;súh yels ;¾ck iytAjdhska je,lSug .; yels l%shdud¾. ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Su iyúYajfha we;s foaj,a wmf.a m%fhdackh i|yd fhdÞ .; yelso hkakms<sn|j fidhd ne,Su hk lreKq hs'

meyeÈ, s PdhdrEm ,nd .ekSu i|ydúoHd{hka úiska ÿf¾CI iys; hdkdwNHjldYhg hjd we;' 4'22' rEmfha olakg,efnk yn,a ÿf¾CIh bka m%Odk fõ' th1990 § äialjß hdkh u.ska wNHjldYhg/f.k hk ,§' th mDÓúh jgd lsf,daóg¾596 l Wiska msysá lCIhl N%uKh fjñkamj;S' tu.ska w`yyre" isl=re" wm fjfikCISr m:h yd fkdfhl=;a wdldY jia;+ka ms<sn|j pu;aldr cklPdhdrEm mDÓúhg ,ndfoa'

m%:u jrg wNHjldYfha isg wNHjldYh .fõIKh lsÍug ñksidgyelsjqfha 1957 § h' mDÓúfha isg ÿf¾CIhla u.ska wNHjldYh.fõIKh lsÍfuka ,nd.; yels jQ f;dr;=re m%udKh iSñ; úh'tkï wdldY jia;+ka mDÓúfha isg ie;mqï ì,shk .Kkla wE;skamsysgd ;sîu ksid tAjdfha meyeÈ,s mska;+r ,nd .ekSu wmyiqh' fïksid frdlÜgqjl ke.S wNHjldYhg hEug ñksid g isÿ úh'

4'4' wNHjldY .fõIKh4'4' wNHjldY .fõIKh4'4' wNHjldY .fõIKh4'4' wNHjldY .fõIKh4'4' wNHjldY .fõIKh

4'22 rEmh-yn,a ÿf¾laIh

4'4'1' wNHjldY ;rKh4'4'1' wNHjldY ;rKh4'4'1' wNHjldY ;rKh4'4'1' wNHjldY ;rKh4'4'1' wNHjldY ;rKh

4' 21' rEmh-wNHjldYfhaW,aldmd; ;sfnk wdldrh

4' 20' rEmh-j,a.d;rejla


4'25' rEmh - ó¾wNHjldY uOHia:dkh

±kg wNHjldYfha we; s cd;Hka;rwNHjldY uOHia:dkfha rEmhla Tng 4'26rEmfhka ±l .; yels h' fuh wNHjldY.uka j,§ kjd;eka fmd,la f,i lghq;=lrk w;r th ;=< fndfyda m¾fhaIK lghq;=isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

wNHjldYfha isg m¾fhaIK isÿ l< yels f,iks¾udKh lrk ,o m%:u wNHjldY uOHia:dkhó¾ kï fõ' th 1986 isg 2001 j¾Ih olajd mDÓúhjgd lCIhl N%uKh fjñka mej;=ks 4'25' rEmh&'

4'26' rEmh - cd;Hka;r wNHjldY uOHia:dkh

4'27' rEmh - mDÓúh jgd lCI .;jQ pkaøsldjla

a

4'27' rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ mDÓúh jgd lCIhlN%uKh fjñka mj;sk pkaøsld fndfyda we;' fïjdikaksfõok yd ksÍCIK jeks ld¾hhka i|ydks¾udKh lr we;'

kej; kej;;a Ndú; l< yels f,i ksmojq m%:u wNHjldY hdkhjqfha 4'20' rEmfha ±lafjk fldf<dïìhd hdkhhs' th wNHjldYIg,h f,io y÷kajhs' tys we;s úfYaI;ajh kï thg frdlÜgqjlaf,i wNHjldY .; ù" kej; meñŒfï§ idudkH .=jka hdkhlaf,i fmdf<dj u;g meñ‚h yels ùuhs'

4'24' rEmh-fldf<dïìhd hdkh4'23' rEmh-frdlÜ hdkhla

úisjk Y; j¾Ifha§ øj bkaOk tkaðu fidhd .ekSu;a iuÕuwNHjldY ;rKhg iqÿiq hdkd ksmoùug úoHd{hkag yelsúh ^4'19'rEmh&'


wNHjldY ;rKfha § yd .fõIK j,§ uqyqK §ugwNHjldY ;rKfha § yd .fõIK j,§ uqyqK §ugwNHjldY ;rKfha § yd .fõIK j,§ uqyqK §ugwNHjldY ;rKfha § yd .fõIK j,§ uqyqK §ugwNHjldY ;rKfha § yd .fõIK j,§ uqyqK §ugisÿjk wNsfhda. iy tAjd ch .kakd wdldrhisÿjk wNsfhda. iy tAjd ch .kakd wdldrhisÿjk wNsfhda. iy tAjd ch .kakd wdldrhisÿjk wNsfhda. iy tAjd ch .kakd wdldrhisÿjk wNsfhda. iy tAjd ch .kakd wdldrh

wNHjldY hdkfhka msg;jev lrk úg 4'29' rEmfhamßÈ /yekla wdOdrfhkahdkhg iïnkaO ù isàu'

4'29' rEmh - hdkfhka msg; jevlrk whqre

wNsfhda.wNsfhda.wNsfhda.wNsfhda.wNsfhda. ch .kakd wdldrhch .kakd wdldrhch .kakd wdldrhch .kakd wdldrhch .kakd wdldrh

frdlÜgqfjys fõ.h md,khl< yels mßÈ ieliSu' ^4'28rEmh&

4'28' rEmh - frdlÜgqjla mDÓú jdhqf.da,fhka msgùu

wNHjldY we÷u u.ska YÍrhgwjYH jdhq mSvkh lD;%suj,efnk mßÈ ks¾udK lsÍu'

^1& frdlÜgqjla wNHjldYfhamDÓú jdhqf.da,hg we;=M ùfï§ tys fõ.h md,kh l< hq;=h'tfia fkdue;s kï mDÓújdh qf.d a,fha § >¾IKhg,laùfuka hdkh msmsÍulg,laúh yels h'

^2& wNHjldY.dókag hdkfhkam sg; jev lsÍfï§ m Svkfjkialï j,g uqyqK §ugisÿfõ' fï ksid Tyqf.a fydawehf.a reêrfha jdhq nqnq¨we;sùfuka urKhg mjd m;aúhyels h'

^3& wNHjldYfha oS wNHjldY.dókag nr rys; njw;aú£ug isÿ fõ' fï ksidhdkfhka msg; jev lsÍfï§Tjqka u; fhfok l=vdn,hl§ jqjo wE;g mdù hdyelsh'


^4& wNHjldYfha >¾IKhwvqh' fï ksid jev lsÍfï§ksoyia f,i w;mh fi,úhfkdyel'

wNHjldY we÷ï j, msgqmiks¾udKh lr we;s fkdi, 24lawdOdrfhka th Ndú;dlrkakkaf.a p,khka md,khflf¾' fuh isÿ lrkq ,nkafkafï fkdi, u.ska khsg%ckajdhqj msg;g ú§fuks' fuufkdi, j, md,l iaùp we÷fïwf;a iúlr we; ^4'30 rEmh&

^5& wNHdjldY hdkh ;=, ksÞ.ekSfï§ w;mh fkd±kSumdùulg ,la fõ'

wNHjldYh ;=, ksok u,a,lamj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí' ^4'31rEmh& wNHjldY.dóka ksok úgTjqkaf.a fom;=,a" Worh iyk<, m%foaYh má wdOdrfhkau,a,g isr jk fia iúlr .kq,efí'4'31' rEmh - wNHjldYfha§ ksok whqre

4'30' rEmh - wNHjldY we÷u

^6& wNHjldYfha§ hdkfhatkaðu l%shd úrys; lr mDÓúhjgd mdùug mgka .;a miq..k.dókag hdkh ;=,mdfjk njla w;a ú£ug ,eîu'

..k.dñkag mDÓúh u;§mdfjk mßirhl Ôj;a ùugmqyqKq lrhs'

4'32' rEmh - fmdf<dj u;§mdfjk mßirhlg mqyqKq lsÍu

^7& wNHjldYfha we;s nr rys;nj ksid lK" iu iy udxY fmaYsj, ixfõok j, fjkialï we;sùu" fld÷ weg fm, wÕ,lskamuK Èlaùu" yDo iamkaok fõ.hwvqùu" isrer ;=< we;s ;r,by,g ;,a ùfuka uqyqK bÈóu"ysfiys nr .;shla we;sùu ydfomd isyska ùu" isref¾ udxY fmaYsÿ¾j, ùu isÿ fõ'

yD;a lka;=l .;slrh ^pace

maker& Ndú;fhka wNHjldYfha§ yDo iamkaok fõ.h md,khlsÍu'Èklg meh follaj;ajHdhdu lsÍu'


^8& wNHjldY hdkh ;=, l=vd bvlg iSud ù È.=ld,hla .; lsÍugisÿùu ksid ..k.dókaf.a udkislfi!LH msßySulg ,lafõ'

úúO o¾YkSh j¾K j,skawNHjldY hdkd we;=,;iy wNHjldY uOHia:dkwe;=,; j¾K .ekaùu'mDÓúh ±l n,d.; yels ljqMjla msysgqjd ;sîu'ix. S;h ri ú£ug"fmd;am;a ne,Sug wjYHmyiqlï ie,iSu'iemhqï hdkd u.ska w`M;am,;=re" wdydr mdk ,nd§u',sms yd ;E.s fnda. yqjudrelr .ekSu'

4'2' j.=j - wNHjldY .fõYK j,§ uqyqK fok wNsfhda.

ñksiqka iys; hdkd wNHjldY .; lsÍfï§ wjYHjk myiqlï ie,iSub;du úhoï wêl ld¾hhla jk neúka" ñksiqka rys; hdkd ms<sn|júoHd{fhda m¾fhaIK lrñka isá;s'

4'33' rEmh - wNHjldYfha§ ix.S;hri ú¢k wdldrh

4'4'2' wNHjldY .fõIK j, úldYh4'4'2' wNHjldY .fõIK j, úldYh4'4'2' wNHjldY .fõIK j, úldYh4'4'2' wNHjldY .fõIK j, úldYh4'4'2' wNHjldY .fõIK j, úldYhwNHjldY .dókawNHjldY .dókawNHjldY .dókawNHjldY .dókawNHjldY .dóka

iy .fõIKfha jeo.;aluiy .fõIKfha jeo.;aluiy .fõIKfha jeo.;aluiy .fõIKfha jeo.;aluiy .fõIKfha jeo.;alu^1&iamqÜksla-11957 § fidaúhÜ foaYh

..k.dóka rys; f,dj m%:u lD;%supkaøsldj

^3& fjdiafgdla -1 1961§ fidaõhÜ foaYh

wNHjldY hdkh" j¾IhwNHjldY hdkh" j¾IhwNHjldY hdkh" j¾IhwNHjldY hdkh" j¾IhwNHjldY hdkh" j¾Ihiy Þhl jq rgiy Þhl jq rgiy Þhl jq rgiy Þhl jq rgiy Þhl jq rg

^4&ueßk¾ - 5 1967 §wefußldj

^5& wemf,da - 11 1969 oSwefußldj

^2&iamqÜksla-11 1957 § fidaúhÜ foaYh

,hsld kï ne,a, wNHjldY.; jQpkaøsldjhQß ..dßka wNHjldYhg .sh m<uqñksid

..k.dñka rys; hdkhls' isl=re

.%yhdf.a f;dr;=re fiùu i|ydheùu'kS,a wdïiafg%dax" tâúka ´,aã%ka"uhsl,a fld,skaia m%:u jrg i| u;gñksiqka fofofkl= f.dv neiSu'


4'3' j.=j - wNHjldY .fõYK lsysmhla

wNHjldY .dóka iywNHjldY .dóka iywNHjldY .dóka iywNHjldY .dóka iywNHjldY .dóka iy.fõIKfha jeo.;alu.fõIKfha jeo.;alu.fõIKfha jeo.;alu.fõIKfha jeo.;alu.fõIKfha jeo.;alu

^11& ksh¾ 2000 §wefußldj

..k.dóka rys; hdkhls'Bfrdaia .%dylh fj; ,Õdù" .%dylhlaiómj wOHhkh l< m<uq hdkh njgm;a úh'2001 § Bfrdaia u;g f.dv neiajQm%:u hdkh njg m;aúh'

^8& mhksh¾ -10 1983 §wefußldj

..k.dóka rys; hdkhls'fi!r.%yuKav,fhka bj;g we§ .sh m%:u hdkh úh'

^9& md;amhskav¾ 1997 §wefußldj

..k.dóka rys; hdkhls' wÕyre

.%yf,dj u;g —fidac¾k¾ frdajrh˜f.dvneiaùu isÿ lrk ,§'

^10& äialjß Ig, hdkh 1998 § wefußldj

jhi wjqreÿ 77 la jk fcdaka .af,akawNHjldYhg .sh jhia.;u mqoa.,hdnjg m;afõ'

wNHjldY hdkh"wNHjldY hdkh"wNHjldY hdkh"wNHjldY hdkh"wNHjldY hdkh"j¾Ih iy Þhl jq rgj¾Ih iy Þhl jq rgj¾Ih iy Þhl jq rgj¾Ih iy Þhl jq rgj¾Ih iy Þhl jq rg

^7& frdaysŒ-1 1980 §bkaÈhdj

..k.dóka rys; hdkhls' pkaøsldjlawNHjldY.; lsÍfï yelshdj we;s f,dj8 fjks rg njg —bkaÈhdj˜ m;afõ'

^12& fldf,dïìhdIg,h 2003 §wefußldj

fâúâ n%jqka" whs,ka refudka l,amkdpjq,d" f,d af¾ka la,dla uhsl,awekav¾ika " ú, shï uelal =, a "ßlayiajkaâ fuys ..k.dóka jQy' fuysux., pdßldj 1981 § isÿ úh' 2003ckjdß 16 fuh Wvq.=jkg .sfha 28fjks j;djgh' Èk 15la Wvq.=jfka .;l, hdkh wdmiq tk .ufka§ tys .uka.;a wNHjldY .dóka 7fokd iuÕuby< jdhqf.da,fha§ úkdY úh'

^6& ueßk¾-9 1971 §wefußldj

..k .dóka rys; hdkhls' wÕyre

.%yf,dj jgd lCI.; úh' .%y f,djlajgd lCI .;jq m%:u hdkh fuh fõ'


wNHdihwNHdihwNHdihwNHdihwNHdih

^1& wmf.a tÈfkÞ jev lghq;=j,§ Ndú; lrkq ,nk Lksc kïlrkak'

^2& lDIs l¾udka;h i|yd fhdÞ .kakd mil ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.fudkjdo@

^3& Tn m%foaYfha mi ixrCIKh i|yd fhdÞ.; yels Wml%u fudkjdo@

^4&I' fi!r .%y uKav,fha úYd,;u Wm.%yhd l=ula o@II' fi!r .%y uKav,fha mDÓúh yerekq úg c,h iy Tlaiscka

jdhqj we;ehs ie,flk wfkla .%y f,dj l=ula o@III' fi!r .%y uKav,fha jdhqf.da,hla we;ehs ie,flk Wm.%yhd

l=ulao @Iv. mDÓúhg idfmaCIj úYd,;u .%yf,dalh l=ula o@

^5& ñksiqka wNHjldYh .fõIKh lsÍug fm<Uqfka wehs@

mdóúfha iy wjldyfha 04 iajndjh - e-thaksalawa · pdf file6378 la muk...

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