`mcxetis saxli~ -...

korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnuli centri Korneli Kekelidze National Centre of Manuscripts

mzia surgulaZe

MZIA SURGULADZE

`mcxeTis saxli~

MTSKHETA HAUSE

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2016

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UDC (uak) 930.2(479.22)+94(479.22-21)(093) s — 961

naSromi eZRvneba mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqias —

`mcxeTis saxls~, rogorc mas uwodebdnen Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi. mcxeTis saxli warmarTavda ara mxolod eparqiis saqmianobas, aramed gansazRvravda saeklesio po-litikas, udides monawileobas iRebda qveynis winaSe mdga-ri politkuri da kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi amocanebis gadaWraSi. naSromSi warmodgenilia sakaTalikoso eparqi-is istoriulad ganvlili gzis umniSvnelovanesi etapebi misi daarsebidan vidre mis gauqmebamde XIX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi.

naSromi gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxe-biT dainteresebuli mkvlevarebisaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

`Mtskheta House~ – this was the name of the eparchy of cathalico-

ses of Mtsketa in medieval Georgia, which with its system of gover-nance, large estates and wide immunity rights, was established as large church senioria. The present work discusses the process of Mtskheta House formation, along with national and cultural issues, to resolution of which Mtskheta House had served at different stages of Georgia’s statehood and social development. The work is designated for historians and readers interested in the history of Georgia. redaqtori zaza abaSiZe Editor Zaza Abashidze

© m. surgulaZe, 2016

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2016

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-22-768-4

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Sesavali saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis sakiTxebi, garda

samecniero wreebisa, mkiTxvelTa farTo dainterese-bas iwvevs. am sakiTxTa rigs ganekuTvneba mcxeTis saka-Talikoso eparqiis istoriac, romlis formirebisa da ganviTarebis gza dramatulad Tanxvdeba qarTuli sa-xelmwifos istoriul etapebs. amasTan, ganuzomlad di-di iyo misi, rogorc meTauri eparqiis sulieri, poli-tikuri da kulturuli roli qveynisa da sazogadoebis winaSe, rasac yovelTvis acnobierebdnen mcxeTis mesve-urebi da maT xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT cdi-lobdnen pasuxi gaecaT epoqis umTavresi gamowvevebi-saTvis.

naSromis saTauri - „mcxeTis saxli“- imeorebs Sua saukuneebis qarTul wyaroebSi Semonaxul saxelwode-bas, romelSic igulisxmeba qarTlis sakaTalikoso eparqia misi iuridiuli statusiT da kanonikuri ufle-bebiT, mmarTvelobis struqturiT da vrceli samwyso teritoriiT.

mcxeTis eparqiis istoriulad ganvlili gzis war-moCena SeuZlebelia farTo istoriuli perspeqtivis gareSe, amitom naSromSi nawilobriv ganxilulia iseT sakiTxebic, romlebic zogadad saqarTvelos eklesiis problematikas exeba, rogorebicaa: kaTalikosis insti-tutisa da samefo xelisuflebis TanamSromlobis formebi, bizantiuri simfonizmi qarTul sinamdvile-Si, kaTalikosis titulaturis formulebi da maTi in-

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formaciuli Rirebuleba, mcxeTis eparqiuli mmarTve-lobis politikuri aspetebi, avtokefaliis probleme-bis transformaciebi sxvadasxva epoqaSi da a.S.

naSromSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba mcxe-Tis eparqiis instituciur mowyobas, mis imunitetur uflebebs, mcxeTis samflobeloebis `politikur geog-rafias”, mis sazogdoebriv saqmianobas, qvelmoqmede-bis formebs da sxv.

naSromis qronologiuri areali moicavs drois xangrZliv periods IV saukunidan XIX saukunis damde-gamde, im drode, vidre qarTlis eklesia ruseTis sino-dis daqvemdebarebaSi moeqceoda.

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Tavi I. mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqia

da qarTuli saxelmwifo

mcxeTa istoriis gzagasayarze

qarTveli xalxis istoriul warsulSi udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo qristianobis oficialur re-ligiad gamocxadeba. am movlenas pirobebi Seuqmna 298 wels romsa da irans Soris nizibinSi dadebulma zavma, romlis Semdegac saqarTvelo xangrlivi droiT moeqca romis politikur orbitaSi. romis imperiaSi sarwmuno-ebrivi politikis qristianTa sasargeblod mkveTr Se-mobrunebas IV saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebSi kavkasiis qveynebSi (somxeTi, saqarTvelo qarTlisa da egrisis sa-mefoebis saxiT, albaneTi) qristianobis oficialuri aRiareba mohyva. saerTaSoriso politikis Tvalsawieri-dan es iyo romis imperiis didi gamarjveba iranze.

am droidan qristianoba iqca im umZlavres faqto-rad, romelsac momdevno saukuneebSi daefuZna qarTve-li xalxis kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi erToba, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis gancda. am faqtoris mniS-vneloba ar Senelebula gvian SuasaukuneebSic, saqar-Tvelos politikuri mTlianobis rRvevisa da feoda-luri stagnaciis pirobebSic. qarTveli xalxis sulie-ri erTobis simbolod mudam rCeboda da dRemde rCeba sveticxovlis taZari, romelic, niSnad axali eris dad-gomisa, mirian mefem warmarTuli qarTlis dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi aRmarTa. sveticxoveli Tavis TavSi inaxavs saqarTvelos warsulis xsovnas, misi aRmavlobisa da Znelbedobis periodebs, ganasaxierebs qarTveli xal-xis gamudmebul brZolas zogadqristianuli da erov-nuli Rirebulebebis gadasarCenad.

saqarTvelosaTvis qristianobis miReba ar niSnavda romis mier Tavsmoxveuli politikur-sarwmunoebrivi orientaciis miRebas. es iyo kargad gaazrebuli `dasav-luri arCevani~, romlisadmi interesi qarTlis samefom, misi politikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebiT, ukve a.w. I

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saukunidan gamoamJRavna. qristianobaze arCevanis gake-Teba maSin, rodesac irani saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda qarTlSi mazdeanobis danergvas, gamoxatavda qarTuli kulturis Sinagan da tradiciul kavSirs mci-reaziur samyarosTan, romelic imxanad romis imperiis saxiT `dasavleTs~ ganasaxierebda. amgvarad gagebuli `dasavluri~ orientaciisadmi erTguleba araerTgzis daamtkica saqarTvelos Semdgomma istoriam. amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom qristianoba, mis oficialu-rad aRiarebamde, sruliad ucnobi rodi iyo saqarTve-los mosaxleobisaTvis. qristianoba romis imperiis qa-laqebSi iudevel ebraelTa Temebis meSveobiT vrcelde-boda, ris gamoc Zvel samyaroSi qristianobas qalaqur religiad aRiqvamdnen. ebraul Temebs SemohqondaT qristianoba qarTlis qalaqebSic (urbnisi, mcxeTa). amas mowmobs mcxeTa-nastagisis midamoebSi Catarebuli ar-qeologiuri gaTxrebi, ramac ukve II-III saukuneebidan da-adastura aq qristianuli Temebis arseboba (nikolaiSvi-li 2003: 50-57; 2006: 92-100). eTnikurad Sereuli mcxeTis mosaxleobisaTvis qalaquri cxovrebis mdidar gamoc-dilebas SeuZlebelia ar gaeadvilebina axal sarwmunoe-baze gadasvlis procesi. amasTanave, qristianoba saqar-Tvelos erTdroulad `moevlina, rogorc aznaurTa re-ligia da Zveli monarqiis oficialuri kulti~ (janaSia 1949: 221). igi, rogorc monoTeisturi religia, sruliad misaRebi makonsolidirebeli Zala aRmoCnda feodaliz-mis gzaze Semdgari qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, rom-lis elitaruli kontigenti swored mcxeTaSi yalibde-boda. qristianobis oficialuri aRiarebiT iwyeba qar-Tlis samefos `axali~ qristianuli istoria, romliTac igi am axali qristianuli sivrcis nawili xdeba.

qarTuli da berZnuli wyaroebis urTierTSejere-biT qarTlis gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebul mniSvne-lovan movlenaTa qronologia ase SeiZleba warmovidgi-noT: daaxl. 318 wels qarTlSi qristianobis saqadageb-lad ierusalimidan Camodis wm. nino da ramdenime weli

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farulad qadagebs qristes rjuls1. 324 wels romis impe-ratorma konstantinem (308-337) daamarcxa Tavisi ukanas-kneli metoqe liciniusi da mTeli imperiis mmarTveli gaxda. am brZolaSi liciniusis mxareze ivaraudeba mirian mefec2. 324 wels miriani brundeba qarTlSi. am welsve mo-eqca nana dedofali qristianobaze (patariZe 2000: 9-10). erTi wlis Semdeg (325 ) mirianma iwama qristes rjuli. amis Semdeg mefe mociqulebs agzavnis konstantine did-Tan, Tanaxmad mirianis Txovnisa, imperatori qarTlSi ga-mogzavnis ioane episkoposs da sxva samRvdelo pirebs, romlebic naTlaven samefo ojaxs da mcxeTis mkvidrT. es ambavi, vfiqrob, dReisaTvis yvelaze damajereblad dasa-buTebuli daTariRebiT, moxda 326 wels (gorgaZe 1905: 24-25; lomouri 1995: 231-236)3. am ambavs mosdevs mcxeTaSi, TxoTis mTasa da ujarmaSi jvrebis aRmarTva. amis Semdeg mirian mefem kvlav wargzavna ioane episkoposi da qar-Tlis warCinebulni konstantine imperatorTan eklesia-Ta mSeneblobaSi daxmarebisa da wminda nawilTa gamogzav-nis TxovniT. konstantinem Seiwynara mirianis Txovna, io-ane episkoposs gamoatana qristianuli siwmindeebi, misca

1 gansxvavebulad aTariRebs am movlenebs v. goilaZe. misi da-angariSebiT, wm.nino qarTlSi Camovida 303 w. qarTlis moqce-va ki 318 wels unda momxdariyo (goilaZe 1991a: 81-83). 2 liciniusis damarcxebis Semdeg unda waeyvana konstantine imperators mirianis Ze baqari mZevlad, romelic mas Semdeg daabruna, rac sabolood darwmunda qarTlis mefis qristia-nul arCevanSi (yauxCiSvili 1955: 128). movlenaTa amgvar gan-viTarebas mxars unda uWerdes sozomenes cnoba, rom mas Sem-deg, rac iberTa mefem qriste iwama, tyve-qalis winadadebiT elCebi gagzavnes konstantine mefesTan, `SeaZlies kavSiri da mSvidoba da amis sanacvlod sTxoves mRvdlebi gaegzavna ibe-rielTa xalxisaTvis... romaelTa mefes Zlier esiamovna el-Cebis Casvla, yvelaferi gaukeTa ise, rogorc iTxoves, da ise gaistumra elCebi (sozomene 1961:15-16). 3 arsebobs qarTlis moqcevis gansxvavebuli daTariRebebic: 337 (javaxiSvili 1978: 278); 318 (goilaZe 1991a: 83). naSromSi gaziare-bulia n. lomouris argumentacia 326 wlis sasargeblod.

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`ganZi mravali~ da gamoayola `mRvdelni da xuroni~. qar-Tlis dedaqalaqSi Camosvlamde am pirebma daafuZnes eruSeTis, wundis da manglisis eklesiebi. Semdeg isini Ca-modian mcxeTaSi, sadac aSeneben sveticxovels (yauxCiS-vili 1955: 117-118)4. sveticxovlis gasrulebis Semdeg episkoposma ioanem mRvdlebTan da diakvnebTan erTad akurTxa axlad agebuli eklesia — ase dafuZnda mcxeTaSi pirveli qristianuli saepiskoposo kaTedra, romlis centraluri taZari sveticxoveli iyo.

qristianobis oficialuri aRiareba qarTlSi pir-veli msoflio krebis Semdeg moxda, roca ukve SemuSa-vebuli iyo rwmenis simbolo da dadgenili qristiano-bis saRvTismetyvelo safuZvelebi. magram es rodi niS-navda, rom igi advilad gasagebi iyo mosaxleobisaTvis. qristianobis arsSi wvdoma, bunebrivia, advili ar iqne-boda `saSualo~ warmarTisaTvis, romelsac mravalsau-kunovani tradiciuli kultura asazrdoebda. qristia-nobis aRiarebidan mis saboloo gamarjvebamde kidev grZeli gza iyo gasavleli. SedarebiT umtkivneulod man iq gaikafa gza, sadac uecari, mkveTri cvlilebebi ki ar xdeboda, aramed Zveli miTo-religuri warmodge-nebi TandaTanobiT da uwyvetad ganicdida transfor-macias axali rwmenis safuZvelze (Браун 2004 : 33).

4 leonti mrovelis monaTxrobi am nawilSi qronologiura-dac da Sinaarsobrivadac ufro gamarTulia, vidre `moqce-vai qarTlisaÁ~. miriani wminda nawilebis gamogzavnas, leon-tis mixedviT, iTxovs mas Semdeg, rac elene dedofalma ieru-salimSi qristes saflavi aRmoaCina da ris Semdegac mTel qristianul samyaroSi Zlierdeba wminda nawilebis kulti. amave pasaJSi laparakia konstantines mier episkoposebis da-finansebaze (misca `ganZi mravali~), rac aseve srul Tanxmo-baSia evsebi kesarielis cnobasTan, rom episkoposebi pira-dad iRebdnen imperatorisagan fuls da uflebamosilebebs, raTa adgilebze farTod gaeSalaT eklesiaTa mSenebloba (evsebi 2007: w. X, II Tavi).

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uflis kvarTi, `sveti cxoveli~, `wmidaÁ wmidaTaÁ~

mebismieri xalxisaTvis axali sarwmunoebis SeTvise-

ba SesaZlebeli SeiZleboda yofiliyo mxolod misTvis gasageb `enaze~, misTvis nacnob samyaros suraTSi axali elementebis SetaniT. upirveles yovlisa, es siaxleebi Seexeboda yovelgvari religiuri azrovnebisaTvis iseT fundamentur kategoriebs, rogoricaa dro da sivrce.

warmarTobidan qristianobaze gadasvla sazoga-doebis azrovnebaSi axali droul-sivrculi sawyisis — axali qronotopis Semotanas gulisxmobda, romelic unda qceuliyo aTvlis wertilad samyaros axleburi, qristianuli modelis agebis dros. aseT qronotopad gaiazra `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ ucnobma avtorma sve-ticxovlis Senebis dro da adgili. sveticxovlis taZa-ri aigo mirian mefis moqcevis Semdeg samefo baRSi, im adgilas, sadac dafluli iyo qristes kvarTi. rasak-virvelia, Txzulebis avtorisaTvis swored samefo ba-Ri iyo Zveli mcxeTis sakraluri centri, romelic ki-dev ufro didi mniSvnelobis `axal~ sakralurobas un-da gadaefara. am ambavs `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ gadmog-vcems adreqristianuli epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli paradigmuli azrovnebiT, romelSic ganuyoflad er-wymis erTmaneTs Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyveluri perspeqtiva5 da warmarTuli warmodgena samyaroul

5 uflis kvarTis Sesaxeb Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyveleba — `ganiyves samoseli Cemi maT Soris da kuarTsa Cemsa zeda ga-nigdes wili~ (fs.21,19), gacxadebulia axal aRTqmaSi: `da erisaganTa maT, romelTa juars-acues ieso, moiRes samose-li misi da ganiyves oTxad nawilad, TiToeulman erisaganman — nawili. xolo kuarTi igi, romeli iyo ukervel,zeÁT gamoq-sovil yovlad, Tques ukue urTierTas: ara ganvxioT ese, ara-med wil-vigdoT amas zeda, visaca iyos, raÁTa aResrulos we-rili igi...~ (ioane, 19,23-24). am bibliuri motivebis gaxalxu-

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wesrigze. `moqcevaÁs~ Tanaxmad, aq, mcxeTaSi, mcxeTel iudevel qristianTa wreSi, cocxlobda ZvelaRTqmise-uli winaswarmetyveleba sameufo kvarTis6 Sesaxeb, ro-melic mcxeTel ebraelebs rgebia wilad. igi yvelasagan `dafarulad~, saidumlod iyo dafluli mcxeTis miwa-Si, amitom, maT warmodgenaSi qriste ukve iyo `mosuli~ aq. kvarTis Ziebam moiyvana wm. nino ierusalimidan mcxe-TaSi, sadac man aRasrula winaswarganzraxuli — mcxe-Tel qristian ebraelTa daxmarebiT man miakvlia kvar-Tis dafvlis adgils, magram manam ar gaacxada igi, sanam ar dadga amisi `Jami~ (`...RmerTman icis, da icis dedaman Cemman nino da aras ityÂs, rameTu ara jer-ars sityuad

rebul replikas warmoadgens mcxeTeli ebraelis, eliozis monaTxrobi `ninos cxovrebidan~. pasaJis Sinaarsobrivi struqtura damyarebulia mcxeTel ebrael qristianTa re-ligiur gamocdilebaze, romelSic organulad iyo Sezavebu-li ZvelaRTqmiseuli winaswarmetyveleba da axali aRTqmis drama. amitom aris pasaJSi dro ukiduresad SekumSuli (uf-lis jvarcmis momswre eliozisa da misi dis ambavi, romelsac wm. ninos damowafebuli sidonia hyveba, sinamdvileSi sami sa-ukunis winandel ambavs gulisxmobs, xolo monaTxrobSi es drouli manZili ori TaobiT aris gadafaruli. amave epi-zodSi ufro wamoweulia movlenis sivrcobrivi ganzomileba — uflis kvarTi, rogorc winaswarmetyveleba da, rogorc rwmeniTi kategoria, ierusalimidan mcxeTaSi Camodis da aq imarxeba. igia saidumlo codna, romelsac mowiwebiT inaxavs eliozis STamomavloba. Txzulebis mixedviT, wm. ninos mcxe-TaSi Camosvlis mizanic kvarTis moZiebasTan aris dakavSire-buli. igi agnebs am adgils eliozis ojaxis daxmarebiT da uk-ve qristianobaze moqceul mirians umxels, raTa mefes swo-red iq aeSenebina eklesia. eklesiis SenebiT ikvreba cikli — sruldeba Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyveleba da mcxeTa ga-dadis axali aRTqmis droSi.

6 wilgdebis Sedegad qristes kvarTis `mogzaurobis~ Sesaxeb werilobiTi versiebi cnobili yofila aRmosavleTis saqris-tianos sxva xalxebSic. Tavis droze niko marma mis erT-erT versias miakvlia miqael sirielis `qronikis~ somxur versia-Si (Марр1897:79-80).

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aw~, — abulaZe 1963: 129). es `Jami~ ki maSin dadga, roca mefem aRiara axali rwmena da eklesiisaTvis adgili mo-niSna. swored maSin uCvena wm. ninom mefes `naZvi igi~, romelic samefo baRSi uflis kvarTis adgilas iyo aR-mocenebuli7. `...da mohkueTes naZvi igi da Semzades sue-tad da ZirTa misTa zeda dadves safuZveli eklesiisaÁ~ (abulaZe 1963: 138). eklesiis dafuZnebiT aRsrulda wi-naswarmetyveleba da masTan erTad dasrulda Zveli aR-Tqmis dro — aseTia `moqcevaÁs~ drouli koncepcia, ro-melic yvelgan Tan mihqondaT iudevel qristianebs. magram `moqcevaÁs~ qarTvelma avtorma es koncepcia ma-terialur samosSi gaaxvia da sivrcul ganzomilebaSi gadaiyvana, riTac qarTuli warmarTobisaTvis nacnob sakralurobas qristianuli Sinaarsi mianiWa (àxali Rvino Zvel tikebSi~). eklesiis Senebas axlavs zeciuri saswaulCena — moWrili xis boZi jer zecad aRimarTeba, Semdeg elvare, manaTobel svetad gardaiqmneba da Ta-vissave Zirze daeSveba, riTac sabolood `gacxaddeba~ `dafaruli~. aseTi STambeWdavi saxovanebiT Seerwya qarTveli avtoris azrovnebaSi ìs Jami~ ìm adgils~, saidanac daiwyo axali drois aTvla Cveni qveynis isto-riaSi. swored es saxovaneba aris ambis gadmocemis Ziri-Tadi instrumenti, erTgvari meta-ena, romliTac ko-leqtiurma mexsierebam, `moqcevaÁs~ avtoris monaT-xrobis saxiT, Semoinaxa mcxeTis pirveli taZris da-fuZnebis istoria.

xis simbolikis farTod gavrceleba qristianul mwerlobasa da folklorSi asaxavs Zveli samyarosaTvis universaluri kategoriis — sicocxlis xisa da misi va-riantebis: svetis, kibis, mTis, jvris da a.S. integrire-

7 arqeologiuri monacemebiT, sveticxovlis taZris dasav-leT mxares gvianantikur saukuneebSi ebraelTa sasaflao yofila. III saukuneSi sasaflao gauqmebula da iq samefo sa-saxle da baRi gaSenebula (xoStaria 2010: 182).

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bas `jvarcmis scenarSi~ (Элиаде 2002 : 177)8. asea es sve-ticxovlis saswaulSic, — qristes maradiuli aRdgomisa da xsnis idea masSi srul SesabamisobaSia xalxur war-modgenebTan: uflis kvarTi, igive`cxoveli~ sveti, mas-ze dafuZnebuli eklesia — es is universaluri enaa, rom-liTac unda gaekvala gza qristianul religias qarTve-li xalxis miTo-religiur warmodgenaTa sistemaSi9.

qristes kvarTis simbolikas aqvs kidev erTi, `to-pografiul-politikuri~ aspeqti. igi farulad `movi-

8 daaxl. III saukunidan qristianma avtorebma samyaros cen-tris miTosuri motivi gadaiazres golgoTad, sadac dakrZa-lulad miaCndaT adamis Tavi, xolo sicocxlis xe — qristes jvrad. iseve, rogorc sicocxlis xe warmarTobaSi, jvari aRiqmeboda miwisa da cis SemaerTebel xidad, mxolod gan-sxvavebuli, qristianuli SinaarsiT. amgvarad, sicocxlis xis sakralurobiT gamsWvaluli maradiuli aRorZinebis idea Seavso da ganasrula kacobriuli xsnis qristianulma ideam. evropis xalxebis religiur folklorSi Zalze popu-laruli yofila motivebi qristes jvrisagan aRmocenebuli mcenareebisagan adamianTa kurnebis Sesaxeb (Элиаде 2002 : 177-179). sicocxlis xis kultTan dakavSirebuli xalxuri war-modgenebi, garda `cxoveli svetisa~, kidev sxva variantebi-Tac gvxvdeba `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁSi~ (xidaSeli 2001: 112-113); qarTul sinamdvileSi xis kultis lokaluri variantebi da masTan dakavSirebuli religiuri konceptebi mudam Tanaar-sebobda qristianul sarwmunoebasTan erTad (surgulaZe 1986: 146-181). 9 aRsaniSnavia, rom `ninos cxovrebis~ XI-XII saukuneebis in-terpretaciebSi sveti cxoveli jer kidev materialur sim-bolod aris gaazrebuli — `naZvi igi~, `kÂparozi sakvirveli~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 112), `xe igi Suenieri kÂparozi~ (abulaZe 1971: 30). mxolod XIII saukunis avtori nikoloz gulaberisZe aTavisuflebs am simbolos materialuri garsisagan da mas mxolod qristes warmosaxviTi simboloebiT — `lamprad brwyinualed da elvad cecxlisad~ ganmartavs. samecniero literaturaSi aris mcdeloba sveticxovlis saswaulis eg-zegetikuri arsi aixsnas mxolod Zveli da axali aRTqmis `svetis~ analogiebiT (siraZe 1998: 341-348).

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da~ da saswaulebrivad gacxadda qarTlis mefeTa sakra-lur adgilas, samefo baRSi. es pasaJi mianiSnebs, rom Ta-vad qarTlis mefeebis Zalauflebac qristes rwmenas da-efuZna. amieridan uflis kvarTi ziar siwmindes warmo-adgenda saeklesio da samefo xelisuflebebisaTvis da simbolurad aRniSnavda orive xelisuflebis kurTxevas TviT qristes mier10. kvarTi qarTlis mefeTa Zalaufle-bis paradigmaSi Sevida da maTi rwmeniTi Zalmosilebis simbolod iqca. igi aRqmuli iyo, rogorc dinastiuri qarizma, romelic gadadioda mefis personaze da mis Za-lauflebas RvTaebrivi nebis gamtarad aqcevda. aseTi warmodgena ara Tu Tavad samefo dinastiis warmomadge-nelTa TviTSefasebis sazomad iyo qceuli, aramed mtki-ced iyo gamjdari sazogadoebis azrovnebaSi. amitom, sa-ukuneebis Semdeg, roca farnavazianebi bagrationebma Caanacvles, uflis kvarTi, rogorc farnavazianebis RvTisgan nakurTxi Zalauflebis simbolo, maT memkvid-reobiT miiRes da samefo droSaze gamosaxes11.

qristianulma azrovnebam Zveli samyarosaTvis da-

10 kvarTis daflvis adgilis gaazreba Translatio Hierosolymi-s konceptSi usaTuod win swevs politikuri Teologiis sakiT-xebs, romelTa kvlevis perspeqtiva qarTlis moqcevasTan da-kavSirebuli narativebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze SesaniSnavad Cans i. yaraulaSvilis naSromSi (yaraulaSvili 2013:607) 11 rwmena qristes kvarTze mefobis dafuZnebis Taobaze farna-vazianTa dinastias legitimaciis gansakuTrebul xarisxs ani-Webda. bagrationebis mier qarTlis taxtze maTi Canacvleba usaTuod moiTxovda aseTive xarisxis legitimacias. SesaZ-loa, swored farnavazianebTan konkurenciis pirobebma war-moSva bagrationTa bibliuri warmomavlobis legendac. qris-tes reliqviaze taxtis dafuZneba da qristes miwier winapreb-Tan genealogiuri kavSiri — orive tipologiurad msgavsi da semantikurad tolfardi saazrovno paradigmaa, romelTa msgavsi variaciebi cnobilia aRmosavleTis (siria, somxeTi) adreqristianul tradiciaSi (yaraulaSvili 2012: 45).

14

maxasiaTebeli policentrizmi gadalaxa da igi qristi-anuli oikumenis saerTo centriT — ierusalimiT — Sec-vala. qalaqi, romelTanac iyo dakavSirebuli qristes cxovrebisa da vnebis umTavresi epizodebi, sadac pir-veli qristianuli Temi Camoyalibda, qristianuli sam-yaros sakralur-geografiul centrad iqca. am warmod-genis asaxvaa Suasaukunebis rukebze ierusalimis mo-Tavseba qveynierebis centrSi (Подосинов 2009: 11-12). ama-ve cvlilebam adreqristianuli periodis saazrovno sistemaSi gamoiwvia Zveli sivrculi warmodgenebis Se-fardeba qristianobis axal centrTan da wminda miwis analogiiT sakraluri topografiis da toponimiis ga-datana axlad moqceul qveynebSi.

sivrcul warmodgenaTa sistemaSi aseT cvlile-bebs inaxavs, rogorc `ninos cxovrebis~, asve sveticxo-velTan dakavSirebuli sxva wyaroebis frazeologiuri masala — maTi metaforul-paradigmuli saxeebi. mcxeTa iwodeba `Crdilo qveynad~, sveticxoveli — `Crdiloe-Tis kedrad~, `meore ierusalimad~, `caTa mobaZavad~, `wmida kuarTis sauflod~, `elias xalenis~12 samkvidre-bel adgilad. yovel am gamoTqmas safuZvlad udevs ie-rusalimTan mimarTebiT aRmocenebuli sivrcobrivi koordinatebi, romelTa semantikaSi Tanaarsebobs ge-ografiuli da sakraluri mniSvnelobebi. mcxeTa `Crdilo qveyanad~13, anu qristianuli oikumenis Crdi-loeT perifariad iqca, romelsac ierusalimidan — qristianuli samyaros sulieri centridan — moefina

12 `ninos cxovrebaSi~ elias xalenis motivis Semotana specia-lur literaturaSi interpretirebulia, rogorc uflis me-ored mosvlis winaswarmetyveleba (patariZe 1987:109-112). 13 `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi qarTlis aRsaniSnad `Crdi-los~ sinonimurad `kedaris~gamoyeneba saTaves iRebs qris-tianul-siriuli tradiciidan, romelSic arameuli ZiriT kdr — CrdiloeTi — aRiniSneboda mTeli aRmosavleTi kavkasia (Лернер 2008: 125).

15

sarwmunoebis naTeli. es gamoTqmebi, romlebic Tavian-Ti pirvandeli SinaarsiT sakralur sivrces gamoxatav-dnen, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sveticxovlis `sakuTar~ epiTetebad da metaforul xatebad Camoyalibdnen.

***

qarTlSi eklesiaTa da, maT Soris mcxeTis pirveli ekle-siis Seneba daiwyo im didi saeklesio aRmSeneblobis kvaldakval, romelic, evsevi kesarielis cnobiT, kon-stantine didma saxelmwifo saxsrebiT mTel imperiaSi gaaCaRa (patariZe 2000: 12-13). `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ amis Sesaxeb pirdapiri miTiTeba moipoveba: `da mouwera miri-ans kostantine mefeman wigni locvisa da kurTxevisa RmrTisa madlobisa. da warmosca juari da xati macxov-risa, da mis Tana niWi didi~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 116). ram-denadac es ambavi mirianis moqcevidan sul mokle xanSi momxdara (326 w.), gamodis, rom sveticxoveli saqristia-nos uZveles taZrebs ganekuTvneba. am dros TviT ieru-salimSi jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli pirveli qristi-anuli taZrebi14. rogorc Cans, swored am garemoebis ga-mo aSenda sveticxoveli ZvelaRTqmiseuli solomonis taZris `mibaZviT~.15 pirvelnimuSis `mibaZvaSi~, cxadia,

14 martiriumis kompleqsi dasrulda 335 w., xolo wm.sioni, mociqulTa saxelobisa, cnobili agreTve saxelwodebiT — `dedaÁ yovelTa eklesiaTaÁ~, ixsenieba 337 wlidan, mis adgi-las didi eklesia aSenda mxolod patriarq ioane II-is (387-417) dros. dawvrilebiT ix. Пентковский 2009: gv. 61-62. 15rogorc cnobilia, ierusalimis taZari pirveli qristiane-bisTvisac locvis, swavlebis da qadagebis adgili iyo (Smema-ni 2011:21). amitom qristianebisTvis igi misi dangrevis Semde-gac inarCunebda taZris pirvelnimuSis zogad mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, evsevi kesarieli (wigniX, 3), 315 wels dasrule-bul tvirosis eklesias aseve uwodebs `wmidaÁ wmidaTaÁs~, xolo mis maSenebel episkoposs adarebs solomonis taZris xuroTmoZRvar beseliels. mkvlevarTa azriT, evsevis rito-rika aq gulisxmobs ZvelaRTqmiseuli taZris simbolur gar-

16

igulisxmeba ara arqiteqturuli formebi, aramed arqi-teqturuli simbolika, rac moiTxovda RvTisgamoCine-bis adgilis gamoyofas taZris Sida sivrceSi. Tuki so-lomonis taZarSi aseTi adgili iyo `wmidaÁ wmidaTaÁ~, sa-dac adamianis TvalTagan uxilavi, kretsabmeliT gamo-yofili sjulis kidobani idga, (Олесницкий 1889: 175-176), mcxeTis eklesiaSi es iyo cxovelmyofeli sveti, dafuZ-nebuli uflis kvarTze. SeuZlebelia ar davinaxoT Zve-laRTqmiseuli `wmidaÁ wmidaTaÁs~ analogia `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ im epizodSi, sadac mirian mefe morwmuneTa Sexebisagan dasacavad cxovelmyofel svets `Zelis sa-burveliT~ dafaravs (abulaZe 1963: 143). axladmoqceul mcxeTel morwmuneTa TvalSi svets kurnebis Zala hqon-da, amitom adamianebi exebodnen mas da umal ikurnebod-nen. xolo mas Semdeg, rac sveti garedan saburveliT Sei-mosa, ukve am saburvelidan modioda kurnebis Zala. `moqcevaÁ~ mogviTxrobs, rom svetidan daiwyo RvTaeb-rivi madlis `gamravleba~ — misgan CamoWrili wminda na-wili Caatanes mayvlovanis `zemo eklesiaSi~, iq, sadac mirian mefe daikrZala (abulaZe 1963: 91)16. ase grZelde-boda mirianis memkvidreebis drosac — mefe mirdatis dros `iwyes qarTvelTa suetisa cxovelisagan nawilis gamoRebad da qmnad juarad, rameTu didni saswaulni da kurnebani iqmnebodes, sadaca iyvis nawili suetisa cxo-velisa~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 131).

daaxloebiT V saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, arCil mefisa da mTavarepiskopos ionas dros sveticxoveli, anu `que-

dasaxvas qristianul taZrad (yaraulaSvili 2013:581,586, iqve vrceli literatura). amgvari ritorikis saWiroeba qreba mas Semdeg, rac konstantines kompleqsi aSendeba da qristia-nuli RvTismsaxureba damoukidebel konturebs SeiZens. 16 morwmuneTa warmodgenaSi wminda nawili inarCunebda mTe-lis sisavses da amitom misi danawileba dausrulebliv SeiZ-leboda (Элиаде 2002 : 256).

17

mo eklesia~ dangreula, magram misi mTavari siwminde — cxovelmyofeli sveti — taZris aRdgenamde saTuTad Se-unaxavT `gareubnis eklesiaSi~ (abulaZe 1963: 92). rodesac vaxtang gorgasalma sveticxoveli Tavidan aaSena17, bu-nebrivia, mas Camoscilda ZvelaRTqmiseuli saxelwodeba, magram, amjerad, mis ierusalimur pirvelnimuSad qceula mociqulTa saxelobis taZari, igive `dedaÁ yovelTa ek-lesiaTaÁ~, aSenebuli sionis mTaze (mgalobliSvili 1991:181): `xolo mcxeTas mefeman vaxtang aRaSena eklesia mociqulTa sueti cxoveli, da upyra suetsa Sina samxriT adgilsa mas, sada-igi dacemul iyo eklesia, romel ars si-oni didi~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 198)18. mcxeTis upirvelesi taZris yvela es adrindeli saxelwodeba TandaTanobiT gamodevna sakuTriv qarTul niadagze aRmocenebulma `sveticxovlma~, romelic gacilebiT ufro gasagebi iyo qarTveli xalxisaTvis, vidre misi bibliuri ekvivalente-bi. mcxeTis pirveli taZris am saxelwodebam, Tavisi seman-tikiT universalurma adreqristianuli samyarosaTvis, Tavis TavSi Seinaxa xsovna pirveli qristianuli eklesiis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb qarTul miwaze.

cxovelmyofeli sveti, romelic uflis xelTuq-mnel kvarTze iyo aRmocenebuli, qarTveli morwmunis warmodgenaSi, Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da ZaliT, rasakvir-

17 vaxtangis dros aSenebuli taZris arqiteqturuli formebi Seswavlilia v. cincaZis gamokvlevaSi. igi yofila jvrisebu-ri gegmiT naSeni didi zomis samnaviani bazilika Sida sivrce-Si xuTi svetiT, romelTa ornametnebiT Semkuli bazisi aR-moCnda 1968-1983 wlebSi taZris SigniT Catarebuli gaTxre-bis dros. zogierTi imdroindeli detali XI saukunis nage-bobaSic gamouyenebiaT (Цинцадзе 1991: 220-249; ix. agreTve xoStaria 2010:183). 18 SemdgomSi svetis adgilis mosaniSnad Cadgmuli mcire ek-lesiis mimdebare kedeli Seimko mociqulTa ikonografiuli simboloebiT — lomis (markozi) da arwivis (ioane) gamosaxu-lebebiT (r. siraZis mixedviT, sveticxovelSi es simboloebi macxovris aRdgomas gamosaxavdnen. ix. siraZe 1998: gv. 345).

18

velia, aRemateboda yvela sxva siwmindes. amitom hqonda sveticxovels gansakuTrebuli miziduloba. saukuneTa sigrZeze sveticxovelSi dadiodnen mosalocad saqar-Tvelos yoveli kuTxidan, Tayvans scemdnen cxovelmyo-fel svets da mas uxv Sewirulobebs uZRvnidnen.

cxovelmyofeli svetis sakraluri Sinaarsi ise Rrmad iyo Camjdari qarTveli morwmunis cnobierebaSi, rom igi saqarTvelos eklesiis simbolod aRiqmeboda. sa-ukuneebis Semdeg cxovelmyofeli svetis Temas araer-Tgzis miubrundebian qarveli mwerlebi. qarTuli saxel-mwifos aRmavlobis Jams cxovelmyofeli sveti qarTuli eklesiis simbolodan qarTveli xalxis (`qarTvelTa na-Tesavis~) identobis gamomxatvel erT-erT niSnad iqca. XII saukuneSi nikoloz gulaberisZem mTeli saRvTismsaxuro repertuari Seqmna cxovelmyofeli svetis Temaze, bib-liuri paralelebisa da `moqcevaÁs~ simboloTa SerwymiT man ganadida cxoveli sveti, mianiWa mas erovnul-sarwmu-noebrivi idealebis maformirebeli funqcia. misi sityve-biT, cxoveli sveti `moswavebulia winaswarmetyvelTa ma-maTagan~, misi naTeliT `Seimosa~ Cveni eri da mas mironi `uwyaroa~, igi marad icavs da ifaravs `qarTvelTa naTe-savs~: `gixaroden, Sen, sueto wmidao, ebguro da mcvelo Cueno da SÂlTa SenTao, romelni Cuenca SeniTa didebiTa netar viqmnebiT~ (sulava2003: 56,280-283).

cxovelmyofeli svetis simbolur-alegoriuli epiTetebi liturgikul-himnografiuli repertuaridan mza formulebis saxiT gadaedineboda sveticxovlisaT-vis boZebul mravalricxovan sigelTa teqstebSi da sau-kuneebis ganmavlobaSi ucvlel saxes inarCuneben. amgva-ri literaturuli forma eklesias SesaZleblobas aZ-levda mudmivad Seexsenebina mrevlisaTvis sveticxov-lis simbolika, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi axal-axa-li SinaarsiT mdidrdeboda — xsnisa da sulieri aRorZi-nebis zogadqristianul ideebs masSi organulad Seer-wya erovnuli identobis gamomxatveli Rirebulebebi.

19

mcxeTa — meore ierusalimi mirian mefis dros mcxeTis upirveles eklesiaSi

ZvelaRTqmiseul saxelTan erTad RvTismsaxurebis uZ-velesi wesic iyo gadmoRebuli. am wesis gamoZaxils xe-daven mkvlevarebi `ninos cxovrebis~ cnobaSi, rom mcxeTis `quemo~ eklesiaSi morwmuneebs Sesvla SeeZ-loT mxolod kvira dReebSi mRvdelTan erTad (mga-lobliSvili 1991: 176-182).

daaxloebiT IV saukunis 80-iani wlebisaTvis sruldeba ierusalimuri liturgiis Camoyalibeba, ro-melsac safuZvlad edo antioqiis saRvTismetyvelo skolis istorizmi (Пентковский 2009: 62). saRvTismsa-xuro praqtikaSi am skolis ganmsazRvreli principi mo-iTxovda liturgikuli elementebis zust Sefardebas qristes cxovrebis umTavres — Sobis, vnebisa da aRdgo-mis — adgilebTan. am amocanam ganapiroba ierusalimuri RvTismsaxurebis mnemonikuri xasiaTi — qristesadmi miZRvnili RvTismsaxurebebis gadanawileba mis cxov-rebasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva eklesiaSi (Пентков-ский 2009: 58-75). am saxiT Sevida uZvelesi ierusalimuri liturgia aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi, maT Soris mcxeTa-Si. amgvar liturgikul praqtikasTan iyo dakavSirebu-li qristianul qveynebSi wm. miwis sakraluri geogra-fiuli saxelebis gadmotanac.

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi korneli kekeliZem pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba mcxeTis midamoebSi qris-tes miwier biografiasTan dakavSirebuli geografiuli saxelebis analogebs: `aq, mcxeTaSi, am, WeSmaritad meore ierusalimSi, mtkvris napiras, sadac qarTvelebi moi-naTlnen, dRemdea SemorCenili eklesiis nangrevebi beT-lemis saxelwodebiT. mcxeTis mopirdapire mxares, mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze mdebare mTa Taboris sa-xels atarebs, aq idga feriscvalebis eklesia. mcxeTis

20

CrdiloeTiT amaRlebis mTaa (eleoni), mcxeTidan sam-xreT-aRmosavleTiT beTania... Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT aragvis marcxena napirze aRmarTuli mTis kalTas geT-simanias uwodeben...~ (Кекелидзе 1957: 362-263). mcxeTis sakralur topografiaSi k. kekeliZem ierusalimuri, kerZod, uflis saflavis RvTismsaxurebis uZvelesi we-sis gamoZaxili dainaxa. k. kekeliZis es migneba sayurad-Rebo dakvirvebebiT kidev ufro gaamyara Semdgomma kvlevebma. dRes aRaraviTar eWvs ar iwvevs qarTlis moq-cevasTan dakavSirebul teqstebSi (`moqcevaÁ qarTli-saÁ~, `qarTlis cxovreba~) `axali~ mcxeTis modelireba ierusalimuri replikebis gadmoRebis gziT. aseTTa So-ris moiazreba, upirveles yovlisa, mcxeTaSi agebul ek-lesiaTa saxelwodebani (`wmidaÁ wmidaTaÁ~, `sioni~); ase-ve, solomonis taZris mimsgavsebiT, miTiTeba Svidi sve-tis aRmarTvis Sesaxeb19; ierusalimuri sakraluri to-pografiis mibaZviTaa teqsebSi gansazRvrebebi: `quemo~ da `zemo~, gamoyenebuli sveticxovlisa da mayvlovanis eklesiaTa mimarT (am sakiTxebze dawvrilebiT: mgalob-liSvili 2013: 16-22; alternatiuli mosazrebisaTvis i. yaraulaSvili 2013:598). ierusalimis ZvelaRTqmiseul taZarTan dakavSirebuli tradiciis qristianizaciis ma-galiTia `ninos cxovrebaSi~ mirianis mier svetis adgi-lis simboluri dafarva (surgulaZe 2001: 319). cxadia, ieruslimuri liturgiis da masTan erTad ierusalimu-ri onomastikonis mcxeTaSi gadmotana droSi gaWimuli procesi iyo, romelic uwyvetad sazrdoobda mcxeTis kulturuli kontaqtiT ierusalimTan. mcxeTa, `moqce-vaÁs~ avtoris Tanaxmad, — es iyo `CrdiloÁ~, romelic

19 `moqcevaÁs~ mixedviT, `quemo eklesiis~ Sida sivrces Svidi sveti anawilebda (gelasi kesarielis mixedviT — xuTi). sve-tebi erTmaneTisagan acalkevebdnen mamakacebisa da dedaka-cebis Sesakrebel adgilebs (gelasi kesarieli 1961:191).

21

`bRuarsa Tana~ ixarebda (gigineiSvili 1979: 335)20. VI saukunis dasawyisSi vaxtang gorgaslis Zem da-

Cim, mamis anderZis Tanaxmad, samefo taxti TbilisSi ga-daitana (yauxCiSvili 1955: 205), xolo sarwmunoebriv centrad uwindeburad mcxeTa datova. amrigad, ori xe-lisufleba or dedaqalaqs Soris ganawilda. SeuZlebe-lia am faqtis mizezad mcxeTis dacvis survili da mis-dami ukve tradiciiT ganmtkicebuli gansakuTrebuli religiuri mowiweba ar vcnoT, radgan mcxeTa — mTlia-nad qalaqi da misi Semogareni erT did, Ria cis qveS mdebare liturgikul sivrces warmoadgenda.

am sivrcis `organizeba~ dasrulda VII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac mcxeTis pirdapir, wm. ninos droi-dan aRmarTuli jvris adgilas akurTxes `meore golgo-Ta~ — mcxeTis jvari — da gansazRvres misi, sveticxove-lisa da saepiskoposo saydris (samTavro) saRvTismsaxu-ro repertuari. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ es ambavi stefa-noz II-is saxelTan21 aris dakavSirebuli: `da man [stefa-nozma] moadgna zRudeni eklesiasa juarisa patiosnisa-sa, da aRaSenna darbazni, da dauwera kreba22 yovelTa pa-

20 `moqcevaÁs~ avtori mcxeTis sulieri ganaxlebis, axali aR-Tqmis droSi misi gadasvlis gamosaxatavad aq fsalmunis pe-rifrazs iSveliebs: `Crdilo da bRuari (=samxreTi) Sen Seh-qmen, Tabori da ermoni saxeliTa SeniTa ixareben (fs.88,13). 21 `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ VII saukunis movlenebi didi qrono-logiuri cdomilebebiT aris gadmocemuli, amitom stefa-noz II-is zeobis wlebis gansazRvra mxolod miaxloebiT xer-xdeba. m.sanaZe mis zeobas 650/52-68 wlebSi aTavsebs (sanaZe 2000: 21). Tu am daTariRebas gaviziarebT, maSin mcxeTis jvris kurTxevis TariRi TiTqmis arabTa mosvlis dromde unda ga-dmoiwios, rac nakleb sarwmunoa, miT ufro, rom stefanozs wyaro `sjulis ganmwmedels~ uwodebs. stefanozis amgvari `Seqeba~ unda gulisxmobdes im sarwmunoebrivi `wmendis~ gag-rZelebas, romelic, `moqcevaÁs~ mixedviT, herakle keisarma qarTlSi Caatara (abulaZe 1963: gv. 96). 22 termini `kreba~igivea, rac berZnuli sÂnaqsis. terminiT

22

raskevTa. da mun Sekrbian yovelni episkoposni da mRdelni mis adgilisa da arisani kaTalikosis Tana wina-Se patiosnisa juarisa, adidian paraskevi, viTarca didi paraskevi23. xolo sakaTalikososa arian krebani yovel-Ta xuTSabaTTa da adidian wmida sioni, viTarca didsa xuTSabaTsa, saidumlosa Tana ÃorciTa da sisxliTa qristesiTa. xolo mcxeTas saepiskopososa arn yovelTa samSabaTTa kreba da Ãseneba pirvelmowamisa stefanesi da yovelTa mowameTa, didisa misgan Zlierebisa spar-sTasa, romel wamebul iyvnes, da abibos nekresel episko-posisa, romelman moaqcivna umravlesni mTeulni aragu-sa aRmosavliTni. xolo patiosani guami misi dadves mcxeTas, saepiskoposa, samarxavsa episkoposTasa. da dResaswaulsa missa ufros yovelTa dResaswaulTasa Sekrbian da adidebdian RmerTsa~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 228). am vrcel pasaJSi sakmaod kargad Cans mcxeTaSi SemoRe-buli `krebebis~, anu sadResaswaulo repertuaris para-lelebi ierusalimur liturgikul praqtikasTan.

qarTulenovani RvTismsaxurebis dasawyisi erovnul eklesiaTa aRmocenebas saTave jer kidev

mociqulTa xanaSi daedo, radgan romis imperiis mrava-leTnikur mosaxleobaSi axali moZRvreba maTsave eneb-

aRiniSneba saeklesio kalendaruli rigiT dadgenili sadRe-saswaulo RvTismsaxureba (koWlamazaSvili 1999: gv. 82) da ara saeklesio krebebi, rogorc es gagebulia zogierT av-torTan (jafariZe 2010: 349). 23 moyvanili pasaJis mixedviT, mcxeTis jvarze locviTi msvleoba imarTeboda yovel paraskevs qristes vnebis aRsaS-navad. ufro adre jvris dResaswaulis aRsaniSnad locviTi msvleloba imarTeboda aRdgomis mesame kviras. am wesis mow-moba Cans qarTuli liturgikuli xelnawerebis uZveles (V saukunis) fenaSi (mgalobliSvili 2012: 28,30).

23

ze iqadageboda. am umniSvnelovanesma principma, rome-lic mociqulebma suliwmindis STagonebiT airCies (saqme,2, 3-4), qristianul sarwmunoebas advilad gadaa-laxvina eTnikuri sazRvrebi da igi msoflio religiad aqcia. amasTanve man aRmosavleTis qristianul qveyneb-Si gazarda erovnuli enebis roli — am enebze tardebo-da RvTismsaxureba, viTardeboda erovnuli qristianu-li mwerloba, TandaTanobiT inergeboda qristianuli morali, samarTali, cxovrebis wesi. am garemoebaTa Tanxvedram gamoiwvia qristianobis Serwyma adgilob-riv kulturebTan da misTvis erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmsazRvreli rolis miniWeba.

magram aseT Sedegebamde misvla moiTxovda erov-nuli eklesiis ierarqiuli struqturis ganfenas mTe-li qveynis masStabiT, rasac saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi TiTqmis ori saukune dasWirda. es xangrZlivi istoriu-li procesi saWiroebda saeklesio cxovrebis srulad organizebas — saeklesio mSeneblobebs, saRvTismsaxu-ro wignebis Targmnas, erovnuli samRvdeloebis aR-zrdas, mosaxleobaSi misionerul saqmianobas, warmar-Tuli cnobierebis daZlevas da a.S.

axlad dafuZnebul qristianul eklesiaSi, buneb-rivia, RvTismsaxureba Tavdapirvelad berZnulad tar-deboda. mis gaqarTulebas esaWiroeboda momzadebuli samRvdeloeba da saRvTismsaxuro wignebis gadmoqarTu-leba24. es ki SeuZlebelia uecrad momxdariyo. k. kekeli-

24 es sakiTxi, bunebrivia, ukavSirdeba iseT rTul sakiTxs, rogoricaa qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmna. qarTuli damwer-lobis dRemde cnobil uZveles palestinur da adgilobriv nimuSebs kidev Seemata rogorc saqarTveloSi (nekresi), ase-ve wminda miwaze (nazareTi) arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sede-gad gamovlenili qarTuli warwerebi, romelTa daTariReba da paleografiuli Taviseburebebi sakamaTod xdian qarTu-li damwerlobis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb arsebul Tvalsazri-sebs (WilaSvili 2004, aleqsiZe 2011a: 20-25).

24

Ze qarTulenovani liturgikuli mwerlobis gaCenas V saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis varaudobda (kekeliZe 1980: 573). qarTuli xelnawerebis Semdgomma kvlevam es savara-udo TariRi ramdenime aTeuli wliT ukan gadaswia — e.w. xanmet teqstebSi gamovlinda uZvelesi liturgikuli repertuaris Sre — bibliuri wignebisa da mowameTa `cxovrebebis~ fragmentebi, romelTa Soris erT-erTi agiografiuli Txzulebis (`kÂprianesa da iustinas wame-ba~) qarTuli Targmani V saukunis dasawyisSi Cans Sesru-lebuli (qajaia 2001: 291-298); amave periods akuTvneben IV saukunis avtoris, severiane gabalovnelis `equsTa dRe-Tas~ qarTul Targmans, romelic SesaniSnavi mowmobaa qarTul enaze saRvTismetyvelo terminologiis arse-bobisa (WeliZe, 1997: 4-6); V saukunis meore naxevars gane-kuTvneba ara erTi bibliuri sakiTxavis ( qajaia 1984, me-liqiSvili 2009: 57-61, 75-76) Targmna da adreuli tipis liturgikuli krebulis — `leqcionaris~ (Renaux 1969: 2-24) Sedgena. V saukunis bolosaTvis Camoyalibebuli Cans qarTuli `mravalTavebis~ struqtura (mgalobliSvili 1991: 185-186); saba ganwmendilis cnobili anderZis Tanax-mad ki, V saukunis gasuls qarTul enaze arsebula samo-ciqulo, saxareba da Jamni (kekeliZe 1980: 573). V saukuni-dan iwyebs ganviTarebas qarTuli naTargmni da origina-luri agiografia; `SuSanikis wamebis~ avtori axsenebs `mowameTa wigns~ — agiografiul krebuls, romliTac sargeblobda Txzulebis gmiri. es is literaturuli ma-salaa, romelsac emyareboda adreuli qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba da, romliTac safuZveli eyreboda qar-Tul salitraturo enas.

mcxeTa — sakaTalikoso eparqia

qristianobis aRiarebiT qarTlis samefom, mefe

mirianis saxiT, gaakeTa politikuri TvalsazrisiT ua-

25

Rresad gabeduli arCevani, riTac igi aSkarad daupi-rispirda uZlieres mezobels — mazdeanur irans. amie-ridan qarTlis eklesiis istoria ganuyoflad daukav-Sirda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivobisaTvis brZolas.

nizibinis 40-wliani zavis dasrulebis Semdeg rom-sa da irans Soris omi ganaxlda, Tumca mis talRas qar-Tlamde IV saukunis 60-ian wlebamde ar mouRwevia. am xnis ganmavlobaSi qarTlis axlad dafuZnebuli ekle-sia mcxeTis eparqiis meTaurobiT mSvidobian garemoSi ikrefda Zalas.

iransa da roms Soris ukiduresi gamwvavebebi Tu mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis wlebi uSualod aisaxeboda qristianuli eklesiis mdgomareobaze. 368 wels qar-TlSi sparselebi Semovidnen. am droidan moyolebuli, vidre V saukunis meore naxevramde, qarTli gayofili iyo romisa da iranis gavlenis sferoebad. sazRvari ga-dioda mdinare mtkvris zemo welze (musxeliSili 2003: 80). aRmosavleTi qarTli da mcxeTa iranisadmi daqvem-debarebul nawilSi moeqca. politikuri viTarebis ase-Ti cvlileba, rasakvirvelia, saeklesio saqmianobas aferxebda.

IV-VI saukuneebSi mTeli qristianuli samyaro Car-Tuli iyo kamaTSi qristianobis dogmatur sakiTxebze, rac xSirad mosaxleobis dapirispirebebSic ki iyo ga-dazrdili da udides safrTxes uqmnida romis imperiis qristianul erTobas25. es viTareba Zalze xelsayreli

25 qristianobis oficialurad aRiarebis Semdeg daiwyo msoflio istoriis erT-erTi rTuli da mRelvare procesi warmarTuli da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobebis morige-bisa. intleqtualTa Soris dawyebuli davebi Sors scilde-boda sakuTriv eklesiis farglebs da araTu arRvevda qris-tianul erTobas, aramed Zirs uTxrida romis imperiis poli-tikur sxeuls. am procesis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo msoflio saeklesio krebebi, romlebzedac ganixileboda sxvadasxva qristianul skolas Soris sakamaTod qceuli

26

aRmoCnda iranisaTvis, romelic romTan dapirispirebis `zonaSi~ moxvedril qveynebSi sakuTari gavlenis gasaZ-liereblad aqtiurad iyenebda sarwmunoebriv faq-tors. aseTive politikas atarebda irani qarTlSi. ro-mis (Semdgom bizantiis) gavlenis Sesasusteblad irani xan ZaliT cdilobda aq mazdeanobis danergvas, xan ki msoflio krebebze dagmobil aRmsareblobebs uwevda mfarvelobas. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi V saukunis pirveli naxevris episkoposTa Sesaxeb, marTalia, aras-rulad, magram mainc sakmao warmodgenas gviqmnis proi-ranuli Tu probizantiuri politikuri dajgugefebe-bis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposebis kandidaturebis SerCevis dros. amgvar metoqeobas ga-moxatavs `qarTlis cxovrebis~cnobebi mcxeTaSi xan `wesis SemSlel~ episkoposTa saqmianobis, xan eklesia-Ta mSeneblobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, V saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, arCilis zeobis dros, `gardaicvalnes samni episkoposi: iona, grigol da basili. da basilisa Sem-dgomad amanve arCil dasua episkoposi, romelsa erqua mobidan26. ese iyo naTesavad sparsi, da aCuenebda igi

qristologiuri da sxva doqtrinaluri sakiTxebi. krebis ga-dawyvetilebebs savaldebulo Zala eniWeboda imperiaSi Sema-vali da imperiis gareT arsebuli qristianuli qveynebisaT-vis. romis (Semdgom bizantiis) sawinaaRmdegod, irani mfarve-lobas uwevda yvela im aRmsareblobas, romelic oficialu-rad igmoboda saeklesio krebebze. amitom iyo, rom aRmsareb-lobiTma arCevanma am or dapirispirebul imperiaSi Semavali an maT politikur orbitaSi myofi xalxebisaTvis politiku-ri Sinaarsi SeiZina da, droTa ganmavlobaSi, maTi kulturu-li TviTmyobadobis mTavar niSnad Camoyalibda. 26 `mobidani~ saS. spars. mazdeanuri taZris umaRlesi rangis qurumi. leonti mrovels esmis, rogorc sakuTari saxeli. sa-magierod kargad icis `mogvis~ mniSvneloba, romelsac iye-nebs mobidanisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobilebis gamosaxatavad (saS. spars. `magi~- dabali rangis moxetiale qurumoba, — Пигулевская 1958: 49-50).

27

marTlmadideblobasa. xolo iyo vinme mogvi usjulo da SemSleli wesTa, da ver ugrZna arCil mefeman da Zema misman usjuloeba mobidanisi, aramed hgonebdes mor-wmuned. da verca ganacxadebda qadagebasa sjulisa mi-sisasa SiSisagan mefisa da erisa, aramed farulad wer-da wignebsa yovlisa sacTurebisasa, romeli Semdgomad missa dawua yoveli werili misi WeSmaritman episkopos-man miqael~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 142). zustad ras gulis-xmobs wyaros avtori `wesis SeSlaSi~, teqstidan ar Cans. SesaZloa, masSi igulisxmebodes romelime mwva-leblobisaken gadaxra (javaxiSvili 1979: 347), an kanoni-kuri darRvevebi (mamulia 1992: 12-16), an orive erTad. V saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iezdigerd I-is (399-421) da baram guris (422-438) zeobis dros, `moqcevaÁs~ cnobiT, qarTlSi gaumravlebiaT mazdeanuri cecxlis sagzeb-lebi. am dros mcxeTis mTavarepiskoposi uSualod ira-nel pitiaxSs emorCileboda da saero xelisuflebasac iTavsebda: `moguni mogueTas mogobdes cecxlisa msa-xurebasa zeda. da misve arCilis-ze oTxni mTavarebis-kobosni gardaicvalnes. da merme mefobda mirdat. da mTavarebiskoposi iyo glonoqor. da ese mTavaerbisko-posi erisTvadca iyo barazbod pitiaxSisagan qarTls da hereTs (abulaZe 1963: 92 ).

V saukunis Sua xanebSi iranma dapyrobil qveynebSi qristianobis mimarT uaRresad gaamkacra politika. iezdigerd II-m (439-457) cecxlTayvanismcemlobis gasav-rceleblad aseulobiT mogvi gamogzavna kavkasiis qveynebSi (janaSia 1962: 217-218). am periods asaxavs `qar-Tlis cxovrebis~ cnoba: `barzabod warmogzavna cec-xlismsaxurni mcxeTas da maT zeda episkoposad binqa-ran da dasxdes moguTas... da Seeria wurilsa ersa cec-xlis msaxureba, amisTvis mwuxare iyo sagduxt dedofa-li, aramed mZlavrebisagan sparsTasa verasa ikadrebda~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 145). Sahis am gadawyvetilebas 450-451

28

wlebSi kavkasiis xalxebis erTiani ajanyeba mohyva27, ra-mac irani aiZula ukan daexia. rogorc Cans, amisi Sedegi iyo, rom sagduxt dedofalma (vaxtang gorgaslis de-dam) saberZneTidan moiwvia miqael episkoposi, raTa aRedgina Seryeuli qristianuli wesebi: `aman (miqaelma) `ipyrna sarwmunoebasa zeda yovelni warCinebulni qar-Tlisani da erica umravlesi, aramed mciredni vinme wu-rilisa erisaganni miiqces cecxlismasaxurebasa~ (yaux-CiSvili 1955: 145). amrigad, daaxloebiT 60-70 wlis gan-mavlobaSi, vidre V saukunis meore naxevramde, mcxeTis eparqias, umravles SemTxvevaSi, iranis xelisuflebis mier SerCeuli kandidatebi udganan saTaveSi. bunebri-voia, es viTareba Zalze Seaferxebda erovnuli eklesi-is formirebis process.

V saukunis meore naxevarSi vaxtang gorgasalma isargebla iranis taxtis garSemo dawyebuli areulo-biT (457 w.) da qveynidan gaaZeva cecxlismsaxurni. bi-zantiasTan da iranTan warmoebuli moqnili politikis wyalobiT vaxtangma moaxerxa iranisagan saeklesio saq-meebSi Caurevlobis piroba mieRo. vaxtang gorgaslis rTuli politikuri svlebi saqarTvelos gaerTianebi-saken iyo mimarTuli — misi mefobis dros qarTlis po-litikurma sazRvrebma gadaiwia samxreT-dasavleTiT egrisisasa da klarjeTisaken, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT ki, hereTis, kambeCovanisa da wuqeTis mimarTulebebiT (musxeliSvili 2003: 164). SemoerTebuli olqebis, gansa-kuTrebiT, aRmosavluri provinciebis mosaxleobis in-tegracia qarTlis samefoSi garduvali iyo qristianu-

27 qarTul istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli iyo azri, rom qarTvelebs am ajanyebaSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT. am mosaz-rebis sasargeblod istorikosebi eyrdnobodnen somxur wya-roebs, romlebSic pirdapir araferia naTqvami amis Sesaxeb. ukanasknel xans gamoqveynda g. alasanias naSromi, romelSic, imave somxur wyaroebze dakvirvebiT, dasabuTebulia qar-Tlis monawileobac am ajanyebaSi (ix. alasania 2008: 32-34).

29

li eklesiis qmediTi monawileobis gareSe. amdenad, vax-tang gorgaslis saxelmwifoebrivi politikis warmate-ba erovnuli eklesiis formirebaze iyo damokidebuli (musxeliSvili 2003: 170-172). mefem isargebla bizanti-asTan Camogdebuli zaviT da, konstantinopolis Tan-xmobiT, qarTlis eklesias TviTmwysobis ufleba mou-pova — SemoiRo kaTalikosis Tanamdeboba da daafuZna 12 axali eparqia.

qarTlSi kaTalikosobis dawesebas, juanSeris mi-xedviT, Tan axlda konfliqti vaxtang gorgasalsa da mcxeTis imJamindel mTavarepiskopos miqaels Soris. vaxtangma qarTlis kaTalikosoba SesTavaza ara miqa-els, aramed pontoSi laSqrobisas gacnobil mRvdel petres, ris gamoc ganrisxebulma mTavarepiskoposma masTan qveiTad miaxloebul mefes Seuracxyofa miayena — saxeSi wixli Cascxo da kbilebi Caumtvria. amas mohyva miqaelis gagzavna konstantinopolSi da misi ganweseba mRviZareTa monasterSi (yauxCiSvili 1955: 196-197).

qarTlSi kaTalikosobis instituti dafuZnda V saukunis meore naxevarSi, mas Semdeg, rac qalkedonis krebam (451 ) aRmosavleTis saqristiano or mtrul bana-kad, qalkedonitebad da monofizitebad dayo. 482 wels imperatorma zenonma gamosca henotikoni — dokumenti, romelic mravalerovan imperiaSi konfesiur niadagze gamwvavebuli dapirispirebebis ganmuxtvas isaxavda miznad. qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi ar Cans, ramdenad hqonda imdroindel qarTul sazogadoebaSi aRmsareb-lobiT davebs gamoZaxili, Tumca mkvlevarTa nawili vaxtangisa da miqael kaTalikosis konfliqts swored konfesiur sarCuls uZebnis.

konfliqtis mizezebTan uSualo kavSirSia qar-TlSi kaTalikosobis SemoRebis TariRis gansazRvrac. radgan wyaroTa sityvaZunwoba konfliqtis konkretu-li garemoebebis zustad dadgenis saSualebas ar iZle-va, amitom, mis asaxsnelad ramdenime mecnieruli mosaz-

30

reba gaCnda, romlebic, miuxedavad urTierTisagan gan-sxvavebulobisa, uCveneben im procesebis sirTules, romlebic V saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTlis politi-kur da saeklesio cxovrebaSi unda aRmocenebuliyo. Sexedulebebi konfliqtis SesaZlo mizezebis Sesaxeb, zogadad, ase SeiZleba davajgufoT: 1. qarTlis kaTa-likosad petres mowveva asaxavs qarTlSi monofiziteb-sa da qalkedonitebs Soris arsebul dapirispirebas. vaxtangi monofizitur frTas gamoxatavda, miqaeli — qalkedoniturs (javaxiSvili 1979: 341-348, 382; TarxniS-vili 1994: 140-142); 2. vaxtangi qalkedoniti iyo, miqaeli — monofiziti da misi CamoSoreba vaxtangs antiiranuli politikis gatarebisaTvis esaWiroeboda (janaSia 1949: 115-116, 292); 3. konfliqti saerTod ar atarebda konfe-siur xasiaTs, igi gamoiwvia miqaelis vercxlismoyvare-obam, razedac pirdapir miuTiTebs juanSeri (aleqsiZe 1976:103; lomouri 1989:52); 4. imdroindel istoriul movlenaTa logikasTan ufro axloa ukanasknel wlebSi gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba, rom vaxtangsa da miqael epis-koposs Soris dapirispireba moxda bizantiis impera-tor zenonis henotikonis gamo. vaxtangi, ramdenadac igi bizantiis mokavSire gaxda, SeuZlebelia henotiko-nis poziciebze ar damdgariyo, rasac, rogorc Cans, ar eTanxmeboda qalkedonitobis mxurvale damcveli miqa-el episkoposi (Esbroeck 1975:299-300; metreveli 1976: 79-81; mgalobliSvili 1991: 185-188; goilaZe 1991: 195; mus-xeliSvili 2003, 180); 4. dReisaTvis kaTalikosobis dawe-sebis SesaZlo TariRebad qarTul istoriografiaSi miCneulia: 466-468 wlebi (lominaZe 1999: 15-16), 472-484 wlebi (javaxiSvili, aleqsiZe), mecnierebi, romlebic konfliqts zenonis henotikons ukavSireben, am TariRs, mciredi gansxvavebebiT, 482 wlis Semdeg deben.

kaTalikosobis SemoRebas qarTuli eklesia momza-debuli daxvda — saqarTvelos baris regionebSi qris-tianuli rwmenas ukve mZlavrad hqonda fesvebi gadgmu-

31

li, Camoyalibebuli iyo eparqialur-administraciuli sistema, qarTul enaze Targmnili iyo saRvTismsaxuro literatura, arsebobda qarTvel mRvdelmsaxurTa gan-swavluli kontigenti. mxolod aseT bazaze SeeZlo ek-lesias Camdgariyo qarTuli saxelmwifos samsaxurSi — qarTul enaze aResrulebina RvTismsaxureba, mrevlSi ganemtkicebina qristianuli rwmena da zneoba, gaetare-bina qarTuli saxelmwifos ideologia. amgvari funqci-ebis Sesruleba TavisTavad moiTxovda sakaTalikoso eparqiis uflebebis realur zrdas, rasac igi moklebu-li iyo iranis mudmivi zewolis pirobebSi.

mcxeTis taxtis kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi

politika VI-X saukuneebSi

kaTalikosis Tanamdebobis dawesebam daaCqara `erovnuli~ eklesiis formireba. `TiToeulsa naTesa-visa episkoposTaÁ uÃms kacTa mis naTesavisaÁ, raÁTa pirvelad da Tavad maTda Seeracxos episkoposi TÂsi da araras iqmodin nametnavsa TÂnier ganzraxvisa, aramed maT xolo iqmodis kacad-kacadi, raodenni sargebel eyofodin eklesiasa missa da mis queSeTa sofelTa~ (di-di sjuliskanoni: 1975: .219) mociqulTa es kanoni gu-lisxmobs morwmune mrevlis eTnikuri warmomadgenlis — `naTesavis~ arCevas eklesiis meTaurad. saeklesio mmarTvelobis es arsebiTi principi, rogorc Cans, qar-Tlis eklesiaSi saSualo da dabal ierarqiaze vrcel-deboda, rac Seexeba umaRles ierarqiul Tanamdebobas, kaTalikoss, igi vaxtan gorgaslisa da misi uaxloesi memkvidreebis drosac ucxoelebis, upiratesad, ber-Znebis xelT iyo.

VI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi qarTlis kaTalikosis Tanamdeboba mcxeTeli warCinebulebis xelSi gadavida. es moxda iransa da bizantias Soris 532 wels dadebuli

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e.w. ~uvado zavis~ Semdeg, roca qarTlis eklesiis mes-veurT imperator iustinianesagan (527-565) miuRiaT ne-barTva qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxtze, nacvlad ber-Znebisa, mcxeTis `mkvidrni~ daemtkicebinaT. `xolo iT-xoves iustinianesgan qarTvelTa, raTa dasxdebodnen kaTalikozad naTesavni qarTvelTani. rameTu movido-dian kaTalikosni saberZneTiT. xolo iustiniane dawe-ra wigni da dabeWda TvisiTa beWdiTa esreT, raTa das-xdeboden kaTalikosad naTesavni qarTvelTani, da aqundes uaRresoba yovelTa eklesiaTa da mRdelT-mTavarTa zeda~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 207). amasve adastu-rebs `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ (abulaZe 1963: 94-95)28. am RirsSesaniSnavi movleniT dasrulda qarTlis eklesi-is gaerovnulebis procesi. amieridan qarTlis mefee-bi29 da kaTalikosebi marTlac erTad gegmaven saxel-mwifoebrivad mniSvnelovan amocanebs da erTad cdi-loben maT gadaWras.

qalkedonitobis mxurvale damcveli imperatoris am gadawyvetilebaze zegavlena unda moexdina imdroin-deli qarTvelebis `maRal sarwmunoebriv reputacias~. ai, ras swers imperator iustinianes karis istorikosi prokopi kesarieli qarTlis mkvidrTa qristianuli rwmenis Sesaxeb: `isini (iberebi) qristianebi arian da am sarwmunoebis wesebs yvela imaTze ukeT icaven, romel- 28 es wesi exeboda mcxeTis or uwarCinebules saxls, romle-bic, didi albaTobiT, qarTlis uZvelesi samefo dinastiis ganStoebani unda yofiliyvnen (aleqsiZe 1968: 211-212). dinas-tiuri cvlilebebis dros es wesi irRveoda, magram kaTali-kosis Tanamdebobaze samefo sagvareulos warmomadgenlebis SerCeva xSiri movlena iyo. 29 mkvlevarebi ar gamoricxaven VI s-Si qarTlis or saxelmwi-foebriv erTeulad daSlas (musxeliSvili 2003: 215). misi aR-mosavleTi nawili kvlav iranis gavlenis sferoSi iyo moqce-uli, magram mefoba, Tumc Sekvecili uflebebiT da zogjer wyvetilebiT, aq saukunis 90-ian wlebamde Cans SenarCunebu-li (alasania 2008: 66-67).

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Tac Cven vicnobT~ (prokopi kesarieli 1965: 48). qarTvelTa rwmenis aseTi SefasebisaTvis bizanti-

el avtors usaTuod unda hqonoda safuZveli. qristia-nobis bizantiur (qalkedonur) aRmsareblobas ukve im-denad Rrmad hqonia fesvebi gadgmuli qarTul kultu-raSi, rom misi mniSvnelovnad Seryeva TviT iranis poli-tikuri zewolis pirobebSic ki SeuZlebeli gamxdara. mi-uxedavad prokopi kesarielis zogadi STabeWdilebisa, imdroindel qarTlSi, romelsac mWidro kulturuli kavSirebi hqonda somxeTTan da siriasTan, SeuZlebelia srulad gamoiricxos aRmsareblobiTi siWrele30.

amrigad, qarTuli erovnuli eklesiis formireba probizantiuri politikisa da qalkedonuri aRmsareb-lobis fonze mimdinareobda. am mniSvnelovani cvlile-bisaTvis qarTlis eklesia ukve Semzadebuli iyo ro-gorc organizaciulad, aseve politikurad da inte-leqtualurad.

* * *

saero da sasuliero xelisuflebaTa urTierTo-bis misabaZ normad saqarTveloSi miCneuli iyo saxel-mwifosa da eklesiis TanamSromlobis bizantiuri sim-fonizmi, magram es TanamSromloba bizantiuri modeli-sagan imdenadve gansxvavdeboda, ramdenadac qarTlis sazogadoebrivi struqtura bizantiurisagan. saqar-

30 qarTli Sors iyo bizantiuri centrebisagan, sadac aRmsa-reblobiTi dapirispirebebis simwvave mosaxleobis yvela fe-naSi aRwevda da araiSviaTad sisxlismRvreli Setakebebis mi-zezi xdeboda. amgvari ram qarTlSi, rogorc Cans, ar xdebo-da, magram imdroindeli politikuri da sarwmunoebrivi rye-vebis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia sxva (araqalkedonitur) aRmsa-rebelTa talRebs qarTlamde ar moeRwiaT. grigol romis pa-pis werilSi kirion kaTalikosisadmi mSvenivrad Cans qar-TlSi qalkedonituri mrevlis gverdiT monofizitebisa da nestorianuli frTis arsebobac (TamaraSvili 1995: 288-291).

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TveloSi qristianobis oficialuri aRiareba daemTxva feodaluri urTierTobebis Casaxvis etaps. amdenad, mas socialuri urTierTobebis mza modeli daxvda, ra-mac TavisTavad gansazRvra saeklesio institutebis feodalur yaidaze mowyoba.

warmatebuli saxelmwifoebrivi politika qarTul sinamdvileSi yovelTvis emyareboda xelisuflebis sae-ro da saeklesio Stoebis SeTanxmebul moqmedebas, rac feodalur qveyanaSi mxolod mtkice centralizmis pi-robebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. aseTi pirobebis Seqmnas ki, upirveles yovlisa, xels uSlida gareSe Zala, Semdeg ki Tavad feodaluri sazogadoeba, romlis sasicocxlo impulsebi yovelTvis decentralizaciis tendenciebs aZlevda biZgs. amitom, Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas axerxebdnen mxolod Zlie-ri da ukompromiso monarqebi aseTive TvisebebiT aR-Wurvil eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelebTan erTad. amdenad, kaTalikosis figuraze didad iyo damokidebuli saero xelisufalTa irgvliv feodaluri wodebis konsoli-daciis xarisxi. mmarTveli elitis feodaluri konti-genti TavisTavad gansazRvravda eklesiis msaxurTa, upirveles yovlisa, umaRlesi samRvdeloebis elitarul warmomavlobas. didi albaTobiT, qarTlis pirveli kaTa-likosebi “mefeTa naTesavis” umaRles socialur katego-rias ganekuTvnebodnen, rac ganapirobebda kidec maT um-Widroes TanamSromlobas mmarTvel dinastiasTan.

cnobaTa simwiris gamo Cven ara gvaqvs saSualeba Tvali gavadevnoT VI saukunis qarTveli kaTalikosebis konkretul saqmianobas, magram zogadi tendenciebi cnobilia. saSinao politikaSi saero xelisuflebisa da mcxeTis taxtis erTobliv sazrunavad kvlav rCeboda xalxSi qristianobis ganmtkiceba. VI saukune, SeiZleba iTqvas, saqarTveloSi qristianobis saboloo gamar-jvebis saukunea. mosaxleobis qristianizacias, bune-brivad xangrZlivsa da rTul process, qarTlSi dama-

35

tebiT aferxebda mazdeanuri iranis mudmivi zewola. qveynis periferiebSi samisionero saqmianobisaTvis mcxeTa yovelTvis organizebuli wesiT agzavnida “qa-dagebs”, imave misionerebs. adgilobriv warmarTobas-Tan erTad mcxeTas sparselTa mier Tavsmoxveul maz-deanobasTan brZolac uxdeboda. VI saukunis sxvadasxva monakveTSi am saqmeSi mcxeTas udidesi daxmareba gauwi-es e.w. `asurelma mamebma~. isini swored mcxeTis kaTa-likosTa locva-kurTxeviT da maTi karnaxiT arCevdnen adgilebs dasayudeblad Tu misioneruli saqmianobi-saTvis. mag., iovane zedazneli `brZanebiTa mefisaTa da kurTxeviTa kaTalikososTaTa aRvida mTasa zadensa, da mun daemkvidra dayudebiT~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 208). abi-bos nekreseli da ise wilkneli qarTlis kaTalikosebma gaamweses episkoposebad yvelaze rTul regionebSi. asurel mamaTa saqmianobis `geografia~ — aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi (wilkani), rexa, zedazeni, nekre-si, Sida qarTlis (`zena sofeli~) mTis zoli — uCvenebs, raoden did zrunvas da gamudmebul sifxizles saWiro-ebda mosaxleobaSi qristianuli rwmenis gaRviveba da misi dacva.

VI saukuneSi, vidre VII saukunis 30-iani wlebis da-sasrulamde, qarTlis politikur bedze kvlav axdenda zegavlenas bizantia-iranis politikuri dapirispire-ba. maSin, roca saero xelisufleba TiTqmis mTeli sau-kunis ganmavlobaSi iranze rCeboda damokidebuli, qar-Tlis eklesia mainc inarCunebda arCevanis Tavisufle-bas.

moqiSpe saxelmwifoebi gamudmebiT iyenebdnen sar-wmunoebriv politikas, raTa adgilebze upiratesoba moepovebinaT, dasayrdeni epovaT saeklesio wreebsa da mrevlSi. irani kvlav bizantiaSi oficialurad dagmo-bili aRmsareblobis mimdevrebs uWerda mxars — ifa-rebda sarwmunoebis gamo devnilebs da mfarvelobas uwevda aRmosavleTis `mwvaleblur~ eklesiebs. VI-VII

36

saukuneebSi amitom SeiZina aSkarad politikuri dat-virTva saRvTismetyvelo kamaTebma.

506 wels somxeTis imJamindel dedaqalaq dvinSi bi-zantiis saero da saeklesio xelisuflebis iniciativiT Catarda kavkasiuri qveynebis (somxeTi, qarTli, albane-Ti) saeklesio kreba. sakuTriv qarTlidan krebas 33 epis-koposi eswreboda, romelTac sxvebTan erTad mxari dau-Wires zenonis henotikons. amrigad, VI saukunis dasaw-yisSi qarTlis eklesiam, somxeTisa da albaneTis eklesi-ebTan erTad, kvlav daadastura bizantiis oficialuri saeklesio kursis erTguleba (aleqsiZe 1973: 145-166).

dvinis pirveli krebis Semdgom erT xans Tavad bi-zantiaSi ar iyo uryevi sarwmunoebrivi poziciebi. im-peratori anastasiusi (491-518) misi zeobis meore naxe-varSi (508 wlidan) monofizitobas uWerda mxars. aTio-de wlis Semdeg misma momdevno imperatorma iustine I-ma (518-527) qalkedonuri mrwamsi aRadgina da sastiki devna dauwyo monofizitobas. amjerad iranma, bizanti-is sapirispirod, monofizitebis mfarveloba iTava. somxeTis eklesiam am dros gaakeTa proiranuli arCeva-ni, ramac, sabolood, kavkasiis qveynebi eklesiuri er-Tobis rRvevamde miiyvana.

bizantiis meryevi sarwmunoebrivi politikis fon-ze Sahma kavadma (488-531), Tavis winaparTa msgavsad, qar-Tlis mefe gurgens qveyanaSi mazdeanuri wesebis daner-gva mosTxova, rasac 523 wels qarTlSi ajanyeba mohyva. ajanyeba damarcxda, gurgenma saSvelad imperator ius-tines (518-527) mimarTa, Tumca misgan mniSvnelovani daxmareba ver miiRo (bogveraZe 1973: 268-282) da, ro-gorc Cans, bizantiaSi daasrula sicocxle (prokopi ksarieli 1965: 49-51). rasakvirvelia, irani yovel Rones xmarobda kavkasiis xalxebi CamoeSorebina bizantiuri marTlmadideblobisagan da amisTvis igi mcdelobas ar aklebda, magram qarTlis eklesiaSi man dasayrdeni ver hpova. aseT mcdelobebs — qarTlis eklesiis mesveurebi

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yovelTvis pasuxobdnen qalkedonuri mrwamsisadmi er-Tgulebis demonstrirebiT. mag., qarTlis samRvdeloe-ba ar gamocxadebula iranis mier inicirebul 551 wlis dvinis meore krebaze, riTac oficialurad daadastu-ra Tavisi Seurigebloba proiranul (monofizitur) aR-msareblobasTan. am dros ukve gamoikveTa momavali gan-xeTqilebis niSnebi qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris (aleqsiZe 1974: 105). iranma somxuri eklesiis meSveobiT 574 welsac scada qarTuli da albanuri eklesiebis mim-xroba. somexTa kaTalikosma ioane gabalenelma am miz-niT SesTavaza qarTlisa da albaneTis kaTalikosebs Se-erTebodnen somxebs `qriste RmerTis erTi bunebisa da samwmidaobis galobaSi...~. qarTlis kaTalikoss arc mi-uRia mociqulebi — `upatiod gamouZevebiaT mociqul-ni, rogorc mwvalebelTa mowafeni da uriuli moZRvre-bis ganmaaxlebelni~ (aleqsiZe 1974: 107).

VI saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi qarTli monawileobs farTomasStabian antisparsul koaliciebSi, romlebmac ver moitanes warmateba, magram, aiZules irani Seerbile-bina qristianul eklesiaze zewola. am periodSi qarTli kvlav iranis politkuri gavlenis qveS rCeboda, magram metnaklebad damoukidebel politikas atarebda. am dros daiwyo qarTlSi saxelmwifoebrivi aRmavloba, ris simbolur gamoxatulebadac iqca mcxeTis jvris mSeneb-loba da qarTul-sasanuri monetebi, romlebzec erTa-daa gamosaxuli cecxlis sagzebeli da qristianuli jva-ri. qristianuli amgvari ormagi simbolika Sesatyvisia im kompromisisa, romelsac iranma da bizantiam 562 wlis zaviT miaRwies — qarTli sarwmunoebrivad bizantiis mfarvelobis qveS imyofeboda, xolo politikurad ira-nis gavlenis sferoSi rCeboda (alasania 2008: 66).

qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis kidev ufro ukeTesi vi-Tareba Seiqmna bizantia-iranis 591 wlis axali zavis Se-degad, roca xosrov farvizma (591-628) bizantias dauT-mo mcire aziis dasavluri provinciebi, kavkasiaSi ki —

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somxeTisa da qarTlis didi nawili. 599 wels qarTlis ka-Talikosi xdeba kironi I31, uaResad saintereso da gabe-duli pirovneba, romlis moRvaweobaSi srulad aisaxa imdroindeli qarTlis winaSe mdgari saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebi da maTi gadaWris meqanizmebi, mmarTveli eli-tis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi TviTSegnebis done. ki-rionis moRvaweobam sabolood gamoavlina dafaruli konfliqti somxur eklesiasTan, ramac didi xniT gan-sazRvra qarTuli saxelmwifos politikuri orientacia da qarTuli qristianuli kulturis mimarTuleba.

602 wels iranma ganaaxla omi bizantiis winaaRmdeg da swrafad daibruna dakarguli poziciebi mcire azia-sa da kavkasiaSi. iranma qarTlic oficialurad daibru-na, magram, vinaidan Sahis mTeli yuradReba bizantiis mcireaziuri provinciebisaken iyo mimarTuli, qar-Tlis erismTavari adarnase da misi Tanamzraxveli ki-rion kaTalikosi faqtobrivad damoukideblad gana-gebdnen qveynis beds. maTi erToblivi mmarTvelobis dros qarTlis politikur sazRvrebSi Semovida egri-sis mniSvnelovani nawilic. amaze miuTiTebs ioane drasxanakertelis cnoba, rom kirion kaTalikoss egri-sis mTavarepiskoposis xarisxic hqonia SeTavsebuli (abulaZe 1937: 9; janaSia 1949: 122-123, aleqsiZe 1968: 168-171). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTlis mefeTa mudmiv mcdelobas, SemoeerTebinaT egrisis aRmosavleTi nawi-li, Znelia ar virwmunoT am cnobis realuroba. qar-Tlis eklesiuri gaZliereba am regionSi, sadac kon-

31 adarnase erismTavari klarj bagrationTa STamomavali iyo (aleqsiZe 2011b: 122-123). erismTavarTa dinastiur cvlilebas qarTlis taxtze SeeZlo zegavlenis moxdena kaTalikosTa SerCevis Zvel (mcxeTur) weszec. kirioni, romelic 599 wels aRsayrda kaTalikosis taxtze, marTalia, mcxeTel warCinebu-lebs ar miekuTvneboda, magram somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT, ki-rion kaTalikosic qarTlis erismTavarTa klarjul-javaxu-ri Stos warmomadgeneli yofila (aleqsiZe 1968: 268).

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stantinopolis eklesia cdilobda mosaxleobisaTvis ucxo berZnulenovani RvTismsaxureba moexvia Tavs, ra-sakvirvelia, qarTlis politikur poziciebsac ganam-tkicebda.

kirion kaTalikosis arcTu xangrZlivi moRvaweo-ba saukeTesod warmoaCens mcxeTidan wamosul tenden-ciebs, romlebic arsebiTad qarTuli saxelmwifoebri-vi cxovrebis axali etapis dadgomas moaswavebda. igi miznad isaxavda tomobrivi karCaketilobis daZlevas, mosaxleobis konsoldacias saerTo enis, rwmenisa da zneobrivi Rirebulebebis safuZvelze. amgvar proce-sebs xels uwyobda saerTo ekonomikuri winsvla da sa-zogadoebis ganviTarebis dinamika. imdroindeli qar-Tuli sazogadoeba momwifebuli iyo kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis axal etapze gadasasvle-lad (musxeliSvili 2003: 226-254). swored es mzaoba aisa-xa kirion kaTalikosis saxelmwifoebriv politikaSi. kirioni mkveTrad ar dapirispirebia misi epoqisaTvis bunebriv aRmsareblobaTa siWreles32, magram mtkiced mouTxovia RvTismsaxurebaSi qarTuli enis gabatoneba. es moTxovna, uprvelesad, exeboda eTnikurad yvelaze ufro Sereul curtavis eparqias, ramac gamoiwvia kon-fliqti kaTalikossa da curtavis somex episkoposs So-ris(aleqsiZe 1968: 187, 228-230). konfliqtSi somxeTis eklesiis ierarqebic Caerivnen da man or eklesias So-ris politikuri da aRmsareblobiTi davis Sinaarsi Se-iZina. sabolood igi dasrulda qarTul-somxuri saek-lesio ganxeTqilebiT, rasac kavkasiis qveynebis ekle-siuri daSoreba mohyva Sedegad (aleqsiZe 1998: 142-164).

32 arsebobs grigol romis papis sapasuxo werili kaTalikos kirionisadmi, romlidanac Cans, rom kirions papisaTvis miu-marTavs TxovniT, eswavlebina, Tu ra wesiT SeiZleboda Sec-TomilTa (nestorianTa da monofizitTa) kaTolike eklesiis wiaRSi dabruneba (TamaraSvili 1995: 288-291).

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adarnase erismTavrisa da kirion kaTalikosis er-Toblivi moRvaweoba Sewyda 616 wels, rodesac xosrov farvizis mier mowveulma saeklesio krebam (e.w. sparsu-li kreba), iranis morCil qristianul qveynebSi somexTa sarwmunoeba (monofizitoba) daakanona. aseT viTareba-Si kiron kaTalikosi da adarnase erismTavari iZulebu-li Seiqnen qarTli daetovebinaT. am ambis Semdeg qar-TlSi politikuri mmarTveloba icvleba da, didi alba-TobiT, adgilze Zlierdeba monofizituri frTa. ase gagrZelda bizantia-iranis omis dasasrulamde.

bizantiasTan iranis marcxs qarTlisaTvis simSvi-de ar moutania. omis dasasruls qarTlSi bizantiis mo-kavSire xazarebi SemoiWrnen, Tbilisi aiRes da gaZar-cves33. `moqcevaÁs~ mixedviT, TbilisSi Semosulma Zle-vamosilma herakle keisarma `sjulis gasawmendad~ sas-tiki represiebi Caatara (abulaZe 1963: 95-96). ramdenad sarwmunoa es cnoba, Znelia iTqvas, magram sarwmunoeb-rivi `wmenda~ imdroindel qarTlSi rom namdvilad Ca-tarebula, amaze `qarTlis cxovrebac~ iuwyeba.

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VII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan vidre arabTa Semos-vlamde, qarTli kvlav gavlenis or sferod aris gayo-fili, magram mis aRmosavleT nawilze kontroli da-sustebul irans aRar SeeZlo. amitom, am wlebSi qarTli

33 iranTan dadebuli 628 wlis zaviT, bizantias tradiciulad mxolod qarTlis dasavleTi nawili xvda wilad, Tbilisidan aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxare ki, isev irans darCa (alasania 2008: 98), magram, imJamindeli iranis ukiduresi dasustebis gamo aRmosavleTi qarTli da albaneTi, rogorc iranis te-ritoria, bizantiis TanxmobiT, erT xans xazarebs darCeniaT saTareSod (alasania 2008: 100). kalankatuacis cnobiT, es mdgomareoba didxans ar gagrZelebula — albanelebs isini `samive qveynis gasasvlelebidan~ gauZevebiaT (davlianiZe 1985:85).

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faqtobrivad damoukidebelia. qarTlis saero da sasu-liero xelisufleba, rogorc Cans, kvlav miubrunda adarnase erismTavrisa da kirion kaTalikosis droin-del kurss. magram es periodi aRar gamoirCeva tole-rantuli suliskveTebiT, rogorc es kirionis dros iyo. mematiane miuTiTebs stefanoz II-is mier gatare-bul `sjulis~ wmendaze, rogorc sparselTa memkvidre-obisagan gaTavisuflebis aucilebel saSualebaze: `ese stefanoz iyo umetes yovelTa qarTlis mefeTa da mTa-varTa morwmune da ganmwmedeli sjulisa, maSenebeli eklesiaTa~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 228). wyaro arafers am-bobs imdroindeli qarTlis kaTalikosebze, magram ma-Ti Tanxmoba TavisTavad igulisxmeba stefanozis poli-tikis mimarT.

qarTlis kaTalikosi kvlavindeburad cdilobda gaevrcelebina mcxeTis gavlena dasavleT saqarTvelos centralur da aRmosavleT regionebSi, aseve, Crdilo-dasavleTiT, zRvispiramde. am gavlenis kvals xedaven mkvlevarni VI-VIII saukuneebSi mcxeTis jvris tipis arqi-teqturis gavrcelebaSi afxazeTis teritoriaze (Рчеу-лишвили 1988: 72-80; musxeliSvili 2003: 381). es procesi periodulad ferxdeboda, magram yovel xelsayrel pi-robebSi mcxeTa cdilobda am regionze gavlenis aRdge-nas. erT-erTi aseTi SesaZlebloba gaCnda 694 wels, roca egrisis patrikiosma sergi barnukis-Zem bizantielTagan ukiduresad Seviwroebuli qveyana arabebs gadasca (ked-rene 1963: 29). rogorc Cans, es viTareba gamoiyena arabTa daqvemdebarebaSi myofma qarTlis erismTavarma stfa-noz III-m da dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili Semoimtkica. am ambis gamoZaxili Cans stefanozis titu-laturaSi, sadac igi `qarTvelTa da megrelTa erisTavT erisTavTa uflad~ iwodeba (abramiSvili 1977: 36). stefa-nozis Zeebi, arCili da mihri dasavleT saqarTvelos Ta-vianT samkvidrod miiCneven. rasakvirvelia, es imasac mi-

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aniSnebs, rom qarTlis kaTalikosi aqaur kaTedrebs mcxeTas dauqvemdebarebda. SesaZloa, swored arCilis moRvaweobis dros Camoyalibebul saeklesio tradicias emyareba vaxuSti, rodesac xonis eklesiaze ambobs: `...zis episkopozi, mwyemsi vakisa.. es iyo erTobasa Sina qarTlis mTavarepiskopozisa~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 750).

mcxeTis taxti did yuradRebas uTmobda qarTlis ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare mosazRvre mxares — istoriuli albaneTis teritorias, sadac Zli-eri iyo somxuri eklesiis gavlena da amitom cdilobda, iq qalkedonuri mrwamsi daenerga. amaze mianiSnebs mov-ses kalankatuacis cnoba, rom alvaneTis mTavar Seros dros (699-705) alvaneTis kaTalikosi nerse mosaxleo-baSi qalkedonuri mrwamsis gavrcelebas cdilobda (davlianiZe 1985: 137-140). ueWvelia, aseTi mcdeloba qarTlis xelisufalTa politikur miznebs gamoxatav-da, risTvisac mcxeTas adgilebze samisionero saqmia-noba gauCaRebia. msgavsi mcdeloba kvlav ganmeorebula ukve VIII saukunis pirveli naxevarSi qarTlis kaTali-kos Talales dros (davlianiZe 1985: 150-151; musxeliS-vili 2003: 384). qarTlis kaTalikosTa amgvari saqmiano-bis Sedegad hereTi da Saqi VIII saukuneSi qarTlis ekle-siis samwysoSi Sedioda.

VIII saukuneSi qarTlma ara erTi mZime omi gadaita-na arabTa da xazarTa gamanadgurebeli Semosevebisagan. mcxeTis saxli, romelic am movlenebis SuagulSi aR-moCnda, cxadia, uzomod dazaralda. `ganryunil iyo sa-yofelad mcxeTao~, — iuwyeba `qarTlis cxovreba~ (ya-uxCiSvili 1955: 243). murvan yrus Semdeg daaxloebiT or aTeul wlamde qarTlSi SedarebiT mSvidobiani perio-di dgeba. am dros eweva arCili did aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianobas TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT: `warmovida arCil da daemkvidra egriss vidre Sorap-namde. da ganagna yovelni cixeni da qalaqni, da aRaSenna cixe sazRuarsa zeda guriisa da saberZneTisasa. da

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warÃda amaT Sina weliwadi Tormeti. da iwyo Senebad qarTlman...~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 243), arCili agrZelebs samisionero politikas aRmosavleT saqarTvelos pe-riferiebSi — kaxeTsa da mis mosazRvre albanur olqeb-Si — Saqsa da wuqeTSi. bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom am saq-mianobas isev mcxeTis saxli warmarTavda. wyaros cno-ba, rom arCilma `nuxpatelni warmarTni~ moaqcia (yaux-CiSvili 1955: 244), mcxeTis siZliereze da mis farTo sa-misionero programaze metyvelebs.

VIII saukunis 60-iani wlebSi qarTls aryevda xazar-Ta mrisxane Semosevebi (yauxCiSvili 1955: 242), Semdgom arabTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli wanar-kaxTa ajanyebebi. maTi CaxSobisaTvis arabebma didi samxedro Zalebi moi-zides. amis Semdeg, 771 wels, arabebma mmarTveloba uf-ro gaamkacres da qarTlis mmarTveloba amiras Caaba-res34. Tbilisis saamiros daarsebam daasusta erismTav-robis adgilobrivi instituti, 786 wels arabebma igi sabolood gaauqmes (alasania 2007:11; 2008: 164). movle-naTa aseTma ganviTarebam metismetad daasusta qar-Tlis, rogorc politikuri centris roli da masTan erTad daamcro mcxeTac, romelic manamde qarTlis erismTavaris uSualo mfarvelobiT sargeblobda. bu-nebrivia, am periodidan Zalze SeizRuda mcxeTis tax-tis SesaZleblobebi.

* * *

erismTavrobis gauqmebam qarTlSi axal politikur procesebs misca dasabami. erTi meoris miyolebiT Cnde-

34 Tbilisis saamiros daarsebis TriRad qarTul samecniero literaturaSi miCneuli iyo VIII saukunis 40-iani wlebis da-sawyisi, radgan es movlena istorikosebma daukavSires mur-van yrus kavkasiaSi laSqrobis dasasruls. am sakiTxTan da-kavSirebuli uaxlesi gamokvleviT qarTlSi arabi amiras da-niSvnis drod ganisazRvra 771 weli (alasania 2007:3-12, iqve sruli literatura).

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ba axali politikuri erTeulebi —samTavroebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi arabTa saxalifos dasustebis kvalobaze IX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan mTeli X saukunis ganmavlo-baSi samTavroebs Soris brZola ZiriTadad qarTlisaT-vis mimdinareobda. am cxare brZolaSi Cabmulni iyvnen somexi mefeebic da somxuri monofizituri eklesiac, romelTac arabebi, regionSi bizantiis poziciebis Sesa-susteblad, gansakuTrebul mfarvelobas uwevdnen. IX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi somxeTma qarTls java-xeTisa da qvemo qarTlis nawili CamoaWra. somex mefeebs yvelaze Zlier winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen egris-afxaze-Tis mefeebi — `ibrZodes somexni da afxazni qarTlsa ze-da~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: .259). mebrZoli mxareebi erTma-neTs ecilebodnen mTavari sagzao magistralebis da, upirvelesad, alanTa karis dauflebaSi. erT-erTi aseTi SemTxveva, roca mefe konstanti (893-922) da sumbat so-mexTa mefe sabrZolvelad Seiyarnen alanTa karTan, moTxrobili aqvs ioane drasxanakertels (cagareiSvili 1965: 109). amgvari dapirispirebebis dros, mcxeTa, buneb-rivia, egris-afxazeTis mefeebis mokavSire iqneboda (ab-dalaZe 1988: 179-180) da, rogorc Cans, imdroindel poli-tikur movlenaTa SuagulSi iyo moqceuli. `matiane qar-TlisaÁs~ cnobiT, egris-afxazeTis mefe demetrem (967-975) sakuTari Zma Teodosi, romelic, taxtze ecilebo-da, sveticxovelSi Semoiriga. ficis rituali Catarebu-la kaTalikosis, mRvdelmTavarTa da didebulTa Tan-daswrebiT (yauxCiSvili 1955:271). marTalia, demetrem fici male daarRvia da Teodosis Tvalebi amoxada, ma-gram Tavad faqti — mxareTa `Sexvedris adgili~ da kaTa-likosis monawileoba am saqmeSi mowmobs mis mniSvnelo-van rols mimdinare procesebSi.

egris-afxazeTis mefeebs da qarTlis kaTaliko-sebs Tanmxvedri miznebi amoZravebdaT Crdilo kavkasi-aSi, sadac egris-afxazeTi IX saukunidan atarebda aqti-ur sagareo politikas (lorTqifaniZe 1973: 441). egris-

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afxazeTis mefeebi, erTi mxriv, aZliereben safortifi-kacio nagebobaTa sistemas CerqezeTTan da alanebTan damakavSirebel xeobebSi, meore mxriv, xels uwyoben aq qristianobis gavrcelebas. amazea laparaki nikoloz mistikosis werilebSi giorgi egris-afxazeTis mefi-sadmi (922-957). masSi madlierebiTaa moxseniebuli ga-dacvlili konstanti mefe, romelic didad Sewevnia bi-zantias alaniaSi qristianobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi, xolo giorgis Tavad mounaTlavs alaniis mmarTveli (nikoloz mistikosi 1952: 212-214).

magram Tu Crdilo kavkasiis dasavleTiT `berZnu-li~ qristianoba vrceldeboda berZeni ierarqebiT saTa-veSi, mis centralur da aRmosavleT nawilSi — dvaleTSi, inguSeTsa da daRestnis calkeul TemebSi mcxeTidan Se-dioda `qarTuli~ qristianoba qarTuli eniT, damwerlo-biTa da xuroTmoZRvrebiT (RambaSiZe 1985: 5-10).

miTiTebani Crdilokavksiur samwysosa da samflo-beloebze, romlebic mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi X saukunis meore naxevarSi, moeqca, Zveli tradiciis gavleniT zog-jer gviandel sabuTebSic SehqondaT (mag., `...mTis alage-bi ovseTisa samzRvramdisin ...ovseTi sruliad Cerqezis da svaneTis samzRvramdis...~ (XVIII s. xec, Hd-14532).

***

IX-X saukuneebSi Zlieri saeklesio centrebi, mo-nastrebis da calkeuli eparqiebis saxiT, periferiebSi yalibdeba. zogi maTgani gansakuTrebuli avtonomiuri uflebebiT sargeblobs. mag., `grigol xanZTelis cxov-rebis~ mixedviT, klarjeTis udabnoTa samRvdeloebas anCis episkoposi akurTxevda. kaTalikoss SeeZlo uka-nonod ecno aseTi xeldasxma, Tu kandidats adgilob-rivi monastrebidan yvelas Tanxmoba ar eqneboda, anu sadavo SemTxvevebSi (abulaZe 1963: 303). cnobilia Sem-Txveva, rodesac qarTlis kaTalikosi iZulebulia imoqmedos arabTa amiras zewoliT — anCis kaTedraze

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man xeli daasxa sruliad Seuferebel pirs, vinme cqirs, romelmac Tavisi uRirsi saqcieliT klarjeTis sam-Rvdeloebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. maT protestis weri-li misweres qarTlis kaTalikoss. am ukanasknelma ki an-CaSi saqmis gansaxilvelad qarTlidan episkoposebi gagzavna. maT adgilobriv samRvdeloebasTan erTad cqiri gankveTes, magram cqirma amiras daxmarebiT kvlav daibruna kaTedra. cxadia, aseTi faqtebi kaTali-kosis siZliereze ar metyvelebs (abulaZe 1963: 305-306).

erTiani politikuri centris ararsebobis piro-bebSi saero da sasuliero xelisuflebaTa Soris har-moniuli TanamSromlobis principi eklesiis, upirate-sad misi bermonazvnuri frTis sasargeblod irRveva. swored bermonazonTa wreSi yalibdeba Sexeduleba ek-lesiis upiratesobis Sesaxeb `mokvdav xelmwifeebze~, ris dasabuTebas araerTgzis vxvdebiT `grigol xanZTe-lis cxovrebaSi~. es Sexeduleba samefo xelisuflebas akuTvnebda eklesiis msaxuris rols (lominaZe 1966a: 68-78). mag., `cxovrebis~ erT-erT epizodSi es idea asea Camoyalibebuli: „RmrTis-msaxurno mefeno, WeSmari-tad gulni Tquenni ÃelTa Sina RmrTisaTa arian, ro-melmanca Cuen, glaxakTa gulsa, nugeSinis-sca piriTa TqueniTa da keTilTa TquenTa uxvad moniWebiTa. da Tquen mogca ufalman danergvaÁ ukudavTa ÃelmwifeTa wmidaTa eklesiaTa mokudaviTa mefobiTa. da SewevnaÁca maTi uxilavad saWurvel-yo Tquenda, ufroÁs xilulTa saWurvelTa, da umravles bevrTa mÃedarTa. da ese uw-yodeT, rameTu sulierad ganwyobilni laSqarni Tquen-ni ese wmidani udabnoTa mamani arian, Ãorcielad ganwe-sebulTa laSqarTa TquenTa simtkiceni da saWurvelni yovelTa morwmuneTa mefeTani, mwyobrTa Sina wyobisa-Ta. Tquen, umetesad amisTÂs, rameTu mefobisa simaRle-sa Tana gaqus Tquen qristÀs mimsgavsebuli simdable da moRvawebaÁ wmidaTa eklesiaTaÁ...~ (abulaZe 1963: 275).

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amgvarma Sexedulebam sazogadoebis TvalSi aamaR-la bermonazvnobis avtoriteti, magram, amasTanave, fe-odalizaciis gaRrmavebuli procesebis pirobebSi bu-nebrivad gamoiwvia memamuluri kontigentis pozicie-bis gaZliereba. memamuluri aristokratia Tavad dae-ufla maRal saeklesio Tanamdebobebs, riTac eklesia Tavis samsaxurSi Caiyena. amisi mkafio magaliTic `gri-gol xancTelis cxovrebis~ im epizodSi Cans, sadac la-parakia kaTalikosis kandidaturis SerCevaze mirean aznauris zewoliT (abulaZe 1963: 287). momravlebul sa-mefo-samTavroebSi gaizarda calkeuli kaTedrebis roli (bana, iSxani, awyuri). mcxeTis rolis damcrobam Zlier aristokratul sagvareuloebs saSualeba misca memkvidreobiT dapatronebodnen adgilobriv kaTed-rebs. am tendenciam Searyia eklesiis saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi funqciebi da saSinao cxovrebaSi igi, metwilad, feodalur sagvareuloTa interesebis gamtareblad aqcia. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis axal etapze (X-XI ss. mijna) es movlena seriozul dabrkole-bad iqca, ris gadasalaxavad erTiani saqarTvelos pir-veli mefeebi gansakuTrebul RonisZiebebs mimarTaven mcxeTis sakaTalikoso kaTedris aRorZineba-gaZliere-bisa da TviT mcxeTis kaTalikosis statusis amaRlebis mizniT. amgvari mniSvnelobis RonisZiebaTagan CvenTvis cnobilia qarTlis kaTalikosisaTvis kaTalikos-pat-riarqis titulis miniWeba, misTvis imuniteturi ufle-bebis boZeba da sveticxovlis axali sakaTedro taZris mSenebloba.

***

daaxloebiT 920 wels sveticxovlis xuTsaukunova-ni siZvelis taZari abul-kasimis Semosevis dros saji amiras gadauwvavs (yauxCiSvili 1973: 134). ramdenad Zlie-ri iyo ziani, wyaroebSi ar Cans, Tumca, araviTari cnoba sveticxovelSi RvTismsaxurebis Sewyvetis Taobaze ar

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mogvepoveba. X-XI saukuneTa mijnaze, rodesac erTiani saqarTvelos konturebi ikveTeboda, taZari, cxadia, da-zianebuli iqneboda, magram is didi ganaxleba, romelic sveticxovels XI saukunis dasawyisSi Seexo, bevrad aRe-mateboda mis SekeTeba-aRdgenas. sveticxovelis taZari ganaxlda axal xuroTmoZRvrul formaSi, es iyo epoqis moTxovna, romelic momwifebuli iyo imdroindeli qar-Tuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis doniT da im po-litikuri amocaniT, romelic sveticxovels eniWeboda axlad gaerTianebul qveyanaSi.

sveticxovlis ganaxleba gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-lobis movlena iyo imdroindel saqarTveloSi. svetic-xoveli, rogorc qristes kvarTze dafuZnebuli ekle-sia, im droisaTvis grandiozuli masStabebiT qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis simbolod iqca. mis sim-bolizmSi ganuyofeli iyo religiuri da politikuri Sinaarsi. mcxeTis kaTalikosebi, amjerad ukve kaTali-kos-patriarqis tituliT, iqvemdebarebdnen mTeli sa-qarTvelos saeklesio ierarqias, loculobdnen erTia-ni saqarTvelos mefeTa „mTavrobisaTvis` da maTTan er-Tad iRvwodnen qveynis mTlianobisaTvis, Tumca es pro-cesi sworxazovnad ar ganviTarebula.

kaTalikosi da samefo xelisufleba (XI-XIV ss.)

XI saukuneSi erTiani qarTuli monarqiis SeqmniT

iwyeba qarTveli xalxis eTnokulturuli erTobis axa-li, politikur erTobaze gadasvlis uaRresad daZabu-li etapi. axladSeqmnili qarTuli saxelmwifos sicoc-xlisunarianoba bevrad iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad moaxerxebda imdroindeli politikuri da sa-suliero elita qristianuli kulturis Seuqcevad gan-

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viTarebas da feodaluri wodebis konsolidacias. es iyo axali epoqis amocanebi, romelTa gadaWraSi, samefo xelisuflebasTan erTad eklesias ekuTvnoda wamyvani roli.

XI saukune saqarTvelos istoriaSi marTlac gamor-Ceulia kulturuli winsvliT. am saukuneSi qarTveli bermonazvnobis ramdenime Taobam uzarmazari inteleq-tualuri Sromis fasad moaxerxa bizantiuri mwerlobis axali tendenciebis aTviseba da misi saukeTeso nimuSe-bis qarTul enaze gadmoReba. imdroindel qarTvel ber-Ta mTargmnelobiT-samecniero saqmianoba, marTlac, gansacvifrebelia Tavisi masStaburobiTa da intensivo-biT35. maTi literaturuli interesebi gansazRvruli iyo amocaniT — `naTesaviT qarTveli~ ziareboda `ber-Znul swavlulobas~. berZnebis qedmaRlurma damokide-bulebam qarTvelebisadmi mxolod gaamZafra ucxoeTis samonastro kerebSi moRvawe qarTvel berTa es mizan-swrafva, ramac sabolood gansazRvra am saukunis qar-Tuli sazogadoebis saazrovno mimarTulebebi. ucxour samonastre centrebSi moRvawe qarTvel berTa intensi-uri inteleqtualuri saqmianoba swrafadve poulobda gamoZaxils saqarTveloSi da ayalibebda qarTuli sasu-liero elitis kulturul profils, uviTarebda mas sqolastikuri gansjis unars, logikur azrovnebas da movlenaTa kritikuli Sefasebis Cvevebs. am dros inten-siurad mimdinareobs bizantiuri elinofiluri Semoq-medebiTi azris aTviseba (bezaraSvili 2004: 110-123) da, rogorc am didi kulturuli procesis Semadgeneli na-wili, xdeba adrindeli `CCvili~ Targmanebidan zedmi-wevniT, egzeketikuri da mecnieruli komentarebiT aR-Wurvil Targmanebze gadasvla (oTxmezuri 2011: 7-9); ama-ve epoqis monapovaria erovnuli istoriis gaazreba im

35 am dros sruldeba ara mxolod axali Targmanebi, aramed Tavidan iTargmneba adre ukve naTargmni literatura.

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droisaTvis universaluri bibliuri istoriografiis kategoriebiT da imavdroulad saerTo kavkasiuri kon-cepciis SemuSaveba (yauxCiSvili 1955: 3-11); swored am sa-ukuneSi, jer giorgi mTawmindelma, Semdeg efrem mcirem moiZies da logikurad Camoqnes istoriuli `argumente-bi~ qarTlis eklesiis avtokefalurobis samtkiceblad (abulaZe 1967: 149-155, bregaZe 1959); am saukuneSi gansa-kuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens somxur monofizitobas-Tan paeqroba (aleqsiZe 1980), ramac xeli Seuwyo polemi-kuri kulturis amaRlebas. XI-XII saukuneTa mijnaze iTargmneba `dogmatikoni~ — dogmatikur-polemikur TxzulebaTa krebuli, romelmac farTo saazrovno dia-pazoniT, humanisturi mimarTulebiT da sqolastikuri meTodiT, iseve rogorc gamomsaxvelobiTi formebiT, saetapo mniSvneloba SeiZina maRali Suasaukuneebis qar-Tul kulturaSi (rafava 2013: 8-9,14-28). am krebulma Se-moitana pirvelad qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi laTinTa ganmaqiqebeli msjelobani (aleqsiZe 1975:111, 120, rafava 2014:98-102). amave epoqas ganekuTvneba saeklesio da sa-moqalaqo samarTlis iseTi fuZemdebluri Zegli, rogo-ricaa `didi sjuliskanoni~, romelsac axali erovnuli saxelmwifo unda dafuZneboda. amgvari Tematikisadmi qarTvel mTargmnelTa da mecnier-komentatorTa cxo-velma interesma ganapiroba qarTuli samwignobro enis Tvisobrivad ganaxleba, misi gamdidreba saRvTismetyve-lo, filosofiuri da samarTlebrivi cnebebiT (dobor-jginiZe 2010: 106-109). qarTul enas, berZnulis msgavsad, ukve SeeZlo maRali saganmanaTleblo funqciis Sesru-leba, rac TavisTavad axali ganaTlebuli elitis daba-debas niSnavda. imdroindeli qarTuli mwerloba, origi-naluric da naTargmnic, Tanadrouli qarTuli elita-ruli sazogadoebis kulturul swrafvas Seesabameboda da axali SinaarsiT amdidrebda qarTvelebis eTnokul-turul TviTSegnebas, rac aisaxa kidec SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. amgvari kulturuli `moZra-

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obebis~ wiaRSi ibadeboda `axali~ qarTveli eri, rome-lic mzad iyo axali politikuri amocanebis gadasaWre-lad. am procesis miRma arasodes darCenila saqarTve-los samefo da saeklesio xelisufleba. Cvenamde moRwe-uli pirdapiri Tu iribi monacemebiT am process gul-modgined akvirdebodnen da biZgs aZlevdnen uSualod mefeebi da maTi Tanamoazre kaTalikosebi36. es ukanas-knelni, xSir SemTxvevaSi, samefo sagvareulos umcrosi Stoebis an mefeebTan TanSezrdili vasaluri wreebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.

marTalia, amgvari TviTSegneba gansazRvravda sae-ro Tu saeklesio swavluli elitis kulturul pro-fils, magram, cxadia, igi Tanabrad ver msWvalavda mTel feodalur wodebas da verc mis politkur qceva-ze axdenda zegavlenas. patronymobis wesze dastruq-turebuli feodaluri sazogadoebis tradiciul Ri-rebulebebSi saxelmwifoebrivi idealebis adgili jer kidev naadrevi iyo. misi feodalur-patrimonialuri warmodgenebi winaaRmdegobaSi modioda Tavad saxel-mwifoebriv ideasTan.

am warmodgenebis gadalaxva verc bagration mefeTa bibliuri warmomavlobis miTma SeZlo, romelic adre-feodaluri urTierTobebis wiaRSi da ukve politikuri daqucmacebulobis pirobebSi iyo Camoyalibebuli. ami-

36 `efTvime aTonelis cxovrebaSi~ araorazrovnad aris miTi-Tebuli, rom qarTvel bermonazonTa mTargmnelobiT saqmia-nobas daviT kurapalati uSualod adevnebda Tvalyurs. ef-Tvime axal Targmanebs mefes ugzavnida, romelic Tavis mxriv, `zedaÁs-zeda miuwern, raÁTa Targmnides da warscem-des~ (abulaZe 1967: 61). XI-XII saukuneebis literaturuli ma-salasa da, gansakuTrebT, mTargmnelTa komentarebSi kidev ufro ikveTeba mefeTa roli axali Targmanebis Seqmnasa da redaqtirebis saqmeSi. es sakiTxi Sesabamisi masaliT da axali aspeqtebiT ganxilulia n. doborjginiZis naSromSi: `lin-gvistur-hermanevtikuli metateqstebi (doborjginiZe 2012: 5-25, agreTve 7-8, sqolio).

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tom bagrationebisadmi loialurad ganwyobili Zalebi verc ideologiurad da verc politikurad ver umklav-debodnen im feodalur ganwyobebs, romelsac Tavis sa-sargeblod SesaniSnavad iyenebda bizantiis xelisufle-ba. aseT viTarebaSi sazogadoebis makonsolidirebeli roli eklesias unda ekisra, magram feodaluri erTgu-lebis wesze organizebuli eklesia sxva politikur Za-lebTan erTad Tanabrad aRmoCnda CaTreuli imdroin-del destruqciul movlenebSi. mTlianad saeklesio elita — episkoposebi, msxvil monasterTa winamZRvrebi, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, monawileobdnen Sida politikur dapirispirebebSi (lorTqifaniZe 1979: 169-170).

XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mainc, mcxeTis taxtis myrobeli kaTalikosebi ZiriTadad bagration mefeTa vasalebi da maTi erTguli TanamebrZolebi arian (mag., melqisedek kaTalikosi bagrat III—is `gazrdils~ uwo-debs Tavs, xolo melqisedekis `gazrdilia~ misi momdev-no kaTalikosi iovane (SoSiaSvili 1984: 27). es niSnavs, rom iovanec bagration mefeTa daaxloebuli wridan iyo gamosuli, magram eklesiis feodalizacia imdenad Sors iyo wasuli, rom mxolod kaTalikosTa loialuroba sa-qarTvelos erTianobisaTvis mebrZoli mefeebisadmi sa-erTo mdgomareobas didad ver cvlida. eklesiis mesaWe-Ta aristokratuli kontigenti Serwymuli iyo saero aristokratiasTan, rac praqtikulad Slida zRvars sa-eklesio da saero wodebebs Soris da arRvevda Suasau-kunovani sazogadoebrivi wesrigisaTvis aucilebel wo-debriv balanss. XI saukuneSi qarTul eklesiaSi Tavi iCi-na kidev erTma senma — simoniam. TviT bagrat IV (1027-1072) Turme Tavad hyidda saepiskoposo kaTedrebs (abu-laZe 1967: 162), ramac gaaZliera eklesiis demoraliza-cia da misi sazogadoebrivi funqciis daknineba gaamoiw-via. xSirad irRveoda episkoposTa da mRvdelTa xeldas-xmis wesebi, ugulvebelyofili iyo piradi Rirseba da ganswavluloba saeklesio pirTa ierarqiul safexureb-

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ze aRmasvlisas. `maSindel qarTvel samRvdeloebas Ta-visi pirdapiri movaleobis pirnaTlad asrulebis saSua-leba aRar hqonda~ (javaxiSvili 1984: 63). saqarTvelos gaerTianeba sabolood ver dasruldeboda, Tu eklesi-ac, es didi feodaluri Zala, monarqias ar daeqvemdeba-reboda (lominaZe 1966a: 79).

aseTi ganukiTxaobis Jams ixmo bagrat IV-m saqar-TveloSi giorgi mTawmindeli, pirovneba, romlis maRa-li avtoriteti sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli. igi sa-qarTveloSi xuT weliwads darCa da, am xnis ganmavlo-baSi, Tavisi qadagebebiT, saqmianobiT Tu umaRles sae-ro da saeklesio pirTa mxilebiT Seecada sazogadoeba-Si gabatonebul uwesoebaTa aRmofxvras.37 rogorc misi `cxovreba~ iuwyeba, giorgi mTawmindelis winaSe aRsa-rebisaTvis mefesTan erTad umaRlesi samRvdeloebac warmdgara: `xolo mieriTgan iwyes aRsaarebad da sina-nulad TviT mefeman, kaTalikozman, mRdelTa, diakon-Ta, monazonTa da moweseTa, didebulTa da mTavarTa, mdidarTa da glaxakTa~ (abulaZe 1967: 162). miuxedavad imisa, rom giorgi mTawmindelis saqarTveloSi moRva-weobam sazogadoebaSi sinanulis grZnoba gaaRviZa, rea-lurad mainc araferi Secvlila, radgan samefo xeli-

37 bizantiaSi sasuliero pirebi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, monawileobdnen samoqalaqo problemebis gadawyvetaSi. eklesia eweoda kar-gad organizebul farTo saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas — misi mfarvelobis qveS iyo mravali saqvelmoqmedo dawesebuleba moxucTa saavadmyofoebisa da obolTa TavSesafrebis saxiT. VIII saukuneSi eklesiis saqvelmoqmedo movaleobebi kanon-mdeblobiTac ganisazRvra (Эклога 1965: VII titlosi). saqar-Tvelos eklesias sazogadoebis winaSe msgavsi funqcia ar utvirTia. Cveni eklesiis es naklovaneba hqonda mxedveloba-Si giorgi mTawmindels, rodesac damoZRvra `friad mdidari episkoposi~ (abulaZe 1967: 162), amave naklovanebas aaSkara-vebda igi, rodesac saqarTveloSi 80 oboli Sekriba da kon-stantinopolSi Caiyvana (abulaZe 1967: 166,168).

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suflebis xelT arsebuli meqanizmebiT imJamad es SeuZ-lebelic iyo. saerTo mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZim-da Turq-selCukTa Semosevebis Sedegad. daviT aRmaSe-neblis taxtze asvlisas saeklesio cxovreba sruliad moSliliyo fizikurad, organizaciulad da moralu-rad. ai, ras wers daviTis istorikosi: `rameTu wmidani eklesiani, saxlni RvTisani, quab avazakTa qmnil iyvnes, da uRirsTa da uwesoTa mamulobiT ufros, vidre Rir-sebiT daepyrnes ufrosni saepiskoposoni, viTarca ava-zakTa; da maTnive msgavsni xucesni da qorepiskoposni daedginnes, romelni, nacvlad sjulTa saRmrToTa us-juloebasa awurTides maT queSeTa yovelTa. da TÂT saxliT uflisaTa da mRvdelTagan gamovidoda yoveli usjuloeba da codva, romelTa Tuali RmrTisa xedvi-da yovelTa da ganrisxebul iyo...~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 327).

qarTuli saxelmwifosa da eklesiis imJamindeli mdgomareoba arsebiT cvlilebebs moiTxovda. saWiro iyo monarqis mtkice, gabeduli, erTpirovnuli Careva eklesiis saqmeebSi, magram amgvar moqmedebebs esaWiro-eboda mefis personis sakraluri avtoritetis amaRle-ba, raTa mas samoqmedo asparezi gaxsnoda. es mizani Cans ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglisweraze darTul daviTis `SesxmaSi~. aq mefe gamocxadebulia `RmrTis saxed~, `kacTmoyvared, viTarca iesu~, `TviTmpyrobelad~ (ga-biZaSvili 1978: 193-195) da a.S. zogierTi mkvlevari ar-cTTu usafuZvlod fiqrobs, rom krebis mTavari mizani `uRirs~ mRvdelmTavarTa gadayenebaze metad iyo TviTmpyrobeli monarqis ideologiis SemuSaveba, ro-melsac mzardi saxelmwifo unda damyareboda (Абашидзе 2010: 47). magram mxolod mefis sakraluri avtoritetis zrda ver gamoiRebda nayofs, Tu igi ar aisaxeboda cxovrebis materialur mxareze, anu, ar moxdeboda sa-xelmwifo da saeklesio cxovrebis gardaqmna mmarTve-

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lobis erTiani sistemis farglebSi. swored amitom Se-muSavda bizantiuri simfonizmis ganaxlebuli qarTu-li modeli, romlis asamoqmedeblad, bizantiisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli socialuri bazisa da politi-kuri struqturis pirobebSi, mefem Wyondidel-mwigno-barTuxucesis Tanamdeboba da misi xelqveiTi uwyeba Seqmna (surgulaZe 2012:147).

Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamdeboba ar-sebiTad axali movlena iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi da mi-si arseboba, marTlacda, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis unayofieres periods daemTxva (berZeniSvili 1966: 6). samecniero literaturaSi didi xania garkveulia Wyon-didel-mwignobarTuxucesis adgili samoxeleo ierar-qiaSi da misi funqciebi (javaxiSvili 1982: 270-282, ber-ZeniSvili 1966 58-59, mesxia 1979: 79-102, lorTqifaniZe 1979:220-222; anTelava 1983: 100-122), magram mainc bundo-vani rCeba misi damokidebuleba eklesiasTan da kaTali-kosis institutTan. saukunovanma gamocdilebam uCve-na, rom kaTalikosis instituti ver uZRveboda im amo-canebs, romlebic saqarTvelos politikurma gaerTia-nebam eklesiis msaxurTagan moiTxova38. maTi gadaWra itvirTa axlad Seqmnilma Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxu-cesis uwyebam, igi iqca saeklesio organizaciaSi same-fo xelisuflebis politikur sayrdenad, Tumca es po-litika yovelTvis rodi modioda TanxmobaSi kaTali-kosis nebasTan39.

38 mizezi am movlenisa ido `eklesiis gareT~, sazogadoebis fe-odaluri ganviTarebis xelSemwyob faqtorTa TanafardobaSi, ramac gansazRvra istoriul-geografiuli `qveynebis~wamyva-ni roli memamulur-aristokratiuli kontigentis formire-baSi. feodaluri aristokratia avsebda maRali saeklesio ie-rarqiis rigebsac, ris Sedegadac praqtikulad waiSala socia-luri zRvari saero da saeklesio wodebebs Soris. 39 rodis Seiqmna Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamdebo-ba, wyaroebSi miTiTebuli ar aris. qarTul istoriografiaSi

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Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis uwyebis upirve-lesi daniSnuleba iyo saqarTvelos saeklesio cxovre-bis zedamxedveloba, raTa igi `ucTomel~, anu kanonie-rebis normebSi moqceuliyo. es procesi, SesaZloa, ru-is-urbnisis krebamdec ki daiwyo, magram misi Cayeneba samarTlebriv CarCoebSi krebis Sedegad unda gamxda-riyo SesaZlebeli. krebis teqstis Seswavlam saeklesio krebebis normebTan mimarTebaSi (rogorc saeklesio, aseve samoqalaqo sferoSi) gamoavlina samarTlebriv darRvevaTa 18 tipi (gabiZaSvili 1978: 87-159, Абашидзе 2010: 29-36), rac, rogorc Cans, imJamindel qarTul si-namdvileSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. daviTisa da mis TanamoazreTa saerTo SexedulebiT, kaTalikosi, same-fo xelisuflebis Carevis gareSe, uZluri iyo raime Se-ecvala eklesiaSi. amitom laparakobs kmayofilebiT daviTis istorikosi ruis-urbnisis krebis Sedegebze: `gamowulilviTa keTilad gamoiZies da yoveli cToma ganmarTes, keTili da saTno RmrTisa wesi yoveli daam-tkices, uRirsad gamoCinebulni gankueTnes, da SeaCu-ennes, gardamosTxines saydarTagan, daRaTu ZnelRa iyo ese, rameTu iyvnes kacni mTavarTa da warCinebulTa Svilni, romelTa uwesod daepyrnes saydrebi; da maT wil WeSmaritni mwyemsni da saTnoni RmrTisani daadgin-nes~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 327-328).

rodesac vlaparakobT bizantiuri modelis gad-

didxans iyo gabatonebuli azri, rom igi Seiqmna uSualod ruis-urbnisis krebis Semdeg. pirvelad es Sexeduleba eW-vqveS daayena i. anTelavam. man yuradReba miaqcia ruis-ur-bnisis `ZeglisweraSi~ giorgi monazonisa da mwinobarTauxu-cesis mimarT gamoyenebul gansazRvrebas — `meufe~, romelic mxolod episkoposis pativSi ayvanili monazonis mimarT Se-iZleboda gamoyenebuliyo (anTelava 1983:121). es Sexeduleba gaziarebulia da gamyarebuli damatebiTi argumentebiT z. abaSiZis Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis saxelosadmi miZ-Rvnil naSromSi (abaSiZe 2013:138-140).

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monergvaze saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis sistemaSi, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es procesi, upirveles yovlisa, samarTlebrivi kulturis amaRlebas emsaxureboda. da-namdvilebiT aris cnobili, rom ruis-urbnisis krebas win uZRoda `didi sjuliskanonis~ Targmna. TviT `Zeg-lisweris~ teqsti aSkarad amJRavnebs `didi sjuliska-nonis~ qarTul Targmanze damokidebulebas (gabiZaSvi-li 1978: 29). amieridan saqarTvelos samefo da saekle-sio xelisuflebas am Zeglis saxiT hqondaT `dawerili~ bizantiuri kanonebi, romliTac SeeZloT exelmZRvane-laT marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis dros.

rogorc `didi sjuliskanonis~ gadmoqarTuleba, aseve ruis-urbnisis krebis `Zegliswera~ nivTierad am-tkiceben, rom saxelmwifos aRmSeneblobis gzaze daviT aRmaSenebelma prioriteti samarTals da kanonierebas mianiWa. feodalur TviTnebobas da anarqias, rogorc ek-lesiaSi, iseve samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi mefem kanoni dau-pirispira: `rameTu verca msoflio vinme, da verca moqa-laqe, ver mÃedari da ver romeli pativi da asaki ikad-rebda gandrekilad slvad: rameTu yovelTa kacTa iyo wesiereba, yovelTa kanon, yovelTa patiosneba...~ (yaux-CiSvili 1955: 356). daviTis istorikosis azriT, mxolod amgvari, kanonze dafuZnebuli wesrigi iyo saxelmwifo-ebrivi aRmSeneblobis safuZveli. mis saTaveSi idga `brZeni mefe~, `romliTa umetes yovelTa saSiSad saza-rel iyo yovelTa, rameTu RmrTisa mier iyo mis zeda ni-Wi ese~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 356). daviTis istorikosi Sefa-rulad racionalur, `samarTlebriv~ elementze miuTi-Tebs, romelic mefis Zalauflebis iracionalur sakra-lurobas materialur ganzomilebas aniWebda. es iyo, ra-sakvirvelia, axali azri qarTul politikur sivrceSi. saxelmwifo wesrigs, romelsac mefe RvTis saxeliT am-yarebda, realurad mefis `xeli~, Wyondidel-mwignobar-Tuxucesi uZRveboda. amitom Sedioda mis uSualo kompe-tenciaSi marTlmsajuleba (`saajo kari~). amave dros

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Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucess, rogorc saxelmwifo administraciis meTaurs, samoqalaqo da samxedro saqme-Ta kontrolic evaleboda. cnobilia, rom eqstremalur situaciebSi Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi samxedro operaciebis dagemvaSic monawileobda (yauxCiSvili 1955: 333, 345), ramac samomavlod Seamzada misi konfliqti amirspasalarTan (mesxia 1979: 303-304).

Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesisaTvis samoqalaqo movaleobebis dakisreba savsebiT eTanxmeba mmarTve-lobis bizantiur sistemas, romelSic Cveulebrivi mov-lena iyo samoqalaqo da sasuliero funqciebis SeTav-seba40. bizantiis imperatorebi, Sesabamisad politiku-ri amocanebisa, yovelTvis ereodnen eklesiis saqmeeb-Si, ris drosac imperatoris uaxloesi TanamSromlebi Tavad konstantinopolis patriarqebi iyvnen. maT arCe-vaSi imperatorebi uaqtiures monawileobas iRebdnen (Соколов http://krotov.info...4). imperatori niSnavda patri-arqis moadgile svingelozsac, romelic magistrosTan iyo gatolebuli da politikur saqmianobas eweoda (Гийу 1974: 127). saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, imperators Se-eZlo mitropolitTa da episkoposTa daniSvnac. asea es uflebebi gansazRvruli `berZnuli samarTlis~ qar-Tul versiaSi: `visic enebos, ebiskopozisa aRamaRlebs, mitropolitad daayenebs... da ukeTu ebiskopozTa bev-ri samwyso aqus, gauyofs da sxvas ebiskopozs Seiqs; vi-sic enebos, gamosculis... saqme es ipoebis meoTxesa ka-

40 bizantiaSi xSiri iyo saeklesio da saero TanamdebobaTa funqciuri Serwyma. konstantinopolis araerTi patriarqi (maT Soris saxelganTqmuli patriarqi fotiosi), saero wo-debidan iqnen dawinaurebulni patriarqis rangSi (saeklesio xarisxebis daCqarebuli gavliT). amave dros berebi xSirad ikavebdnen samoqalaqo da maRal samxedro Tanamdebobebsac (Гийу 1974:111). aseTTagania qarTuli wyaroebis petre pet-rik-yofilic, romelic Semonazvnebis Semdeg iRebs bizantia-Si vestis saero pativs (xec A-136-is anderZi, 396 v).

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nonsa xalkidonisa krebisa, rameTu Ãelmwifeba mice-mul ars mefeTaTvis, ubZanos visme samRudeloTa kac-Ta, saero samsaxuri aqnevinos ...~ (doliZe 1963: 162-163).

mTlianad imperatorze iyo damokidebuli bizan-tiis eklesiis materialuri mdgomareoba. bizantiis ek-lesia Zalze SezRudulad sargeblobda (xSirad saer-Tod ar sargeblobda) imunitetis uflebiT. arc kon-stantinopolis patriarqs, arc bizantiis episkoposebs ar hqoniaT vrceli samflobeloebi da ar hyoliaT sa-eklesio miwebze memkvidreobiTi uflebebiT mimagre-buli vasalebi (Литаврин http://krotov.info...). eklesiis po-litikurma rolma, Semagrebulma ekonomikuri pirobe-biT da samarTlebrivi normebiT, mTlianad gansazRvra eklesiis sruli morCileba imperatorisadmi da praq-tikulad misi gadaqceva saxelmwifo uwyebad (Гийу 1974: 125). imperators eklesiaze SenarCunebuli hqonda sru-li kontroli, magram, amasTanave, aRebuli hqonda val-debuleba mudmivad ezruna masze.

Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis funqciebis gan-xorcieleba moiTxovda mmarTvelobis msgavsi forme-bis danergvas, rasac Sesaferisi sauwyebo moxeleebi esaWiroeboda. SesaZloa, swored amitom ar daakisra daviTma Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis funqciebi sa-qarTvelos eklesiis meTaurs — qarTlis kaTalikoss, roca bizantiuri gamocdileba formalurad swored amas karnaxobda41. piriqiT, Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxu-cesis Tanamdebobis saSualebiT mefe kaTalikosis zo-

41bizantiaSi simfonizmis praqtikuli gamoxatuleba iyo im-peratorisa da konstantinopolis patriarqis TiTqmis yo-veldRiuri TanamSromloba saxelmwifo politikis yovel sferoSi. maTi gadawyvetilebebis SesrulebaSi Cabmuli iy-vnen saimperatoro karisa da sapatriarqos gantotvili biu-rokratiuli aparatebi, romlebSic umaRlesi ierarqiuli Tanamdebobebi xSirad erTmaneTTan gadakveTili iyo maTi Se-erTebiT erTi piris xelSi.

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gierT (mag, saeklesio administrirebis) funqciaSi ere-oda da, rogorc Cans, kvecda sagadasaxado imunitet-sac, romliTac saqarTvelos eklesia-monastrebi far-Tod sargeblobdnen. am RonisZiebebiT mefem eklesia mTlianad samefo xelisuflebis kontrolqveS moaqcia da centralizmis ideas daumorCila.

Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis meSveobiT gaaer-Tiana mefem zogierTi daSorebuli eparqia (bediel-alaverdeli), maSin, rodesac saeklesio kanoni eklesi-is mesaWeebs zogadad ukrZalavda sxva eparqiis Semoer-Tebas (msoflio krebebi II, 2; III, 8; IV, 12). Tu gavixsenebT, rom XI saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi bedieli da Wyondide-li bizantiur svingelozis tituls jer kidev atareb-dnen (abulaZe 1967: 163, xec, A-136, 393v), xolo kaxeTi-saTvis brZolaSi daviT aRmaSenebels saeklesio pirTa winaaRmdegobis daZlevac mouxda (SoSiaSvili 1984: 54), gasagebi gaxdeba am daSorebul kaTedraTa SeerTebis politikuri mizanSewoniloba. rogorc daviTis ander-Zidan Cans, giorgi Wyondidlis Semdgom swored bedi-el-alaverdeli iTavsebs mwignobarTuxucesobas (SoSi-aSvili 1984:59). rogorc Cans, sworia z. abaSiZis dakvir-veba, rom mwignobarTuxucesoba Tavdapirvelad ar iyo ganpirobebuli mainca da mainc WyondidlobiT (abaSiZe 2013:142), rasac mowmobs vTqvaT, Tanadroulad bediel-alaverdelis arseboba. Tumca, isic aSkaraa, rom Sem-dgomi mwignobarTuxucesebi aucileblad floben Wyondidis kaTedras aRmosavleT saqarTvelos rome-lime sxva kaTedrasTan erTad. arsebobs mosazreba, rom Wyondidis kaTedras sakralur avtoritets hmatebda misi dafuZneba andria pirvelwodebulis mier, ris ga-moc Wyondidis episkoposi gasakuTrebuli pativiT sargeblobda da warmatebiT uwevda metoqeobas afxaze-Tis kaTalikoss (qoriZe 2013: 166). Wyondidel-mwigno-barTuxucesi aqtiur rols TamaSobda sxva eparqiaTa

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mesaWeebis kandidaturaTa SerCevaSic42, romelTac, Ta-visTavad cxadia, qarTlis kaTalikosi akurTxebda.

daviT aRmaSenebeli bizantiuri magaliTiT xel-mZRvanelobda da mas qarTul sinamdviles argebda. am sinamdvilem aCvena, rom xangrZlivi memamuluri tradi-ciebis mqone feodalur qveyanaSi, sadac eklesia far-To sagadasaxado imunitetiT sargeblobda, igi Tavad iyo qceuli feodalur institutad, romlis ekonomi-kuri arseboba miwis memkvidrobiT flobaze iyo dafuZ-nebuli. Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis uwyeba ki am feodalur princips ewinaaRmdegeboda da Tavdapirve-lad mainc biurokratiul aparats efuneboda. Wyondi-del-mwignobarTuxucesis TvalsawierSi eklesiasTan erTad erTdroulad samxedro da samoqalaqo funqcie-bic Semodioda, rasac, marTalia, zogjer saeklesio ka-nonebi ewireboda, magram misi saSualebiT samefo xeli-suflebas saSualeba eZleoda aqtiurad CaerTo ekle-sia saxelmwifos aRmSeneblobaSi (Абашидзе 2010: 43).

erTi mxriv, eklesiis imuniteturi uflebebis Sek-veciT, meore mxriv ki, kaTalikosis administraciuli uflebebis Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesisadmi dele-girebiT, SeuZlebelia ar warmoqmniliyo konfliqti ka-

42 am varaudis safuZvels iZleva erTi gviandeli Zegli (sava-raudod, XIV saukunis meore naxevrisa) `gangeba darbazobi-sa~, romelSic gacilebiT adre SemuSavebuli etiketia Se-morCenili. aq aRwerili wesiT, mefis marjvniv, cxadia, qar-Tlis kaTalikosi jdeba, marcxniv — Wyondideli. danarCeni mRvdelmTavrebi dadgenili rigiTobiT sxdebian kaTaliko-sis (marjvniv) an Wyondidlis (marcxniv). aRsaniSnavia, rom ka-Talikosis mxares sul sami sapatio mRvdelmTavari jdeba (somxiTis mitropoliti, mTavarepiskoposi, mawyvereli), ma-Sin, rodesac Wyondidlis mxares — yvela danarCeni (doliZe 1965: 47-49). mRvdelmTavarTa sxdomis es wesi, ueWvelia, Wyon-didel-mwignobarTuxucesis Zlierebis droindel sazeimo rituals gamoxatavs da ara dokumentis Sedgenis droisas, roca Wyondidlis Tanamdeboba ukiduresad damcrobili iyo.

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Talikossa da Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis Tanam-debobaTa Soris. es gamomJRavnda kidec giorgi III-is da Tamaris mefobis mefobis dros. demna ufliswulis ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg eklesiam imuniteturi uf-lebebi daibruna (SoSiaSvili 1984: 71-78), rac Wyondi-del-mwignobarTuxucesis Zalauflebas mniSvnelovnad amcrobda da safuZvels amzadebda am ori Tanamdebobis SesaerTeblad.

giorgi III-is mefobis dasasruls Wyondidel-mwig-nobarTuxucesis Tanamdeboba epyra anton glonisTa-visZes. SesaZloa, swored igi igulisxmeba kaenis olqSi mdebare aRarwinis monastris mosaxsenebel warweraSi, romelSic giorgi mefesTan usaxelo Wyondidelia mox-senebuli (abdalaZe 2005: 77)43. anton glonisTavisZes, Tamaris meore istorikosis cnobiT, kaTalikosma miqa-el mirianisZem `moZmacvaTa vieTame mefisa ganmZraxTa-Ta~, warstaca Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesoba (yaux-CiSvili 1959: 122). mematianis sityvebidan Cans, rom mis-Tvis am TanamdebobaTa SeerTeba uCveulo movlena iyo da amitom am ambavs igi uaryofiTi datvirTvis zmniT — `moiveraga~- gadmoscems. es, rogorc Cans, pirveli Sem-Txveva iyo da, rom ara miqael kaTalikosis gadasvla Tamaris mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi, SesaZloa, es Tanamde-bobebi aRarc dascilebodnen erTmaneTs. magram imdro-indeli saqarTvelos specifikurma politikurma da socialurma viTarebam movlenaTa amgvar ganviTarebas xeli SeuSala. Tamaris droindeli sirTuleebi arsebi-Tad gansxvavdeboda daviT aRmaSeneblis droindeli sirTuleebisagan. Tu daviTis dros mTavari amocana

43 XII saukuneSi qarTveli mefeebi mfarvelobas uwevdnen som-xur antiqalkedonur samRvdeloebasac. es iyo Zalze frTxi-lad gamoxatuli saxelmwifo politika, romelic miznad isa-xavda qarTuli qalkedonuri eklesiis gavlenis TandaTano-biT gaZlierebas somxeTSi (abdalaZe 2005: 76).

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qveynis erTianobis miRweva iyo, Tamaris dros aqtua-luri gaxda dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos fe-odalur wreebs Soris metoqeobis daregulireba, ris-Tvisac samefo xelisuflebam kvlav Wyondidel-mwig-nobarTuxucesis Tanamdeboba gamoiyena.

miqael kaTalikosma, Tamaris meore istorikosis cnobiT, `uflisagan~ miiRo Wyondidel-mwignobarTu-xucesoba da mawyverloba (yauxCiSvili 1959: 118, 122). sxva epizodSi igive avtori mas samTavisis flobasac mi-awers (yauxCiSvili 1959: 122). miqael kaTalikosis am zo-mamde gandideba, rogorc Cans, maSin moxda, roca did-gvarianebi erTiani frontiT gamodiodnen mefis er-Tgul `ugvaro~ didmoxeleTa winaaRmdeg (mesxia 1979: 83). Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamdebobis am axal konfiguraciaSi SeuZlebelia ar davinaxoT, erTi mxriv, Tamaris dros Wyondidel-mwignobauuxcsis `ga-feodaleba~, meore mxriv, Sefaruli konfliqti dasav-leT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samRvdeloebas So-ris. am SemTxvevaSi igi qarTlis samRvdeloebis sasar-geblod gadamwydara.

samecniero literaturaSi giorgi III-isa da Tama-ris droindeli saxelmwifo krizisebis ganxilvisas ara erTxel Sefasebula dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqar-Tvelos aristokratiis gansxvavebuli poziciebi. XI sa-ukuneSi dasavleTidan wamosuli gaerTianebis mZlavr procesSi did rols TamaSobdnen dasavleT saqarTve-los ZirZveli sagvareuloebi da saeklesio kaTedrebi, magram daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis dasasruls, gansa-kuTrebiT ki, Tbilisis SemoerTebis Semdgom, mefis er-Tgul sagvareuloTa axali kontigenti qarTl-kaxeTsa da hereTSic warmoiSva. amasTan aRmosavleT saqarTve-los politikuri da ekonomikuri centrebis mniSvne-loba ganuxrelad izrdeboda, xolo dasavleT saqar-Tvelos roli TandaTan emcroboda (berZeniSvili 1974 167-168). am garemoebas unda gamoewvia `provinciuli~

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konfliqtebis momwifeba dasavleT saqarTvelos Zir-Zvel sagvareuloebsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos fe-odalur saxlebs Soris, rac jer giorgi III-is droin-del ajanyebaSi gamoikveTa, xolo giorgi rusis cnobi-li gamosvlis dros kidev ufro didi masStabiT gamov-linda (berZeniSvili 1974 152-153,169-174).

magram am gamosvlebs Soris ZalTa ganlagebis mi-xedviT mkveTri sxvaoba igrZnoba. Tu 1177 wels giorgi III-is winaaRmdeg amboxebaSi dasavleT saqrTvelodan arc erTi feodali ar iRebda monawileobas, 1188 wlis giorgi rusis ajanyebaSi Tamaris winaaRmdeg swored dasavleT saqarTvelos feodalebi Seadgendnen mTavar Zalas (anTelava 1980: 223-224). am or did movlenas Soris (yuTlu-arslanis gamosvlamde) aris moqceuli kaTali-kos miqael mirianisZisaTvis Wyondidel-mwignobarTu-xucesis saxelos mimateba. movlenaTa logikas rom miv-yveT, Semdeg suraTs miviRebT: Tamaris mefobis dasaw-yisSi samefo karze pirvelobisaTvis brZolaSi aqtiu-rad monawileobda eklesiac, romelsac imuniteturi uflebebi ukve dabrunebuli hqonda. Tavdapirvelad Tamarma `dauTmo~ aRmosavleT saqarTvelos warmomad-genlebs da Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamde-boba mawyverlobasTan da samTavnelobasTan erTad uboZa qarTlis kaTalikoss, warmomavlobiT qar-Tlels44, miqael mirianisZes. Tamaris es imJamindeli gadawyvetileba TavisTavad or siaxles Seicavda: 1. sa-xelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdeboba SeuTavsda qarTlis kaTalikoss, riTac am ukanasknelis politikuri sta-tusi aamaRla. unda vivaraudoT, rom TanamdebobaTa am-gvari Serwymis idea ufro adre iyo momwifebuli da Ta-

44 teqstSia `qarTveli~ (yauxCiSvili 1959: 122), rac sxvas ara-fers niSnavs, Tu ara qarTlels. amitom, aradamajereblad moCans mosazreba, rom miqaeli dasavleT saqarTvelos feo-dalur dajgufebas ekuTvnoda (anTelava 1980: 209).

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marma igi mxolod ganaxorciela; 2. Wyondidel-mwigno-barTuxucesis Tanamdeboba, romelic manamde tradici-ulad dasavleT saqarTvelos mRvdelmTavrebs ekuT-vnodaT, qarTlis warmomadgenels xvda wilad. rogorc cnobilia, miqael kaTalikoss Wyondidel-mwignobar-Tuxucesis Tanamdeboba sul ramdenime Tves epyra (mes-xia 1979: 1979: 101) da man igi dakarga yuTlu-arslanis gamosvlis Semdeg. mefes misTvis kaTalikososobis Ca-morTmevac undoda, magram am mizans ver miaRwia, radgan krebaze miqaels bevri mxardamWeri aRmoaCnda, safiqre-belia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebis saxiT.

Tamaris meore istorikosis Txroba saeklesio krebis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb mianiSnebs, rom Tamari am-jerad cdila Zveleburi wonasworoba aRedgina — isev dasavleT saqarTvelos mRvdelmTavrebis poziciebi gaeZlierebina samefo karze. amas man miaRwia anton glonisTavisZis dabrunebiT Wyondidel-mwignobarTu-xucesobis Tanamdebobaze. regionaluri metoqeobis `dasabalanseblad~ Tamarma anton glonisTavisZes Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucobasTan erTad uwyaloba samTavisi, romelic adre miqael kaTalikossac epyra pirvel vezirad yofnis dros. amave dros antons uwya-loba kisisxevi (yauxCiSvili 1959: 123), riTac Wyondi-del-mwignobarTuxucesis saxelos `kaxuri~ komponenti Semata, rogorc Cans, beneficiumis (kisisxevi) saxiT. am wyalobas, garda ekonomikuri Sinaarsisa, upirvelesad unda hqonoda prevenciuli mniSvneloba kaxeTSi Wyon-didel-mwignobarTuxucobis uwyebis gavlenis gasaZli-ereblad. safiqrebelia, rom daviTis dros (da, savara-udod, misi uSualo memkvidreebis drosac), Wyondi-del-mwignobarTuxucesis uwyeba jer kidev biurokra-tiuli struqtura iqneboda, ris gamoc igi samefo xe-lisuflebis xelSi politikuri centralizmis Zlier instruments warmoadgenda. Tamaris dros ki igi ukve feodalur sawyisze Cans gadasuli, Tumca nawilobriv

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mainc hqonda SenarCunebuli mobiluroba — samefo xe-lisufleba misi mflobelobis konfiguracias saWiroe-bis mixedviT cvlida. TavisTavad amgvari cvlilebebic amJRavnebda Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis uwyebis dasustebas, rasac kidev daemata `aTabagis~ axali Ta-namdeboba, romelic `mefis mamobaSi~ Seecila pirvel vezirs (mesxia 1979: 310).

amrigad, Tamaris mefobis dasawyisSi kaTalikoso-sobisa da WyondidelmwignobarTuxucesobis SeerTebis mcdelobas isev am TanamdebobaTa gaTiSva mohyva, rad-gan aman kvlav warmoSva eklesiis metismeti politiza-ciis safrTxe. magram tendencia maTi SeerTebisa kvlav cocxlobda, rasac mowmobs XIII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi SiomRvimis sabuTSi Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesad da kaTalikosad arsenis moxsenieba (SoSiaSvili 1984: 118-120, 125). Semdgom, rogorc Cans, Tanamdebobebi kvlav iyofa, Tumca Cvens xelT arsebuli mcirericxo-vani sabuTebis mixedviT, aSkarad Cans, rom Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis da kaTalikosis funqciebi aSka-rad gadakveTilia. isini, ukve rogorc saeklesio feo-dalebi, TavianTi vasalebisadmi erTnairad gascemen wyalobis sabuTebs Seuvalobis uflebiT (SoSiaSvili 1984: 114, 119), anu maTi kompetenciebi am SemTxvevaSi er-Tnairia. es mianiSnebs, rom Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxu-cesis damoukidebel arsebobas safuZveli mniSvnelov-nad Seerya, bevri Zveli funqcia Camoscilda, magram rCeboda sfero, romelic mxolod mis kompetencias Se-adgenda, — es iyo marTlmsajuleba.

es saukeTesod Cans `xelmwifis karis garigebaSi~, romelic Seqmnilia `lixs iqiT~, dasavlur qarTul sa-mefoSi45. ramdenadac dasavleT saqarTvelos monRol-

45 naSromSi gaziarebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom `xelmwifis karis garigeba` daviT rusudanis Zis karzea Seqmnili (mesxia 1979: 71, anTelava 2002: 307-316).

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Tagan ar ganucdia Zlieri politikuri ryevebi, amde-nad, `garigebaSi~ sakariskaco ierarqia da wesebi met-naklebad mainc Tamaris dros uaxlovdeba. `garigeba~ sainteresod gvixasiaTebs kaTalikosisa da Wyondi-del-mwignobarTuxucesis TanamdebobaTa urTierTmi-marTebasac.

`garigebis~ mixedviT, saqarTvelos eklesiis saTa-veSi ukve ori kaTalikosi dgas — qarTlisa da dasavleT saqarTvelosi, anu àfxazTa~ kaTalikosi. isini moZ-RvarT-moZRvarTan (gelaTis) da Wyondidel-mwignobar-TuxucesTan erTad Seadgenen òTxTa monazonTa~ sapa-tio jgufs. samefo karze orive kaTalikosi erTnairi pativiT sargeblobs, Tumca saqarTvelos mefis kur-Txevis ufleba mxolod qarTlis kaTalikosis kompe-tenciaSi rCeba (berZeniSvili 1971: 85-107). `garigebaSi~ kargad Cans, rom Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis Ziri-Tadi funqcia marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba iyo: òr-SabaTs dResa saajo karsa Sigan dajdebis, obolTa da qvrivTa da mimZlavrebulTa moCivarTa ganikiTxvis~. garkveul SemTxvevebSi, roca samarTali momCivnamde ver aRwevda, Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi `ra Jamsa-ca Jami iyos, TÂT miva da maSin iurvos, rac vis usamar-Tlo sWirs; ar moeSvebis, rom ar daiurvos~ (doliZe 1965: 81-82).

tradiciis ZaliT `Wyondidloba~ aRmosavleT-sa-qarTvelos vezirTa upirvelesis wodebulebaSi Zvele-burad iyo SenarCunebuli, magram mas Wyondidlobaze xeli realurad aRar miuwvdeboda. amas mowmobs daviT laSas Zis Tanamedrove pirveli veziris, basilis, Wyon-didel-ujarmelad moxsenieba (yauxCiSvili 1959: 253). radgan ùjarmelobaSi~ episkoposoba arc ki igulis-xmeba, unda vifiqroT, rom saqme gvaqvs iseTive benefi-ciumTan, rogoric iyo kisisxevi anton glonisTavisZis SemTxvevaSi. aqac, rogorc winaT, Wyondidel-mwigno-barTuxucss saxelo qveynad urCeven provincias misi

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sirTulis niSniT. cnobilia, rom monRolTa batonobis dros gansakuTrebiT dazaralda hereT-kaxeTi (yaux-CiSvili 1959: 254). SesaZloa, swored amis gamo moaqcia xelisuflebam ujarmis mxare vazirTa upirvelesis gan-kargulebaSi.

XIII saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis da kaTalikosis Tanamdebobebi, romlebic wina aTeul wlebSi Serwymis tendencias am-JRavnebdnen, mwvaved daupirispirda erTmaneTs. JamTa-aRmwerlis Tanaxmad, 1254 wlis aRwerisas monRolebs, eklesiis saqonebeli, niSnad misTvis sagadasaxadao Ta-visuflebis miniWebisa, aRweris davTrebSi ar Seutani-aT. am uflebis misaRebad uzrunia ara Wyondidel-mwig-nobarTuxucess, aramed qarTlis kaTalikos nikoloz III-s, romelic urdoSi wasula da Tavisuflebis `ierla-yi~ miuRia (yauxCiSvili 1959: 224). eklesiis mimarT mon-RolTa amgvarma Semwynareblurma politikam ukve sru-lad gamouTxara Ziri qarTuli saxelmwifos simtkici-saTvis esoden mniSvnelovan simfonizmis princips, ro-melmac qarTul saxelmwifoebrivobas saukunenaxevris win didi warmateba moutana da, romelmac Tamaris dros seriozuli ryeva ganicada. eklesia, imdroinde-li gamTavrebuli didaznaurebis msgavsad, Tavis feo-dalur uflebebSi Caiketa da, Sesabamisad, saqveyno Tvalsawieric dauviwrovda. am ambidan mokle xanSi sa-mefo xelisuflebam gaRatakebuli aznauruli fenis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad saekle-sio miwebis gamowirva daiwyo. am gabeduli da saxelmwi-foebrivad sasargeblo ideis avtoric da ganmaxorcie-lebelic yofila basili Wyondidel-ujarmeli (lomi-naZe 1979: 690-592). daaxl. 1263 wels sagangebod Sekre-bilma saeklesio krebam mTavrobis es iniciativa sasti-kad dagmo da miwebis ukan dabruneba moiTxova (SoSiaS-vili 1984: 169-174). eklesiis protests misTvis sasurve-li Sedegi ar mohyolia (javaxiSvili 1982: 76-82, lomina-

69

Ze 1979: 593), magram, varaudoben, rom am ambavma Seiwira Wyondidel-ujarmelis sicocxle (javaxiSvili 1982:83).

basili Wyondidel-ujarmelTan dakavSirebuli tragikuli epizodi uCvenebs, Tu raoden myife iyo fe-odalur monarqiaSi eklesiisa da samoqalaqo xelisuf-lebis harmoniuli TanamSromlobis principi. saxelmwi-foebrivi pasuxismgeblobis maRali xarisxiT misi Se-narCuneba damokidebuli iyo samefo xelisuflebis siZ-liereze da kulturuli elitis arsebobaze. saqarTve-los saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis formulas am kompo-nentebis Tanaarseboba Seadgenda. erTi amaTganis dak-leba garduvalad iwvevda samefo xelisuflebisa da ek-lesiis daSoriSorebas. amitom iyo, rom samefo xeli-suflebis dasustebasTan erTad Wyondidel-mwigno-barTuxucesebis arsebobam azri dakarga. am Tanamdebo-bis TandaTanobiTi dakninebiT da Semdeg saboloo gaq-robiT moixsna yovelgvari SesaZlo konfliqti kaTali-kossa da saxelmwifos pirvel vezirs Soris, magram am-gvar `mSvidobas~ feodaluri monarqiisaTvis gansakuT-rebuli warmateba ar moutana.

basili Wyondidel-ujarmelis Semdeg Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aRar Cans, SesaZloa imitom, rom kaTalikosTan SedarebiT mi-si roli mniSvnelovnad damcrobili iyo. igi ar monawi-leobs arc demetre II Tavdadebulis karze gamarTul darbazobaze, sadac wydeboda urdoSi mefis wasvla-ar-wasvlis sakiTxi. urdoSic mefes Tan mihyveba kaTaliko-si abrahami (yauxCiSvili 1959: 284). es faqti, rasakvirve-lia, jer kidev ar niSnavs am Tanamdebobis saboloo gaq-robas, magram tendencia usaTuod saxezea.

monRolTa droindeli movlenebis aRmweri memati-ane laparakobs qristianuli zneobis dacemaze, angare-baze, romelsac saeklesio wreebSic Rrmad hqonia fexi gadgmuli. am viTarebam eklesias imdenad Seuryia avto-riteti, rom eklesiis msaxurTa Segonebas `mefiTgan

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moyolebuli glexamde~ Zala aRar hqonda (javaxiSvili 1982: 109). miuxedavad aseTi mZime suraTisa, am epoqam Se-mogvinaxa saxeebi SesaniSnavi mRvdelmTavrebisa, ro-melTac hyofnidaT nebisyofa da moraluri simtkice ukiduresi daZabulobis Jams pirovnuli pasuxismgeb-loba aeRoT sazogadoebrivad metad mniSvnelovan mov-lenebze. JamTaaRmwereli gadmogvcems, rogori amxel-da nikoloz kaTalikosi46, `kaci mxilveli suliTa, ange-lozTa mobaZavi, da mravalTa moRuawebaTa Sina sakvir-veli, marTlmadidebeli~, mefesa da mTavrebs maTi uz-neo cxovrebis gamo (yauxCiSvili 1959: 224), magram, roca amao gamomdgara misi yoveli Segoneba, kaTalikoss miu-marTavs mis xelT darCenili erTaderTi saSualebisaT-vis — igi kaTalikosobidan gadamdgara.

amaRlebul da gabedul pirovnebad gvixatavs mema-tiane nikolozis momdevno kaTalikoss abrahamsac, ro-melsac urdoSi gamgzavrebis win mowveul darbazobaze ase miumarTavs demetre mefisaTvis: `ara ars saqme, me-feo, ganwirva sulisa Senisa, rameTu mravalTa mefeTa miuridnia da daucavs Tavi Tvisi. aw, Tu Sen dasdeb sulsa Sensa erisaTvis, Cuen yovelni episkoposni vit-virTavT codvaTa SenTa, aramed winaSe RmrTisa vwa-mebT, raTa mowameTa Tana Seracxil iqmne, vTarca ufa-li saxarebasa Sina brZanebs: `ufros amisa siyuaruli ara ars, raTa dadvas kacman suli Tvisi moyusisaTvis~, da ukeTu erTisa moyusisaTvis sulisa dadeba keTil ars, ravden uricxuTa sulTa cxovreba egoden sarge-bel ars~ (yauxCiSvili 1959: 288). abraham kaTalikosi Tan gahyva urdoSi demetres. manve Camoasvena saqarTvelo-Si monRolebisgan mokluli mefis cxedari da svetic-xovelSi dakrZala (yauxCiSvili 1959: 288). igive abrahami monawileobs molaparakebebSi ajanyebul daviT VIII-sa

46 savaraudod, igive nikoloz kaTalikosi unda iyos xsenebu-li saelesio krebis organizatori.

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da monRolebs Soris. erT-erT aseT molaparakebaze ab-raham kaTalikosi mowme gaxda monRolTa saSineli si-sastikisa — molaparakebis erTi monawile maT kaTali-kosis Tvalwin mokles (yauxCiSvili 1959: 303).

monRolTa saukunovani batonobis Semdeg saqar-Tvelos mefe giorgi brwyinvale (1318-1346) Tavidan iw-yebs saxelmwifos Senebas. im problemaTa Soris, rom-lebic samefo xelisuflebisagan dauyonebliv reagire-bas moiTxovda, umniSvnelovanesi iyo `ulusobis~ dros Seryeuli samarTlebrivi wesrigis aRdgena da sazoga-doebis Semobruneba qristianuli zneobisaken. gansa-kuTrebulad mZime mdgomareoba aRmoCnda mTaSi, sadac saero da saeklesio mmarTvelobis moSlis Sedegad gax-Sirebuli iyo mTielTa Temebis urTierTTavdasxmebi, mekobreoba, saxelmwifo moxeleebisadmi daumorCileb-loba, adaTobrivi rjulis momZlavreba. mTis mosaxle-obaSi kanonierebis dasamyareblad Seadgina giorgi brwyivalem samarTlis wigni — `Zeglisdeba~, raSic mas did daxmarebas uwevda kaTalikosi efTvime (doliZe 1965: 401). `Zeglisdebam~ aRadgina mTaSi marTlmsaju-leba da mkafiod gamijna adgilobriv eparqiaTa da uSu-alod kaTalikosis kompetenciebi `sasjulo~ saqmeebis ganxilvisas (lominaZe 1979: 634-635).

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Tavi II. mcxeTis eparqiis sazRvrebi.

Semosavlis wyaroebi. administraciuli

struqtura

mcxeTis eparqiis formireba mirian mefis gaqristianeba simbolurad da oficia-

lurad `yoveli qarTlis~ (abulaZe 1963: 153) gaqristia-nebas niSnavda, magram sinamdvileSi qarTlis mosaxleo-bis gaqristianeba rTuli da xangrZlivi procesi iyo, romelic gulisxmobda saeklesio institutebis formi-rebas mTeli qveynis masStabiT. am process Tan axlda sa-misionero saqmianobis gaSla da eklesiaTmSenebloba, rac samefo xelisuflebis qmediTi daxmarebiT mimdina-reobda. mcxeTis pirveli eklesiebi, sveticxoveli da `zemo eklesia~ (SemdgomSi samTavro) mirian mefem aaSena. masve auSenebia eklesia wm. ninos gardacvalebis adgi-las, bodisSi, romelic Semdeg hereTis qristianul cen-trad iqca (musxeliSvili 2003: 37). mirianis drosve sa-fuZveli Caeyara manglisis taZars (yauxCiSvili 1955: 118). am pirveli centrebidan vrceldeboda qristianoba saqarTvelos warmarTul mosaxleobaSi. es procesi Se-darebiT umtkivneulod mimdinareobda saqarTvelos barSi, mTaSi ki, mas didi winaaRmdegoba xvdeboda. `ninos cxovrebis~ cnobiT, aragvisa da ivris xeobaSi Casulma ganmanaTlebelma Tan erisTavi iaxla, romelmac `mci-red-ra aRmarTa maxvili~ gaurCebul mTielebze (abula-Ze 1963: 89). mirianis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi memkvid-reebi yovelTvis did yuradRebas aqcevdnen mTis mosax-leobis moqcevas — baqars mouqcevia `umravlesni kavka-sianni~, gaumravlebia `mRdelni da diakonni yovelsa qarTlsa da ransa eklesiaTa msaxurebad~, auSenebia wil-knis saydari (yauxCiSvili 1955: 130-131, abulaZe 1963: 91). mis momdevno mefe mirdats miawers `qarTlis cxovreba~

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Tuxarisis eklesiis Senebas da mRvdlebis gagzavnas `moZRurad klarjTa~. masve auSenebia eklesiebi wundasa da eruSeTSi (yauxCiSvili 1955: 131).

romisa da iranis dapirispireba uSualo zegavle-nas axdenda mcxeTis eparqiis bedze. wyaroTa miniSnebe-biT, IV saukunis 60-ian wlebamde, sanam qarTli romis politikur orbitaSi iyo moqceuli, mosaxleobaSi qristianobis gavrcelebis procesi da eklesiaTmSeneb-loba intensiurad mimdinareobda. amasTan erTad mcxe-Tis eparqialuri sazRvrebi qarTlis, rogorc sam-xreT-dasavleTis, aseve aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT farTovdeboda. `qarTlis cxovreba~ mudam xazs usvams samefo xelisuflebis wamyvan rols am procesSi da me-feTa Rvawlis Sefasebisas umTavres kriteriumad miiC-nevs maT saeklesio aRmSeneblobas.

IV saukunis meore naxevarSi mcxeTam dakarga klar-jeTi da misi samwyso: `daipyres berZenTa Tuxarisi da yoveli klarjeTi zRviTgan arsianTamde da Ãevni ro-melni mosdganan RadoTa~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 136-137). qristianul eklesiaTa mSenebloba da saekleso cxov-rebis organizeba qarTlis samefoSi or mezobel impe-rias Soris permanentulad mimdinare omebis Sedegebze xdeboda damokidebuli. iranma ukve Sabur II-is (309-379) dros daiwyo qristianTa devna da eklesiebis Seviwroe-ba. amitom IV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, rodesac qarTlSi iranma fexi moikida, eklesiaTmSenebloba Seferxda. IV saukunis bolodan V saukunis 40-ian wlebamde `qarTlis cxovrebas~ metad Zunwi cnobebi Semounaxavs saeklesio aRmSeneblobis Sesaxeb. aseTi mSeneblobebi, marTalia, mainc mimdinareobda, magram mxolod im xanmokle peri-odebSi, rodesac qarTli romis xelqveiT rCeboda, an, roca iranis Sahebi qristianobis mimarT ufro Semwyna-reblur politikas atarebdnen. aseT periodTagani iyo, mag., IV saukunis 80-iani wlebi, roca eklesiebi auSenebi-aT rusTavSi, nekressa (abulaZe 1963: 91) da bolnisSi

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(yauxCiSvili 1955: gv.138). eklesiaTa Seneba grZeldebo-da V saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi, Sah iezdigerd I-is (399-421) zeobis drosac, Tumca, amave periodSi, spar-selTa gulis mosagebad Zveli kerpebis ganaxlebac xde-boda. ase, mag., `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ cnobiT, bakurma `aRaSena eklesia bolnisi, da imier ganvida da ganaax-lna armazni sparsTa SiSisaTÂs~ (abulaZe 1963: 92)47. da-axl. V s. 20-30-ian wlebSi mefe arCils auSenebia stefan-wminda (yauxCiSvili 1955: 140), xolo mcxeTaSi adgilob-riv aznaurebs — axali eklesia (abulaZe 1963: 92).

miuxedavad politikuri ryevebisa, mefeTa mxarda-WeriT, vidre kaTalikososobis SemoRebamde, qarTlSi araerTi saeparqio centri daarsebula48. uZveles epar-qiaTa dafuZnebis werilobiT mowmobad unda miviCnioT `qarTlis cxovrebis~ saistorio gadmocema eruSeTSi, wundasa da manglisSi (yauxCiSvili 1955:117-118) wminda nawilebis Camotanis Sesaxeb. am adgilTa `moniSvna~ wminda nawilebiT miuTiTebs, rom aq arc Tu mcireric-xovani dasaxlebebi da, maT Soris, qristianuli Teme-bic arsebula49.

47`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ cnobaSi igulisxmeba didi bakuri, petre iberis papa dedis mxridan. bolnisis SemTxvevaSi `moq-cevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobebi erTma-neTTisagan gansxvavdeba. `qarTlis cxovreba~ mis aSenebas me-fe farsmans miawers (yauxCiSvili 1955: gv.138). 48 mecnierebi, romlebic kaTalikosobis SemoRebamde mcxeTas erTaderT eparqiad miiCneven, eyrdnobian juanSeris cnobas vaxtang gorgaslis mier 12 episkoposis dadgenis Sesaxeb. am Sexedulebas iziarebda k. kekeliZec, magram, mecnierTa um-ravlesoba gansxvavebuli azrisaa. fiqroben, rom juanSeris TxrobaSi is episkoposebi saerTod ver moxvdnen, romlebic vaxtangs ar Seucvlia (lorTqifaniZe 1979:72). sakiTxis vrce-li mimoxilvisa da arsebul SexedulebaTa SejamebisaTvis ix. jafariZe 2009:312-315. 49 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, mirian mefem naTlisRebis Semdeg meored gaagzavna elCoba konstantinesTan, raTa mis-

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sakuTriv mcxeTis eparqias, garda mcxeTisa da misi Semogarenisa, IV-V saukuneebSi sakuTari saeklesio cen-trebi hqonda rogorc baris periferiebSi, aseve mTaSi: klarjeTSi, wilkanSi, nekresSi, rusTavSi, xornabujSi, agarakSi, WarTalSi, erwo-TianeTSi, JaleTSi, kawareTSi, sujeTSi, bodinSi, qceldabas (lominaZe 2010:5). droTa ganmavlobaSi nawili am adgilebisa saeparqio centrebad gardaiqmna, nawili — samcxeTo mflobelobaSi darCa.

mcxeTis eparqiis `gafantuli~ miwebi V saukunis meore naxevarSi vaxtang gorgaslis mi-

er axali saepiskoposoebis dafuZneba TavisTavad niS-navda mcxeTis kaTalikosis daqvemdebarebaSi moqceuli saeklesio teritoriul-administraciuli sazRvrebis zustad gansazRvras. swored am periodidan yalibdeba sakuTriv mcxeTis eparqiis samflobeloTa konturebi, romlebic, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva garemo-

Tvis gamoegzavnaT mRvdlebi, `kiriT xuroni~ da ierusalimSi axlad aRmoCenil siwmindeTa nawilebi. konstantinem swra-fad aRasrula mirianis Txovna da gamogzavna mravalricxo-vani jgufi, romelmac Tan Camoitana elene dedoflis mier ierusalimSi mopovebuli `ferxTa ficarni~, `samsWualni~, da sxva wminda nawilebi. Camosulebma gzad, mcxeTaSi mosvlamde, daafuZnes eruSeTis, wundisa da manglisis eklesiebi. ieru-salimuri warmomavlobis wminda nawilebze dafuZneba am ek-lesiebs, cxadia, gansakuTrebul Rirsebas da pativs hmateb-da, rac Sesabamisad unda asaxuliyo saeklesio ierarqiiul wesrigSi. kaTalikososobis SemoRebamde qarTlSi eparqiebis arsebobas mxars uWers agreTve ramdenime episkoposis moxse-nieba `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ (abulaZe 1963:27). mcxeTis ori epis-koposia moxseniebuli `vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSic~ (ya-uxCiSvili 1955: gv.147). fiqroben, rom, SesaZloa, aq igulis-xmeba probizantiuri da prosparsuli orientaciis mqone episkoposTa Tanaarseboba (jafariZe 2009 215-218), magram es mosazreba Tavad axal kiTxvebs aRZravs, romlebzedac amJa-mad Znelia pasuxis gacema.

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ebaTa wyalobiT, xan farTovdeboda, xan mcirdeboda. eparqialuri sazRvrebi bizantiaSi samoqalaqo

administaraciul sazRvrebs emTxveoda, romlebic, Cveulebriv, saqalaqo centrebis irgvliv yalibdebo-da. saqarTveloSi administarciul dayofas safuZvlad ara qalaqi, aramed istoriul-geografiul principze aRmocenebuli saerisTavoTa sistema da msxvili dome-nialuri mamulebi edo, amitom epariaqaTa sazRvrebic dayofis amave princips eqvemdebareboda. amgvarma ad-ministraciulma sistemam imTaviTve gansazRvra adgi-lobrivi aristokratiuli sagvareuloebis gavlenebi eparqialur mmarTvelobaSi, rac gviandel Sua saukune-ebSic grZeldeboda. mcxeTa iyo erTaderTi eparqia, romelic arRvevda saeklesio administrirebis teri-toriul princips, — saukuneTa sigrZeze mcxeTis epar-qialuri sazRvrebi Sors scildeboda sakuTriv mcxe-Tis Semogarens, saerTod Sida qarTls da Zalze Soreu-li provinciebis miwa-wyalsac moicavda. amasTan, es sazRvrebi mudmivad icvleboda — farTovdeboda poli-tikuri mizanSewonilobis Sesabamisad, an iklebda aseve politkur garemoebaTa wyalobiT.

qarTlis xelisufalTa mier saqarTvelos calkeu-li mxareebis SemoerTebis mcdelobebs mudam Tan sdev-da mcxeTis kaTalikosis iurisdiqciis gavrceleba aseT adgilebSi. zogan es xdeboda samefo xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT — kaTalikosis, rogorc feodalis, sam-wyso teritoriebis gazrdiT, an sveticxovlisaTvis mi-webisa da eklesiebis SewirviT, zogan — SeZeniT. qarTu-li saxelmwifos zrdis kvalobaze qarTlis kaTaliko-sebi TandaTanobiT iqvemdebarebdnen Soreul perife-riul samwysoebs. mag., roca vaxtang gorgasalma daib-runa bizantiis mier mitacebuliо klarjeTi `arsianTa-me~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 177), `Tuxarisis qveyanac~ daub-runda mcxeTis eparqias. am mxares mcxeTa isev kargavs VII saukunis 70-iani wlebSi, roca `berZenTa kualad wa-

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riRes sazRvari qarTlisa da speri da bolo klarjeTi-sa zRvispiri...~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 226), IX saukuneSi ki, aqaurobis mflobelma bagrationebma igi kvlav Semoi-erTes da isev mcxeTas gadasces. rasakvirvelia, sam-xreT dasavleT saqarTveloSi, garda klarjeTis miwe-bisa, mcxeTis eparqias ekuTvnoda miwebi aWara-SavSeT-Si, mesxeTsa da javaxeTSi, romlebsac igi XVI saukunis gasulamde inarCunebda50.

politikurad rTul regionebSi qarTlis kaTali-kosebi sxva taqtikas mimarTavdnen — isini Tavad ierTeb-dnen adgilobriv episkoposTa funqciebs. adreul Sua-saukuneebSi aseT movlenebs hqonia adgili egrisis same-fos centralur da aRmosavleT provinciebSi, im perio-debSi, roca es mxareebi qarTlis politikur sazRvrebSi eqceoda. aseve xdeboda qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilSi, istoriul gugarqSi. aseT faqtebs gulisxmobs ioane drasxanakerteli, roca iuwyeba, rom kirion qarTlis ka-Talikosi, garda qarTlis kaTalikosobisa, egrisisa da gugarqis arqiepiskoposis pativsac flobda `winandel-Ta wesTa magaliTisamebr~ (abulaZe 1937: 9)51. mcxTis sam-fobeloTa ganvrcoba amave dros qarTulenovani RvTis-msaxurebis danergvas gulisxmobda im regionebSi, sadac berZnul-bizantiuri an somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba

50 XVI saukunis dasawyisSi Sedgenil mcxeTis saqonebelTa nusxaSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan Setanilia samcxe-saaTabagos 25 saTavado saxli da monastrebi (SaraSiZe 1961:97). 51 gamoTqmaSi, `winandel wesTa magaliTisaebr~, z. aleqsiZe gulisxmobs mezobeli episkoposebis mier xeldasxmas, risi uflebac avtokefaliis miRebamde hqondaT eklesiebs (aleq-siZe 1967: gv. 053). d. musxeliSvilis azriT, aq unda igulis-xmebodes miTiTeba V s. meore naxevris viTarebaze, roca da-savleT saqarTvelos is nawili, romelic qarTls emorCile-boda, eklesiuradac qarTlis kaTalikosis samwyso unda yo-filiyo (musxeliSvili 2003: gv.172).

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Warbobda. VIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, jer stefamoz III-is, Semdgom arCilis dros mcxeTis iurisdiqciaSi Cans moqceuli vake-imereTi da vrceli teritoria rionis marjvena sanapiroze (abramiSvili 1977: 36; musxeliSvili 2003; 38-381). aseT SemTxvebs egris-afxazeTis samefos warmoqmnamde, marTalia, epizoduri xasiaTi hqonda, mag-ram mcxeTasTan Zveli erToba, bizantiis zewolis piro-bebSi, Tavisi politikuri da kulturuli arsiT usaTu-od didi zegavlenas axdenda dasavleT saqarTveloSi sa-erTo qarTuli eTnikuri TviTSegnebis (`naTesaviT qar-Tveli~) gaRvivebaSi. mcxeTasTan urTierTobis swored es Zveli tradicia uadvilebda SemdgomSi imave egris-afxazeTis mefeebs berZnuli kaTedrebis sapirwoned qarTuli kaTedrebis gaxsnas. dasavleT saqarTvelos ka-Tedrebis mcxeTasTan uSualo kavSiris xsovna Semonaxu-lia vaxuStisTanac, roca laparakia `erTobasa Sina~ xo-nis eklesiis qarTlis mTavarepiskoposisadmi daqvemde-barebaze: `...da ars xons eklesia didi, gumbaTiani, Sueni-er nagebi. zis episkopozi, mwyemsi vakisa. es iyo erTobasa Sina qarTlis mTavarpiskopozisa...~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: gv.75-751). dasavlurqarTuli (argveTis da vake-imere-Tis) garkveuli miwebis qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiq-ciaSi gadasvlis faqtebi jer kidev XVI saukuneSi SeiniS-neba. mag., mcxeTis erT-erT krebsiT sabuTSi Setanilia `monasteri kacxisa Tavisis mamuliTa da agarakiTa, so-feli rkvia~ (xec: Qd-11248, Hd-8712), `samiqelaos orive saSavardne~ (xec, Qd-11248 ).

kaxeT-hereTSi mcxeTis eparqiis mflobelobas wm. ninos sicocxleSive Caeyara safuZveli, magram, V sau-kuneSi, qristianobis gavrceleba-ganmtkicebis kvalo-baze, es miwa-wyali ninowmindis, Weremisa da xornabu-jis eparqiebs Soris gadanawilda (yauxCiSvili 1955: 199). momdevno saukuneebSi, ramdenadac Zlierdeboda qarTlis politikuri gavlena samxreT-aRmosavleTis

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mimarTulebiT, imdenadve farTovdeboda mcxeTis epar-qiis samwysoc. am mcdelobaTa Sedegad unda moqceuli-yo mcxeTis uSualo mflobelobaSi hereTisa da Saqis calkeuli ubnebi, risi gamoZaxilic XI saukunis dam-degs melqisedek kaTalikosis saqmianobaSi iCens Tavs. kaTalikoss xelaxla `mougia~ da mcxeTisaTvis Seuwi-ravs hereTis soflebi da eklesiebi, `romelni Zuelad hqondes amas wmidasa dedaqalaqsa: hereTs monasteri didiTa ZaliTa lagodexi, da hereTsave katexisa ekle-siaÁ SesavliT misiTa da kaks vaWarni ib da ziari sofe-li didi a~ (SoSiaSvili 1984: 27, papuaSvili 2008: 38-39). amrigad, adreul SuasaukuneebSi mcxeTa samxreT-aRmo-savleTis mimarTulebiTac ar aklebda mcdelobas, uSualod eparqiis farglebSi moeniSna sasazRvro wer-tilebi. aseTi politika periferiebSi meti kontrolis, samisionero da intensiuri kulturuli saqmianobisaT-vis qmnida sivrces.

mcxeTas soflebi hqonda Sida da qvemo qarTlSi, TrialeTsa da javaxeTSi. mcxeTis eparqiaSi Sedioda aragvisa da ivris xeobebis mravali sofeli52. arabTa ba-tonobis dros mcxeTis soflebi daixarka, ramac, buneb-rivia, samcxeTo Semosavlebi mniSvnelovnad Seamcira. gansakuTrebiT damZimda arabTa batonoba VIII saukuni-dan, roca imata xarkma da gaxSirda arabTa gamanadgure-beli Semosevebi. maTi laSqrobebis mTavari asparezi swored qarTli iyo. qarTlSi saamiros daarsebam ki (771 w.), bunebrivia, mcxeTas kidev ufro SeuzRuda moqmede-bis asparezi. aseT pirobebSi, nakleb savaraudoa, rom mcxeTas SeZleboda qarTlis samflobeloebis Zveli masStabiT SenarCuneba. ase grZeldeboda momdevno sau-kuneSic. IX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi, roca som-xeTma javaxeTi da qvemo qarTli daiWira, bunebrivia, aq

52 am mxaris soflebis ormocamde Zveli saxelwodeba Semor-Cenilia XI saukunis mcxeTis sabuTSi (SoSiaSvili 1984:73-75).

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somxuri eklesiac cdilobda Tavisi gavlenis gafarTo-ebas da mcxeTis Seviwroebas (abdalaZe1988: 12, 172-173).

saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebasTan erTad Tavidan iwyeba mcxeTis aRorZineba misi sulieri da ma-terialuri SinaarsiT. am dros isev cocxldeba mcxeTis taxtis `teritoriuli politika~, romelic xels uwyob-da saqarTvelos sarwmunoebriv-kulturul erTobas da mefeTa da kaTalikosTa xelSi xelisuflebis centrali-zaciis erT-erT mZlavr meqanizs warmoadgenda. am poli-tikis TvalsaCino gamoxatulebas vxedavT melqisedek kaTalikosis `dawerilSi~, romelSic CamoTvlilia sa-qarTvelos sruliad sxvadasxva mxareSi — taodan dawye-buli hereTiT dasrulebli — kaTalikosis mier SeZeni-li 135 sofeli (SoSiaSvili 1984:26-27). melqidesekis msgavsad, samcxeTo mamulebis gafarToebaze zrunavda misi momdevno kaTalikosi ioane-oqripiri: `dajda kaTa-likos-patriarqad oqropiri, da amanca mravalni Semat-na didsa kaTolike samociqulo eklesiasa... mravalni ek-lesiani aRaSen[n]a da ganaaxlna~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 298).

melqisedek da ioane kaTalikosebis daucxromeli saqtitoro saqmianobis kvali SemounaxavT javaxeTSi, TrialeTisa da qvemo qarTlSi mikvleul warwerebs. ma-Ti mowmobiT, XI saukunidan marto zemo javaxeTSi mcxe-Tis eparqias ekuTvnoda karneTi, devani, xviranio, ml[a]Seni, arji, tonTio, foka (berZeniSvili 2000: 41, jo-jua 2011: 154, 161). XI saukuneSi sakaTalikoso soflebia TrialeTSi, md. yarabulaxis marjvena mxares mdebare sa-We da oromaSeni (berZeniSvili 2005: 58-61). qarTlis kaTa-likosebi maSinac ki iRvwian gulmodgined TrialeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi, rodesac aq jer kidev somexi kvirikiane-bi batonobdnen da saqarTvelos mefis xeli ver wvdebo-da (berZeniSvili 2005: 85). saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg mcxeTa kidev ufro meti warmatebiT nergavda qristianobas mezobel Crdilo kavkasiel xalxebSi. aq warmoqmnili qristianuli Temebi, rogorc Cans, uSua-

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lod mcxeTis samwysoSi Sediodnen. amas mWermetyvelu-rad mowmobs melqisedek kaTalikosis moxsenieba tyobÁa-Áerdas qarTul warweraSi (RambaSiZe 1987: 9).

XII-XIII saukuneebis mcxeTis sabuTebis mouRwevlo-bis gamo ukiduresad mwiria informacia eparqiis sam-flobeloTa ganvrcobis Sesaxeb, magram, logikuria vi-fiqroT, rom swored am saukuneebSi Camoyalibda mcxe-Tis STambeWdavad vrceli `geografia~, romelic ufro gvandel XIV-XVI saukuneebis dokumentur masalaSia areklili. mcxeTis samwysoSi iricxeboda SavSeT-klar-jeTis da taos udidesi sagvareuloebisa da eklesiebis miwa-wyali (xec, Ad-91, Ad-697), somxeTis diofiziti mo-saxleoba (stefnaZe 1974: 68). erTianobis xanaSi e.w. `Crdilo mxareTa~ somex diofizitTa samwysos saTaveSi edga somxiTis mitropoliti, romelic qarTlis kaTa-likosis xeldasxmuli iyo da didi pativiT sargeblob-da samefo karze (doliZe 1965: 47).

Cvens xelTaa 1310 wels gadawerili saxarebis an-derZi, romlSic moTxrobilia kaTalikos eqvTimes mier hereTSi qarTuli eklesiebis `moxilvis~ ambavi. maT So-ris moixsenieba sakuTriv mcxeTis kuTvnili eklesiebi: waxurSi, kak-elisenSi, yumSi, leqarTSi, ziarSi, vardian-Si, RanuxSi, qiSnuxsa vardaSenSi (kekeliZe 1945: 315). zo-gierT gviandel sabuTs Semounaxavs saintereso cnobebi ufro adrindel mefeTa Semowirulobebze. mag., XV sau-kunis miwuruls Sedgenil erT sabuTSi aRwerilia, ro-gor moiara kaTalikosma abraham abalakma mcxeTis kaxu-ri mamulebi `...RmrTiv-guirguinosnisa sanatrelisa da-viT aRmaSenebelisa mefeTa mefisagan Sewiruls mzRuar-zeda...~ iqve CamoTvlilia adgilebi, romlebic daviTs mcxeTisaTvis Seuwiravs: jimiTi, wvrili xevi, wnori da `WiaberT eklesia~. es ukanaskneli mefes sasazRvro niS-nad Caudgams (sea, 1448- 2041). XVI sakunis miwuruls kaxTa mefe aleqsandre II mcxeTas uaxlebs lagodexis da Ranu-

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xis Zvel Sewirulobebs, aseve, calkeulad SemorCenil sakomloebs vardiansa da eniselis soflebSi (doliZe 1965: 199). es samflobeloebi mcxeTas XVII saukunis dasaw-yisamde hqonda SenarCunebuli, vidre Sah abasma ar Camo-arTva kaxeTs kak-eniseli.

XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi monRolTa dapyrobe-bis Sedegad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mravali mamuli aoxrda, raSic, bunebrivia, mcxeTis eparqiis samflobe-loebic mohyva. amas daemata monRoluri gadasaxadebis simZime, ramac did gansacdelSi Caagdo qarTveli xal-xi. bevri aznauri gadasaxadebis dasafaravad iZulebu-li gamxdara Calis fasad gaeyida Tavisi arsebobis er-TaderTi safuZveli — mamuli. radgan umamulod darCe-nil aznaurobas laSqrobac aRar SeeZlo, aseTTa gada-sarCenad samefo karma SedarebiT ukeTes pirobebSi myofi eklesiisagan mefeTagan Sewiruli mamulebis ga-mowirva da maTi aznaurebisaTvis gadacema daiwyo. ro-gorc Cans, gamowirul mamulTagan umravlesoba mcxe-Tis saxlze modioda, radgan samefo SewirulebaTa udi-des nawils swored mcxeTa flobda. amaze miniSneba 1263 wlis saeklesio krebis saCivarSic Cans: `...romelTa pirveli aris Tavi sjulisa da eklesiaTai mcxeTai. da ukueTu Tavsa, jereTca nedlsa, esreT iyos Ãel-ferÃTiT-mwuervalebaman, raiTamcaRa inayofes? ... ami-sa uZnelbedesnica yofilan maSin Jamni, odes didi ka-Tolike eklesiai Senebula, hasre, rome jafar amirad jdomila Tfiliss da qalaqi sparsTa53 hqonebia...~ (So-SiaSvili 1984: 171-172). samRvdeloebis argumentebma da

53 cnebebi `sparsi~/sparsuli~ am periodis qarTul (aseve bi-zantiur da evropul) wyaroebSi gulisxmobda arabsac da Turqsac, zogadad, muslimuri samyaros warmomadgenels, aseve muslimur kulturas, radgan, mTel muslimur aRmosav-leTze, moyolebuli abasianTa periodidan, uzarmazari ze-gavlena moaxdina sparsul-muslimurma kulturam (vrclad ix.v. gabaSvili 1968: 271-307).

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sajarod gamoxatulma guliswyromam ar gaWra, mamule-bis gamowirvis procesi gagrZelebula da mcxeTas bev-ri samflobelo daukargavs. Cvens xelTaa am movleni-dan 19 wlis Semdeg gacemuli erTi sabuTi, saidanac Cans, rom mcxeTa ar Seguebia mamulebis dakargvas da TandaTanobiT `yovelni saqonebelni mcxeTisani~ ukan daubrunebia. mag., xsenebuli `gamowirvebis~ dros klarjeTSi mdebare samcxeTo sofeli Seubani daviT me-fes (igulisxmeba daviT laSas Ze) Tavisi erTguli ymis, arvanbeg sabaisZisaTvis uwyalobebia. SemdgomSi am axal mflobels kaTalikosisaTvis mefis sigelic warudge-nia da sofelze gaweuli xarjebis angariSic. kaTali-koss gauTvaliswinebia sabaisZis gaweuli Sroma da so-feli aRar CamourTmevia, samagierod, igi (sabaisZe) Ta-vis ymobaSi Seuyvania (SoSiaSvili 1984: 177-178). amrigad, davis gadawyvetisaTvis kaTalikoss iseTi forma gamo-unaxavs, rom arc mcxeTa dazaralebula da arc misi mi-webis axali mflobeli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom same-fo xelisuflebasTan sadavo sxva mamulebis bedic msgavsad gadawyvetiliyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tvalsa-Cinoa gamowiruli samcxeTo mamulebis ukan dabrunebis tendencia, romlis gaZlierebas politikurad xelsay-rel pirobebSi araferi daudgeboda win.

1283 wels miwisZvram daangria samcxis eklesiebi, misi talRa imdenad Zlieri yofila, rom sveticxovel-sac moswvdenia (yauxCiSvili 1959: 278). XIV saukunis pir-vel naxevarSi giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis dros, qveya-naSi didi aRmSenebloba daiwyo, rac, cxadia, samefos upirveles sakaTalikoso saydarsac Seexeboda. platon ioselianis cnobiT, miwisZvriT dazianebuli taZari gi-orgi brwyinvales aRudgenia ( Иоселиани 1843: 191).

samwuxarod, am droidan mcxeTis arc erTi sabuTi ar SemorCenila, magram, safiqrebelia, rom mcxeTis mes-veurni Seecdebodnen monRolebis dros dakargul-aox-rebuli soflebis dabrunebasa da moSenebas.

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*** saqarTveloSi mSvidobiani cxovreba didxans ar

gagrZelebula. XIV saukunis dasasruls daiwyo Temur lengis Semosevebi, romlebmac imdenad didi ziani mia-yena mTel qveyanas, rom misi Sedegebis aRmofxvra da wi-nandeli mdgomareobis aRdgena saqarTvelom veRaraso-des SeZlo. am saukunis miwurulidan moRweuli TiTo-orola mcxeTis sabuTi mowmobs, rom sveticxovelze zrunva Temuris laSqrobaTa Soris mcire SualedebSi-ac ar Seuwyvetia maRal feodalur wodebas. mag., 1398 wels Tbilisis amiraT amira lomi sunRulisZes spon-dio (bWe) Semouvlia sveticxovlisaTvis (lominaZe 2013: 64-67). SemorCenilia giorgi VII-is mier 1393, 1399, 1401 wlebSi sveticxovlisaTvis boZebuli Sewirulebis si-gelebi (lominaZe 2013: 59-63, 68-69,85).

magram Temuris meeqvse laSqrobisas (1400) svetic-xoveli saerTod daingra, misi `zRudeni da palatni da yovelni Senobani srulad iavar hyves~ (yauxCiSvili 1959: 328). mters umowyalod gauZarcvavs taZari — `wa-riRo sruliad patiosani samkauli da Semkobilni Wur-Welni wmidisa kaTolike eklesiisani...~ (yauxCiSvili 1959: 452). am dros daiRupa mcxeTis biblioTeka da arqi-vi, romelSic Tavmoyrili iyo eparqiis mravalsaukuno-vani saqmianobis da mflobelobis amsaxveli dokumen-tebi. `saydari mcxeTa daeqcia da usaSineles da umwa-res mowevnuli iyo dRe igi dResa mas, romel kretsabme-li ganipo, mze dabnelda da queyana zartexil iqmna~, - amgvari saxarebiseuli dramatizmiT gamoxatavs sve-ticxovlis ngreviT mogvril SegrZnebebs erTi qarTve-li mwignobari am ambidan daaxloebiT 40 wlis Semdeg (surgulaZe 2014:38). Temuris mZvinvare SemosevaTa Se-degad mcxeTis eparqiam dakarga mTeli qoneba, yma azna-urebi da glexebi, sruliad gaCanagda maTi mravalwlia-ni garjiT awyobili meurneoba. miuxedavad umZimesi mdgomareobisa, ukve 1401 wlidan Cndeba sveticxovli-

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saTvis boZebuli axali Sewirulobebi, rac niSnavs, rom taZarSi RvTismsaxureba ar Sewyvetila (lominaZe 2013: 70-81, 88-198, 202, 204,217, 221).

rogorc ki qveynad odnavma mSvidobianobam dai-sadgura, maSinve daiwyo sveticxovelze zrunva. saqar-Tvelos upirvelesi taZris aRdgena Tavad iavarqmnili qarTuli saxelmwifos aRmSenlobis simbolur gamoxa-tulebad iqca. taZris ganaxleba sakuTari saxsrebiT jer aleqsandre didis bebias, qucna amirejibis meuR-les, rusas dauwyia, xolo 1419 wlidan am saqmes Tavad aleqsandre mefem uwinamZRvra. mSeneblobis xarjebi-saTvis mefem sagangebo gadasaxadi (mali) SemoiRo, ro-melic 1440 wels mSeneblobis dasrulebisTanave gaauq-ma54. aleqsandrem izruna ara mxolod taZris aRdgena-ze, aramed eparqiis gapartaxebuli da dakarguli mamu-lebis moSenebasa da Sevsebazec. sveticxovlis aRdge-nasTan erTad mimdinareobda mcxeTis samflobaloebis xelaxali Semokreba. am periodis sabuTebSi dawvrile-biTaa aRnusxuli mcxeTis kuTvnili soflebi, eklesie-bi, monastrebi, cixeebi, savaWro qulbaqebi — `Zvelid-gan~ arsebuli da axlad Sewiruli. aseT sabuTebSi Tav-moyrilia cnobebi mcxeTis saqoneblis Sesaxeb mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT. qonebis CamonaTvalSi miTiTe-bulia uZravi da moZravi qoneba soflebis, saZovrebis, tyeebis, saTevzao wylispirebis, sameurneo Senoba-na-gebobebis, yma glexebis, xelosnebisa da vaWrebis saxiT. piradad aleqsandre mefem mcxeTas ganuaxla 12 Zveli

54 varaudoben, rom Temur-lengis droindeli ngreva unda Sexeboda taZris kedlebis zemoTa nawilebs da mTlianad gumbaTs. aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis dros bevrgan gamouyenebiaT ngrevisas Camocvenili qvebi. interierSi arsebiTi cvlileba Sexebia dasavleT mklavs, sadac, winandeli samis nacvlad, ori araTanabari siganis TaRi aSenda. samxreTiT, didi TaRis qvemoT CaSenebulma marTkuTxa koSkma Secvala cxovelmyo-feli svetis damfaravi mcire nageboba (xoStaria 2010: 190).

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Sewiruleba da axlad Seswira 29 sofeli, cixeebi da mo-nastrebi maTi `Sesavali~ soflebiTurT. mcxeTis eko-nomikuri gaZlierebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda 1424 wels misTvis garejis mravalmTis mamulebidan 17 soflis gadacemas (lominaZe, 1966: 96-97). aleqsandre mefis zrunvis Sedegad XV saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis mcxeTis saxli ekonomikurad ukve welgamarTuli iyo. am dros mcxeTa flobda 37 sofels, 2 cixes, 9 monas-ters, savaWro qulbaqebs da sxvadasxva sofelSi gafan-tul 142 komls (lominaZe 2010: 13). mcxeTis fuladi sax-srebis zrdisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda hqonda 1433 wels misTvis armaz-cixis sabaJo Semosav-lebis gadacemas -`ori Tanga sapalnesa zedan~ (kakabaZe 1913: 15), romelic Turme `ZueliTgan~ samcxeTo yofi-la. mcxeTis ekonomikur siZliereze mianiSnebs sil-vestr siropulosis memuarebSi daculi cnobac, rom-lSic naTqvamia, rom qarTlis patriarqi konstantino-polis patriarqs 20 aTasi `fuliT~ Sewevnia55.

55 siropulosis Tanaxmad, ferara-florenciis krebis mosaw-vevad saWiro Tanxis SegrovebisaTvis konstantinopolis pat-riarqs miumarTavs marTmarTlmadidebeli eklesiebis mesaWe-ebisaTvis, maT Soris qarTlis patriarqisaTvis: `mas uxvad aqvs simdidre, masTan arqieli mivida da misgan mxolod oci miiRo. radgan igi mTeli aRmosavleTis patriarqia da mahmadi-anTa mflobelbis qveS imyofeboda, is sulTans aZlevs aTas florins imisaTvis, rom patriarqad ekurTxos. misTvis fu-lis gadaxda mZime ar aris~ (JuJunaZe1970: 15-16). siropulosis es sagulisxmo cnoba, SesaZlebelia, marTlac asaxavs im droi-saTvis arsebul warmodgenas qarTlis kaTalikosis materia-lur SesaZleblobebze, magram nakleb mosalodnelia, rom Te-mur-lengis Semosevebis Semdgom periodSi qarTlis kaTali-kosis materialuri SesaZleblobebi esoden mniSvnelovani yo-filiyo. aseve eWvs aRZravs misi gancxadeba, rom patriarqad kurTxevisaTvis qarTlis kaTalikosi TiTqos sulTans fuls uxdida. SesaZlebelia, am SemTxvevaSi avtori cudad informi-rebulobis gamo qarTlis kaTalikoszec avrcelebs osmale-bis `isTimaleTis~ politikas, romelsac isini atarebdnen bi-

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mcxeTis Zvel sazRvrebSi aRdgenas SeZlebisdagva-rad cdilobdnen aleqsandres memkvidreebic. svetic-xovlis imdroindeli sabuTebi uTiTeben mcxeTis sam-flobeloebs qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, mesxeTSi, javaxeTSi, TrialeTSi, hereTSi. aRnusxaven monastrebsa da cixe-ebs mimdebare soflebiTurT, sabaJe Semosavlebs, qala-qebis mkvidr vaWar-xelosnebs da qulbaqebs. am sigeleb-Si mcxeTis soflebis CamonaTvali 250-s aRwevs, amas garda, mcxeTas mravlad hyavda sxvadasxva soflidan komlobriv Sewiruli yma-glexebi, qalaqebSi ki vaWar-xelosnebi (lominaZe 2010: 14). es dinamika uCvenebs xeli-sufalTa da feodaluri elitis gamudmebul zrunvas mcxeTis saxlis materialuri keTildReobisaTvis, mag-ram politikuri ryevebis, iavarqmnili soflebis da sa-zogadod, dacemuli meurneobis pirobebSi, mcxeTas wi-nandeli masStabebisaTvis aRarasodes miuRwevia.

sakaTalikoso laSqari mcxeTis samflobeloebis arakompaqturoba Tavis-

Tavad aCens kiTxvas, ra principiT xdeboda samcxeTo

zantiis mcireaziur da TviT evropul qristianul TemebSi konstantinopolis aRebamde. am politikis arsi mdgomareob-da qristian xalxebSi osmalTadmi keTilganwyobis gamowveva-Si. im adgilobriv marTlmadideblur TemebTan, romlebic ub-rZolvelad ucxadebdnen sulTans morCilebas, osmalebi cal-calke debdnen xelSekrulebebs, romlebSic aRiarebdnen qristianuli eklesiis statuss, unarCunebdnen mas mTel qone-bas da yvela Zvel privilegias. am politikis wyalobiT, kon-stantinopolis aRebamde osmaleTis sulTnis uzenaesobas scnobdnen is mitropolitebic da arqimandritebic, romle-bic jer kidev bizantiis imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi imyofe-bodnen. mag., 1438 wlis sabuTiT aTonis monatrebi sulTns su-zerenobas aRiarebdnen da saeklesio da ekonomikur saqmiano-bas Tavisuflad eweodnen (Inalcik 1991:.409-410).

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mamulebidan aznauruli laSqris gamoyvana. gviandeli Suasaukuneebidan danamdvilebiT viciT, rom mcxeTis eparqia, roca ukve bevrad Semcirebul teritoriebs flobda, calke sadroSos warmoadgenda, romelic sam-xedro operaciebis dros mefis droSas uerTdeboda (klimiaSvili 1964: 123). dokumentebSi kargad Cans, rao-den daSorebuli mxareebidan ikribeboda saWiroebis dros mcxeTis laSqari. mag., aleqsandre mefis saxeliT gacemul mcxeTis sasardlos ganwesebis wignSi weria: `q. Cven, xelmwifem, mefem aleqsandrem, ese wigni mogar-TuiT Tquen, Cuens sasoebas da siqaduls svets cxovel-sa da kvarTs sauflosa da mironsa wmidasa da sulisa Cuenis meoxsa k(aTaliko)zs basils ase da ama pirsa ze-da, rome, rac Tqueni yma iyos qarTlsa, kaxeTsa, saaTa-bagos, somxeTs Tu sabaraTianos, TrialeTs zeda Tu imereTs, laSqarsa da nadirobas Tqueni yma Tquen nu ga-geyrebis...~56. es sabuTi erT-erTi mowmobaa imisa, rom qarTlis kaTalikosis iurisdiqcia dasavleT saqarTve-los garkveul nawilebze vrceldeboda. am sabuTs gvi-an amtkiceben erekle II da samefo ojaxis wevrebi, rac ueWveli mowmobaa, rom sabuTSi asaxuli istoriuli re-aloba XVIII saukuneSi srul WeSmaritebad miaCndaT. erekles dros rom cocxali iyo xsovna mcxeTis kaTa-likosis uflebebze dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kargad Cans erekles kidev erT sabuTSi, romelic kvlav mcxe-Tis sasardlos Seexeba.

sabuTi Sedgenilia 1769 wels, im dros, rodesac

56 sabuTis TariRs `mi~ aklia aseulis gamomxatveli aso-niSa-ni. misi daTariRebisas mkvlevarebi, Cveulebriv, aRadgenen `s~ grafemas (200), rac gvaZlevs 1562 wels. am aRdgenas ewina-aRmdegeba sabuTSi aleqsandre mefisa da basili kaTalikosis moxsenieba Tanamedroveebad, radgan dReisaTvis cnobili qronologiiT mefe-kaTalikosis saxelTa amgvari Tanxvedra ar gvaqvs. ufro meti albaTobiT, sabuTi gacemuli unda iyos aleqsandre I (kaxTa) mefis dros (1476-1511).

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qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis mefeebi erTad ebmebian ruseT-TurqeTis omSi da mWidro TanamSromlobis geg-mebs saxaven. am dokumentSi naTqvamia: `radgan ZvelaT netarxsenebulis Cvenis Camomavlobisagan svetiscxov-lis ymisa ase ganweseba yofila, rom, rac svetiscxov-lis yma qarTls, imereTs, kaxeTs, saaTabagos, somxiTs, Tu saca iyos, mis uwmindesobas kaTalikozs unda ax-ldes da Tavis ymiT Cvens droSaze bZandebodes...~ (do-liZe 1965: 418). ueWvelia, dokumentSi asaxulia mxolod xsovna Zveli viTarebisa, romelsac erekle mefe solo-mons diplomatiuri mizniT Seaxsenebs, realurad ki mcxeTis sadroSoze imereTis laSqari didi xania aRar ikribeboda.

mcxeTis sadroSo, rogorc samxedro struqturu-li warmonaqmni, gviandeli movlenaa, magram samcxeTo mamulebidan gamoyvanili aznauruli laSqari, didi al-baTobiT, imTaviTve samefo droSas ekuTvnoda. cnobi-lia, rom adreuli Suasaukuneebidanve qarTuli saxel-mwifoebrivi cxovrebis Tanamdevi movlena iyo samefo xelisuflebis ganuwyveteli brZola erisTavebTan, romlebzedac iyo damokidebuli laSqris mobilizacia. amitom logikuria vifiqroT, rom mcxeTis teritori-ul politikas samefo xelisuflebisaTvis imTaviTve hqonda samxedro aspeqti — igi gulisxmobda saerisTa-voebis gverdis avliT periferiebSi mefis dasayrdeni samxedro kontigentis Seqmnas. am tradiciis wyveta ar unda momxdariyo arc erTianobis xanaSi samxedro saq-mis reorganizaciisas, rodesac gamsxvilebuli samxed-ro olqebi Camoyalibda. mcxeTis molaSqre ymebi maSi-nac mefis droSaze unda mdgariyvnen. am mosazrebas mxars uWers TavisTavad faqti mcxeTis samflobeloe-bis gafantulobisa, rac sakaTalikoso eparqiis mizan-mimarTuli teritoriuli politikis nayofi iyo. am-gvar politikas safuZvlad strategiuli mosazrebebi unda sdeboda — centridan daSorebuli gansakuTrebu-

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lad rTuli, potenciurad separatistuli sasazRvro regionebis Semosamtkiceblad qarTlis samefo da saek-lesio xelisufleba SeTanxmebulad moqmedebda maT xelT arsebuli meqanizmebiT57. am politikis Sedegad sasazRvro zonebSi saukuneTa sigrZeze yalibdeboda mefisa da kaTalikosis erTguli adgilobrivi elitebi, romlebsac samefo kari da eklesia qveynis erTianobis dasacavad eyrdnoboda.

mcxeTis eparqia daSlil `saqarTveloebSi~ XV saukunis meore naxevarSi Seuqcevadi gaxda sa-

qarTvelos daSlis procesi. am process asazrdoebda rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao faqtorebi — bizantiis dacema da qveynis moqceva mtrul muslimur garemocva-Si, ganuwyveteli TavdacviTi omebi, epoqaluri siaxle-ebisagan Sors yofna; qveynis SigniT feodalizmis stag-nacia da misi Sesatyvisi TviTSegnebis gabatoneba da sxv. yovelive es mxolod aRvivebda tomobriv-kuTxob-riv daSlilobas, rac mtkivneulad aisaxeboda saqar-Tvelos eklesiis mdgomareobaze. saeklesio ganaTleba Sinaarsobrivad gaRaribda, mas aRar asazrdoebda far-To kulturuli konteqsti, romelsac unda ganeviTa-rebina saRvTismetyvelo azri: `qristianuli sarwmuno-eba ki cocxlobda, magram moispo yvelaferi is, rac

57 am praqtikis gamoZaxili Cans `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erT epi-zodSi, romlis mixedviT, monRolTa laSqarSi myofi vinme abaS siqanelisZe himsis brZolis kritikul momentSi demetre II-s Tavis cxens uTmobs (yauxCiSvili 1959: gv. 280). am cnobis analizma istorikosi T. jojua im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom siqanelisZeebi javaxeTis mkvidri mcxeTis vasali aznaurebi iyvnen. swored am garemoebis gamo unda aRmoCeniliyo xsene-buli abaS siqanelisZe brZolisas mefis gverdiT (jojua 2011: gv.149-151 ).

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Sobs qristes eklesiis brwyinvalebas: daeca qristia-nuli ganaTleba, daixura skolebi, daangries, gaauqmes an daauZlures monastrebi —kera qristianuli ganaT-lebisa...~ (Jordania 1991: 54). amieridan mcxeTis mTavar sazrunavad tradiciuli teritoriuli politikis Se-narCuneba iqca.

XV saukunis 60-iani wlebidan sam samefod da sam samTavrod dayofil saqarTveloSi mcxeTis eparqiis mamulebi dafantuli aRmoCnda sami politikuri erTe-ulis: qarTlis, kaxeTis da samcxe-saaTbagos politi-kur sazRvrebSi.

aseT viTarebaSi sakaTalikoso eparqiisaTvis gan-sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina daSlil `saqarTve-loebSi~ saeklesio erTobisaTvis brZolam. mcxeTis eparqiis `politikuri geografia~, romelic adre sa-qarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis erT-erTi damcavi meqanizmi iyo, XVI saukunis bolomde ris vai-vaglaxiT inarCunebda konturebs, magram amisaTvis qarTlis kaTalikosebs didi Zalisxmeva sWirdebodaT.

XVI saukunis xSirma omianobam didi ziani miayena saqarTvelos, gansakuTrebiT, qarTlsa da samcxe-saa-Tabagos. bevri qalaqi naqalaqarad iqca, sofeli — na-soflarad, Semcirda mosaxleoba. saerTo SeWirvebis Jams isedac Semcirebul samcxeTo mamulebs itacebnen xan calkeuli feodaluri saxlebi, xan mezobeli epar-qiebi, risi mravali magaliTia Semonaxuli XV-XVI sauku-neTa sabuTebSi. kuTvnili mamulebis dasabruneblad qarTlis kaTalikosebs araerTi sasamarTlo dava uwar-moebiaT (doliZe 1970: 257, sea: 1449-1636). aseT SemTxve-vebSi maTi mfarvelebi da erTguli mokavSireebi upira-tesad qarTlis mefeebi iyvnen, romlebmac memkvidreo-biT miiRes mcxeTis taxtze zrunvis pasuxismgebloba. daviT X (1505-1525), luarsab I (1527-1556) da svimon I (1556-1599) mcxeTas xelaxla umtkiceben SewirulebaTa sigelebs da icaven mis mamulebs feodalTa xelyofisa-

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gan. svimon mefis mcxeTisaTvis boZebul erT krebsiT sigelSi (xec, Ad-1572), romelic man taxtze asvlis umal uboZa mcxeTas, Sida qarTlis, qvemo qarTlis da Tria-leTis 80-mde sofelia aRnusxuli, Tumca araerTi sof-lis gaswvriv miwerilia: — `nasoflari~.

ufro uZneldeboda mcxeTas kaxuri samflobelo-ebis dacva. XVI saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi qarTlsa da ka-xeTs Soris urTierTobis daZabvas Sedegad mohyva mcxe-Tis kontrolis Sesusteba kaxur mamulebze. feoda-lurma separatistulma cnobierebam eklesiaSic SeaR-wia. amitom iyo, rom samcxeTo mamulebs xSirad kaxeli Tavadebi da eparqiebi epatronebodnen, Tumca, sabolo-od, samarTlianobis damcvelebad isev mefeebi gamodi-odnen. mag., levan kaxTa mefem maSin, `odes mcxeTis saq-me Semcirebuli iyo~, daubruna mas am droisaTvis ukve mitacebuli sagarejo, erwosa da kaxeTis sxva adgileb-Si mimofantuli soflebi (Jordania 1897: 374-375; anot. leqsikoni 1991: 321-324). 1589 wels aleqsandre II kaxTa mefem krebsiTi sigeliT ganuaxla mcxeTas kaxeTSi mde-bare 100-mde sofeli (xec: Sd-464, Hd8712). ase rom XVI sa-ukuneSi, roca kaxeTis samefo saxli jer kidev Zlieri iyo, mcxeTa kvlav inarCunebda kaxur samflobeloebs.

gacilebiT rTuli viTareba Seiqna samcxe-saaTaba-goSi. samcxis aTabagTa ganuzomel politikur ambici-ebs jer kidev monRolTa batonobis dros Caeyara sa-fuZveli. amave periodSi izrdeba mawyverlis uflebe-

bi, rac mkafiod aris asaxuli ბექაs samarTlis wignSi. aTabagi da mawyvereli, rogorc umaRlesi msajulni, Tanabrad ganikiTxavdnen sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebsac ki (doliZe 1963:426). mawyvereli iseTive gamorCeuli uflebebiT sargeblobda saaTabagoSi, rogoriTac ka-Talikosi qarTlis samefoSi (jafariZe 2010: 53).

qarTlis samefos dasustebis Jams aTabagebi didi mondomebiT cdilobdnen samcxis eklesia gamoeyvanaT

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mcxeTis kanonikuri sivrcidan. aTabagTa separatis-tul zraxvebs kargad iyenebdnen antioqiis patriarqe-bi, romlebic, saeklesio kanonebis uxeSi darRveviT da qarTlis kaTalikosis gverdis avliT, kurTxevas aZ-levdnen mawyverel episkoposebs, raTa am ukanasknelT xeli daesxaT adgilobrivi episkoposebisaTvis.

qarTlis kaTalikosebi Seurigebel brZolas ewe-odnen aTabagebisa da maTi erTguli mawyverlebis amgva-ri TviTnebobis winaaRmdeg58. isini maT xelT arsebuli yvela saSualebiT — wyeva-SeCvenebiT, adgilebze erTgu-li mrevlis mobilizebiT, mcxeTis administraciis gaZ-lierebiT didxans axerxebdnen saaTabagoze gavlenis Se-anarCunebas. Cvenamde moRweulia araerTi `ficis wigni~, romlis formula mcxeTaSia SemuSavebuli da Seicavs im valdebulebaTa CamonaTvals, romlebic saaTabagos episkoposebs kurTxevisas ficiT unda daedasturebinaT qarTlis kaTalikosis winaSe. isini pirobas debdnen, rom wirva-locvis dros kvlavindeburad ilocebdnen saqar-

58 safiqrebelia, rom samcxis aTabagTa mcdelobebi saekle-sio damoukideblobisaken gamoikveTa ara XV saukuneSi, ara-med gacilebiT ufro adre, giorgi brwyinvalis gardacvale-bis Semdeg. amas unda mowmobdes nikoloz mawyverlis ficis wigni ioane kaTalikosisadmi (xec, Ad-547). sabuTi uTariRoa. XIV saukuniT aTariRebda mas d. baqraZe (baqraZe 1885: 286) T. Jordaniam sabuTi daaTariRa 1505-1526 wlebiT, Tumca eeWve-boda TariRis siswore. am daTariRebas dauWira mxari q. Sara-SiZem, magram igi daaviwrova 1505-1515 wlebiT (SaraSiZe 1961: 28-29). sabuTis XVI saukunis dasawyisSi gadmotanas xels uS-lis sabuTis adresatad ioane kaTalikosis moxsenieba, rad-gan am wlebSi kaaTalikosad dionosi Cans. sabuTis TariRi ufro zustad gansazRvra ramaz patariZem, romelmac Seis-wavla qaRaldze gamosaxuli WvirniSani da misi gavrcelebis periodi XIV saukunis meore naxevriT Semofargla. amitom sa-buTSi moxseniebuli daviT mefe ara daviT X-d, rogorc amas q. SaraSiZe fiqrobda, aramed daviT IX-d (1346-1360) miiCnia (patariZe 1965: 113-114). patariZis daTariReba gaziarebuli i. doliZis gamocemaSi (doliZe 1970: gv.181-182).

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Tvelos mefeTaTvis da qarTlis kaTalikosTaTvis, ar moixseniebdnen antioqiis patriarqebs, ar Seiwynareb-dnen maTgan mogzavnil pirebs da sxv. (SaraSiZe 1961: 89).

XIV-XVI saukuneebSi samcxis mRvdelmTavarTa fi-cis wignebis simravle miuTTebs xangrZlivi daZabulo-bis arsebobaze mcxeTasa da samcxe-saaTabagos Soris, rac, rogrc Cans, periodulad ukiduresad mwvavdebo-da. mcxeTis gavlenis Sesasusteblad saaTabgos mTavre-bi sakuTriv sakaTalikoso monastrebisa da mamulebis dapatronebasac ar Takilobdnen. erT-erTi aseTi mcdelobisas yvaryvare aTabagma (1451-1498) varZiis mo-nasteri CamoarTva mcxeTas. maSin kaTalikosi daviT IV (1443/47-1459) Tavad Cavida samcxeSi da Tavisi Zalis de-monstrireba moaxdina. kaTalikosis mxardasaWerad im-den xalxs mouyria Tavi, rom mas Ria cis qveS, `safarisa Tavsa~ Cautarebia qadageba, ris drosac anaTemas gada-ucia gandgomili samRvdeloeba (SaraSiZe 1961: 92 ).

samcxis aTabagebTan TiTqmis saukunenaxevris brZolaSi qarTlis kaTalikosebma STambeWdav gamar-jvebas miaRwies. am brZolaSi kaTalikosebi eyrdnobod-nen ZvelTaZvel uflebebs samcxeTo mamulebze da am ma-mulebze msxdom feodalur saxlebs, romelTa TviTSeg-nebaSi winaparTa xsovna, sakuTari awmyo da momavali samcxeTo samsaxurTan iyo gaigivebuli. 1516 wels Sedga dokumenti, romelsac qristine SaraSiZe moswrebulad uwodebs aTabagTa `kapitulaciis aqts~ (SaraSiZe 1961: 97), Tumca es `kapitulacia~ xanmokle aRmoCnda. doku-menti gacemulia im viTarebaSi, roca aTabagTa saxlis wevrebs Soris politikuri orientaciis gamo ganxeTqi-leba iyo Camovardnili. dokuments xels urTavs os-malTa momxre manuCar jayeli, romelmac ZaliT mista-ca aTabagis taxti Tavis Zmiswul yvaryvare III-s (1516—1535). yvaryvarem iranis jaris daxmarebiT male daibru-na aTabagoba (guCua 1973: 97), magram mcxeTasTan keTili urTierToba manac SeinarCuna da mas samflobeloebis

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xeluxleblobas dahpirda. 1518 wels yvaryvare III aTa-bagi mcxeTisaTvis boZebul sigelSi pirobas debs, rom kaTalikoss mis kuTvnil mamulebs, aseve, varZiisa da parxlis monastrebs, upirobod gadascemda. amave peri-odSi yvaryvarem Seswira mcxeTas gurielisTvis war-Tmeuli zarzmis monasteric (xec, Sd-2857).

samcxe-saaTabagoSi mcxeTis samwysoze da mis kuT-vnil samflobeloebze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad araC-veulebrivad mdidar informacias Seicavs zemoxsene-buli 1516 wlis dokumenti. masSi aRnusxulia mcxeTis kuTvnili 25 msxvili feodaluri saxli da monastrebi maTi kuTvnili miwawyliTurT. dokumentidan SesaniSna-vad Cans, raoden mniSvnelovani Zalis mobilizacia Se-eZlo mcxeTas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. amitom iyvnen iZulebulni samcxis mTavrebi angariSi gaewiaT qar-Tlis kaTalikosisaTvis. dokumenti uaRresad sainte-resoa im TvalsazrisiTac, rom igi CamoTvlis ara mxo-lod mcxeTis imJamindel vasalur sagvareuloebs, ara-med maT adgilebze adre msxdomTac — imaTac, romleb-sac monRolTa batonobamde eWiraT igive mamulebi (do-liZe 1970: 242-244). swored es Zveli Tu axali sagvareu-loebi Seadgendnen im Zalas, romelic saqarTvelos am yvelaze saxifaTo zolSi, mefeebisa da kaTalikosebis mowodebaze maTi droSis qveS irazmeboda. XVI saukunis qarTlis mefeTa araerTgzisi mcdeloba, daemorCile-binaT samcxe-saaTabago, didwilad mcxeTis erTgul kontigents emyareboda. es unda yofiliyo is adgilob-rivi Zala, romlis daxmarebiTac luarsab I warmatebu-lad ebrZoda aTabagebsa da samcxeSi Semosul sparse-lebs (guCua 1973a: 110-111).

miuxedavad mcxeTis saxlis mier periodulad mo-povebuli warmatebebisa, iran-osmaleTis permanentu-li omebisa da aTabagTa axlomxedveluri politikis xelSewyobiT, XVI saukunis Sua xanebSi saaTabagos da-savleTi nawili oTomanTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi mo-

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eqca. saukunis dasasruls ki igive bedi ewia mis aRmo-savleT nawils. ase moswyda es SesaniSnavi mxare saqar-Tvelos. qarTlis eklesiam ki, dakarga didi samwyso da, TavisTavad cxadia, samcxeTo mamulebic.

miuxedavad mZime realobisa, mcxeTa ar Tmobda Ta-vis poziciebs da politikurad uaRresad araxelsayrel viTarebaSic ki, Tavisi tradiciuli teritoriuli po-litikisaTvis iuridiuli garantiebis Seqmnas cdilob-da. amis dadasturebaa domenti II kaTalikosis dros, 1598 wels, mcxeTis krebsiTi sigelebis Sedgena, romel-Tagan erTs amtkicebs kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II, meores — qarTlis mefe svimon I. krebsiT sabuTebSi asaxulia mcxeTis vrceli mflobeloba mis istoriul sazRvrebSi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT (sea1449: 1312, 1588).

XVII saukunis pirveli aTeul wlebSi, Sah abasis ga-manadgurebeli Semosevebis Sedegad qarTl-kaxeTi did gasaWirSi Cavarda. qveyana ganadgurebuli iyo omiano-bisagan, mosaxleoba — ayril-gafantuli, eklesiebi — gaZarcvuli.

sruliad gapartaxebuli iyo sveticxovlis sof-lebi qarTlSic da kaxeTSic. rac mters gadaurCa, feo-dalebma miitaces. samcxe-saaTabago mTlianad iyo da-karguli. 1620-ian wlebidan moRweuli sabuTebidan Cans, rom sayovelTao ganukiTxaobis Jams mcxeTis saxls ara Tu Soreuli, aramed mcxeTis mezoblad mde-bare iseTi ZirZveli samflobeloebic ki daukargavs, rogoric iyo Zegvi da cixedidi59. kaTalikos zaqaria jorjaZes (1623-1632) Zlivs mouxerxebia maTi dabruneba (anot. leqsikoni 1993: 213) da eklesiis mamulis mimta-cebelTa winaaRmdeg `Sekvris wigni~ gamoucia (doliZe 1970:540).

1614 wels kaxeTidan qarTlSi gadmosul Sah-abasis

59 cixedidi mcxeTas jer kidev mirian mefis droidan hqonda (yauxCiSvili 1955: gv.117).

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jars gauZarcvavs sveticxovlis taZari — gautacniaT jvar-xatebi da saeklesio inventari — samsaxurebeli wm. WurWeli. kaTalikos ioane avaliSvils, romelic Tan gahyva imereTSi gadaxiznul Teimuraz da luarsab me-feebs, Tan wauRia gadarCenili `sakaTalikoso iaraRi~ da Sesanaxad afxazTa kaTalikos malaqiasaTvis miuba-rebia. SemdgomSi es `iaraRi~ malaqias iq Casul kaTali-kos zaqaria jorjaZisaTvis gadaucia (kaWarava 2000: 104). sveticxovlis imdroindel darbevas ukavSirdeba zogierTi somxuri da rusuli wyaros cnoba, rom qris-tes ukerveli kvarTic sxva siwmindeebTan erTad jer ispahanSi waiRes (kucia 1974: 280), Semdeg ki Sah abasis elCebma ruseTis mefe mixeil Teodores Zes miarTves (Белокуров 1891: 20-21)60. ruseTis saxelmwifosaTvis, ro-melic bizantiis dacemis Semdeg marTlmadidebeli sam-yaros winamZRolad da mfarvelad (mesame romis Teo-ria) acxadebda Tavs, macxovris kvarTi uZvirfases qristianul reliqvias warmoadgenda (gunia 2010: 20-21). magram kvarTis sveticxovlidan gatanas ar adasturebs arc erTi qarTuli wyaro, amasve acxadebda mefe Teimu-razi — misi elCi arwmunebda ruseTis xelisufalT, rom siwminde xeluxleblad esvena sveticxovelSi qvis sa-farvelqveS (Полиевктов 1937: 118). kvarTis sveticxo-velSi daflulobas adastureben XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi myofi misionerebi (bubulaSvi-li 2007: 28).

am Temas, misi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo, ara erTi sagangebo gamokvleva mieZRvna. wyaroTa san-doobisa da Tavad relikviis aRwerilobis, aseve Sahis

60 imdroindel qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi sveticxovli-dan kvarTis gatacebis Sesaxeb cnobebis simravle mowmobs, rom kvarTs ukve didi xnis dakarguli hqonda rwmeniTi para-digmis mniSvneloba, romliTac igi damkvidrTa qarTul si-namdvileSi da materialur sagnad iyo aRmuli.

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`saCuqris~ diplomatiuri aspeqtis Seswavlam mkvle-varni miiyvana daskvnamde, rom sveticxovlidan siwmin-de aravis gautania61.

***

XVII saukuneSi iransa da osmaleTs Soris momwyvde-uli saqarTvelo mowyvetili iyo imdroindeli msof-lios mowinave azrs. saRvTismetyvelo, filosofiuri da axali mecnieruli codna, romelic gzas ikafavda axali drois evropaSi, sruliad ucnobi iyo qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis. qristianuli eklesia TviTgadar-CenisaTvis ibrZoda da daxmarebisaTvis isedac ukidu-resad dasustebul samefo xelisuflebas sTxovda Sem-weobas. aseT dros gamoCdnen saqarTveloSi kaTolike misionerebi. isini SesaniSnavad flobdnen mosaxleo-basTan urTierTobis xelovnebas —nergavdnen axal sa-meurneo Cvevebs, kurnavdnen, exmarebodnen gaWirvebu-lebs. maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad qarTul sazogado-ebas garkveuli warmodgena eqmneboda im mniSvnelovan saazrovno Zvrebze, romlebic evropaSi mimdinareobda. misionrebs saqarTveloSi gaxsnili hqondaT skolebi, sadac iswavleboda laTinuri da italiuri enebi, gra-matika da RvTismetyveleba. am saukunis qarTuli poli-tikuri da kulturuli elita loialurad iyo ganwyo-bili kaTolikeTa mimarT da yovelnairad uwyobda xels maT misiebs darCeniliyvnen saqarTveloSi. imdroin-delma moRvaweebma qveynis winaSe mdgari politikuri da kulturuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad Tvali dasav-leT evropas miapyres da am saqmeSi misionerTa daxmare-ba gamoiyenes. `yvela, vinc saqarTvelos damoukideb-lobisaTvis iRvwoda, dasavleT evropaSi momaval mo-

61 kvarTis gatanasTan dakavSirebuli cnobebis kritikuli mimoxilva, agreTve sakiTxis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgoma-reobis Sesaxeb ix.. bubulaSvili 2007, gunia 2010.

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kavSires xedavda~ (berZeniSvili 1965: 151-152). kaToli-keebTan urTierTobaze did imedebs amyarebdnen Teimu-raz I da zaqaria kaTalikosi (1623-1632). 1623 wels maT erTad gagzavnes romis pap urban VIII-sTan elCad niki-fore ColayaSvili-irubaqisZe. Teimurazi da zaqaria kaTalikosi atyobinebdnen romis paps Sah abasis Semose-vebis gamanadgurebel Sedegebs, sparselTa mier taZre-bis uwyalo Zarcvis ambavs da SesTxovdnen eklesiebi-saTvis Sesamoslebisa da samsaxurebeli WurWlis ga-mogzavnas: `agarianTagan Cveni eklesia didad mooxre-buli aris da, rasac qristes gulisaTvis eklesiis sam-kauliTa da iaraRiT mogvexmarebiT, qriste dagvimad-lebsT, aq ar iSoebis. mxatvari da aqimi gamogzavneT...~ (TamaraSvili 1994: 221).

XVII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, sauku-neze met xans, qarTlSi gamahmadianebuli bagrationebi mefobdnen62. aman gavlena moaxdina imdroindel feoda-

62 gamahmadianebuli rostom bagrationis mefobiT qarTlSi iwyeba iranTan urTierTobis axali etapi, romelic, gansxvave-biT winandeli ukiduresad agresiuli damokidebulebisagan, iranis mxriv kompromisul xasiaTs atarebda. am politikis Zi-riTadi principebi Camoyalibebuli iyo jer kidev 1614 wels, rodesac Sah-abasma bagrat-xani aiyvana qarTlis taxtze. Sahma ficiT ganmtkicebuli SeTanxmeba dado masTan, romlis Sesru-leba savaldebulo unda yofiliyo SemdgomSic misi memkvid-reebisaTvis. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, ar unda Seviwroebuliyo qarTlis eklesia — ar unda engriaT eklesiebi da ar unda eSe-nebinaT meCeTebi. mefis magier qarTlSi unda mjdariyo vali (Sahis nacvali), bagrationTa samefo saxlis warmomadgeneli, magram, usaTuod gamahmadianebuli ( gabaSvili 1958: 375). qar-Tveli mefis erT-erTi vaJiSvili, romelic Seicvlida sarwmu-noebas, ispahanSi mmarTvelisa (taruRa) da mTavarsardlis Ta-namdebobaze imsaxurebda im dromde, sanam igi mamis memkvidre-obas ar miiRebda (Sardeni 1975: 311; jamburia 1973:312); Sah aba-sis dros es SeTanxmeba ver Sesrulda, magram misma momdevno Sah-sefim ukve arsebuli SeTanxmeba ganaaxla. misi ganaxlebis formaluri mcdeloba iyo 1632 wels Teimurazis I-is mefed

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lur wodebaze, gansakuTrebiT mis mmarTvel elitaze. da-eca qristianuli zne da adaTi. vaxuStis TqmiT, rostomis (1633-1658) dros `ziareba sisxlisa da Ãorcisa uflisa Cuenisa sircxvilad uCndaT...~ TviT `mRvdemTavarnica hyofden ujeroTa~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 439, 453-455).

qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciiT, erovnuli saxelmwifos aRorZinebis mTavar saSualebad kvlav ek-lesiisa da RvTivkurTxeuli monarqis harmoniuli Ta-namSromloba rCeboda. qarTul sinamdvileSi am Sexedu-lebis koreqtirebisaTvis pirobebi ar momwifebula da igi gviandel SuasaukuneebSic uryevad ganagrZobda ar-sebobas. amitom qarTul sazogadoebas Tavidan Zalze

cnoba, Tumca Teimurazis urCobam irans kvlav ar misca safuZ-veli misTvis sasurveli politika gaetarebina qarTlSi. am Se-Tanxmebis realizacia praqtikulad daiwyo rostomis gamog-zavniT qarTlis gamgeblad. mis dros Camoyalibda politiku-ri urTierTobis is axali modeli, romelic moqmedebda TiT-qmis mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi. am e.w. ~kompromisuli~ po-litikis gamtarebeli gamahmadianebuli bagrationebi iranis valis statusiT sargeblobdnen, rac maT garkveul suvere-nul uflebebs unarCunebda. am dros qarTlSi TiTqmis xelux-lebeli rCeboda saxelmwifo wyoba da qarTlis miwebi ar iyo gatarebuli iranis saxelmwifo divanSi. qarTlis valis irani-saTvis unda eZlia xarki, egzavna tyveebi — garkveuli raode-nobis qal-vaJi da, etvirTa samxedro begara (gabaSvili 1958: 372-374,). rostomi uaRresad moqnili da frTxili politikosi iyo — didi taqtiT axorcielebda kompromisuli politikis kurss — qveyanas ZiriTadad SeunarCuna socialuri da ekono-mikuri struqtura da sarwmunoeba (gelaSvili 2008:123), Tumca saeklesio cxovreba da tradiciuli kultura, gansakuTre-biT zedafenaSi, uaRresad did zewolas ganicdida. kompromi-suli politikis gamoxatuleba iyo rostomis loialuroba qristianobisadmi — rogorc marTlmadidebeli eklesiisadmi, aseve kaTolike misionerebisadmi, romlebic mravlad iyvnen iransa da saqarTveloSi. misi sarwmunoebrivi politika srul TanxmobaSi modioda iranis imperiul politikasTan, amave dros, sisxlgamoclil qveyanas Sesvenebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevda (JorJoliani 1987:58-59).

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gauWirda mahmadian rostomTan Segueba. 1634-1648 wlebs Soris rostomis winaaRmdeg oTxi SeTqmuleba moewyo. bolo SeTqmulebis erT-erTi sulisCamdgmeli kaTali-kosi evdemoz diasamiZe (1632-1642) iyo. SeTqmuleba gam-JRavnda. rostomma yvela monawile dasaja, maT Soris, gaugonari sisastikiT gausworda kaTalikoss: `amisTvis Seipyra rostom mefeman kaTalikozi evdemoz da pati-mar-hyo tfiliss cixesa Sina. Semdgomad gardmoagdo ganjis-karis koSkidam~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 441-442).

imave wels Sah-sefim sagangebo firmaniT daamtki-ca mcxeTis taxtze qristefore kaTalikosi (xubua 1949: 10), romelsac `ara hqonda gamocdileba werilTa, mci-red oden wurTil iyo~, samagierod daxelovnebuli yo-fila `samamacosa laSqar-nadirobasa Sina~ (yauxCiSvili 1959: 425). muslimi mefisa da qristianuli eklesiis ur-TierToba mxolod patronisa da wyalobis momlodine ymis urTierTobis donemde davida. mcxeTas araTu aRar SeeZlo monawileobis miReba politikis gansaz-RvraSi, igi verc eparqiis saWiroebebze axerxebda srulyofil zrunvas da verc sazogadoebas icavda mah-madianuri znis moZalebisagan.

Teimurazisa da rostomis Sinauri omis dasrule-bis (1648 ) Semdeg qveyanaSi mSvidobam daisadgura da rostomma, Tavisi zomieri politikis wyalobiT, Tanda-TanobiT moaxerxa qarTveli Tavadebis da samRvdeloe-bis gulis monadireba. rostomma saeklesio ierarqebs xelfasi dauniSna, ramac isini Seagua arsebul mdgoma-reobas da mouduna pasuxismgebloba: `xolo samRvde-loni episkopozni amiT daierTgulna, rome yovelTave jamagiri ganuwesa, Tavdablad da tkbilad eqceoda. amisTÂs arRaras zrunviden samRvdeloni krebulni~ (yauxCiSvili 1959:425). rostomis mefobis meore naxe-varSi iwyebs mcxeTis saxli Zalis mokrefas. rostomma Teimurazze gamarjvebis niSnad (1648) sveticxovels ka-xeTis samefo domenidan kisisxevi uwyaloba. manve ganu-

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axla mcxeTas garejis soflebis Zveli Sewiruleba da Tbilisis metexis taZari (anot. leqsikoni 1991: 348-349). ekonomikurad da zneobrivad mravlismetyveli nabiji iyo rostomis mxriv javaxeTidan ltolvili qarTveli glexebis boZeba sveticxovlisaTvis da maTi Casaxleba mcxeTis soflebSi.

eklesiis materialuri mdgomareobaze zrunvam mcxeTis saxli rostomis mimarT ufro loialuri gaxa-da, magram misi samoqmedo sivrce erTob SezRuduli iyo. politikidan Camocilebuli kaTalikosis institu-ti moklebuli iyo sazogadoebaze, miT ufro mis mmar-Tvel wreze, kulturuli da zneobrivi zemoqmedebis saSualebas. maqsimumi, risi miRwevac mas SeeZlo imJa-mindeli saero xelisuflebisagan, — es iyo sakuTriv ka-Talikosis feodaluri uflebebis ganaxleba.

rostomis saeklesio politikaze did gavlenas ax-denda qristianobis didi qomagi da qarTuli kulturis mecenati dedofali mariami. mariamis dakveTiT araer-Ti xelnaweria gadawerili, maT Soris cnobili mariami-seuli `qarTlis cxovreba~. dedofali uxv wyalobas ar aklebda eklesiebs — gansakuTRebiT Tbilisis sionsa da sveticxovels, goris mTavarangelozs (es ukanaskneli Tavad aaSena Tavisi gardacvlili Svilis saxelze). 1650 wels rostomma da mariamma ganaaxles araerTi eklesia, maT Soris Tbilisis sioni (fuTuriZe 1955: 214-217), bolnisisa da alaverdis taZrebi (yauxCiSvili 1973:330), erTawmindis eklesia (Jordania 1897: 451) da mravali sxva. 1656 wels sveticxovels Camoqcevia aleqsandre didis dros aSenebuli gumbaTi. rostom mefesa da de-dofal mariams igi imave wels aRudgeniaT (Иоселиани 1843: 205), risi mauwyebeli warwerac mouTavsebiaT ax-lad gamoyvanil karnizze: `qoronikonsa tmd (1656) da-iqca gumbaTi ese da aRvaSene mefeman rostom da dedo-falman mariam, dadianis asulman a: navruzs~ (muslimu-

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ri axali weli). mariam dedofali da misi vaJi otia er-Tad gamousaxavT sveticxovlis CrdiloeT kedelze. iq-vea maTi gansasveneblebi.

rostomis momdevno vaxtang V (igive Sahnavazi) bag-rationTa muxranuli Stos pirveli warmomadgeneli iyo qarTlis samefo taxtze. garemoebaTa wyalobiT ga-mahmadianebuli mefe Tavisi moqnili diplomatiiT Sa-his gulis mogebasac axerxebda da qristianobis gaZli-erebasac. vaxtangma `mata rjulsa qristianobisasa da eklesiaTa, rameTu mcdelobda, raTa rostomis ganryu-nilni moego kualad kualsave Tvissa~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 453-454). am did saqmeSi mas mxarSi edga sakuTari bi-ZaSvili, kaTalikosi domenti III bagrationi (1660-1676). domenti kaTalikosma didad iRvawa mrevlSi Seryvnili qristianuli wesebis aRsadgenad, manve Semata materia-lurad dauZlurebul sakaTalikoso eparqias axali Se-wirulobebi da ganuaxla Zvelad qonebuli yma-mamuli. misi mecadineobiT miiRo mcxeTam mesamedi wili goris sabaJodan (anot. leqsikoni 1991: .299), aseve mcxeTis sa-baJo (doliZe 1970: 570, 578), yma-vaWrebi Tbilissa da cxinvalSi (anot. leqsikoni 2004: 59), TrialeTis sof-lebi. gazrdili SemosavlebiT domentim aRadgina dan-greuli mWadijvaris eklesia, ganaaxla anCisxatis ek-lesia (doliZe 1973: 335); xelaxla aRnusxa mcxeTis yma-mamuli da Semosavlebi, moawesriga administracia da sagadasaxado aRricxva.

domenti III-is Semdeg qarTlis sakaTalikoso tax-tze avida nikoloz IX amilaxvari (1678-1988/1692-1695), uaResad aqtiuri moRvawe da giorgi XI-is erTguli Ta-namebrZoli. kaTalikosi monawileobas iRebda giorgi XI-is gegmis ganxorcielebaSi, romelic miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos politikur gamTlianebas. am gegmis ir-gvliv qarTlelebTan erTad Tavi moiyares imereTisa da kaxeTis saukeTeso Tavadebma, raTa `SeerTden da hyon erT samefod~ (yauxCiSvili 1973:461). kaTalikosi

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giorgi mefesTan erTad kaxeTis Tavadebisagan iRebs politikuri erTgulebis fics (anot. leqsikoni 2004: 298). saqarTvelos gamTlianebis gegmis nawils warmoad-genda arCilis gamefeba imereTSi, rasac gadaulaxav dabrkolebad aRudga osmalTagan waqezebul imereTis TavadTa anarqiuli qmedebebi. rodesac arCilma imere-Tis taxti dakarga da ruseTSi gadaixvewa, nikoloz ka-Talikosi werils swers ruseTis patriarq ioakimes, aRuwers mas `usjulo agarianTagan~ saqarTvelos Tav-ze datexil ubedurebas da sTxovs mfarveloba gauwios ruseTSi Casul mefis Zes (Акты 1861: 269).

nikoloz IX-is zeobis pirveli wlebi gansakuTre-biT nayofieri iyo mcxeTisaTvis. 1687 wels Sedgenil mis saangariSo dokumentSi (doliZe 1970: 589-519) kar-gad Cans kaTalikosis saqmianobis masStabebi —man gana-axla sveticxovlis samxreTi fasadi, SeiZina axali saR-vTismsaxuro inventari, Seavso taZris biblioTeka da moawesriga misi arqivi, moaSena eparqiis aoxrebuli soflebi, eparqiaSi aago axali eklesiebi, ganaaxla xi-debi, gaaSena baRebi da zvrebi, moawyo sawnaxel-marne-bi, mcxeTis soflebSi Cadga sameurneo nagebobebi da sxv. mis mier eparqiisaTvis gaweuli Sroma marTlac rom grandiozulia imdroindeli qarTlis politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis fonze.

1688 wels Sahma giorgi XI-s taxti CamoarTva. qar-TlSi gaamefes erekle I (nazarali-xani), kaxeTis taxtis memkvidre. ereklem nikoloz kaTalikosi gadaayena da mcxeTaSi sakuTari biZa, ioane diasamiZe dasva. giorgi XI-m 1692-1695 wlebSi taxti daibruna da nikoloz IX isev aRadgina sakaTalikoso taxtze, magram sabolood, erekle I-ma iranelTa samxedro ZaliT kvlav ganimtkica poziciebi da nikoloz kaTalikosi isev gadaayena.

ase rom, TiTqmis mTeli XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi mcxeTis taxtze kandidaturebis SerCevasa da maT saq-mianobaze politikur figuraTa gadawyvetilebebi met

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zegavlenas axdenda, vidre Tavad samRvdeloebis saer-To neba. amgvar gadawyvetilebebs ki, saboloo jamSi, iranisadmi loialurad ganwyobili Zalebi akontro-lebdnen.

erekle I-is zeobis dros samefo karze isev aRzev-da mahmadianuri wes-adaTi, isev daqveiTda qristianu-li swavleba. mcxeTis taxti veRar uZRveboda saskolo-saganmanaTleblo saqmes. eklesiebSi xSirad uswavleli, wera-kiTxvis ucodinari mRvdlebi msaxurobdnen. ir-Rveoda xeldasxmis saeklesio wesebic. bermonazvnoba xSirad Tavad arRveda saeklesio disciplinas.

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XVII saukuneSi mcxeTis winaSe gansakuTrebuli sim-wvaviT dadga kaxuri mamulebis problema. saukunis da-sawyisSi Sah abasma kaxeTs kak-eniseli CamoarTva da amiT qveyanas samxreT-aRmosavleTis sazRvari mour-Rvia. amis Sedegad mcxeTamac dakarga am mxareSi saku-Tari miwa-wyali da qristianuli mrevli. 1614-1617 wlebSi, rodesac Sah abasis laSqrobebma gaanadgura ay-vavebuli kaxeTi, mcxeTis kaxuri mamulebi gaukacriel-da. omianobis Semdeg kaxeTma nel-nela daiwyo moSeneba, magram mcxeTis mamulebs ukve axali mflobelebi hyav-da kaxeli Tavadebisa da episkoposebis saxiT. imdroin-deli araerTi dokumenti TvalnaTlv uCvenebs, ramdeni winaaRmdegobis daZleva uwevdaT qarTlis kaTaliko-sebs kaxuri mamulebis SenarCunebisaTvis (Jordania 1897: 453; kaWarava 1987:113-121; sea, 1449-2657, xec: Hd-8389, Ad-1737). amas emateboda kaxeTSi Seqmnili politi-kuri viTareba — Sah abasis Semosevebis Semdeg, Tu ar CavTvliT Teimuraz I-isa (1634-1648) da arCilis mefobis (1664-1675) xanmokle periodebs, kaxeTSi xanebi isxdnen. kaxeTis miwebi, maT Soris, samcxeTo mamulebic, iranis saxelmwifo divanSi iqna aRnusxuli. kaxur mamulebze

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uflebis mosapoveblad adgilobriv Tavadebs (romel-Ta ukve ramdenime Taoba ijda samcxeTo miwebze) da sa-eklesio ierarqebs Sahisagan unda mieRoT sagangebo ne-barTva.

aseT pirobebSi uxdebodaT kaTalikosebs kaxuri samflobeloebis SenarCunebisaTvis brZola. TavisTa-vad cxadia, kaxuri mamulebis dabruneba mcxeTis tax-tisaTvis ar iyo mxolod ekonomikuri Sinaarsis amoca-na. iranis Sahebi, marTalia, oficialurad aRiarebdnen eklesiis uflebebs, magram, rasakvirvelia, eridebod-nen maTdami loialurad ganwyobili adgilobrivi Tava-debis ganawyenebas. aseT viTarebaSi kidev ufro damou-kidebeli gaxda alaverdis episkoposi, romelic mcxe-Tis daukiTxavad ganagebda kaxeTis eparqiebs. saqme iqamde misula, rom alaverdelebs mcxeTaSi kurTxevis gareSe dauwyiaT saepiskoposo gvirgvinis dadgma. erT-erTi aseTi SemTxvevis gamo nikoloz IX kaTalikosi im-denad mkacrad gaswyromia alaverdels, rom am ukanas-knels Sendoba uTxovia da pirobac daudvia, rom amgva-ri ram metad aRar ganmeordeboda (doliZe 1970:594-595). magram mcxeTis urCobisaTvis alaverdelebs arc Sem-dgom daunebebiaT Tavi. `saeklesio mmarTvelobaSi aRar iyo erTianoba, ar igrZnoboda erTi Zlieri xelis moqmedeba...~ (Jordania 1991: 56).

kaTalikosma domenti III-m scada sveticxovlis da-karguli kaxuri samflobeloebis aRdgena. arCilis ka-xeTSi mefobis dros (1664-1675) sasamarTlo davis Sede-gad man daibruna nawili mamulebisa — faSaani, veZisxe-vi, berZenauli (anot. leqsikoni 1993: 94); arCilmave ga-naaxla sveticxovlis ramdenime Zveli sigeli da ta-Zars kidev mravali sofeli daubruna (anot. leqsikoni 1993: 95), magram arCilis kaxeTidan wasvlis Semdeg Tava-debs isev dautacebiaT sakaTalikoso mamulebi. amis ga-mo kaTalikos nikoloz amilaxvars SeuCvenebia kidec Tavadi rusiSvili (anot. leqsikoni 2004: 299). mcxeTis

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mamulebis Zalmomreobisagan gadarCena imdenad gaZne-lebula, rom erekle I-s TxovniTac ki miumarTavs ira-nis SahisaTvis, raTa mas daecva kaxeTis sakaTalikoso mflobeloba. marTlac, Sahs sagangebod kaxeTis saka-Talikoso mamulebis dasacavad rayami gamougzavnia (xubua 1949: 52).

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1702 wels qarTlis mmarTvelad iranis Sahma vax-tang batoniSvili (momavali vaxtang VI) daniSna. 1705 wels vaxtangma saeklesio kreba moiwvia, romelsac srulad eswrebodnen qarTlisa da kaxeTis episkopose-bi. krebam `umecrebis~ motiviT gadaayena erekles I-is mier kaTalikosad dasmuli evdemoz II diasamiZe. ganixi-leboda nikoloz IX-is kaTalikosad dabrunebis sakiT-xic, magram samRvdeloebam aRarc is ineba metismeti `soflierebis~, anu politikaSi Cabmulobis gamo da, sa-bolood, airCies vaxtangis Zma, didad ganswavluli mwignobari, farTo Tvalsawieris pirovneba domenti IV (yauxCiSvili 1973: 481). Semdgomma movlenebma uCvena, rom arc domenti kaTalikoss SeeZlo `soflieri~ saq-meebisagan Sors darCena.

domenti kaTalikosi didi gulmodginebiT Seudga eklesiis `SeSlili wesebis~ gasworebas. kaTalikoss aR-saydrebisTanave ucdia mcxeTis kaxuri mamulebis `ga-samzRvra~, magram, rogorc vaxuSti iuwyeba, `kaTali-kozs domentis ara aufles kaxTa kaxeTs mamuli TÂsi~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 482). maSin kaTalikosi Tavad Cavida ispahans (1707) da Sahisagan `Tavisi mamulis~ damtkice-bis firmani gamoiTxova. `misrulsa kaTalikozs pativ-sca yeenman da miscna yovelni mamulni TÂsni da niWi di-di~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 482). 1708 wels kaTalikosi Sah-sulTan huseinis axali firmaniT dabrunda saqarTve-loSi. Sahis firmani avaldebulebda kaxeTis imJamin-del mmarTvels, rom `kaxeTSi mdebare saeklesio sana-

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xebi, Tanaxmad gardasul welTa Cvevebisa da wesebisa, mianebos moxsenebul kaTalikoss, ar xelyos samonas-tro-saeklesio adgilebi, gamoiCinos sruli mzrunve-loba da daxmareba saeklesio adgilebis mowesrigebisa da movlisadmi (xubua 1949: 52). kaxuri mamulebis dabru-nebas mcxeTisaTvis imdroindel politikur viTareba-Si udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTlisa da kaxeTis sa-eklesio erTobis gasacocxleblad da, amasTanave, mcxeTis materialuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseb-lad. kaxeTis mamulebis saqme imdenad rTuli aRmoCnda, rom kaTalikoss kvlav dasWirvebia aseTive firmanebis mopoveba 1713 da 1715 wlebSi (fuTuriZe 1955: 72,88). isi-ni avaldebulebdnen qarTlisa da kaxeTis mmarTveleb-sa da adgilobriv Tavadebs ar Careuliyvnen kaTaliko-sis samamulo saqmeebSi.

vaxtang batoniSvils Tavis reformatorul saqmi-anobaSi domenti kaTalikosis saxiT Zlieri Tanamoazre hyavda. ar darCenila saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogado-ebrivi cxovrebis arc erTi sfero, romelTac vaxtangi-sa da domenti kaTalikosis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT aR-mavloba ar ganecados. kaTalikosi monawileobas iReb-da vaxtangis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSic, razedac Tavad vaxtangi iuwyeba `samarTlis wignis~ SesavalSi: `nuravin hgonebT, TviT mxolod TaviT TvisiT rasame vyofdeT, aramed TanayoliTa da mowmeobiTa mRvdel-TmTavrisa da didis dedaqalaqisa mcxeTisa... saWed-mpyrobelisa da ÃarisÃsa zedan mtkiced mdgomelisa, Zmisa Cvenisa, batoniSvilis kaTalikozis domentisiTa~ (doliZe 1963: 478). `samarTlis wignSi~ vaxtangma da do-mentim pirvelad misces iuridiuli formulis saxe sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebis ori Stos — mefisa da kaTali-kosis TanamSromlobas, romelsac, faqtobrivad, ey-rdnoboda Suasaukuneebis qarTuli saxelmwifo: `mefi-sa da kaaTalikosis saqme, ukadrisi Tu rac ram feri, orisave swori aris, amitom rome, erTi Ãorcis Ãelmwi-

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fe aris da meore — sulisa, kurTxeva da pativic RmrTi-sagan da kacTagan swore aqvT~ (doliZe 1963: 488).

domentis TanadgomiT daaarsa vaxtangma pirveli qarTuli stamba (1709). niSandoblivia, rom am stambaSi umetesad saeklesio wignebi ibeWdeboda, romlebiTac mTeli saqarTvelos eklesiebi maragdeboda. stambis daarsebiT saero xelisuflebas, upirveles yovlisa, eklesiis daxmareba hqonda gamiznuli. islamis moZale-bis pirobebSi imdroindelma qarTulma stambam udide-si roli Seasrula samRvdeloebis ganaTlebisa da rwme-naSeryeul sazogadoebaSi qristianuli rjulis aRor-Zinebis saqmeSi.

domenti kaTalikosi bevr drosa da saxsrebs ax-marda qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa marad sazrunav saqmes —xelnawerebis mopovebas, maT gadawera-gamrav-lebas. samwerlo saqmianobas ganagrZobda igi osmaleT-Sic, gadasaxlebaSi yofnisas — aq Seudgenia mas erov-nul wmindanTa moqalaqobrivi Rvawlis amsaxveli hagi-ografiuli krebuli. masSi SeutaniaT abibos nekrese-lis, anton martmyofelis, kostanti kaxis, wminda ni-nos, abo Tbilelis, gobronis, daviT da konstantines, petre iberis, qeTevanis ssvinaqsarul cxovrebaTa axa-li, manamde ucnobi variantebi (metreveli 1950: 415-420, qavTaria 1965: 50-56).

vaxtangisa da domentis TaosnobiT dawyebuli di-di saganmanaTleblo procesi uaRresad daazarala vax-tangis iranSi gawvevam (1712-1719). vaxtangis iranSi tyveobis dros batoniSvilebs Soris qarTlis taxti-saTvis cxare brZola gaCaRebula63. am dros domenti ka-

63qarTlis taxtze pretenzias acxadebdnen vaxtangis Zmebi — svimon da iese batoniSvilebi. svimoni vaxtangis politikur kurss adga da igi Tavad vaxtangma datova qarTlis gamgeb-lad (1712-1714). radgan vaxtangi islamis miRebaze uars am-bobda, Sahma qarTlis taxti renegat ieses gadasca, romelic

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Talikosma politikurad sasargeblo, magram sakuTari reputaciisaTvs saziano nabiji gadadga. man saeklesio kreba moiwvia, romelmac vaxtangs neba darTo islami mieRo64. amis gamo taxtis maZiebeli Zmebi domentis ga-daemternen da mravali usiamovneba miayenes (yauxCiSvi-li 1973: 493).

1719 wels vaxtangi dabrunda saqarTveloSi da am-jerad, ukve uaRresad garTulebul situaciaSi Seudga qveynis marTvas. mas Sahisagan davalebuli hqonda aRek-veTa aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebi. vaxtangi garegnulad Sahis brZanebas asrulebda, mag-ram arsebiTad saqarTvelos `aRdgena-gamoxsnis~ saqmi-saTvis ibrZoda. vaxtangis samxedro warmatebebma male imdenad SeaSfoTa irani, rom gadamwyvet momentSi, ro-ca mefem Wari daikava, Sahma vaxtangs laSqrobis Sewyve-ta ubrZana. vaxtangi iZulebuli gaxda ukan dabrunebu-liyo, magram sajarod daifica, rom amieridan Sahis brZanebebs aRar Seasrulebda (tuxaSvili 1973: 411-413). iranTan ganxeTqilebis Semdeg, 1722 wels, osmaleTma vaxtangTan molaparakebebi gamarTa iranze erToblivi laSqrobis Taobaze, razedac ruseTiT daimedebulma vaxtangma uari SeuTvala (paiWaZe 1973:418). cnobilia, rom qarTlis samefo karze am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erTgvarovani pozicia ar yofila. rogorc Cans, domen-ti kaTalikosi erTi imaTgani iyo, vinc eWvis TvaliT ucqerda ruseTis dapirebebs da osmaleTTan SekavSire-bas ufro realisturad miiCnevda. amaze mianiSnebs misi 1722 wels gagzavnili werili konstantinopolis pat-riarqisadmi, romelSic kaTalikosi patriarqs daxmare- Zirs uTxrida vaxtangis wamowyebul saqmeebs (yauxCiSvili 1973: 493-495). 64 domenti kaTalikosi, romelic winaaRmdegi iyo ieses game-febisa, Seecada krebis gadawyvetilebiT vaxtangisaTvis gae-advilebina islamis miReba da amiT xeli Seewyo misi qarTlSi dabrunebisaTvis (kaWarava 2002: 35-36).

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bas sTxovs Semoseuli mtrisagan (daRestnelebisagan) samwysos dasacavad. am werilis sapasuxod aris gamoce-muli sulTnis huqmi, romelSic sulTani ishak faSas (arzrumis faSa) ubrZanebs zomebis miRebas (ArTur, f. 1453, #78)65. vaxtangsa da kaTalikoss Soris politikur niadagze aRmocenebul farul konfliqtze mianiSnebs erTi anonimuri somxuri qronikac, romlis Tanaxmad, 1723 wlis maisSi konstantine-mahmadyuli-xani kaTali-kos domentis Sehpirebia kaxur mamulebs, Tuki es uka-naskneli daexmareboda mas mcxeTis daWeraSi (Армянская хроника).

imdroindelma saerTaSoriso viTarebam da ruse-Tis CarTvam kavkasiis politikaSi uaRresad gaarTula saqarTvelos politikuri arCevani. 1723 wels, mas Sem-deg, rac gamJRavnda vaxtangis faruli kavSiri ruseT-Tan, qarTlSi osmalebi Semovidnen (1725 wlisaTvis maT ukve kaxeTic epyraT). vaxtangi ojaxiTa da mravalric-xovani amaliT ruseTs gaemgzavra. qarTlis kaTalikosi osmalebs erTxans ganerida, magram ramdenime Tvis Sem-deg mcxeTaSi dabrunda.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi osmaluri mmarTvelo-bis damyarebam TavisTavad daayena qarTlis eklesiis momavali statusis sakiTxi. amjerad domenti kaTali-koss stambulSi mouwia Casvla Tavisi kanonikuri uf-lebebis da mcxeTis samflobeloebis dasamtkiceblad. `...bedniers xvanTqars karzed davebarebineT da Cvens Cvenis mamulisa da saydris mosavlelad wavediT...~ wers kaTalikosi 1727 wels iese tlaSaZisadmi boZebul sabuTSi (doliZe 1970: 713). amasve imeorebs vaxuSti bag-rationi: Semdgomad miindo faSam kaTalozi domenti. aramed kaTalikozi evedra, raTa waravlinos winaSe

65 sulTnis aRniSnuli huqmi daculia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi. cnoba mis Sesaxeb momawoda Turqologma cisana abu-laZem, risTvisac did madlobas movaxseneb.

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xonTqrisa, rameTu hgonebda muniT lxinebasa rasme qarTlisasa~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 508). kaTalikosi stam-bulSi Cavida ramdenime erTgul aznauriSvilTan er-Tad. maT Soris iyo iese tlaSaZe, romelmac `kaTali-koz-baqarianSi~ aRwera stambulSi gatarebuli pirve-li wlebi. Wkviani, ganaTlebuli, politikuri alRoTi dajildovebuli kaTalikosi stambulSi didi pativiT miuRiaT — `misces pativi didi, umetesi patriarqTa da usmines yovelni~, — wers vaxuSti bagrationi (yauxCiS-vili 1973: 508). sulTnis wyalobis molodinSi kaTali-kosi sam wlamde imyofeboda stambulSi, magram aq mas axali gansacdeli eloda. osmalTagan Tbilisis gamgeb-lad dasmulma ishak faSam igi sulTnis karze daabezRa, ris gamoc kaTalikosi kunZul Tenadosze gadaasaxles (yauxCiSvili 1973: 508-309). aq kaTalikosma mravali weli dahyo da mxolod 1739 wels dabrunda samSobloSi. qar-Tvelma samRvdeloebam tyveobidan dabrunebuli pat-riarqi didi pativiscemiT miiRo — CamosvlisTanave igi sakaTalikoso taxtze daabrunes. domenti Tavidan Se-udga eklesiis aRorZinebisaTvis zrunvas, magram did-xans aRar dascalda. 1742 wels dometi kaTalikosi gar-daicvala.

`wyobilsityvaobaSi~ anton kaTalikosi domentis `mterTad sayuarels~ da `brZens~ uwodebs (antoni 1980:256), amasve imeorebs ioane batoniSvili: `mama do-menti kaTalikozi... iyo monozonebiT sruli, mecnieri da saRmrToTa werilTa Sina gamocdili, amasTan myud-ro, mSvidi da mdabali, da friad mlocavi, poletikisa Sinaca kargi esreT, romel mternica misni hyvarobdnen. da mravalgzis daSvra ese qarTvelTaTvis yaenTan Tu xonTqarTan gagzavniT. da esreT keTilad daasrula cxovreba Tvisi~ (ioane batoniSvili 1984: 494).

sanam domenti kaTalikosi stambulSi imyofeboda, qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxti epyra daviTgarejis sa-literaturo skolis aRzrdils, SesaniSnav mweralsa

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da polemists, besarion orbeliSvils. igi qarTvel moRvaweTa daviTgarejul dass ganekuTvneba, romelic udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda ucxo gavlenisagan gaTa-visuflebuli erovnuli mwerlobis ganviTarebas. gare-jis saliteraturo skolis warmomadgenlebma gansa-kuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmes qarTvel wmindanTa `cxovrebebis~ Sevsebasa da ganvrcobas. besarion orbe-liSvils ekuTvnis raJden pirvelmowamis, arCil mefis, luarsab mefis, biZina ColoyaSvilis, elizbar da Salva qsnis erisTavebis metafrasuli `wamebebi~, `ise wilkne-lis cxovreba (qavTaria 1959: 87-89). besarion orbeliS-vilis saxeli qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi mainc um-Tavresad dakavSirebulia mis polemikur naSromTan — `grdemli~, romelic kaTolikuri propagandis winaaR-mdeg aris mimarTuli.

XVIII saukunidan araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba SeimCneva kaTolike misionerTa mimarT. nawili qarTve-li samRvdeloebisa masSi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis dakargvis safrTxes xedavda. maT SeSfoTebas iwvevda qarTuli enis bedic, radgan vatikani mxolod laTinur liturgias cnobda (qavTaria 1959: 94). am safrTxeebisa-gan sazogadoebis dacvas isaxavda miznad besarion or-beliSvilis ~grdemli~. misi Sroma mimoixilavs upira-tesad dogmatur sakiTxebs da saeklesio ganxeTqilebis istorias. kaTolicizms avtori upirispirebs aRmosav-leTis eklesiis erTgulebas mociqulTa memkvidreobi-Tobisadmi. qarTveli samRvdeloeba da, saerTod, mkiT-xveli sazogadoeba, didxans sargeblobda am Txzule-biT kaTolicizmis istoriisa da dogmatis sakiTxebSi gasarkvevad.

besarion kaTalikoss moRvaweoba mouxda aRmosav-leT saqarTveloSi jer osmalebis (1723-1735), Semdeg ki yizilbaSuri iranis batonobis umZimes wlebSi. es is droa, roca domenti kaTalikosi osmaleTSi imyofeba da qarTlis kaTalikosis uflebebi osmalTagan mkafi-

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od gansazRvruli ar aris. eklesias iseve Seexo osma-luri gadasaxadi (miri), rogorc mosaxleobis yvela sxva kategorias. sagadasaxado SeRavaTis gareSe darCe-nili eklesia umZimes mdgomareobaSi Cavarda — mas mxo-lod TviTgadarCenaze Tu SeeZlo fiqri. 1727 wels os-malebs Tbilisis sionis meCeTad gadakeTeba hqondaT gadawyvetili66. aseT viTarebaSi besarion kaTalikosi sruliad uZluri aRmoCnda winaaRmdegoba gaewia osma-lebisaTvis. rom ara saqmeSi givi amilaxvris Careva, ro-melic am dros osmalTa samsaxurSi imyofeboda67, osma-lebi TavianT ganzraxvas Seasrulebdnen (xec, Ad-733). kaTalikosi momswre iyo ucxoelTa saSineli Zaladobi-sa da xalxis ukiduresi Cagvrisa, ramac ramdenime mris-xane ajanyeba gamoiwvia.

1733 wlidan qarTlis politikuri da saeklesio mesaWeebi kargad xedavdnen, rom osmalTa batonobas dReebi hqonda daTvlili da, sanam dasustebuli irani Zalas moikrebda, Cqarobdnen qarTlSi legitimuri mmarTvelobis aRdgenas. qarTveli politikosebis am-gvar gaTvlebs gamoxatavs besarion kaTalikosis weri-li ruseTSi myof vaxtang VI-isadmi: `...am qveyanas vis am-wyralebT, amisTana dro qveynis moxmarebisa da daWeri-sa ar yofila aras Ãelmwifis JamSi. winandel Ãelmwife-Ta da Tqvens mama-papaTa sizmriTac enatreboda, magram vin aRirsebda? axla Tqven rom Tqven dro da saqme ga-qusT, Tu moindomebT, marto qarTls ki ara, da Zvelid-gan sazRvrebs sul SemoikrebT. winaaRmdegi aravin shCans aseTi, rom SeeZlos rame — Tu qarTvelTas brZa-

66 radgan Tbilisi osmalebma brZoliT aiRes, amitom SariaTi maT uflebas aZlevda qalaqis eklesiebi daengriaT. 67 1927 wels ishak-faSam qarTli eqvs administraciul erTeu-lad dayo da TiToeuli samarTavad qarTlis gavlenian Tava-debs Caabara. givi amilaxvari zemo qarTlis gamgebeli iyo (berZeniSvili 1973:310).

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nebT, RmerTman icis, yovels kacs unda mandedam Sewev-na. erTmanerTi aRaraferi samduravi aris, yovelman kacman Tqvens erTgulebazed piri Sekres. kidec visme ar undodes, aras kacs Tqveni winaaRmdegoba ar SeuZ-lia. Tqvengan cda da gabedva da yovlis kacis damoneba swore iqmneba. sami-oTxi polki gamoiTxoveT da sxva arc ki gindaT. amaTi saWmelic da saqmec amaT daadeviT. Tu gindaT, es aris, Tu ar gindaT, mand sxdoma da, bato-ni brZandebodeT, bolos rac moxdes, nuravis daabra-lebT. arc RmerTTan geqnebaT pasuxi, arc kacTan. am qveynis sisxlsa da waxdenas Tqvengan iZevs RmerTi. da SviliSvilic veRar iSovnis am adgilsa. amas ratom ar xedavT. Tu yeeni gaZalianda, Tqven aRar Semogexvewe-baT, arc aras mogcemT. Tu didis xvewniT da Suamavlo-biT mogcesT, rac uwin iyo, uaresoba iqmneba. da Tu ma-gaT es mTis adgilebi uTqvenoT daiWires, da radganac xeli miyves, kidec daiWeren, kidev ufro gasubuqdebiT da magdeni yuris mogdebac ara iqneba-ra. es aris dro, Tu ginda, aras Ãelmwifes es dro ara hqoniaT. adeqiT, adeqiT, nu hyovniT, Tavad orniv wamobrZandiT, umjo-besia. Tu ara, Svili gamogzavne. winaaRmdegi aRaravin aris. eg mTis adgilebi daiWireT, iqidam mTa da bari ÃelT dagrCebaT, verca ras yeeni dagaklebT, verca ras xvanTqari da magaTac pirnaTlad darCebaT samidRemSi-od. egeni zurgad geyolebian. es aris dro da Ja-mi...~(qavTaria 1959:84).

werilSi SesaniSnavad Cans besarion kaTalikosis fxizeli politikuri alRo, erTgvari politikuri `romantizmi~ (`Zvelidgan sazRvrebs sul SemoikrebT~), Sinauri konfliqtebisadmi kritikuli damokidebuleba (`yovelman kacman Tqvens erTgulebazed piri Sekres~) da sazogadoebaSi miRweuli Tanxmoba legitimuri mo-narqis ualternativo rolze saxelmwifos aRdgenisaT-vis. besarionis, iseve rogorc imdroindeli sxva qar-Tveli moRvaweebis mowodebas, Sedegi ar mohyolia. 1734

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wels vaxtangi da baqari TiTqos axlos iyvnen mizanTan — imperatorma anam isini ruseTis saqmeebze mosalapa-rakeblad darubands gagzavna, magram saqarTveloSi dabrunebis neba ar darTo (lomiZe 2007: 34-35).

amasobaSi yizilbaSTa batonoba mTeli simZimiT daawva qarTl-kaxeTs. jer osmaluri, Semdeg yizilba-Suri gadasaxadebis simZimem da gauTaveblma feoda-lurma kinklaobam qarTli da kaxeTi sul gaaCanaga. da-Restnis omSi Cabmuli nadir-Sahi saomari xarjebis da-safaravad qarTvel glexebs begara-gadasaxadebs usaS-velod uzrdida. qarTli ajanyda. glexebi sakuTari xe-liT Cexavdnen baR-venaxebs da mSobliuri kuTxeebidan garbodnen. am dros mravali sofeli gaukacrielda (pa-puna orbeliani 1981:48). qveynis saerTo mdgomareobas SeuZlebelia ar gamoewvia saeklesio cxovrebis kidev ufro daknineba — moSlili iyo mRvdelmsaxurebis wese-bic da eklesiis arsebobis materialuri safuZvelic. gadasaxadebis simZimis gamo Tavadebma eklesiis yma-ma-muli daitaces. Tu ra mdgomareobaSi Cavarda am dros qarTuli eklesia, SesaniSnavad gviaxasiaTebs erTi Se-darebiT gviandeli, 1749 wels Sedgenili dokumenti. aq didi xnis win gauqmebuli eparqiebis gaswvriv miweri-lia: `Tu aRdges~, SedarebiT axlo warsulSi gauqme-bulTa gverdiT ki, — `Tu ganaxldes~. aseTTa Soris ix-senieba: walkeli, kawareli, urbneli, xarWaSneli, dma-neli, giSeli (doliZe 1965: 399-402).

osmaloba-yizilbaSobis wlebSi (1723-1744) mcxe-Tis eparqiam arnaxuli adamianuri da materialuri za-rali ganicada. saerTo ganukiTxaobis Jams mcxeTis gan-kargulebaSi rCeboda mxolod 246 komli qarTlis 22 soflidan (doliZe 1970: 776-788), xolo kaxur mamulebSi mcxeTis moxeleebi saerTod veRar Sediodnen. feoda-lur wesze organizebuli meurneobisaTvis es damRup-veli iyo. gadasaxlebidan dabrunebulma domenti kaTa-likosma Tavidan moipova Sahisagan datacebuli kaxuri

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mamulebis dabrunebis nebarTva (doliZe 1970: 759). mxo-lod amis Semdeg gaxda iZulebuli alaverdeli episko-posi daeTmo samcxeTo mamulebi da gza mieca kaTaliko-sis warmogzavnili moxeleebisaTvis (doliZe 1970: 759,760-761).

osmaleTTTan urTierTobis gamwvavebam nadir-Sahi aiZula qarTl-kaxeTis mimarT taqtika Seecvala. 1744 wels Sahma qarTlsa da kaxeTSi erTdroulad gaamefa ma-ma-Svili Teimuraz II da erekle II. imxanad es ambavi umniS-vnelovanes movlenad iqca — erTi samefo saxlis xelqve-iT mTeli aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo gaerTianda. Sahi ki-dev ufro did kompromisze wavida — Teimurazs man qris-tianuli wesiT kurTxevis neba darTo. 1745 wlis 1 oq-tombers sveticxovlis taZarSi imxanad sruliad axal-gazrda anton kaTalikosma pirvelad TiTqmis saukunena-xevris Semdeg Teimuraz II qristianuli wesiT akurTxa. es movlena saerTo saxalxo zeimis mizezi gamxdara: `vi-Tar marTebdaT qarTvelTa, egre gulsrulobiT sixa-rulsa ara daacadebdnen, amiT rome, didi xani gardac-vliliyo, qristiani mefe ara sjdomodaT... (papuna orbe-liani 1981: 107). `qarTveloba Seiqmna, saydrebSi TaTre-bis SiSi aRar iyo~, — ase aRiqva am movlenis arsi erTma imdroindelma mweralma (iese baraTaSvili 1950: 7).

Teimurazisa da erekles diplomatiuri da samxed-ro warmatebebis wyalobiT qveynis did nawilSi mSvido-bianoba damyarda. am droidan saxelmwifoebrivi cxov-rebis yovel sferoSi — administaciul mowyobaSi, mar-TlmsajulebaSi, samxedro saqmeSi wesrigi myardeba. wa-xalisebuli iyo vaWroba, manufaqturuli da samTamad-no warmoebebi da sxv. dadginda saxelmwifo Semosavle-bis mudmivi wyaro, xazina gaizarda, dabolos, mefeebma mTeli gulisyuri miapyres ganaTlebas saqmes (Jorda-nia 1991: 54).

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos momavali ganviTareba axa-li tipis saeklesio meTaurs saWiroebda, romelic sa-

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momavlo perspeqtivis xedviT ganWvretda sazogadoeb-riv problemebs da maTi daZlevisaken Tavad sazogado-ebis energias mimarTavda. aseTi iyo anton I kaTalikosi. misi meTaurobiT da, rasakvirvelia, mefeTa didi xel-SewyobiT, qarTuli eklesiisa da masTan erTad saganma-naTleblo saqmis aRorZineba iwyeba.

antoni kaTalikosad ekurTxa 1744 wels, Teimuraz-erekles daJinebuli moTxovniT. aRsaydrebidan sul mokle xanSi kaTalikosma ndir-Sahisagan mtkicebule-bis firmani da jamagiri — weliwadSi 1000 Tumani miiRo (Jordania 1991: 53)68. anton kaTalikoss eklesia materi-alurad gaCanagebuli, moralurad daqveiTebuli da feodaluri separatizmiT gamoxruli daxvda. gaZar-cvuli da gaRatakebuli monastrebi ixureboda, mrava-li eparqia gauqmda, aRar moqmedebda samonastro sko-lebi. samrevlo eklesiebSi xSirad uswavleli, wera-kiTxvis ucodinari mRvdlebi msaxurobdnen69. mTis mo-saxleobaSi momZlavrebuli iyo adaTobrivi samarTali, romlis winaSe uZluri iyo qristianuli kanonmdeblo-ba da morali. Tavad sasuliero pirebic xSirad arRvev-dnen saeklesio disciplinarul wesebs.

Teimurazisa da erekles mxardaWeriT anton I-ma eparqiis asaRorZineblad uzarmazari organizaciuli samuSao Caatara. aRadgina mcxeTis adminitraciis dar-Rveuli wesrigi da moiZia eparqiis sazRvrebi, ukan da-abruna `avis drosagan~ ayril-gadasaxlebuli ymebi, aR-nusxa Semosaval-gasavali, xeli Seuwyo eparqiis gapar-

68 antonma kidev orjer 1747 da 1748 wlebSi miiRo iranis mom-devno Sahebisagan mtkicebulebis sigelebi (Jordania 1991: 41, 53, Тодуа 1989: 1030). 69 am periodSi imdenad momravlebuli yofila saeklesio swavlebis ucodinari samRvdeloeba, rom 1748 wels ereklesa da antonis mier mowveuli saeklesio krebis dadgenilebebSi sagangebodaa Setanili me-5 muxli amgvar pirTaTTvis xel-dasxmis akrZalvis Sesaxeb (doliZe 1970: 799).

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taxebuli meurneobis aRdgenas. naomar qarTl-kaxeTSi isedac Semcirebuli mamulebis Semosavali, cxadia, bev-rad naklebi iyo, vidre Tundac saukunis dasawyisSi, magram anton I-is xelmZRvanelobiT igi gonivrulad da mizanmimarTulad ixarjeboda da, ZiriTadad, samrevlo da samonastre saswavleblebs xmardeboda. 1749 wlis sa-ekleso krebaze antonis iniciativiT skolebis gaxsnis sakiTxi ganixiles. kaTalikosi avaldebulebda sam-Rvdeloebas, rom saeparqio skolebSi mrevlisaTvis we-ra-kiTxva eswavlebinaT (Jordania 1991: 69). erekle me-fis xelSewyobiT 1755 wels antonma gaxsna sasuliero seminaria TbilisSi, ufro gvian, 1782 wels — TelavSi.

antonis mecadineobiT mTel saqarTveloSi daiwyo saeklesio xelnawerebis Segroveba da maTi dabinaveba sveticxovlisa da sxva samonastre wignsacavebSi. mar-to sveticxovlis biblioTekaSi antonma 7 aTas toms mouyara Tavi (Jordania 1991: 68).

1749 wels antonma, papuna orbelianis Tanaxmad, aRadgina osmalTa dros dangreuli vaxtang VI-is stam-ba: `antoni batoniSvilma, patriarqma keTilma da sar-wmunoebisa da qistes sjulisa ganmanaTlebelma, igu-lismodgina, friad Semwe eqmna mefe erekle da gamoiRes stamba da aRavses wigniTa qarTli~ (papuna orbeliani 1981: 155).

ganaTlebis sferoSi CamorCenilobis daZleva an-ton kaTalikoss mTavar erovnul amocanad miaCnda. es sakiTxi miT ufro mwvaved idga imdroindel saqarTve-loSi, rom iran-osmaleTis xangrZlivi batonobis peri-odSi didi gasaqani miecaT somex monofizitebs da ka-Tolike misionerebs, romlebic TavianTi sqolastiku-ri ganaTlebiT da praqtikuli codniT did zegavlenas axdendnen imdroindel sazogadoebaze. Tanadroul saRvTismetyvelo da samecniero codnas moklebuli qarTveli marTlmadidebeli samRvdeloeba mxolod is-toriuli argumentebiT icavda Tavs da uZluri iyo

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saRvTismetyvelo polemikaSi Cabmuliyo. axali codni-sadmi cxovelma interesma daaxlova axalgazrda anton kaTalikosi ganaTlebul mxiTaristebsa da patrebs, romelTa daxmarebiT Seiswavla enaTmecnierebis safuZ-vlebi da daamuSava qarTuli gramatikis pirveli sa-xelmZRvanelo. amave periodSi Seqmna antonma `mzamet-yveleba~, romelic monofizituri moZRvrebis winaaR-mdeg aris mimarTuli.

ganaTlebul kaTolike berebTan siaxlovem im zo-mamde didi gavlena moaxdina anton kaTalikosze, rom man farulad kaTolikoba aRiara. am ambavs mohyva drama-tuli movlenebi antonis pirad cxovrebaSi — 1755 wels Teimuraz mefis mier mowveulma saeklesio krebam igi ka-Talikosobidan gadaayena. momdevno wels Catarebul sa-eklesio krebaze antonma aRiara sarwmunoebrivi gadac-doma da mxurvaled moinania Tavisi saqciali. amasTana-ve, iTxova mRdelmsaxurebis uflebis dabruneba da ru-seTSi wasvlis nebarTva. amaze man Tanxmoba miiRo. 1756-1762 wlebSi antoni ruseTSi imyofeboda da vladimirisa da ieropolis kaTedras xelmZRvanelobda.

anton kaTalikoss gadasaxlebamde da gadasaxle-bis Semdegac araCveulebrivi urTierToba akavSirebda erekle II-sTan. Teimuraz mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg antoni erekles mowveviT saqarTveloSi dabrunda da isev kaTalikosis rangSi saTaveSi Caudga saqarTvelos saeklesio da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.

ruseTSi yofna antonma codnis gasaRrmaveblad gamoiyena. aq man Seiswavla rusuli da laTinuri enebi, gaecno evropul ganmanaTeblobas da istoriografias, Targmna saRvTismetyvelo, sabunebismetyvelo da is-toriuli literatura, Seqmna originaluri Txzulebe-bi. ar darCenila saeklesio mwerlobis Janri, romelic antons ar gaemdidrebinos axali originaluri Tu na-Targmni TxzulebebiT. ruseTidan ereklesadmi gamog-zavnil werilebSi saukeTesod Cans antonis inteleq-

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tualuri saqmianobis sruliad gacnobierebuli mizani — `...raTa naTesavi Cueni ara daakldamca eseguarisagan saWiroebisa, romliTa vixarke yovlad glaxakman aman...~ (qavTaria 1977: 110).

antonis originaluri Txzulebebidan gansakuT-rebuli mniSvnelobisaa `wyobilsityvaoba~ — qarTuli literaturuli azrovnebisa da kulturis yvelaze srulyofili Semajamebeli naSromi.

saeklesio cxovrebis gaumjobesebis mizniT ga-mocemul yvela gankargulebas kaTalikosi erekle me-fesTan erTad awerda xels. maTi saxeliT gacemuli do-kumentebi saukeTeso nimuSia did saxelmwifo moRvawe-Ta TanamSromlobisa. antonma da ereklem kvlav gaa-cocxles eklesiisa da saero xelisuflebis TanamSrom-lobis simfoniuri modeli, romelic Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos saukeTeso periodebSi saxelmwifoebrivi aRorZinebis garantias qmnida, Tumca am principis sru-lad amoqmedebas win eRobeboda ukve Rrma stagnaciaSi Sesuli feodaluri wyobileba da ganaTlebis saerTo donis dacema.

anton kaTalikosi erekle mefis politikuri Tana-moazre iyo da praqtikulad monawileobda diplomati-ur saqmianobaSi70. 1771 wlis bolos, ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros, ereklem anton kaTalikosi da levan bato-niSvili peterburgSi gaagzavna diplomatiuri misiiT. maT mihqondaT erekle mefis werili, romelSic mefe ruseT-TurqeTis mimdinare omis fonze ruseTis xeli-suflebis winaSe konkretul moTxovnebs ayenebda da im

70 rodesac 1769 wels generali totlebeni saqarTveloSi Ca-movida, erekle mefe stefanwmindidan 10 versis daSorebiT erT vake adgilas Sexvda rus generals. mas surda piradad garkveuliyo, xom ar qmnida raime safrTxes ucxoelTa laS-qris Semosvla qveyanaSi. ereklesTan erTad mis karavSi imyo-feboda patriarqi, romelic SeuZRva generals mefesTan da daeswro maT Sexvedras (de grai 1985: 40-41).

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ZiriTad pirobebs ayalibebda, romlebic ruseTs auci-leblad unda gaeTvaliswinebina qarTl-kaxeTis same-fos mfarvelobaSi ayvanis SemTxvevaSi. antonis am el-Cobas saqarTvelosaTvis konkretuli Sedegi ar mohyo-lia, magram mis mier SemuSavebuli debulebebi Semdgom safuZvlad daedo 1783 wlis traqtats (paiWaZe 1973: 660-661).

Tavisi mRvdelmTavrobis periodSi antonma gan-sacvifrebeli niWiereba, nebisyofa, iSviaTi STagoneba da dauRalavi Sromisunarianoba gamoavlina. misma moR-vaweobam Rrma da waruSleli kvali datova saqarTve-los eklesiis istoriaSi (Jordania 1991: 55).

qarTuli seminariebisaTvis Sedgenil saswavlo programebSi erovnul mwerlobasTan erTad antonma uxvad Seitana imdroindeli evropul- rusuli samecni-ero codna. misi xelmZRvanelobiT seminariebSi aswav-lidnen RvTismetyvelebas da filosofias, fsiqologi-as, fizikas, gramatikas; moswavleebi ecnobodnen sqo-lastikur meTods, romelic maT argumentebis moZiebas da kritikul azrovnebas aCvevda71. antonma gaaRviva sa-zogadoebaSi mecnieruli da filosofiuri codnisadmi miswrafeba, aRzarda eklesiis msaxurTa sruliad axa-

71 Tbilisisa da Telavis sasuliero seminariebSi iswavlebo-da anton kaTalikosis `ritorika~, romelic Sedgenili iyo mxiTar sebastielis `ritorikis~ msgavsad, mxolod qarTuli masalis gamoyenebiT; aristoteles `kategoriebi~, gadamuSa-vebuli `axalTa filosofosTa~ mier; `saqristiano moZRvre-ba~, anu katexizmo; antonis originaluri filosofiuri traqtati `spekali~, `qarTuli gramatika~, erTgvari lite-raturul-istoriuli enciklopedia -- `wyobilsityvaoba~, romelSic galeqsiladaa gadmocemuli saqarTvelos gamoCe-nil mefeTa, wmindanTa da mweralTa cxovreba da moRvaweoba. seminariebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili agreTve antonis Targma-nebi: baumaisteris `logika~, `metafizika~, `eTika~, vulfiu-sis `fizika~ antonisave winasityvaobebiT da komentarebiT (srulad ix. kekeliZe 1980:378-385; qavTaria 1977: 77-785).

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li, ganaTlebuli Taoba, romelic XVIII saukunis miwu-ruls gamovida samoRvaweo asparezze da warmatebiT gaagrZela didi maswavleblis dawyebuli saqme (qavTa-ria 1977: 77-78).

anton I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg sakaTalikoso taxtze aRsayrda misive gazrdili 27 wlis anton II, erekle mefis Ze, didad ganaTlebuli da sanimuSo zneo-bis pirovneba. anton II-s mcxeTis eparqia organizaciu-lad mowesrigebuli da materialurad welgamarTuli daxvda. qarTlis 34 soflidan eparqiis qoneba am dros 202 komls iTvlida. amas emateboda kaxuri mamulebi, sa-idanac ukve daubrkolebliv iRebda mcxeTa Semosa-vals.

anton II-s Tavisi winamorbedisagan daxvda aRorZi-nebuli saskolo saqme, kargad Camoyalibebuli saganma-naTleblo programa da axali Taobis pedagogebi. anto-nic, misi didi winamorbedisa da maswavleblis msgavsad, didi gulmodginebiT ekideboda ganaTlebis sferos — mudmivad adevnebda Tvalyurs stambis muSaobas, xSi-rad stumrobda saswavleblebs da yuradRebas ar ak-lebda warCinebul moswavleebs.

am periodSi qarTlis eklesias kvlav hqonda sir-Tuleebi mTis mosaxleobasTan. aRmosavleT saqarTve-los mTianeTSi, sadac xSiri omianobisa da, gansakuTre-biT, lekianobis gamo xalxi mowyvetili iyo baris kul-turul cxovrebas, qristianobis safuZvlebi sagrZnob-lad iyo Seryeuli. jer kidev anton I-ma miavlina wil-knis eparqiaSi ambrosi nekreseli, romelmac Tavisi cxovrebis 34 weli Seswira mTis mosaxleobaSi qristia-nobis qadagebas. msgavsad Tavisi winamorbedisa, axal-gazrda antonmac gagzavna mTaSi misionerTa jgufi, ro-melic didxans muSaobda mosaxleobaSi.

1792 wels erekles davalebiT antoni diplomatiu-ri misiiT imereTSi Cadis. man Seariga samefo taxtis pretendentebi — daviT giorgis Ze da daviT arCilis Ze.

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es ukanaskneli, imereTis samRvdeloebis daswrebiT, ka-Talikosma mefed akurTxa solomon II-is saxeliT (bubu-laSvili 2002: 12). aRa mahmad-xanis Semosevis Semdeg (1795) antoni Tbilisis eklesiebis aRdgeniT samuSaoebs Caudga saTaveSi.

anton kaTalikosi Tavisi mefuri warmomavlobis, farTo ganaTlebis, mrevlisadmi gansakuTrebuli yu-radRebisa da gulmowyalebis gamo udidesi siyvaruli-Ta da pativiscemiT sargeblobda imdroindel qarTul sazogadoebaSi. TviT mTavarmarTebeli tormasovi, ro-melic metismetad Cqarobda saeklesio miwebis saxazino fondSi gadaricxvas, aRiarebda: `samarTlianoba moiT-xovs iTqvas, rom kaTalikosi anton II iSviaTi Tvisebis adamiani da wesrigis moyvaruli pirovnebaa, visac sayo-velTao pativiscema aqvs mopovebuli~ (Акты 1861: 147).

anton kaTalikosi Tavdapirvelad rusuli orien-taciis momxre iyo, magram 1783 wlis traqtatis far-glebSi. xolo is, rac 1801 wels mis Tvalwin datrial-da, Semdgom ki, rusuli imperiuli reJimis damyarebas mohyva, iseve agdebda antons sagonebelSi, rogorc sxva danarCen imedgacruebul qarTvelebs. giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg kaTalikosi antoni iulon bato-niSvilis gamefebis uWerda mxars. cxadia, amis gamo ka-Talikoss ar daugmia samRvdeloebis is nawili, rome-lic wirvis dros iulons mefed ixseniebda. aman gaanaw-yena, erTi mxriv, taxtis meore pretendentis, daviT ba-toniSvilis momxreTa banaki, meore mxriv, mTavarmar-Tebeli lazarevi, romelsac davalebuli hqonda saer-Tod moespo mefoba qarTl-kaxeTSi (bubulaSvili 2002:14-15). aseTive ganzraxva hqonda ruseTis xelisuf-lebas erovnuli eklesiis mimarTac, magram am gegmis ganxorcieleba erTi xelis dakvriT SeuZlebeli iyo.

rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebidan sul mokle xanSi (1802 ) anton II-m axali xelisuflebis moTxovniT aRwera sapatriarqosa da sakuTriv kaTalikosis Semo-

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savlebi. am saangariSo dokumentidan irkveva, rom sa-patriarqos im pirobebisaTvis kargad awyobili meurne-oba da soliduri Semosavlebi hqonia. mas yovelwliu-rad Sesdioda 2900kodi puri, 395 sapalne Rvino da 3980 maneTi (bubulaSvili 2002: 25). ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos eklesiis winaaRmdeg mizanmimarTulad daiwyo ZirgamomTxreli ekonomikuri politikis gata-reba — Tavidan es iyo saeklesio Semosavlebze kontro-li, ramac mcxeTas daakargvina ekonomikuri damouki-debloba. 1805 wels cicianovma akrZala saeklesio miwe-bis gasxviseba; mis Semdgom ukve gudoviCma Tavadaznau-robis ymobisagan gaaTavisufla soflis dabali sam-Rvdeloeba da igi saxazino uwyebaSi Caricxa. es gareg-nulad progresuli movlena kaTalikosis gavlenis Sem-cirebas isaxavda miznad qarTvel samRvdeloebaze. gu-doviCma mcxeTas mTlinad CamoarTva Semosavlis Ziri-Tadi wyaroebi: yma-glexebi, zvrebi, sabaJoebi da duq-nebi (bubulaSvili 2002: 32-36). sabolood kaTalikosi imdenad usaxsrod darCa, rom 1810 wels, rodesac igi iZulebiT gaemgzavra peterburgs, misi samgzavro xar-jebi saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebelma gaiRo (bubulaS-vili 2002: 36,55).

sulieri keTili da Ãorcieli keTili mcxeTis eparqiis formireba emTxveva saqarTve-

loSi feodaluri urTierTobebis Casaxvis process. TandaTanobiT mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqiis miwaT-mflobalobisa da misi marTvis sistema swored amgvari urTierTobebis yaidaze moewyo. mcxeTaSi mjdomi kaTa-likosi erTdroulad qarTlis saeklesio ierarqiis me-Tauric iyo da vrceli saeklesio senioriis patronic.

mcxeTis saeparqio miwebi ZiriTadad samefo da kerZo pirTa Sewirulebebis gziT izrdeboda. mcxeTas hqonda nasyidi mamulebic, magram maTi wili Seudareb-

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lad mcire iyo Sewirul mamulebTan SedarebiT. qonebis warmomavloba, rasakvirvelia, zegavlenas axdenda mflobelobis Sinaarsze da mis iuridiul reJimze. Tu nasyidi mamulebi eklesiis kerZo sakuTrebas warmoad-genda, Sewirul qonebas igi pirobiT flobda. Sewiru-lebis iuridiuli Sinaarsi eTanxmeboda eklesiis Tav-dapirvel idealebs, ramdenadac igi ar iyo kerZo sa-kuTreba. Sewiruli qonebis uzenaes mesakuTred, iuri-diuli azriT, Semwirveli rCeboda, anu, mis STamomav-lebs SeeZloT ukan `gamoewiraT~ erTxel ukve Sewiru-li qoneba, Tumca yovel Semwirvels, msgavsi SemTxveve-bis Tavidan asacileblad, Sewirulebis sabuTSi usaTu-od Sehqonda wyeva-SeCvenebebi momaval `damrRvev-ga-momwirvelTa~ mimarT. realur cxovrebaSi aseTi ram mxolod krizisul viTarebebSi SeiZleboda momxdari-yo, Cveulebriv ki, SemwirvelTa saxlis axali Taoba Zvel SewirulebaTa sigelebs Tavidan amtkicebda, ami-tom Sewiruli qoneba eklesiis faqtobriv mflobelo-baSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi rCeboda.

Sewiruleba eklesiasa da morwmunes Soris samar-Tlebrivi garigebis forma iyo. igi gulisxmobda mxare-Ta ormxriv valdebulebas — Semwirveli eklesias ga-dascemda materialur qonebas, xolo eklesia Semwirve-lis saxelze sulis samsaxurs awesebda locvis, wirva-mosaxseneblis an aRapis saxiT. am niSniT Sewiruleba iyo sulierisa da `xorcielis~ (materialuris) erTgva-ri `gacvla~, rasac qarTul sinamdvileSi `Sezavebas~ uwodebdnen (abulaZe 1963: 268).

eklesiisaTvis Sewirulebis gaRebiT Suasaukunee-bis qarTuli sazogadoeba sakuTar religiur grZno-bebs ikmayofilebda da qristianuli eTikuri Rirebu-lebebisadmi erTgulebas adasturebda. rac Seexeba Se-wiruli qonebis moculobas, igi Semwirvelis socialur prestiJs Seesabameboda, romlis dasacavad igi mzad iyo didi materialuri safasuri gadaexada.

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mcxeTisaTvis boZebul Sewirulebis sabuTTa So-ris Sewiruli qonebis siuxviT mefeTa Sewirulebis si-gelebi gamoirCeva, romelTa vrceli Sesavlebi eZRvne-ba RvTis gandidebas, monarqTa gansakuTrebuli RvTis-mosaobisa da eklesiaze maTi mzrunvelobis dasabuTe-bas. arc erT sxva qarTul saistorio wyaroSi ar Cans ise mkafiod bizantiuri simfonizmis ideologiur saw-yisebTan siaxlove, rogorc mefeTa Sewirulebis sige-lebSi. maTi saSualebiT, erTi mxriv, gasajaroebuli iyo eklesiasTan mefeTa harmoniuli TanamSromlobis principi (`wmidani eklesiani mSuidobisa da dawynarebi-sa da, Cuen, mefeTa locvisaTvis aRSenebul arian~ (So-SiaSvili 1984: 33), meore mxriv ki, samefo xelisuflebis valdebuleba mfarveloba gaewia eklesiisaTvis. amitom qristianul monarqiaSi Sewirulebis instituti yvela-ze ufro qmediTi instrumenti iyo saeklesio ideolo-giisa da saeklesio politikis gasatareblad.

mcxeTisaTvis boZebul samefo sigelebSi, garda mefeTa religiur-zneobrivi ganwyobilebebisa, sauke-Tesod Cans eklesiaze zrunvis samarTlebrivi aspeqti — esaa misTvis imuniteturi (qarT. `Seuvaloba~) uflebe-bis miniWeba. imunitetur uflebaTa gareSe Suasaukune-ebis qarTuli eklesia verasodes SeZlebda Seesrule-bina Tavisi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba — eSenebina saydrebi, aRezarda samRvdelo kadrebi, Caetarebina RvTismsaxu-reba, ezruna mrevlze, saWiroebisamebr waregzavna mi-sionerebi, gaeSala kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saq-mianoba da a.S.

eklesiis imuniteturi uflebebiT aRWurva mxo-lod mefis, rogorc umaRlesi sajaro piris preroga-tiva iyo da igic farTod iyenebda am uflebas. amiT me-fe adasturebda Tavis mzaobas — realuri daxmareba aRmoeCina eklesiisaTvis. rasakvirvelia, mcxeTis epar-qia, rogorc mefeTa upirvelesi zrunvis sagani, Tavis vrcel teritoriaze farTo imuniteturi uflebebiT

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sargeblobda. mis xelSi iyo marTlmsajuleba, gadasa-xadebi, jari. es uflebebi uzrunvelyofda eparqiis ekonomikur siZlieres da mis damoukideblobas Sida eparqialur saqmianobaSi. Cven ara erTi magaliTi gvaqvs, roca qarTlis kaTalikosebi ewevian marTlmsa-julebas, gansazRvraven gadasaxadis odenobas, Tavian-Ti (eparqiis) saxsrebiT yiduloben soflebs, aTavisuf-leben datyvevebul adamianebs, aSeneben eklesiebsa da soflebs, axlad agebul eklesiebs jvar-xatebiT da sa-eklesio inventariT amkoben, awyoben skriptoriumebs, da a.S. mcxeTis saxli aseTi saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli misi dafuZnebis dRidan.

magram VII saukunis meore naxevridan, roca qar-TlSi arabTa batonoba damyarda, mcxeTam dakarga imu-niteturi uflebebi da ekonomikuradac dakninda. mar-Talia, muslimuri samarTali qristianul eklesias RvTismsaxurebis uflebas unarCunebda, magram es xde-boda `gamosasyidis~ fasad, anu igi iseve ibegreboda, rogorc danarCeni mosaxleoba (Массэ, 1963: 60-63). ara-buli xarki ufro damZimda VIII saukunidan, xolo amave saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi Tbilisis saamiros Seqmnam da erismTavrobis institutis gauqmebam mcxeTa saero xe-lisuflebis mfarvelobis gareSe datova.

XI saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac xelaxla daiwyo mcxeTis aRorZineba, melqisedek kaTalikosma, upirve-lesad, samcxeTo mamulebze imuniteturi uflebebi mo-ipova: `romelni sofelni Zuelad hqondes amas wmidasa dedaqalaqsa, Sesavalni iyunes. da me movaÃsene gam-zrdelsa Cemsa bagrat kurapalatsa da Seuvalad ga-miÃadnes da miboZes simtkice SeuvalobisaÁ~ (SoSiaSvi-li 1984: 27). kaTalikosisaTvis arab amirasac uboZebia Seuvaloba sveticxovlis kuTvnil Tbilisel vaWar-xe-losnebze (SoSiaSvili 1984: 27).

imuniteturi uflebebis wyalobiT, ukve XI sauku-

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neSi mcxeTis saxli msxvil da mdidar feodalur orga-nizaciad Camoyalibda. aseTive privilegiebiT, mxolod naklebi masStabebiT, sargeblobda yvela eparqia, ra-mac, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo eparqialuri saydrebis gadasvlas didgvarovan sagvareuloTa xelSi. aseT vi-TarebaSi realurad izRudeboda mcxeTis taxtis SesaZ-leblobebi ekontrolebina calkeul ierarqTa poli-tikuri qceva.

imdroindel moRvaweebs kargad esmodaT, rom saek-lesio imuniteturi uflebebi, rasac emyareboda eklesi-is materialuri arseboba, imavdroulad misi moraluri avtoritetis dakninebis mizezadac SeiZleboda qceuli-yo. realurad am uflebis SezRudvas isaxavda miznad da-viT aRmaSeneblis saeklesio politika. eklesiisaTvis imunitetis Semcireba samefo xelisuflebis materialur resursebs zrdida da maT saxelmwifo amocanebis gadaW-risaken mimarTvda. amasTanave, igi aZlierebda eklesiis mesaWeebis damokidebulebas samefo xelisuflebaze, ris gamoc isini ufro organizebulad iRebdnen monawileo-bas qveynis SenebaSi. magram es droebiTi movlena gamodga, radgan imuniteti feodaluri sazogadoebis Tanmxlebi movlena iyo da igi yovelTvis cdilobda am uflebebis SenarCunebas. orbelTa gamosvlis CaxSobis (1177) Semdeg saeklesio krebas erTsulovnad mouTxovia giorgi mefi-sagan, daebrunebina eklesiisaTvis imuniteturi uflebe-bi, razedac mefe, rogorc Cans, iZulebiT daTanxmebula: `...keTilad dacvisaTvis mefobisa Cuenisa da sulierad ÃsnisaTuis satanjvelTaisa, movigoneT eklesiaTa same-foisa CuenisaTa yovlisa begrisa usamarTloisa da daWi-rebulisagan Ãsnai da ganTavisufleba~ (SoSiaSvili 1984: 72). am daTmobis Sedegad eklesiam kvlav moipova ekonomi-kuri damoukidebloba, rac, cxadia, uzrunvelyofda mis materialur keTildReobasac.

Tamaris droindeli politikuri warmatebebi, sa-erTo keTildReoba da samRvdeloebis maRali ganaTle-

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ba gamoricxavda imuniteturi uflebebiT warmoSobil SesaZlo konfliqtebs eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris, magram monRolTa batonobis Jams am konfliqtma umal iCina Tavi.

cnobilia, rom monRolebs maTma rjulSemwynareb-lobam gauadvila sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis xalxebis da-morCileba. dapyrobili qveynebis kultsmsaxurebs mon-Roli xanebi sagangebo ierlayebiT icavdnen. aseTive iyo monRola damokidebuleba saqarTvelos eklesiisadmi. JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs, rom `warvida ulos wina-Se (1254) kaTalikosi nikoloz, kaci mxilveli suliTa, an-gelozTa mobaZavi... ixila ra yaenman, gankÂrda wessa da xilvasa Sesaxedavsa missa... da dauweres ierlayi, romel ars wigni Sewyalebisa~ (yauxCiSvili 1959: 224). rasakvir-velia, monRolTa omebisagan dangreul-gapartaxebul qveyanaSi saeklesio soflebic, miuxedavad`ierlayisa~, mainc didad iyo Semcirebuli, magram, Seuvalobis uf-lebis miniWebam eklesia, sxvebTan SedarebiT, mainc uf-ro ukeTes mdgomareobaSi Caayena.

monRolTa uRlis gadagdebis Semdeg qarTuli sa-zogadoebrivi cxovreba feodalizmis stagnaciis xan-grZliv fazaSi Sevida. imuniteturi uflebebi araTu eklesiis, mTeli feodaluri wodebis ganuyreli atri-buti gaxda. aseT garemoSi, cxadia, eklesiis da, miT uf-ro, mcxeTis saxlis imuniteturi uflebebi samefo xe-lisuflebas aRarasodes dauyenebia eWvqveS.

***

mefeTa Sewirulebebis garda, mcxeTa mravlad iRebda kerZo Sewirulebebsac. sveticxovlisaTvis bo-Zebuli SewirulebaTa sabuTebi TvalnaTliv uCveneben, raoden guluxvi iyo qarTuli feodaluri wodeba mcxe-Tis saydrisadmi, ris gamoc, saukuneTa sigrZeze mcxe-Tam uamravi uZrav-moZravi qoneba SeiZina.

feodaluri aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi sa-

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kuTari ojaxis cocxal Tu gardacvalebul wevrTa sau-kuno xsnisaTvis sveticxovels swiravdnen soflebs, zvrebs, ymebs, jvar-xatebs, xelnawerebs; zrunavdnen dazianebuli taZris aRdgena-ganaxlebaze.

SewirulebaTa safuZvelze Semwirvelsa da eklesi-as Soris formdeboda iuridiuli garigebebi, romle-bic SinaarsiT sasuliero anderZebs uaxlovdebodnen, magram anderZisagan gansxvavebiT, maTSi ormxrivi neba iyo gamoxatuli. feodalisagan mamulis Sewirva uaRre-sad Zneli saqme iyo, radgan Semwirveli, Cveulebriv, wi-lobrivad flobda qonebas sagvareulos saerTo sakuT-rebaSi. sakuTari wilis eklesiisaTvis boZebis SemTxve-vaSi, igi valdebuli iyo ojaxis danarCeni wevrebisagan aeRo nebarTava, rac ar iyo advili saqme, radgan sakuT-rebis Semcireba uaryofiTad moqmedebda ojaxis socia-lur statusze. amitom feodalur sagvareuloTa war-momadgenlebi cdilobdnen eklesiisaTvis SeewiraT ara sagvareulo wili, aramed piradi garjiT SeZenili qone-ba, rogorc yvelaze ufro daculi da `moudevari~72. feodalur sazogadoebaSi, romelic ZiriTadad korpo-raciul sakuTrebas cnobda, amgvarma saeklesio praq-tikam xeli Seuwyo individualuri sakuTrebis Casaxvas.

Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc mTel saqristianoSi, SewirulebaTa safuZvelze warmo-iSva iseTi specifikuri movlena, rogoric iyo e.w. `su-lis samsaxuri~, anu eklesiaSi SemwirvelTa saxelebze mosaxseneblebisa Tu wirva-aRapis gadaxda.

Sewirulebis sabuTebi adastureben, rom yoveli Semwirveli sagangebod, didxans emzadeboda Sewirule-

72 mag., qarTveli didgvarovani Zagan abuleTisZe, romelic 1258 wels baRdadis aRebis dros monRolTa armiaSi ibrZoda, SiomRvimisaTvis Sewurul sofelze ambobs: `icodes Rmer-Tman, mun CemiTa ÃrmliTa naSoebisgan kide arai visi yofila amis adgilisa syidasa Siga...~ (SoSiaSvili 1984: 140).

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bis gaRebisaTvis da Tavisi SesaZleblobebis maqsimums xarjavda, raTa eklesiaSi sakuTari Rirsebis Sesaferi-si sulis samsaxuri daewesebina. amitom, SewirulebaTa moculoba da maTTan dakavSirebuli sulis samsaxuri iseve iyo ranJirebuli, rogorc SemwirvelTa socialu-ri statusi amqveyniur cxovrebaSi. kerZo Sewirule-bebs, vinc ar unda yofiliyvnen maTi gamRebni: mefeebi Tu dedoflebi, eklesiis ierarqebi, didebulebi Tu ri-giTi aznaurebi, asazrdoebda sikvdilis religiuri gancda — gankiTxvis Jamis esqatologiuri molodini da codvaTa Sendobis imedi. am qristianuli ideis garda-saxvam adamianebis fsiqo-emociur gancdaSi gaaRviZa in-dividualizmi mis materialur da zneobriv gamovline-bebSi — Rirebuleba mieniWa kerZo sakuTrebas, rogorc qvelmoqmedebis saSualebas.

maRali feodaluri wris warmomadgenlebi kerZo SewirulebaTa safuZvelze sicocxleSive aarsebdnen eklesiebSi sakuTar saflav-samwirveloebs, sadac maT saxelze tardeboda wirva-locva da saaRapo trapeze-bi. SewirulebaTa gamRebni xSirad TviTve gansazRvrav-dnen RvTismsaxurebis kalendarul dResa da rigs (gan-geba), aRapis moculobas, satrapezo xarjebs da momsa-xure personalis sargos. mTeli Semosavali, riTac sam-wirvelo Tavis saqmianobas uZRveboda, Semwirvelis mi-er eklesiisaTvis boZebuli yma-mamulidan Semodioda (lominaZe 2010: 13-14). samwirveloebi feodalur-ierar-qiul principze eqvemdebarebodnen ZiriTad eklesiebs, zogjer ki, maTgan organizaciulad da arqiteqturu-ladac iyvnen gamoyofilni samwirvelo-egvteris Tu `sawinamZRvros~ saxiT (lominaZe 2010: 31-53).

magram samwirvelo-egvterebi, sxvaganac da Cven-Sic, gacilebiT ufro adre warmoiqmna, vidre isini fe-odalur urTierTobebs Seezrdebodnen. samwirvelos Sinaarsobrivi struqturis ganmsazRvreli komponen-tebis — saflavis, sakurTxevelis da RvTismsaxurebis —

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erToba emyareboda pirvel qristianTa Soris gavrce-lebul rituals, romelic, locvisa da evqaristiis TanxlebiT, qristesaTvis wamebulTa saflavebTan sruldeboda. amave ritualis Semadgeneli nawili iyo àRapi~, siyvarulis seroba, ris drosac morwmuneni er-Toblivad adasturebdnen (àmowmebdnen~) sikvdilze gamarjvebisa da àxali~, saukuno cxovrebidami rwmenas (Шмеман 1961: golubinski.ru...). am dros mowameTa saflav-Tan aRsrulebuli liturgia eZRvneboda ara konkre-tulad romelime gardacvlils, aramed isev qristes, romelic morwmuneTa TvalSi ukve gansvenebulis saSu-alebiT àmowmebda~ Tavis ukvdavebas. amdenad, mowamis saflavze gamarTuli koleqtiuri saaRape seroba STa-gonebuli iyo qristesadmi uxrwneli siyvarulis da-dasturebis surviliT. igi simbolurad ganasaxierebda esqatologiur lxins cis sasufevelSi. morwmuneTa warmodgenaSi `mowameebma adamianuri yofierebis zRvars gadaabijes da erTdroulad miwaSic ganisveneb-dnen da zecaSic~ (Элиаде 2002: $256).

qristian mowameTa, rogorc qristes winaSe Suam-dgomelTa da meoxTa kulti, SedarebiT gvian — qristi-anobis gamarjvebis Semdeg, III saukunidan gavrcelda da gansakuTrebuli masStabi SeiZina IV saukunis bolos qristian mowameTa wminda nawilebis daflvis adgilebi iqcnen axal toposebad, `sadac ca da miwa erTmaneTs xvdeboda~ (Браун 2004: 22)73.

wminda nawilebis TayvaniscemasTan iyo dakavSirebu-

73 wm. nawilebis kultis gamoZaxili Cans wm. ninos cxovrebaSi moTxrobili kvarTis daflvisa da masze eklesiis aRmarTvis am-bavSic, magram romaul-qristianuli tradiciisagan es istoria mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, upirvelesad, imiT, rom masSi iu-devel qristianTa ZvelaRTqmuri mesianizmi (wilgdeba) da `RvTis SiSi~(taZarSi RvTaebrivi niSnis dafarva) Sezavebulia qarTul warmarTobasTan (cxovelmyofeli xe) da axalmoqce-ulTa mier `SiSis~ daZlevasTan (kurneba svetze xelis SexebiT).

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li mowameTa saflavebis gadaqceva piligrimobis adgile-bad. amas TandaTanobiT mowameTa saflavebze sakulto nagebobebis aRmarTva da maT irgvliv axali dasaxlebebis warmoqmna mohyva. amgvarad, mowameTa Tayvaniscemam anti-kur samyaroSi Secvala adamianis damokidebuleba sikvdi-lisadmi — man `sikvdili moaSinaura~ (ariesi)74, rac aisaxa kidec qalaqebis topografiaSi. Tuki adre antikuri qa-laqebis sasaflaoebi usaTuod qalaqgareT mdebareobda, wmindanTa saflavebTan kultmsaxurebis gaCenam isini qa-laqebis SuagulSi moaqcia (Браун 2004: 18.).

sakulto adgilebSi saflavis mosapoveblad ro-mis imperiis SeZlebuli moqalaqeTa Soris namdvili Se-jibri iyo gaCaRebuli, raSic zogierTi mkvlevari ro-mauli patronaJis gamoZaxils xedavs. gamarjvebuli ojaxebi `privatizebul~ wmindanebs uxv Sesawiravs swi-ravdnen, riTac wmindanis saflavTan TavianTi micvale-bulebis saxelze didi purobas marTavdnen (Браун 2004: 35). igive avtori yuradRebas aqcevs wyaroTa miTiTe-bebs am dros gamoCenili wregadasuli xelgaSlilobis Sesaxeb da am movlenasac calkeul ojaxebs Soris Se-jibrobiTobiT xsnis (Браун 2004: 35-36). Tumca eklesiis mamebi am movlenaSi ufro warmarTuli elementebis SeWras xedavdnen (Элиаде 2002: §256), romlebic axlad-moqceulma masebma Tan Seitanes eklesiaSi.

qristianul aRmosavleTSi wmindanTa Tayvanisce-mam IV-V saukuneebSi saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi axa-li formis, `martiriumis~ Seqmnas daudo saTave. es iyo wmindanTa saxelze agebuli TaRovani nageboba, sadac wmindanTa saxelze imarTeboda ritualebi — msxver-plSewrva, Ramis Teva, sakurTxevelTan aRapi da trape-zi (Элиаде 2002: §256).

74 damowmebulia wignidan `codva da SiSi SuasaukunebSi~ (la-baZe 2006: 43).

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imdenad TvalSisacemi iyo aseTi Sekrebebisa da pu-robebis, erTi mxriv, kerZoobiTi daniSnuleba da, meo-re mxriv, warmarTul ritualebTan naTesaoba, rom ek-lesiam ukve IV saukuneSive daiwyo brZola maT winaaR-mdeg. 364 wels lavdikiis krebaze aseTi praqtika saer-Tod aikrZala: `...ara jer ars saufloTa saxlTa da ek-lesiaTa Sina qmnaÁ siyuarulad saxeldebulTa maT se-robaTaÁ da Sinagan eklesiisa WamaÁ da dagebai tabla-TaÁ~ (didi sjuliskanoni 1975: 256). rogorc Cans, am we-sis gandevna eklesiidan Zneli aRmoCnda, amitom 691 wels gamarTul VI msoflio krebaze kvlav gamxdara sa-Wiro lavdikiis krebis dadgenilebis ganmeoreba (didi sjuliskanoni 1975: 383). evropis axladmoqceul xal-xebSi am praqtikasTan SebrZoleba dasavleTis eklesias kidev ufro didxans uxdeboda, magram bizantiaSi igi SedarebiT iolad aRmoifxvra. misi gaqrobis safuZ-vels xedaven mkvlevarebi romaul samoqalaqo tradi-ciebSi, romlebic memkvidreobiT miiRo bizantiurma qristianobam. romauli samoqalaqo kulturisa da qristianuli Zmobis idealebis Serwymam SemdgomSi di-dad gansazRvra bizantiis eklesiis sazogadoebrivi profili. cnobila, rom bizantiis eklesia Sewirulebe-biT miRebul Semosavlebs iyenebda mravalricxovani saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebis asaSeneblad da aTaso-biT adamianisaTvis SemweobaTa aRmosaCenad (Болотов 1913: 104-110). eklesiis iseTi didi moRvaweni, rogore-bic iyvnen basili didi, grigol noseli, ioane oqropi-ri da sxv. Tavad iZleodnen qvelmoqmedebis saukeTeso magaliTebs. magaliTad, kesariaSi basili didma obol-Ta da mwirTa TavSesafrebis, saavadmyofoebis da saq-velmoqmedo dawesebulebebis saxiT mTeli qalaqi aaSe-na (Болотов 1913: 108). garda praqtikuli saqmianobisa, eklesiis mamebis mravalricxovani qadagebebi (romle-bic uxvad iyo Targmnili qarTul enazec), mudam Seaxse-

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nebda mrevls qvelmoqmedebis qristianul arss: `ukue-Tu misces mdidarman puri erTi glaxaksa, ityvis: Senda, ufalo, jer-ars micemaÁ. rameTu ukueTu misce uxue-biT, ara daakldebis saunjeTa SenTa. rameTu uzeSTaes aRmoecenebis~ (abulaZe 1955: 66). bizantiis eklesiam da-aCvia mrevli TviTorganizebas da sazogado sikeTisaT-vis zrunvas, rac mis wevrebs Soris Rirsebis grZnobas da samoqalaqo konsolidaciis unars aRvivebda.

***

saqarTveloSi qristianobis Semosvlas Tan Semoh-yva, qristianul samyaroSi am droisaTvis ukve farTod gavrcelebuli eklesiaSi dasaflavebis praqtikac. mag-ram, sakuTriv sveticxovelSi, anu `qvemo eklesiaSi~, mirianis dros dakrZalva gamoricxuli iyo, ramdena-dac igi ebrauli `wmidaTa wmidaTaÁs~ analogs warmoad-genda. mirian mefe da nana dedofali, rogorc gansa-kuTrebuli damsaxurebis mqone pirebi, daikrZalnen mcxeTis `zemo eklesiaSi~, xolo wm.nino — bodbis ele-siaSi (abulaZe 1963: 90). savaraudoa, rom am sapatio pir-Ta saflavebTan raime tipis moxseniebis wesi mainc iqne-boda gansazRvruli.

saflavze dawesebul sulis samsaxurze unda iyos miniSneba `SuSanikis wamebaSic~, sadac naTqvamia, rom warCinebuli wodeba wmindanTa saflavebTan eklesebs aSenebda: `...mamaman Senman aRhmarTna samartÂleni da ek-lesiani aRaSÀnna ...maman Senman wmidani Semoixuna saxid TÂsa...~ (abulaZe 1963: 15). teqstis es pasaJi agebulia ma-misa da Svilis — aSuSa pitiaxSisa da varsqenis — rwme-niT dapirispirebaze, rac, teqstis logikiT, gamoixata qristiani warCinebulis (aSuSas) mzadebaSi dasaflave-buliyo `samartvileSi~ da, meore mxriv, varsqenis Tan-xmobaSi dasaflavebuliyo mazdeanurad.

samefo personaTa da episkoposTa dakrZalva sve-

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ticxovelSi, `moqcevaÁs~ Tanaxmad, IV saukunis miwuru-lisken dawyebula — aq daukrZalavT mefe revi (abulaZe 1963: 91). es cnoba mianiSnebs, rom am dros sveticxovlis kavSiri ZvelaRTqmiseul `wmidaÁ wmidaTaÁsTan~ gawyve-tilia da aq qristianuli wesiT dasaflaveba SesaZlebe-lad aris cnobili. Semdegi aseTi cnoba gvaqvs gorgas-lis mier taZris ganaxlebis droidan — vaxtang gorga-sali `daefla mcxeTas, sakaTalikososa eklesiasa su-etsa Tana~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 204). vaxtang gorgaslis Semdgom sveticxovelSi bevri mefe, erismTavari da ka-Talikosi unda dakrZaluliyo, magram radgan aseTi siZvelis dokumentebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, saTuoa, sruldeboda Tu ara, an ra saxis saxis liturgia srul-deboda aseT pirTa saflavebTan. Semomwirvel pirTa xsovnis ukvdavsayofad Canawerebis (`sinodikoni~) gake-Tebis tradicia SedarebiT gviandeli movlenaa (igi sa-Taves iRebs 843 wels konstantinopolSi mowveul saek-lesio krebidan. dawvrilebiT, kldiaSvili 2008: 14), magram `sulis samsaxuris~ saeklesio praqtika gacile-biT adreuli Cans. melqisedek kaTalikosis sabuTi mow-mobs, rom sveticxovlis wignTsacavSi `saSinao da saa-Rape matianeebi~ yofila daculi (kldiaSvili 2008: 19). amgvar `saaRape matianeTa~ arseboba mxolod imas niS-navs, rom sveticxovlis taZris SemwirvelTa saxelebze melqisedek kaTalikosamde (XI s.) bevrad adre srulde-boda personaluri RvTismsaxureba da imarTeboda saa-Rape serobebi.

Tavad melqisedek kaTalikosma Seiqmna sveticxo-velSi sakuTari samwirvelo — TavisTvis gaimzada `sa-martvile~ (saflavi), Seswira mas glexebi, venaxebi, se-nani, boseli, yana. saflavs miuCina mwirveli, romelsac Tavad (Semdgom mis memkvidreebs) am Sewiruli qonebiT kaTalikosis saxelze unda exada Jamiswirva da aRapi `dResaswaulsa yovelTa wmidaTasa kd (28) ianvars~. ase-ve dauwesa aRapi Tavis Zmebs xarebis dResaswaulze,

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mxolod maTive safasiT SeZenili soflebis xarjze (So-SiaSvili 1984: 26, 27-28). XIII saukunis erT dokumentSi Semonaxulia cnoba SiomRvimis monasterSi kvirike kax-Ta mefis (XI s.) samwirvelos (SoSiaSvili 1984: 89) arse-bobis Sesaxeb, romelsac, rogorc Cans, monasteri raime saxis Canaweris saxiT inaxavda.

Semdgom saukuneebSi sakuTari samwirveloebisaT-vis sicocxleSive uxv Sewirulobebs uZRvnidnen sve-ticxovels mefeebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi, mRvdel-mTavrebi, didmoxeleebi da feodaluri aristokratiis rigiTi warmomadgenlebi. Cvens xelT arsebuli mwiri cnobebis mixedviT, marto XIV-XVI saukuneebSi svetic-xovelSi 40-ze meti samwirvelo moqmedebda, romelTac kalendaruli rigiT gaweril dReebze evalebodaT Sem-wirvelTa saxelze wirva-aRapis organizeba. XIV-XV sau-kuneebis mefeTagan sveticxovelSi samwirveloebi hqo-niaT bagrat V-s da giorgi VII-s, konstantine I-s (lomi-naZe 2013: 62, 85,109, 119, ), aleqsandre I-s, romlis mwir-velebs ramdenime soflis Semosavali weliwadis sxva-dasxva dRes 10 saaRape serobaze unda gaexarjaT (lomi-naZe 2013: 119 163,171,232, 234). sveticxovelSi Svidi aRa-pi hqonda hqonda ganwesebuli giorgi VIII-s (surgulaZe 2014: 44-45), qarTlis mefe daviT X-s (sea, 1449-1495), gi-orgi IX-s (sea, 1449-1497), luarsab I-s (sea, 1449-1543), ka-xeTis mefeebs: aleqsandre I-s (Jordania 1897: 319), av-gi-orgis (sea,1449-1533) da levans (sea, 1449:1496, 1655).

politikuri Znelbedobis Jams mcxeTis saqoneb-lis ganadgurebasTan erTad iSleboda Zveli samwirve-lo organizaciebi da masTan dakavSirebuli wirva-aRa-pebic. XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi, roca qarTlSi Se-darebiT mSvidobiani wlebi dadga, didi saqmianoba ga-CaRda sveticxovlis aRdgenisaTvis. sveticxovelze ga-weuli amagis sanacvlod wirva-aRapi gaiCines arCil II-m (anot. leqsikoni 1991: 229), levan muxranbatonma (xec, Ad-30), 1680-ian wlebSi — kaTalikosma nikoloz amilax-

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varma ( doliZe 1970: III, 591) da sxv. yoveli Semwirvelis wirva-aRapis gangeba imdenadve gansxvavdeboda erTma-neTisagan, ramdenadac Sewiruli qonebis moculoba. am-denad, sabuTebSi aRweril `sulis samsaxurSi~ zusti SesabamisobiT proecirdeboda SemwirvelTa amqveyniu-ri statusi da maTi materialuri SesaZleblobani.

sabuTebSi zustadaa gansazRvruli cocxalTa da micvalebulTa saxelze Casatarebeli wirvisa da aRapis gangeba da moculoba, xSiria Semwirvelis miTiTeba aRa-pis `wliTiwlad~ unaklod aRsrulebaze da saaRape trapezis saxeobaze — Cveulebriv an `kargaRebul aRap-ze~. SemwirvelTa socialur statuss xazs usvams ga-moTqma `kargaRebuli aRapi~. sityvam `kari~ qarTul enaSi dRemde SeinarCuna socialurad da ekonomikurad aRmatebuli wrisaTvis gankuTvnili adgilis Sinaarsi. Tavisi mniSvnelobiT igi bevrad aRemateba `saxls~. Sua-saukuneebis teqstebSi igi samefo sacxovrebelsa da rezidencias — `samefo kari~, `darbazis kari~ ewodeba (surgulaZe 2003: 294). am magaliTebSi `kari~ wodebrivad Caketil, socialurad markirebul adgils aRniSnavs, sadac yvela ar daiSveboda. mxolod saaRape serobaze xdeboda nebadarTuli wodebrivi zRudis garRveva da karis `gaReba~, rac realurad trapezze maTxovrebis, upovrebis, mwirTa da obolTa SemoSvebas da maT uxv ga-maspinZlebas niSnavda. saaRape Sewiruleba qarTuli feodaluri aristokratiisaTvis qristianuli qvel-moqmedebis Tavisebur da umTavres formad iqca, ro-melsac igi eklesiis saSualebiT uwevda organizebas. sveticxoveli, rogorc sakaTalikoso eparqiis centri da uxv SewirulebaTa patroni, rogorc Cans, am saxis qvelmoqmedebas yvelaze masStaburad axorcielebda. magram es iyo personificirebuli qvelmoqmedeba — igi usaTuod konkretuli Semwirvelis, cocxlis an gar-dacvlilis mosaxsenebelTan iyo dakavSirebuli da araferi hqonda saerTo bizantiuri tipis qvelmoqme-

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debasTan, romlis safuZvelSi Zlieri samoqalaqo so-lidarobis elementi ido.

am gavrcelebuli movlenis erTi uaryofiTi aspeq-ti gamovlinda monRolTa batonobis dros samefo karsa da eklesias Soris aRmocenebuli cnobili konfliqtis drosac, roca saero xelisuflebam ukiduresi sazoga-doebrivi gasaWiris gamo mcxeTisa da sxva saeklesio ma-mulebis gamowirva daiwyo. am ambavTan dakavSirebiT Sedgenil samRvdeloebis saCivarSi (1263) SesaniSnavad Cans samRvdeloebis gulwrfeli aRSfoTeba da usamar-Tlobis gancda xelisufalTa `gaugonari~ gadawyveti-lebis gamo. Tu davakvirdebiT saCivris avtorebis logi-kas, usaTuod SevamCnevT maTi aRSfoTebis siRrmiseul kavSirs `sulis samsaxuris~ damkvidrebul praqtikas-Tan: `araTu CuenTuis rasame da Cuenisa SeZenisaTuis viwyinebiT, magra saRmrTod werilsa saRmrTodve Ãams qonebai da miyenebai, da TuiT saydarTa qonebai didad ufro Tqueni qonebaia...~? `...Tu Tquensa mefobasa Siga ar SehkazmavT saydarTa da monasterTa da ar uboZebT ÃelTa maTTa saqonebelTa, vinmcaRa dauurva...~? (SoSi-aSvili 1984: 171, 173). SeuZlebelia am sityvebis ukan ar amovicnoT `Sezavebis eTika~, romelic saukuneebis gan-mavlobaSi Seucvlel normad Camoyalibda saqarTvelos eklesiaSi. am eTikis darRvevas samRvdeloeba gaugonar mkrexelobad aRiqvamda, radgan aRar esmodaT, rogorRa unda SesrulebinaT `sulis samsaxuri~, Tuki mas `xorci-eli~ safuZveli gamoclili eqneboda.

samwirveloebisa da saaRape trapezebis sicoc-xlisunarianoba Sua sakuneebis mTel sigrZeze uCvenebs maRali feodaluri wodebis uwyvet kavSirs xalxur kulturaSi fesvgamdgar uZveles warmodgenebTan im-qveyniuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, romelTa realizaciis ri-tualur gzad miCneuli iyo cocxlis an gardacvlilis saxelze produqtis Sewirva da zRvardauebeli siuxviT gajerebuli sajaro puroba (surgulaZe 2003: 295-307).

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aseTi rituali emyareboda ZvelTaZvel rwmenas, rom adamians SeeZlo amqveyniuri materialuri Rirebule-bebis imqveynad gadatana momavali cxovrebis `uzrun-velsayofad~ (surgulaZe 2003: 294, 311,323). amgvari ri-tualebis STambeWdavi magaliTebia, mag., Suasaukunee-bis svanur sulTa mosaxseneblebSi, romlebSic coc-xalTa da micvalebulTa saxelobaze gadaxdil grandi-ozul purobebs `krebis Seyras~ uwodeben75.

qristianulad aRzrdilma da ganswavlulma Suasa-ukuneebis feodalurma wodebam purobis ZvelTaZveli sakraluri ritualebi qristianul sasufevels moargo da sakuTari wodebrivi TviTSegnebis gamoxatulebad aqcia. feodali eklesias swiravda sakuTar mamuls, ro-melTanac mas akavSirebda eTikur-religiuri warmod-genebi, winaparTa xsovna, socialuri prestiJi, pasuxis-mgebloba sakuTari ojaxisa da STamomavlobis winaSe. igi mamulTan sulier kavSirs inarCunebda misi eklesii-saTvis gadacemis Semdegac swored im saeklesio ritua-lebis saSualebiT, romelTa Sesruleba Semwirvelsa da eklesias Soris dadebul SewirulobaTa aqtebSi zedmi-wevniT iyo gansazRvruli.

miuxedavad msoflio krebaTa akrZalvebisa, saqar-Tvelos eklesiaSi saaRape serobebi tradiciul nor-mad iqca. eklesia Seegua micvalebulTan dakavSirebul kultmsaxurebisa da xalxuri warmodgenebis elemen-tebs, `radgan warmarTuli materializmi seriozul konkurencias ver gauwevda qristianobis sarwmunoeb-

75 aseT `Seyril krebebze~ ixarjeboda uzarmazari raodeno-bis fuli da ikvleboda uamravi saklavi. mag., dadiSqelianis saxls Seuwiravs 35 xari, daCqlianis saxls — 30 aTasi, kvicia-nis saxls — 45 xari, mildanTa saxls — 40 saklavi, (silogava 1986: gv.gv.280, 285, 291, 293 da sxv.). rogorc Cans, am masalis specifikuri Sinaarsis gauTvaliswineblobis gamo e. koWlma-ziSvili askvnis, rom svaneTis sulTa matianeebi ar warmoad-gens saaRape Canawerebs (koWlamazaSvili 1999: gv.90).

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riv eTikasa da zneobriv faseulobebs~ (surgulaZe 2003: 290).

`sulis samsaxuri~ imdenad Seisisxlxorca eklesi-am, rom xelnawerTa aSiebze (an damoukidebeli wignebis saxiT) specialuri Canawerebi keTdeboda, sadac Sem-wirvelTa sulebis mosaxseniebeli kalendarul dReeb-ze iyo gawerili (kldiaSvili 2008: 9-27). am tradiciis uryevobas CvenSi ganapirobebda gaxangrZlivebuli Sua-saukuneebis materialur bazac, romlis Sesacvlelad verc saSinao, verc sagareo pirobebi didxans ver mom-wifda.

saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dros am movleniT mogvril STabeWdilebas gadmogvcems antioqiis patri-arqi makaric (1648-1672): `SabaTobiT qarTvelebs Zlier uyvarT micvalebulTa saxelze wirvis SekveTa. amaze isini xarjaven uzarmazar, auracxeli raodenobis Tan-xebs. gansakuTrebiT uyvarT aseTi wirvis SekveTa did-marxvis SabaT dReebSi, roca gardacvlilis sulis mo-saxseneblad mTeli misi danatovari qoneba srulad xmardeba mowyalebis darigebas, mosaxsenebel trape-zebs da sxvadasxva saxis saqvelmoqmedo saqmeebs. amiT qarTvelebi Zlier gansxvavdebian msoflios danarCeni qristianebisagan~ (Жузе 1905:37). amgvarma saeklesio praqtikam Rrma kvali daaCnia Suasaukuneebis saqarTve-los saeklesio praqtikas — eklesia imdenad iyo damo-kidebuli Semwirvelis nebaze, rom misgan miRebuli ma-terialuri saxsrebi ar SeeZlo sakuTari nebisamebr mi-emarTa ufro organizebuli saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobi-saken. am garemoebaTa Tanxvedram ganapiroba saaRape Se-wirulebebis sicocxlisunarianoba da Seasusta ekle-siis saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis warmarTva ufro far-To sazogadoebrivi miznebisaTvis.

***

gviandel SuasaukuneebSi mcxeTis eparqiis Semo-

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savlebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda e.w. `niSa-ni~ da `sakanono~ Sewirulebebi. niSani micvalebulTan dakavSirebul saeklesio ritualze dawesebuli gada-saxadi iyo. misi odenoba gansxvavdeboda gardacvlilis socialuri statusis Sesabamisad. mefis, dedoflis, ba-toniSvilebis, samefo karis moxeleebis da maTi vaJebis niSani uSualod kaTalikosTan midioda. am wyarodan mi-Rebuli Semosavlebi 10 nawilad iyofoda: erTi wili sveticxovlis sanTel-sakmevels da zeTs xmardeboda, erTi wili —dekanozs da mis krebuls gardacvlilis sa-wiravad, oTxi wili — kaTalikosis saxarjod, danarCeni oTxi wili ki, gankuTvnili iyo sveticxovlis xarjebi-saTvis. am xarjebSi igulisxmeboda ymebis SeZena, tyve-Ta daxsna, gaukacrielebul miwebze ymaTa dasaxleba, sameurneo nagebobebis mSenebloba. danawilebis aseTi wesi ~mefisa da yovelis didis kacis garigebuli~ yofi-la (doliZe 1970: 528).

sakanono Sewiruleba sinamdvileSi iyo materia-luri kompensacia, romelic pirs ekisreboda `Sjulis-mieri~ danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi. am kategoriis danaSaulebs ganekuTvneboda `uxvedri qorwineba~, rac gamoixateboda socialuri warmomavlobiT araTanabar qorwinebaSi an naTesauri muxlebis darRvevaSi. sakano-no Sewirulebas iRebda eklesia sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveTagan. Tavad sisxlis samarTlis mZime saqmee-bi, marTalia, samefo sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi Sedi-oda, magram damnaSave mxares dazaralebulis `sruli sisxlis~ mesamedi (an misi eqvivalenturi Rirebulebis uZravi an moZravi qoneba) kaTalikososaTvis unda mier-Tmia. aseT SewirulebaTa gziT sveticxovels miRebuli hqonda ara erTi sofeli, yma-glexebi, sanTlis begara, jvrebi Tu xatebi.

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mcxeTiSvilebi qarTlis kaTalikosi mcxeTis vrcel eparqias uZR-

veboda administraciuli organos — sakuTriv, `mcxe-Tis saxlis~ — saSualebiT, romlis wevrebs wyaroebi upiratesad `mcxeTiSvilebs~ an mis semantikur varian-tebs: `mcxeTionebs~, `saydriSvilebs~, zogjer ubra-lod, `mcxeTelebs~ uwodeben. am saxelwodebebSi Semo-naxulia warmarTul RvTaebaTa kultismsaxurTa sa-xeldebis (`Svili~, `yma~) uZvelesi socialuri princi-pi, romelic Zvel mcxeTaSi, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mi-xedviT, armazisa da zadenis `SvilobiT~ gamoixateboda (surgulaZe 2002: 133-140) RvTaebaTa `Svilebi~ SeiZle-boda gamxdariyvnen mcxeTis `mkvidrebi~, anu Tavisufa-li moqalaqeebi, romlebsac mefe arCevda da `didyof-da~. qristianobis SemoRebis Semdeg saxelwodeba `mcxe-TiSvili~ Zvelis analogiiT, mcxeTis saeklesio orga-nizaciis momsaxure personals ewoda, romelsac kvla-vindeburad mefe niSnavda (surgulaZe 2008: 178-180).

mcxeTiSvilTa raodenoba ar iyo SeuzRudavi. maTi raodenoba 12-s Seadgenda da TiToeuli maTgani mTeli samcxeTo Semosavlis 1/12 wils da eparqiis miwa-wylis garkveul nawils beneficiumis saxiT flobda. amdenad, mcxeTiSvilebi iyvnen mcxeTis saxlis qonebis korpora-tiuli ~mewileebi~ da pasuxismgebelni samcxeTo mamu-lis movla-patronobaze.

cnobebi mcxeTiSvilTa raodenobis Sesaxeb, marTa-lia, gviandeli sabuTebiT aris moRweuli, magram isini usaTuod Zvel tradicias asaxaven. 1476 wlis erT sa-buTSi kaxTa mefe aleqsandre I ase mimarTavs mcxeTiSvi-lad Sewyalebul pirs amilbar maRalaZes: `Cven, mefeT mefeman patronman aleqsandre ... giboZeT Tquen... qada-goba, samcxeTosa meaTormetedis wilisagan erTi ... (sea, 1449-777). amave raodenobaze miuTiTebs anton I-is erTi 1752 wlis sigeli, romelSic kaTalikosi mimarTavs

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mcxeTiSvilebs, daamtkicon misi gankarguleba Tbili-seli ymebisadmi: `...Tqvenc, SvilTa kaTolke eklesiisa-Ta, aTormetTa tomTa da karisa Cvenisa gamgebelTa, yo-velTave, es Cvengan naboZebi wyalobisa da samsaxuris ganwesebis sigeli .... daumtkiceT da nu mouSliT~ (do-liZe 1970: 830). mcxeTiSvilTa raodenoba 12 wevriT, sa-varaudod, unda gansazRvruliyo vaxtang gorgaslis dros, rodesac qarTlis eklesiam TviTmwysobis ufle-ba moipova da am statusis Sesatyvisi organizaciuli struqturebi moawyo. `qarTlis cxovreba~ am dros mia-wers 12 axali eparqiis daarsebasac, radgan ricxvi 12, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mis ZvelaRTqmiseul simboliz-mze, qristianul eklesiaSi marTlmsajulebis aRsru-lebisaTvis msajulTa aucilebel raodenobas gamoxa-tavda. marTlac, sabuTebSi ara erTi miTiTeba gvaqvs, roca mcxeTiSvilebi erTad icaven mcxeTis interesebs sasamarTlo procesebze, kaTalikosTan erTad arCeven Sida eparqialur saqmeebs da monawileoben marTlmsa-julebaSi.

mcxeTiSvilTa kontigenti, Tavdapirvelad, sanam mcxeTis mamulebi didi ar iyo, ivseboda mcxeTis mkvidr sagvareuloTagan. TandaTanobiT, mcxeTis samflobe-loebis gafarToebasTan da sazogadoebis feodaliza-ciiasTan erTad am principma mniSvneloba dakarga. mcxe-TiSvilebi iyvnen saSualo rangis aznaurebi, romlebic izrdebodnen samefo an sakaTalikoso karze gamzrdel-gazrdilobis wesiT. mcxeTiSvilad Sewyaleba (`mcxeTiS-vilad dasma~) mefis prerogativa iyo, Tumca, xSirad maT kandidaturas kaTalikosi waradgenda. mcxeTiSvilTa Soris iyo gadanawilebuli kultmsaxurebasTan, samisi-onero saqmianobasTan, marTlmsajulebasTan, eparqiis mamulebis marTvasTan, finansebis aRnusxvasTan, samcxe-To laSqarTan, kaTalikosis sakaro cxovrebis organi-zebasTan da a.S. dakavSirebuli Tanamdebobebi. am Tanam-debobaTa Sesabamisad, arsebobda mcxeTis saxlTuxuce-

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si, molare, qadagi, mwirveli, sardali, jvarismtvirTve-li, mdivanmwignobari da sxv. swored am Tanamdebobriv movaleobebze iyo mibmuli mcxeTiSvilTaTvis boZebuli mamulebi, romlebic memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda mcxe-TiSvilTa ojaxis mamakac memkvidreebs. Tuki romelime mcxeTiSvili umemkvidreod gadaegeboda, daclil ad-gils ikavebda sxva aznauriSvili, romelsac kaTalikosi danarCen mcxeTiSvilebTan SeTanxmebiT `axal~ mcxeTiS-vilad svamda, sabolood ki, mefe amtkicebda. mag., XV sa-ukuneSi ase miiRes ivaniasZeTa saqadago mamulebi maRa-laZeebma (xec, Hd-1352), berinasSvilebisa — Warmaulebma (xec, Qd-10122) da a.S.

mefes SeeZlo Tavisi Sexedulebisamebrac ewyalo-bebina mcxeTiSviloba pirisaTvis, magram, gansxvavebiT kaTalikosisagan, amisaTvis mas ar esaWiroeboda sxva mcxeTiSvilTa Tanxmoba. mcxeTiSvilebis adgili samsa-fexurovan ierarqiaSi — mefe-kaTalikosi-mcxeTiSvili — ucvleli darCa mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.

mcxeTiSvilebi erTmaneTTan debdnen saqmian gari-gebebs da gamodiodnen erTmaneTis mowmeebad; qorwine-bis gziT erTmaneTTan kravdnen naTesaur kavSirebs da a.S.; Tu ki mcxeTiSvilis ojaxi iyreboda, saqmes danar-Ceni mcxeTiSvilebi arCevdnen. yvela SemTxvevaSi naTe-lia erTi ram: mcxeTiSvilebi qmnian calke socialur Sres, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia korporciuloba da erTobis gancda. maTi uflebrivi da ekonomikuri siv-rce ar scildeba mcxeTis samflobeloebs, ierarqiu-lad eqvemdebarebian mefesac da kaTalikossac.

saqarTvelos samefoebad daSlis Semdeg mcxeTiS-vilTa SerCeva-daniSvnis prerogativa winandeburad qarTlis kaTalikosTa xelSi darCa, rac imas niSnavda, rom mcxeTis kaxuri mamulebis samarTavad da iqauri `sasjulo~ saqmeebis kasakiTxad qarTlis mefesa da ka-Talikoss unda gaegzavnaT mcxeTiSvilebi. magram, ro-

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gorc irkveva, kaxeTis samefo kari qarTlidan mcxeTiS-vilebis daniSvnas sakuTari `suverenulobis~ SezRud-vad aRiqvamda da cdilobda Tavad ganesazRvra mcxeTis moxeleTa kontigenti kaxeTSi. mag., kaxeTis mefe levani kaTalikosis gverdis avliT, TviTon niSnavda svetic-xovlis qadags (erT-erTi samcxeTiSvilo Tanamdeboba) `...qadagis saqme, aqac gautydiT, Cueni mondobili aris da saavkacod arvis davanebebT da arca mcxeTiT ar ga-moviyuanT da arc sad gauSuebT... qadags ar movSli, mag-ram mcxeTidan gamogzavnils ar mivcem...~ (xec, Ad-712).

tradiciulad mcxeTiSvilebi iyvnen ganaTlebuli adamianebi, icodnen RvTismetyveleba, samarTali, medi-cina, sameurneo saqmianoba. maTi codnis moculobaze da maRal samwignobro kulturaze metyvelebs maT mier Sedgenili ara erTi sigeli.

mcxeTiSvilTa erT-erTi adrindeli da Zalze sa-patio Tanamdeboba Cans sveticxovlis qadagi. `qadagis~ Zvelsparsuli warmomavloba76 mianiSnebs, rom es insti-tuti jer kidev warmarTuli mcxeTaSi arsebobda da qarTlis gaqristianebis Semdeg es termini qriastian misioners Seerqva. bunebrivia, qadagis roli da mniS-vneloba gansakuTrebiT didi iqneboda axlad moqceul qarTlSi — qristianobis poziciebis gansamtkiceblad samefo xelisufleba da mcxeTis saxli misionerTa sam-saxurs iyenebda, romlebic sveticxovlis qadagis uwye-baSi Sediodnen. cnobebi mcxeTis qadagTa Sesaxeb `qar-Tlis cxovrebis~ uZveles fenaSia daculi. mag., V sau-kunis 20-30-an wlebSi mefe arCilma `...ganavlina qadagi yovelsa Sina qarTlsa~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 140). mcxeTiS-vilTa es instituti, `sveticxovlis qadagis~ saxelwo-debiT, tradiciis ZaliT mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmav-

76 `qadagi~ (Zv. iran. kãta/saS.spars. kedig -swavleba, moZRvreba, misnoba — andronikaSvili 1966:389), `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Se-esatyviseba misioners.

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lobaSi iqna SenarCunebuli, Tumca mas Zveli funqcia aRarc ki hqonda.

mcxeTiSvilTa aseTive Zveli Tanamdeboba unda yo-filiyo mwirveloba. melqisedek kaTalikosma svetic-xovelSi Tavis mwirvelad daadgina vinme ioane. marTa-lia, sabuTSi mas mcxeTiSvili ar ewodeba, magram sve-ticxovelSi misi Tanamdebobrivi movaleoba aseTi das-kvnis saSualebas iZleva. aseve mcxeTiSvilia stefane, romelic melqisedekis momdevno kaTalikoss, ioane-oq-ropirs, Tavis mwirvelad warugzavnia ierusalimSi (da-axl. 1033-1049). aq mas oTxTavi gaduweria, romelsac aseTi anderZi axlavs: `saxeliTa R(mrTisa)iTa da mad-liTa da sarwmunoebiTa wmidisa kaTolike eklesiisa mcxeTisaTa, me, glaxaki stefane, xucesi palavreli, mnaTe-yofili, yovelTa moweseTa narCevi, miwaÁ da mtu-eri, Svili mcxeTisaÁ, Rirs myo RmerTman mougonebelsa keTilsa da wyalobasa missa. da moviwie wmidasa qalaqsa i(erusal)emsa, aRdgomasa o(fl)isa C(ue)isa i(es)u q(ris-teÁs)a da wmidasa golgoTasa da movilocen yovelni wmidani adgilni misni mowyalebiTa q(rist)siTa. da da-maweses mwirvelad qarTlisa kaTalikozisa oqropiri-sa, adiden R(merTma)n, w(mid)a eklesiasa gardamoxsnisa-sa mlocvelad. da movige wmidaÁ ese oTxTavi sruli yovliTa saxmariTa salocvelad codvilisa C(e)misa da mSobelTa da m(o)ZR(ua)rTa C(ue)nTaÁsa da yovelTa q(ristian)eTa salocvelad~ (xec, H-1741).

XIII saukuneSi mcxeTiSvilebi Canan miqael kaTali-kosis 1241 wlis sabuTis adresati — mcxeTis msaxurTu-xucesi vaCe guaramaisZe (SoSiaSvili 1984: 114), aseve ni-kolaoz qarTlis kaTalikosis 1281 wlis sabuTis damam-tkiceblebi: jvarismtvirTveli zosime ivanisZe, maxas-Ze, demetre froSeli, guaramaisZe guirguinai, markoz

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Tadeozisi, ejibi — xexelisaZe arslani77. amave saukune-Si mcxeTiSvili Cans toxuaisZe ( SoSiaSvili 1984: 94).

mcxeTiSvilebze Tvalis gadevneba uCvenebs sagva-reuloTa periodul monacvleobas erTsa da imave sam-cxeTiSvilo wilze. amis mizezi zogjer sagvareulos xandazmuloba da bunebrivi gadaSeneba iyo, zogjer ki — politikuri kataklizmebi. Temur lengis laSqrobe-bis dros mcxeTis mravali samflobelo ganadgurda da, rogorc Cans, mcxeTiSvilTa sagvareuloebic amow-ydnen. sayovelTao qaosis da ganukiTxaobis dros bevri samcxeTiSvilo mamuli sxvaTa xelSi gadasula. amitom iyo, rom aleqsandre mefe mcxeTis aRorZinebisaTvis iwyebs sveticxovlis dafantuli samflobeloebis Se-mokrebas. am dros aRudgina man mcxeTiSvilebs sxva pirTagan mitacebuli miwebi, mag., toxaZe liparit, rom-lis yma-mamuli kaxeTSi `JamTa Slilobisagan~ ximSiaS-vilebs miusakuTrebiaT, aleqsandre mefem sveticxo-vels daubruna: `piris mwde toxasZe ZueliTgan mkuid-ri mcxeTisSvili iyo da misiTa mamuliTa saydrisa da dedaqalaqisa mcxeTisa iyo...~ (lominaZe 2013: 128` 128). aseve daubruna mefem mcxeTas cxeosniZeebi (lominaZe 2013: 77), romlebic mefeebis (bagrat V-isa da giorgi VII-is) meaRapeebi yofilan da `avisa Jamis gamoisobiT~ maTi samflobeloebi `gardasxuaebula~. aleqsandrem ganu-

77 am sabuTis adresati arvanbeg sabaisZe ar aris mcxeTiSvi-li, rogorc amas fiqrobs T.jojua — igia rigiTi msaxureuli aznauri, romelic javaxeTis provinciaSi samcxeTo mamuleb-ze zis. aseTive msaxureuli aznaurebi iyvnen siqanelisZeebi, romlis erT-erT warmomadgenels XIII saukunis meore naxe-varSi karneTis elesiis karibWe ganusrulebia (jojua 2011: gv.164-166). msaxureuli aznaurebi mcxeTas saqarTvelos yo-vel kuTxeSi hyavda saeparqio mamulebis sapatronod da mo-savlelad. amasTan, maT samxedro valdebuleba hqondaT me-fis winaSe. mcxeTiSvilebi mxolod Tormetni iyvnen da epar-qiis — `mcxeTis saxlis~ administarcias Seadgendnen.

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axla agreTve mestumris Tanamdeboba daviT qarsiZes, romlis winaprebi `Zvelidgan mkuidrni mcxeTiSvilni yofilan da mcxeTis msaxurTuxucesoba hqoniaT~ (lo-minaZe 2013: 211). amave dros mefem amowyvetil samcxe-TiSvilo saxlebze axali mcxeTiSvilebi `dasva~. mag., aseT `axal~ mcxeTiSvilad Seiwyala aleqsandrem mar-cvelisZe marcveli da jinWuelisZe mamisa (lominaZe 2013:168), makuWaZeebi (lominaZe 2013:225). misganve miiRes maRalaZeebma gadaSenebul ivaniasZeTa samcxeTo wili da saqadago mamuli (surgulaZe 2014: 214). aleqsandres dros Canan mcxeTiSvilebad eliozisZeebi (lominaZe 2013:231-232), sea, 1449-1525), romelTa gayofis Sedegad XVI saukuneSi warmoiqmna gedevaniSvilTa axali samcxe-TiSvilo saxli. XV saukunis miwuruls mcxeTiSvilebs Seematnen Warmaulebi (surgulaZe 2014:256), XVI saukune-Si — TevdosisZeTa saxli (doliZe 1970:256). XVII-XVIII sa-ukuneebSi Zveli samcxeTiSvilo saxlebidan SemorCe-nilni iyvnen mxolod eliozisZeebi, gedevaniSvilebi, Warmaulebi da maRalaZeebi. maT gverdiT sxvadasxva dros ixseniebian: garayanisZeebi, miwoblisZeebi, Tu-xarlebi, doqisZeebi, TazisSvilebi, zumbuliZeebi, qa-dagisSvilebi, TurqistaniSvilebi, aRvsebasZeebi, maR-raZeebi, dekanozisSvilebi, tlaSaZeebi da sxv. (doliZe 1970: 578, 600, 602,604, 610, 619, 707, 866).

mcxeTiSvilebis gankargulebaSi iyo sakmaod mra-valricxovani samoxeleo aparati, romelic mcxeTis ri-giTi aznauriSvilebisagan ivseboda. isini TavianTi uw-yebebis farglebSi adgilebze saqmianobdnen. krefdnen gadasaxadebs, uZRvebodnen sameurneo saqmeebs, saepar-qio eklesiebis, sameurneo daniSnulebis `saxlebis~, xi-debis mSeneblobebs, sarwyavi sistemis gayvanas, baRebis gaSenebas da sxv. mag., kaTalikosis mcxeTiSvil msaxur-Tuxucess eqvemdebarebodnen nairnairi moxeleebi: nazi-ri, mdivani, nacvali, soflebis mouravebi, meRvineTuxu-cesi, mestumre, mebalaxe da sxv. (doliZe 1970: 572-574) .

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mcxeTiSvilebi qarTlis kaTalikosebis uaxloesi TanamSromlebi da Tanamoazreebi iyvnen rogorc saepar-qio saqmianobaSi, aseve maTi piradi gansacdelis Jams. mag., domenti IV kaTalikoss osmaleTSi eqsoriobis dros Tan axldnen mcxeTiSvilebi: iese tlaSaZe, gedevaniSvili paa-ta, Warmauli gabrieli (doliZe 1970: 713-714).

mcxeTiSvilobis instituti ganagrZobda arsebo-bas XIX saukunis dasawyisSic, sanam ruseTis xelisuf-lebam saeklesio miwebi saxazino sakuTrebad ar gamo-acxada. anton II kaTalikosi, romlisTvisac cxadi Seiq-na ruseTis mTavrobis ganzraxva, Seecada daeswro axa-li mmarTvelebisaTvis da eparqiis kuTvnili miwebi mcxeTiSvilebs sakuTrebaSi gadasca. swored es saqcie-li wauyena bralad anton kaTalikoss imdroindelma prokurorma plaxotinma, romelic farulad ikvlevda kaTalikosis saqmianobas mcxeTis eparqiaSi. 1810 wels igi general tormasovs atyobinebda: `kaTalikosi an-toni mefis nebarTvis gareSe eklesiis kuTvnil erT mtkavel miwasac ki aravis aZlevda, axla ki mTlad sa-Cuqrad daariga eklesiis qonebao~ (Акты 1861: 152-154). es aznaurebi (maRalaZe, eliozisZe, gedevaniSvili, Tu-xareli, mgalobliSvili, TaziSvili, maRraZe, kvaliaS-vili, TaniSvili, TurqistaniSvili), romelTac kaTali-kosi `saCuqrad~ miwebs urigebda, sinmadvileSi iyvnen mcxeTiSvilebi, STamomavalni im aznauruli sagvareu-loebisa, romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi memkvid-reobiT flobdnen da uvldnen mcxeTis mamulebs.

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos eklesiis av-tokefalurobis dakargvasTan erTad mcxeTiSvilTa in-stitutma arseboba Sewyvita.

mcxeTis taxti tyveebiT vaWrobis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos politikur dakninebas Tan daerTo

iseTi saSineli socialuri movlena, rogoric iyo tyvee-

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biT vaWroba. igi CvenSi gavrcelda XVI saukunidan irani-sa (aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi) da osmaleTis (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) zewolis Sedegad. qarTveli mefeebi iZu-lebulni iyvnen savaldebulo ZRvenis saxiT egzavnaT tyve qal-vaJi Sahisa Tu sulTnis karze. saamisod dawe-sebuli iyo specialuri gadasaxadi, `sauravi~, igive `TaTris sauri~ (iobaSvili 1997: 12). magram realurad sa-qarTvelodan gacilebiT meti tyve gadioda, vidre amas oficialurad dawesebuli sauravi moiTxovda.

adamianebiT vaWrobas iranisa da osmaleTis baz-rebze iseTi gasavali hqonda, rom saqarTveloSic gamo-uCndnen `mimdevrebi~, romlebmac adamianebiT vaWroba Semosavlis wyarod aqcies. `tyvis syidva qarTveli eris ganviTarebas, mis damoukideblobas udides safrTxes uqmnida. xalxis saukeTeso nawili, misi jansaRi axal-gazrdoba ganuwyvetliv miedineboda ucxoeTSi da sa-qarTvelos samudamod ekargeboda. arc erT oms, arc erT ucxoel dampyrobels xmliT imdeni zarali ar miu-yenebia saqarTvelosaTvis, ramdenic am `mSvidobianma~ tyveTa syidvam miayena mas~ (berZeniSvili 1973: 171-172). ucxo garemoSi moxvedrili uuflebo adamianebi advi-lad kargavdnen qristianobasac da erovnebasac. spar-seTSi isini `sparselebi~ xdebodnen, osmaleTSi — Tur-qebi, egvipteSi —arabebi, grigorianul ojaxebSi —som-xebi, iudevelTa Soris — ebraelebi, xolo kaTolikeeb-Tan — `frangebi~ (jafariZe 1996: 66).

dasavleT saqarTveloSi tyveebiT vaWrobam gansa-kuTrebulad didi masStabi SeiZina. samefo kari da ek-lesia dauRalavad ebrZoda am damRupvel sens, magram misi aRmofxvra maT SesaZleblobebs aRemateboda. XVI saukunis Sua xanebSi (daaxl. 1543-1549 wlebs Soris), da-savleT saqarTveloSi imerTa mefis bagrat III-is inicia-tiviT, tyveebiT vaWrobis aRsakveTad saeklesio kreba Seikriba, romelmac tyvis msyidvelTa mimarT umkacre-si sasjelebi daakanona (doliZe 1963:393). krebas qar-

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Tlis kaTalikosi malaqiac daeswro, ramac imdroinde-li sazogadoebis TvalSi politikurad daSlili qvey-nis sulier-zneobrivi erToba daadastura.

tyveebiT vaWrobisagan arc aRmosavleT saqarTve-los mosaxleoba iyo daculi. rostomis gamefebamde qarTlis mefeebi cdilobdnen sakuTari mosaxleoba da-ecvaT tyveTa savaldebulo xarkisagan da sagangebod yidulobdnen Crdilo kavkasielebs iranSi gasagzavnad. rostomma es wesi moSala da iranis Sahis `feSqaSad~ qarTvelebis gagzavna daiwyo. amis Semdeg adgilobriv-ma moZaladeebmac aiSves da daerivnen sakuTar Tu sxvis ymebs. Tbilisis, gorisa da suramis cixeebSi Camdgari yizilbaSi mecixovneebi xalisiT `TanamSromlobdnen~ tyveebiT movaWre TavadaznaurebTan da qarTvel qal-vaJebs aRmosavleTis bazrebze gasayidad erekebodnen. XVIII saukuneSi arnaxuli masStabebi miiRo lekianobam, romelic saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ganadgurebiT emuqreboda. iqamde, rom lekebis wamqezebeli osmalTa xelisufleba Tavad iyo Sewuxebuli maTi TareSiT, rad-gan gadamxdelunarian mosaxleobas kargavda.

Cvenamde moRweuli araerTi dokumenti uCvenebs, rom mcxeTis saxli, mis xelT arsebuli yvela saSuale-biT — SegonebiT, damnaSave pirTa SeCvenebiT, mamulis konfiskaciiT (roca damnaSave piri mcxeTis yma iyo), ib-rZoda tyveobis aRsakveTad da saerTo moraluri at-mosferos gasajansaReblad (anot. leqsikoni 1993: 96; doliZe 1970: 694). kaTalikosebi piradad ereodnen aseT saqmeebSi. isini fics adebinebdnen Tavadebs, rom ymebs lmobierad moepyrobodnen da tyveebad ar gahyidnen (anot. leqsikoni 1993:114). arsebobs ara erTi dokumen-turi mowmoba, rom kaTalikosebi `TaTris xelisagan~ ga-mosyidul an gamoqceul ymebs samcxeTo mamulebSi asax-lebdnen. Tuki saamisod sakuTari saxsrebi ar hyofni-daT, mefeebs mimarTavdnen dasaxmareblad (anot. leqsi-koni 1993: 96). gansakuTrebuli SeupovrobiT ebrZodnen

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amgvar danaSauls kaTalikosebi domenti III da domenti IV. erT-erT mcxeTiSvils, romelic `tyvis syidvis~ saq-meSi gareuli aRmoCnda, domenti IV-m qoneba CamoarTva da mcxeTis saymodan gaaZeva (doliZe 1970: 695).

osmaleTSi yofnisas domenti kaTalikoss stambu-lis bazarze unaxavs 49 qarTveli tyve, romlebic mis winaSe gauyidiaT `alJirsa da arabeTsa~. igi imdenad aRSfoTebula am faqtiT, rom sayveduri SemouTvlia besarion kaTalikosisaTvis (1724-1738), romelmac ver moaxerxa amgvari danaSaulis aRkveTa: `iqonie mofiqre-ba, romel valdebul xar upasuxo yovlad SemZlebels mwyemss, romelmanca Cagabara cxvari Tvisi~ (qavTaria 1959: 81-82).

cnobilia, rom besarion kaTalikosic dauRalavad ebrZoda tyveebiT movaWreebs. igi, sanam garejis udab-nos beri iyo, piradad Casula mamia gurielTan da mis-Tvis tyveebiT vaWrobis aRkveTis Taobaze piroba Camo-urTmevia: `Cuensa sabatonoSi moxveliT da tyvis aR-Tqmisa dadeba gviqadageT; Cuenca SeviswaveT da Cuensa sabatonos kacsa gausyidvelobisa aRTqmisa da safica-ri gamovarTviT~, — wers mamia gurieli Tavis saficris wignSi (qavTaria 1959: 83). magram besarion kaTalikosi, romelsac SeeZlo mxolod moraluri zemoqmedeba mo-exdina sakuTar Tanamemamuleebze, rasakvirvelia, uZ-luri iyo zogadad tyveebiT vaWrobis winaaRmdeg, ro-melsac am dros arnaxuli masStabi hqonda miRebuli.

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Tavi III. mcxeTis taxti da

avtokefalurobis problemebi

msoflio eklesiuri wesrigi da mcxeTis

sakaTalikoso eparqia iseTi Soreuli warsulis movlena, rogoricaa

mcxeTis eparqiis kanonikuri daqvemdebareba msoflio eklesiebTan, wyaroTa simwiris, bundovanebisa da xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi Cvenebebis gamo ramdenadme gansxvave-buli mecnieruli interpretaciis safuZvels iZleva. sxvadasxva dros mecnierebi aseTebad ganixilavdnen konstantinopolis, pontos, dvinis kaTedrebs. am sakiT-xebis kvlevas TiTqmis saukunovani istoria aqvs, magram arsebuli wyaroebis ufro farTo istoriul konteq-stSi warmoCenam, arsebiTad, niadagi gamoacala zogierT am Sexedulebas78. mkvlevarTa nawili saerTod gamoric-xavs mcxeTis kanonikur kavSirs romelime eklesiasTan qalkedonis krebamde, radgan am dros saeklesio kanoni-kuri avSirebi jer kidev ar iyo mtkiced gansazRvruli (Болотов 1913: 221; k.kekeliZe 1957a: 343-345, TarxniSvili 1994: 135, jafariZe 2009: 234-235). marTalia, aRmosavle-Tis eklesiaTa Soris antioqiis eklesiis upiratesoba pirvel da meore msoflio krebebzec iyo xazgasmuli, magram, rogorc k.kekeliZe miuTiTebda, es exeboda sa-kuTriv romis imperiis aRmosavleTis diocezSi Semaval eparqiebs da ara imperiis gareT arsebul `barbaros~ qveynebs (kekeliZe 1957a: 335-336,343). aseT viTarebaSi

78 sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebobs vrceli samecniero literatu-ra, romelTa ganxilva Cveni naSromis miznebs scildeba. Ziri-Tadi SexedulebebisaTvis ix. gorgaZe 1906: 26-30, Болотов, 1913: 223; kekeliZe 1957a: 345, javaxiSvili 1960: 313-326, aleq-siZe 1968: 048-066, lomouri,1989: 54-5, goilaZe 1991a: 134-137, mamulia 1992:33-34, b. lominaZe 1999: 16.

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mcxeTis pirvel episkoposebs xeldasxma SeeZloT mie-RoT mezobel qveyanaTa mRvdelmTavrebisagan Tanaxmad `mamaTa mier damtkicebulisaebr Cueulebisa~ (sjulis-kanoni 1975: 261). dReisaTvis met mxardaWeras poulobs antioqiiuri Teoria (abaSiZe 1997:28), Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevari k. kekeliZis mosazrebis kvaldakval, fiq-robs, rom qalkedonis krebamde qarTlis eklesia (iseve, rogorc yvela didi samitropolito olqi) avtokefa-luri iyo (jafariZe 2009: 234-235).

cnobilia, rom IV saukunis 60-iani wlebidan V sau-kunis pirveli naxevris CaTvliT, drois mcire monakve-Tebis gamoklebiT, qarTli iranis politikur orbitaSi iyo moqceuli. cxadia, am dros, roca mcxeTaSi xSirad isxdnen `wesis SemSleli~ episkoposebi, eklesiis TviT-mwysobis uflebebze SeuZlebelia laparaki. mkvlevarebi ar gamoricxaven imdroindeli qarTlis eklesiis daqvem-debarebas siriul-sparsuli (nestorianuli) eklesii-sadmi (TarxniSvli 1994: 135-136; mamulia 1992: 5-9). es uka-naskneli formalurad, marTalia, antioqias eqvemdeba-reboda, magram faqtobrivad antioqiisagan damoukide-bad moqmedebda. sparsuli eklesiis gavlenas kvals xe-daven V saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi qvemo qarTlis saekle-sio struqturaSi (mgalobliSvili 1991: 197-199).

451 wels qalkedonis meoTxe msoflio krebam sabo-lood daadgina eklesiaTa patriarqaluri wyoba. am droidan moyolebuli, mkafiod gaimijna erTmaneTisa-gan qristianuli samyaros xuTi sapatriarqos samwysoe-bi (Болотов 1913: 242-244) da dadginda adgilobriv ekle-siaTa kanonikuri kavSirebi romelime msoflio patri-arqisadmi.

avtokefaluroba eklesiis samarTlebrivi mdgo-marebaa, romlis gansazRvra sxvadasxva epoqaSi, sruli-ad gansxvavebul politikur da sarwmunoebriv piro-bebSi, gansxvavebuli niSnebiT xdeboda (Энциклопедия:

157

199-202). radgan amgvar `samarTlebriv mdgomareobebs~ msoflio krebebi ver gansazRvravdnen, amitom, msof-lio patriarqebi adgilobriv eklesiaTa avtokefalur uflebebs advilad iyenebdnen politikuri zemoqmede-bis instrumentad.

rodesac vlaparakobT qarTlis eklesiis avtoke-falur uflebebze, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes, rom adrebizantiur periodSi es uflebebi srulebiT ar niSnavda eklesiis srul mowyvetas `Tavi~ eklesiisa-gan (kekeliZe 1957a: 335-336). Suasaukunovani azriT, av-tokefalurobis cneba ar faravs damoukideblobis dRevandel gagebas, ris tyveobaSic eqceva zogierTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari, rodesac qarTlis eklesiis srul damoukideblobas eZebs adreul Sua saukunebSi-ve. usaTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom yoveli adgi-lobrivi eklesia, misi dafuZnebis adreul etapebze (Tu laparaki ar aris sqizmaze), dainteresebuli iyo sa-kuTari adgili daemkvidrebina msoflio eklesiis ie-rarqiaSi. swored amas emsaxureboda eklesiis pentarqi-uli wesrigi, miT ufro, rom igi romis imperiis intere-sebs emTxveoda. qristianuli eklesiis SigniT ierarqi-is dacva savaldebulo iyo damoukidebel, magram bi-zantiis sarwmunoebriv orbitaSi moqceuli qveynebis-Tvis, radgan mis `gareT yofna~ mxolod saerTo kultu-ruli da samarTlebrivi sivrcidan amovardnas da kano-nikur izolaciaSi darCenas niSnavda. qarTul xelna-werTa kolofonebi cxadyofen, rom jer kidev winarea-Tonur periodSi siria-palestina-sinis samonastro centrebSi moRvawe qarTvel berebs uwyveti kavSiri hqondaT erTmaneTTan da samSoblosTanac. maTi lite-raturuli saqmianoba mowmobs, Tu rogor cdilobdnen SesabimisobaSi moeyvanaT qristianuli mwerlobis qar-Tulenovani Targmanebi bizantiur nimuSebTan. qar-Tvel qristian moRvaweTa aseTi gaxsniloba bizantiuri swavlebisadmi, rasakvirvelia, iribad imis mowmobacaa,

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rom qarTuli erovnuli eklesia yovelnairad cdilob-da kanonikurad myari adgili daemkvidrebina msoflio ekumenur sivrceSi. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom adreul SuasaukuneebSi qarTlis erovnul eklesias, romelic sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebSi yovelTvis bizantiis ofici-alur pozicias emxroboda, moesurvebina pentarqiuli wesrigis miRma darCena. amitom, bunebrivia, qarTlis eklesia, saWiroebis mixedviT, yovelTvis mzad iqnebo-da avtokefaluri uflebebis mudmivi ganaxlebisaTvis, Tumca, konkretuli istoriuli pirobebi yovelTvis rodi iZleoda am kanonikuri normis dacvis saSualebas.

amrigad, avtokefaluri uflebebis ganaxlebaze mudmivi zrunva TviT qarTlis eklesiis interesebSi Se-dioda. xSiri politikuri da sarwmunoebrivi ryevebis pirobebSi qarTlis eklesiis mesveurebi, bunebrivia, yovel SesaZlebel SemTxvevaSi Tavidan Seecdebodnen daedasturebinaT TavianTi erTguleba qalkedonuri mrwamsisadmi, daemtkicebinaT sakuTari avtokefaluri uflebebis kanoniereba da, SeZlebisdagavarad, gaefar-ToebinaT isini.

qarTlis eklesiis pentarqiul sistemaSi gaerTia-neba da, amasTanave, misi avtokefaluri uflebebis gan-sazRvra vaxtang gorgaslis mier kaTalikososobis Se-moRebiT iwyeba. vaxtang gorgaslis politikuri orien-taciis mkveTrma Semobrunebam bizantiisaken daaCqara eklesiis reorganizacia, risi saboloo mizanic qar-Tlis eklesiis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interese-bis samsaxurSi Cayeneba iyo. istorikosi juanSeri am is-toriul movlenas vaxtangis xilviT gadmoscems — li-teraturuli xerxiT, romelsac Zveli avtorebi xSirad mimarTaven Tavisi arsiT zedrouli, RvTaebrivi WeSma-ritebebis gamocxadebis niSnad: pontoSi, iranelTa sab-rZolo banakSi yofnisas, vaxtang gorgasali gaicnobs grigol RvTismetyvelis saflavis mRvdel petres da vinme samoel monazons, romlebic sayveduroben mefes

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sparselebTan kavSiris gamo. mefeSi sinanulis grZnoba iRviZebs. aq mas ZilSi gamoecxadebian wm. nino, òrni me-feni zecisa da queyanisani~ (qriste da imperatori) da grigol RvTismetyveli. es ukanaskneli amxels mefes qristianTa mtrebis samasaxurSi Cadgomis gamo. Semdeg grigol RvTismetyveli mefes naTlis gvirgvins awvdis, romelsac vaxtangi petres daarqvams Tavze, xolo pet-re meore momcro gvirgvins — samoels. amis Semdeg vax-tangi wm. ninos brZanebiT mieaxleba imperators, rome-lic ukve vaxtangs Tavze jvriT Semkul gvirgvins daad-gams da etyvis: àRuTqu, vin ese dgas Cuen zeda, raTa hbrZodi mterTa misTa, da miiRe misgan gÂrgÂini~ (yaux-CiSvili 1955: 167-168). sizmriseuli gvirgvinebis ìe-rarqiuli~ gadanawilebiT gamoxata avtorma vaxtangis politikuri feriscvaleba da mis mier axali saeklesio ierarqiis Camoyalibeba — petre (romelsac grigol na-zianzeli axuravs gvirgvins) gaxda qarTlis pirveli ka-Talikosi, xolo samoeli — episkoposi.

kaTalikosis dadginebasTan erTad vaxtangma kidev 12 axali eparqia daafuZna da maT mesaWeebad SerCeuli pirebi petresTan da samoelTan erTad konstantino-polSi keisarTan gagzavna. aqidan isini antioqiaSi miem-gzavrebian, sadac àntioqielman patriarqman akurTxna Tormetni igi episkopozni da petre kaTalikosad~ (ya-uxCiSvili 1955: 197-198)79. am pasaJSi mkvlevarebi gansa-

79 juanSeris am cnobaSi ar aris miTiTebuli antioqiis patri-arqis saxeli, samagierod misi saxeli — petre — Semonaxulia saeklesio samarTlis cnobili komentatoris, antioqiis pat-riarqis, Teodore balsamonis (1185-1191) meore msoflio krebis kanonTa komentarebSi, sadac igi iberiis avtokefa-lur eklesias asaxelebs bulgareTis da kviprosis avtokefa-lur eklesiebTan erTad. balsamonis am komentars pirvelad yuradReba miaqcia m. brosem da igi daurTo `qarTlis cxov-rebis~ frangul Targmans. SemdgomSi balsamonis teqsti Targmna s. yauxCiSvilma da gamoaqveyna georgikis me-8 wignSi

160

kuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben cnobas imis Taobaze, rom antioqiaSi, garda petre kaTalikosisa da samoeli-sa, kidev 12 episkoposi akurTxes. es raodenoba simbo-lurad mianiSnebs avtokefaluri eklesiis erT-erT um-Tavres niSanze — 12 episkoposis aucileblobaze mar-Tlmsajulebis aRsrulebisaTvis (lominaZe 1999: 20-27; lomouri 2000: 140).

Znelia juanSerTan dacul cnobaSi eWvis Setana. igi amtkicebs, rom: 1. qarTlis eklesiam vaxtang gor-gaslis dros miiRo avtokefaluroba; 2. qarTlis kaTa-likosi antioqiis patriarqisagan iRebs xeldasxmas.

bizantia-iranis imJamindeli dapirispirebis fon-ze qarTlis eklesiisaTvis statusis amaRleba — kaTa-likosobis SemoReba da saeklesio ierarqiis Camoyali-beba — vaxtang gorgaslis didi politikuri gamarjveba

(georgika 1970: 18). balsamonTan moxseniebuli petres iden-tifikacias vrceli literatura mieZRvna. nawili mecniere-bisa (javaxiSvili, 1979: 384; yauxCiSvili 1970: 18; lominaZe 1999: 36, tyeSelaSvili 2012:102) mas aigivebs XI saukunis anti-oqiis patriarq petre III-Tan (1052-1056), romelsac, TiTqos sabolood unda daemtkicebina qarTlis eklesiisaTvis avto-kefaluri uflebebi. mkvlevarTa meore nawili gamoricxu-lad miiCnevs amgvar identifikacias, radgan patriarqi petre uSualo winamorbedi iyo patriarq Teodosisa, romlis wina-Se giorgi mTawmindels sajaro gamosvla dasWirda qarTlis eklesiis uflebaTa dasacavad. marTlac, SeuZlebelia Teo-dosi patriarqs ar scodnoda Tavisi winamorbedis droinde-li saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb ( lomouri 1990: 143). sxva mecnierebi petre patriarqs V saukunis cno-bil moRvawe petre fulonTan aigivebdnen (TamaraSvili 248-249; Honigmann 1934: 211; goilaZe 1991a: 134-137 mamulia 1992: 33-34). petre fulonTan gaigivebas xels ver SeuSlis misi mono-fizitoba, radgan mas ramdenjerme epyra antioqiis kaTedra, maT Soris im drosac, roca zenonis henotikoni gaiziara. dawvrilebiT petre fulonTan dakavSirebuli argumentebi-sa da samecniero literaturis Sesaxeb ix. g. mamulia (mamu-lia 1992: .33-34), goilaZe ( 1991a: 134-137).

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iyo. amieridan sveticxoveli iqca qarTlis kaTaliko-sis kaTedralur taZrad, saidanac centralizebuli we-siT imarTeboda qveynis saeklesio cxovreba.

magram ramdenad sruli iyo vaxtangis droindeli mcxeTis eklesiis avtokefaluroba da ramdenad Seesaba-meboda igi qarTuli saxelmwifos imJamindel amoca-nebs? es sakiTxi wyaroTa araerTgvarovani Cvnebebis ga-mo mravaljer gamxdara mkvlevarTa gansjis sagani. Tu wyaroTa erTi jgufi80 mxars uWers mis sisrules, wyaro-Ta meore jgufi81 saTuod xdis mas. amitom miiCnevs zogi-erTi avtori, rom vaxtangis droindeli avtokefalia `mxolod pirveli etapi iyo, romlis Semdeg raRac damo-kidebuleba qarTlis eklesiisa antioqiaze mainc rCebo-da~ (lomouri 1990: 141-142). es `raRac~, rogorc Cans, arc Tu umniSvnelo or garemoebaSi iyo gamoxatuli:

1. cnobilia, rom kaTalikosobis SemoRebis droi-dan daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi mcxe-TaSi kaTalikosebad kvlav ucxoelebi isxdnen. Tavis-Tavad es faqti avtokefaliis sisruleze naklebad mia-niSnebs. VI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi qarTlis eklesiis mesveurebs imperator iustinianesagan (527-565) (da ara antioqiisagan!) miuRiaT ufleba qarTlis kaTalikosi adgilze aerCiaT mcxeTis warCinebul mkvidrTagan (ya-uxCiSvili 1955: 207). am SemTxvevaSi iustinianes gamou-yenebia bizantiis imperatorTa uzenaesi ufleba saek-lesio ierarqiis meTaurobisa da daukmayofilebia qar-

80 aseTTa Soris igulisxmeba: juanSeris zemomoyvanili cno-ba, aseve, giorgi mTawmindelis argumentacia (abulaZe 1967: 154), `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi gviandeli CanarTi (yauxCiS-vili 1955: 232), agreTve antioqiuri wyaroebi: ioane antioqe-li (TarxniSvili 1994: 134), Teodore balsamoni (georgika 1970: gv. 180). 81 amaze miuTiTeben efrem mciris mier gamoyenebuli antio-qis protreptikoni (bregaZe 1959: gv.9) da qarTlis cxovrebis CanarTi (yauxCiSvili 1995: 207).

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Tvelebis Txovna82. es kidev erTi nabiji iyo gadadgmu-li avtokefaluri uflebebis gafarToebis gzaze.

2. mcxeTaSi arCeuli kaTalikosebi xeldasasxmelad antioqiis patriarqTan Cadiodnen. umdidresi saeklesio tradiciebiTa da saRvTismetyvelo sibrZniT ganTqmul antioqiis eklesiasTan mWidro kanonikuri kavSiri qar-Tlis eklesiisaTvis mxolod didi sargeblobis momtani iyo, magram VI saukunis miwurulidan, rodesac mTeli mcire azia jer iranisa da bizantiis, Semdgom arabebisa da bizantiis frontis xazad iyo qceuli, antioqiaSi mi-mosvla did xifaTebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

gazrdili sagareo safrTxis pirobebSi qarTlis eklesia, bunebrivia, moklebuli iqneboda danarCen qristianul samyarosTan intensiur kavSirebs da mar-Tlac, sruliad `Tavisuflad~ ganagebda sakuTar beds. amgvari `Tavisufleba~ ki, Suasaukuneebis gagebiT, mxo-lod samarTlebrivi sivrcis miRma darCenas niSnavda83.

82 bizantiis imperatori saeklesio ierarqiis meTaurad iT-vleboda da mas, garda xeldasxmisa da liturgiis Catarebi-sa, Zalze farTo uflebebi hqonda (Павлов 1902:466-476). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom qarTvel ierarqTa vizitis dros Ta-vad imperatorma daamtkica mcxeTis taxtze pirveli qarTve-li kaTalikosi. `mas (imperators) ufleba hqonda ... vakantur adgilebze SeerCia episkoposi, moexdina cvlileba saeklesio TanamdebobebSi, moematebina ierarqiuli xarisxebi~ (Павлов 1902:466). 83 XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi gadaweril xelnawers (xec, Q- 92) daerTvis minaweri, romlis Tanaxmad, VII saukunis miwu-ruls qarTlis eklesiis warmomadgenlebs avtokefaluri uflebebi ganuaxlebiaT konstantinopolSi, meeqvse msof-lio krebaze. minawerSi miTiTebulia ucnobi berZnuli wyaro — `konstantinipolis taxtikoni~. minaweris cnobebs mkvle-varTa nawili sruliad sarwmunod miiCnevs: v. goilaZe (goi-laZe 1991a: 188-196), a. jafariZe (jafariZe 2009: 434), l.tyeSe-laSvili (tyeSelaSvili 2012:4). radgan meeqvse msoflio kre-ba mieZRvna monoTelitobis dagmobas, xolo monoTelitobis mxurvale damcveli im dros swored antioqiis patriarqi ma-

163

qarTlis kaTalikosebi xSirad ver axerxebdnen xelda-sasxmelad antioqiaSi Casvlas da maTi kurTxeva adgil-ze unda momxdariyo. usaTuod amgvar SemTxvevebs gu-lisxmobs efrem mcire, rodesac xsnis qarTlis kaTali-kosebis antioqiaSi xeldasasxmelad Causvlelobis mi-zezs: wm. anastasi antioqiis patriarqis (602-610) droi-dan `ara kurTxeul ars maTda kaTalikosi mTavarepis-koposi siZnelisaTvis gzisa...~ (bregaZe 1959: 9). 637 wli-dan arabTa dapyrobebis Sedegad antioqiis kaTedra re-alurad aRar arsebobda. samwysos gareSe darCenili an-tioqiis patriarqebi saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi konstantinopolSi imyofebodnen da mxolod forma-lurad atarebdnen patriarqis tituls (Болотов 1918: c. 491-495). amgvarma pirobebma uTuod xeli Seuwyo qar-Tlis eklesiis, rogorc TviTkmari saeklesio organi-zaciis Camoyalibebas, xolo VII saukuneSi somxur ekle-siasTan saboloo ganxeTqilebam mxolod gaamyara es mdgomareoba.

ukeTesi sagareo pirobebi arc VIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi damyarebula (bizantiaSi xatTmebrZoloba, qarTlSi — arabebi). 742 wels xalifa hiSamma antioqiaSi sapatriarqo taxti daabruna (mxolod siriuli warmo-mavlobis patriarqebis arCevis pirobiT). am droidan an-tioqiis kaTedra axal sicocxles iwyebs. axlad daniSnu-

kari iyo, SeiZleboda gvevarauda, rom qarTvelebi avtokefa-lurobis gansaaxleblad meeqvse msoflio krebaze swored imitom gamocxadnen, rom ar SeeZloT monoTeliti makarisa-gan xeldasxmis miReba. magram es mosazreba mxolod Teori-ul varaudad rCeba imis gamo, rom meeqvse krebis mowvevisa da mimdinareobis garemoebebi kargad aris cnobili da arc erTi avTenturi wyaro ar icnobs krebaze qarTvelTa Casvlis faqts (ix. Болотов 1918: 498-500). meeqvse krebasTan dakavSire-buli zemoaRniSnuli cnobis qarTul sinamdvileSi Semota-nis droisa da garemoebebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT qvemoT iq-neba saubari.

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li antioqiis patriarqebi cdiloben TavianTi mimofan-tuli samwysos Semokrebas, rasac, garda kanonikuri sa-fuZvlebisa, seriozuli ekonomikuri mizezebic asaz-rdoebda. am periods asaxavs efrem mciris mier antioqi-aSive moZiebuli wyaros (`antioqiis qronografi~) cnoba antioqiis patriarq TeofilaqtesTan (745-751) ori qar-Tveli beris Casvlis Sesaxeb. swored maT dauCivliaT, agarianebis SiSiT qarTlis kaTalikosebi antioqiis pat-riarqTan xeldasasxmelad veRar Cadiano. imave wyaros mowmobiT, Teofilaqte patriarqs mouwvevia kreba, ro-melsac miuRia qarTlis eklesiis avtokefalurobis da-madasturebeli dokumenti — `protreptikoni~. es doku-menti kanonierad cnobda kaTalikosis xeldasxmis Tao-baze qarTlSi ukve damkvidrebul praqtikas: `TÂT maTi-sa sazRvrisa episkoposTagan Ãelni daesxmodin Jamad-Jamadsa kaTolikossa qarTlisasa, raÁca saRmrToman

madlman uCuჱnos maT, da romeli gamoirCion moyuasTa mis eklesiisaTa TanadgomiTa da wamebiTa episkopos-TaÁTa wesTaebr saeklesioTa~ (bregaZe 1959: 8-10). amave protreptikonSi, anu brZanebulebaSi, Camoyalibebuli yofila mcxeTis eklesiis mTeli rigi valdebulebani an-tioqiis sapatriarqos winaSe: 1. RvTismsaxurebis dros unda moexsenebinaT antioqiis patriarqis saxeli; 2. mwvaleblobis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, adgilze antioqiidan unda gamoegznaT egzarqosebi; 3. wminda mironis SesaZe-nad qarTlidan antioqiaSi yovelwliurad unda egzav-naT 1000 oqro (bregaZe 1959: 8-10)84. amrigad, Tavad antio-qiuri wyaroebis mowmobiT, qarTlis eklesiam VIII sauku-nis Sua xanebSi xelaxla daimtkica avtokefaluri ufle-bebi, magram ramdenad realuri iyo mcxeTis zemoCamoT-vlili valdebulebebi antioqiis kaTedris winaSe, qar-

84 am cnobaTa sandoobaSi eWvi epareba v. goilaZes, radgan, mi-si dakvirvebiT, qarTul wyaroebSi maTi aranairi gamoZaxili ar Cans (ix. goilaZe, 1991a: gv. 152-156).

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Tuli wyaroebis mixedviT ar Cans85. X saukunis 60-iani wlebSi antioqia bizantielebma

arabebisagan daibrunes da sapatriarqos saTaveSi isev berZeni patriarqebi Caayenes. am droidan moyolebuli, gansakuTrebiT XI saukunis ganmavlobaSi, antioqiis sa-patriarqom namdvili aRorZineba ganicada. swored am periods emTxveva antioqiis sapatriarqos axali pre-tenziebi qarTlis eklesiisadmi.

arabobis Semdeg antioqiis berZen patriarqebs, Se-saZloa, marTlac bundovani codna hqondaT SerCenili qarTlis eklesiis kanonikur uflebebze, magram, nikon SavmTelis ~taqtikonis~cnobis Tanaxmad, konstantine monomaxosis (1042-1055) dros, roca iberiaSi `sarevela-Ta mTesavi~ mwvalebeli episkoposi gamoCnda86, antioqi-is sapatriarqos sisruleSi mohyavs Teofilaqtes dro-indeli protreptikonis me-2 muxli. rogorc nikon Sav-mTelis `taqtikoni~ iuwyeba, antioqiis patriarqma Te-odorem (1034-1042) iberiis episkoposebTan epistolee-bi dagzavna da `brZanebuleba da kurTxeva epistoleTa meSveobiT iberiis imJamindeli kaTalikosis ioanes mi-marT~ (WeliZe 2014: 84-85). qarTlis kaTalikosi ioane unda iyos igive ioane-oqropiri (1033-1049), romelic,

85 k. kekeliZe, romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla zemomoyvanili cnoba, aRiarebda antioqiis eklesiaze qarTlis eklesiis da-mokidebulebas mxolod VIII saukunidan, magram liturgikul Zeglebze sagangebo dakvirvebiT daaskvna, rom Teofilaqtes protreptikoni misi Seqmnidan maleve unda daeviwyebinaT — antioqiis patriarqis moxseniebis kvali man ver aRmoaCina verc erT qarTul liturgikul ZeglSi (Кекелидзе 1961: 254). sapirispirod amisa man daadastura, rom grigol xacTelis droidan mainc qarTuli eklesiis saqmianoba sruli damouki-deblobis niSnebs atarebda.

86 efrem mciresTan damowmebuli cnoba qarTlSi akakianelTa eresis aRsmosafxvrelad basili gramatikosis gamogzavnis Sesaxeb ganxilulia v.goilaZis da e. WeliZis SromebSi (goi-laZe 1991 a:154-157; WeliZe 2014:78-86).

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mocemuli cnobis mixedviT, aSkarad aRiarebs antioqiis patriarqis avtoritets, magram antioqiis berZen pat-riarqebs qarTlis eklesiis kanonikuri damoukideblo-ba aRar akmayofilebdaT da amitom kvlav sakamaTod ga-xades misi avtokefalurobis kanoniereba.

antioqiis axal-axali braldebebi qarTvel swav-lulebs ubiZgebda safuZvlianad momzadebuliyvnen maT gasabaTileblad, ramac, saboloo jamSi, gaaRrmava ucxoeTSi moRvawe qarTvel bermonazonTa mecnieruli Ziebebi, xeli Seuwyo maT inteleqtualur zrdas (aleq-siZe 2011: 143) da qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba gaamdid-ra manamde ucnobi TargmanebiT.

patriarq Teodosi III-is (1057-1059) dros antioqiam qarTlis eklesias bralad dasdo misi aramociqulebri-vi warmomavloba87. amjerad qarTlis eklesiis uflebe-bis dacva wilad xvda iq myof giorgi mTawmindels, ro-melmac andria mociqulis `mimosvlis~ moSveliebiT, garda imisa, rom brwyinvaled daasabuTa qarTlis ekle-siis mociqulebrivi warmomavloba, damswreT qarTul miwaze svimon kananelis saflavis arsebobis faqtic mo-axsena: `... erTi wmidaTa aTormetTa mociqulTagani, si-mons vityÂ kananelsa, queyanasa Cuensa damarxul ars af-xazeTs, romelsa nikofsi ewodebis. amaT wmidaTa moci-qulTa ganaTlebulni varT da vinaÁTgan erTi RmerTi gÂcnobies, arRara uar-gÂyofies da arca odes wvalebasa

87 saeklesio samarTlis Tanaxmad, romelime adgilobrivi an erovnuli eklesiis mesaWis xeldasxma adgilobrivi ierarqe-bisagan kanonierad CaiTvleboda, Tu dakmayofilebuli iqne-boda ori piroba: 1. eklesias unda hqonoda mociqulebrivi warmomavloba, 2. ar unda hqonoda wyveta eklesiis mesaWeTa xeldasxmis mwkrivSi (Павлов 1902: 201). qarTlis eklesia ori-ve am moTxovnas akmayofilebda. am dros qarTvelebs kargad aqvT Seswavlili andria mociqulis `mimosvlac~, romelic XI saukunis dasawyisSi iTargmna qarTulad.

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mimarT midrekil ars naTesavi Cueni~ (abulaZe 1967: 154). giorgi mTawmindelis argumentebi, ganskuTrebiT, moci-qulis saflavi gansakuTrebuli Zalis argumenti aRmoC-nda mopaeqre mxarisaTvis (aleqsiZe 2011: gv.139-140). gi-orgi mTawmindelis ganswavlulobas iseTi Zlieri STa-beWdileba mouxdenia antioqiis patriarqze, rom am uka-nasknels Tavisi mRvdelmTavrebis winaSe aRtaceba ver daumalavs: `xedavTa bersa amas, viTar marto esodensa simravlesa guerevis...~? (abulaZe 1967: 155).

giorgi mTawmindelis Semdeg antioqiaSi (Sav mTa-ze) moRvawe qarTveli bermonazvnebis saxelmZvanelod saxelovanma qarTvelma mecnierma da mTargmnelma ef-rem mcirem Seqmna Tavisi cnobili Txzuleba: ùwyebaÁ mizezsa qarTvelT moqcevisasa, Tu romelTa wignTasa moiÃsenebis~. efremi, berZnul wyaroebze dayrdno-biT88, exeba yvela im sakiTxs, romlebic berZnebs SeeZ-loT wamoeWraT qarTvelTa eklesiuri damoukideblo-bis sawinaaRmdegod. igi msjelobs qarTvelTa moqcevis istoriaze, afxazebis gaqristianebasa da saqarTvelo-Si andria da barTlome mociqulebis mqadageblobis Se-saxeb. braldebas qarTvelTa mier kaTalikosebis `TviTrCulobiT~ (TviTneburad) xeldasxmis Sesaxeb efremi abaTilebs berZnuli wyaros -àntioquri qro-nografis~ cnobiT, romlis Tanaxmad, swored antioqiis patriarqma Teofilaqtem cno VIII saukuneSi qarTlis eklesiis TviTmwysobis ufleba (bregaZe 1959: 9).

efremis Txzuleba samomavlod iyo gaTvlili da amitom iTvaliswinebda antioqiis patriarqTa SesaZlo braldebebs qarTlis eklesiis winaaRmdeg. marTalia, efremis wyaroebi yovelTvis zusti ar aris, magram isi-ni `sruliad WeSmaritad iyo miCneuli antioqiaSi~ (ke-

88 efrem mciris ùwyebaÁs~ calkeuli epizodebis mimarTeba Teodorite kvirelisa da nikon SavmTelis TxzulebebTan sa-gangebod gamoikvlia e.WeliZem (WeliZe 2014:.28-97).

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keliZe, 1980:.263) da iq myof qarTvelebs argumentire-buli Tavdacvis saSualebas aZlevda.

XI saukuneSi antioqiis sapatriarqos politika sa-qarTvelos mimarT gagrZeleba iyo bizantiis imperiis oficialuri politikisa, romelic yovelnairad cdi-lobda xeli SeeSala erTiani qarTuli monarqiis Seq-mnisaTvis. am dros `politikur sazRvrebTan erTad er-TmaneTs Sexvdnen qarTul-bizantiuri saeklesio saz-Rvrebic~ (kekeliZe 1957: 110-133), magram imdroindelma qarTvelma swavlulebma qarTuli eklesiis avtokefa-lurobis dacva ukve axal simaRleze aiyvanes — igi erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi identobis amocanebs dau-kavSires da bizantielTa kritikas maTTvis yvelaze da-majerebeli argumentebi daupirispires.

`sveti cxoveli~ — mironi RmerTmyofeli

im gamoTqmaTa Soris, romlebic saukuneebis ganmav-

lobaSi istoriul sabuTebSi gamoiyeneba sveticxovlis epiTetebad, umniSvnelovanesia Tavad cxovelmyofel svetTan dakavSirebuli gamoTqmebi: `sauflo kvarTi~, `RmrTiv-aRmarTebuli~/`mironmdinari~ sveti, `mironi-RmerTmyofeli~. es epiTetebi Seesatyviseba erTmaneT-Tan mistikuri arsiT dakavSirebul sagnobriv simbolo-ebs, romlebic qristes aRdgomis maradiul ideas gamo-xataven da amiT gamorCeul mniSvnelobas aniWeben Tavad taZars. Cven moklebuli varT saSualebas, Segvemowmebi-na, ra droidan miiRes am epiTetebma Camoyalibebuli formulis saxe, magram melqisedek kaTalikosis sabuT-Si, romelic qronologiurad pirvelia Cvenamde moRwe-ul mcxeTis sabuTTa Soris, swored aseTi epiTetebiT aris Semkuli taZari. sveticxovlis sabuTebis formu-laSi `mironi-RmerTmyofelis~ (var. `mironmdinari sve-ti~) mkvidrad `Cajdoma~ mianiSnebs, rom mcxeTaSi miro-nis kurTxevas didi xnis tradicia hqonda.

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magram ra droidan daiwyo mironis xarSva mcxeTa-Si? wyaroebi am sakiTxis Taobazec araerTgvarovan pa-suxs iZlevian. saeklesio kanonebi mironis xarSvis uf-lebas ar adgens, swored amitom msoflio patriarqebi am uflebiTac cdilobdnen zemoqmedeba moexdinaT adgi-lobriv eklesiebze. mag., efrem mciris mier moZiebuli `antioquri qronografidan~ Cans, rom antioqiis sapat-riarqos ucdia mironis Tema Tavis sasargeblod gamoe-yenebina89. antioqiuri qronografis cnobas, rom mcxeTa viTomcda antioqiidan iRebda mirons (bregaZe 1959: 8-10), ar eTanxmeba sxva ori qarTuli wyaro, romelTa sandoo-ba, maTi dokumenturi xasiaTis gamo, araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs. isini adastureben, rom mironi qarTvelebs ara antioqiidan, aramed ierusalimidan CamohqondaT.

pirveli aseTi wyaroa ierusalimuri koleqciis xelnaweris (#104) mosaxsenebeli, dawesebuli wm. mamebis miqaelisa da arsenis saxelebze, romelTac, sergi ieru-salimeli patriarqis (843-851) droindeli saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebiT, moupovebiaT mcxeTaSi mironis kurTxevis nebarTva: `ierusalimiT moiRes mcxeTas mih-ronis kurTxevaÁ brZanebiTa krebisaÁTa da sergi ieru-salemis patriarqisaÁTa~ (gabiZaSvili 2007: 97). meore cnoba ekuTvnis giorgi merCules. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ im adgilas, sadac laparakia efrem mawyver-lis (daaxl. 855-895) damsaxurebaTa Sesaxeb, merCule ga-mohyofs efremis gansakuTrel Rvawls ierusalimis pat-riarqisagan qarTlSi mironis damzadebisaTvis nebar-Tvis mopovebis Sesaxeb (abulaZe 1963: 290). am damsaxure-bisaTvis saqarTvelos eklesiam samive piri wmindanTa

89` antioqiis qronografis~ cnobebi qarTlis eklesiis urTi-erTobaze antioqiis sapatriarqosTan, maT Soris antioqiuri versia mironis kurTxevisaTvis dawesebuli pirobebis Tao-baze dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli k.kekeliZis (kekeliZe 1957: 254) da v. goilaZis (goilaZe 1991aª: 152-159) naSromebSi.

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Soris Seracxa. es maRali ndobis wyaroebi dabejiTebiT imeoreben mironis damzadebis uflebis miRebas ierusa-limis sapatriarqosagan. amave dros am ori cnobis uw-yveti qronologiuri Tanamimdevroba imasac uCvenebs, rom amgvari nebarTvebi erTjeradad ar gaicemoda da qarTvelebs sergis momdevno patriarqisaganac dasWir-vebiaT miRebuli uflebis ganaxleba90. savaraudod, am-dagvari nebarTvebis miRebis mcdelobebi manamdec eqne-boda qarTvel samRvdeloebas, miT umetes, rom politi-kuri kataklizmebis dros arc ierusalimSi mimosvla iq-neboda advili saqme. am mosazrebis irib mowmobad SeiZ-leba miviCnioT erTi gviandeli wyaro `kurTxeva miro-nisa~, romelSic mcxeTaSi mironis kurTxevis ritualia aRwerili (doliZe 1965: 47). ritualSi monawile saero moxeleTa da saeklesio ierarqTa wodebulebani termi-nologiurad XIII-XIV saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, magram teqstis uZvelesi Sre mefe arCils (VIII saukunis Sua xa-nebi) miawers etiketis SemuSavebas. safiqrebelia, rom mcxeTaSi mironis kurTxevis ufleba, rogorc amas k. ke-keliZe varaudobda, araTu win uswrebda ierusalimis patriarq sergis droindel ambebs91, aramed arCilis moRvaweobis periodsac, radgan mironis kurTxevisadmi miZRvnil ZeglSi laparakia ara mironis xarSvis ufleba-ze, aramed xarSvis ritualze. yovel SemTxvevaSi, arCi-lis farTo saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweoba (musxeliSvi-

90 sergis momdevno da efrem mawyverlis Tanamedrove ierusa-limis patriarqi iyo salomoni, daaxl. 859-881ww. 91 k. kekeliZes eeWveboda, rom mxolod Teofilaqte patriar-qis dros daewyoT qarTvelebs mironis kurTxeva. fiqrobda, rom es ufleba gacilebiT adre iqneboda mcxeTaSi miRebuli. am mosazrebis mecnieri amagrebda arCil mefis xsenebiT ze-moxsenebul ZeglSi -`kurTxeva mironisa~, amasTanave aRniS-navda, rom radgan am ZeglSi mironis xarSvis mxolod regla-mentia dawesebuli, Tavad ufleba gacilebiT adre miRebuli iqnebodao (kekeliZe 1957a: 254).

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li 2003: 387) iZleva sakmaris safuZvels, rom mironis xarSvis ufleba mis dros miRebulad miviCnioT92, mxo-lod, aseTi daSvebis SemTxvevaSi am uflebis boZeba Teo-filaqte antioqels unda mivakuTnoT. SesaZlebelia, an-tioqiis patriarqisagan mironis kurTxevis nebis gamoT-xova situaciiT iyo nakarnaxevi da SemdgomSi qarTvele-bi daubrndnen Zvel gzas, ierusalimis sapatriarqos, sa-idanac IX saukuneSi zedized iReben axal nebarTvebs ad-gilze mironis kurTxevisaTvis. m. TarxniSvilic fiq-robda, rom adreul Sua saukuneebSi mcxeTaSi mironis ierusalimidan Camotanas uZvelesi tradicia arsebobda da igi TviT mcxeTis nebayoflobiTi arCevanis gamoxa-tuleba unda yofiliyo `wminda qalaqTan misi uZvelesi da gansakuTrebuli sulieri kavSiris gamo~ (TarxniSvi-li 1951: 681-682). ierusalimTan amgvari kavSiris arsebo-ba da misi SenarCuneba Tavad qarTlis eklesiis intere-sebs da misi prestiJis amaRlebas emsaxureboda.

arsebul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, mcxeTaSi araugvianes VIII saukunisa unda dawyebuliyo mironis adgilze dam-zadeba, risi uflebac periodul ganaxlebas saWiroeb-da. efrem mciris `uwyebaÁs~ cnoba, rom antioqiam ieru-salimis patriarq orestis basili keisris nebarTviT gadasca qarTlis eklesiisaTvis mironis kurTxevis uf-leba, mxolod adasturebs qarTlis ZvelisZvel, tra-diciul kavSirs ierusalimTan.

qarTlis kaTalikosTa titulatura

qarTlis eklesiis meTauris oficialur titulad adreuli Suasaukuneebis ZeglebSi TiTqmis Tanabari six-

92 am mosazrebas erTgvarad xels uSlis mematianis cnoba, rom arCilis dros `ganryunil iyo sayofelad mcxeTa~ (yaux-CiSvili 1955: 243), Tumca, am cnobaSi saeklesio cxovrebis Sewyveta SeiZleba arc vigulisxmoT.

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SiriTaa gamoyenebuli berZnuli warmomavlobis `kaTa-likosi~ (berZn. sayovelTao) da qarTuli `mamaTmTava-ri~. es ukanaskneli Sinaarsobrivad zustad Seesatyvise-ba berZnul `patriarqs~ da araiSviaTad `kaTalikosTan~ erTad gvxvdeba, rogorc misi Sinaarsobrivad Semavsebe-li: àqaTgan iwyes kaTalikozTa mamadmTavrobad. pirve-li kaTalikozi iyo petre vaxtang mefisa ze~ (abulaZe 1963: 93), èse netari ise Seipyra wmidaman mamaTmTavarman kaTalikozman da akurTxa igi episkopozad saydarsa ze-da wilknisasa~ (abulaZe 1963: 222). Sesabamisad, sakaTali-koso taZrisTvisac SeiZleboda ewodebinaT `saydari ma-maTmTavrobisaÁ~: àramed Zueli xancTisa eklesiaÁ arse-ni kaTalikosman akurTxa da qarTlisa eklesiaTa yovel-Ta sixaruli mohfina, rameTu saydari mamaTmTvrobisaÁ Seamko sruliad da Seimko madliTa (abulaZe 1963: 290). magram mamamTavari `kaTalikosis~ paralelurad episko-possac aRniSnavda. mag., 995 wels gadaweril tbeTis saxa-rebis minawerSi mamamTavari episkoposia: `qriste, adide ioane mamadmTavari, pirvel mtbevari, aw Sen mier mawyve-rel episkoposi...~ (Цагарели 1886: 20). mamamTavrad ixseni-eba iSxneli episkoposi ilarionic, romelsac eqvTime mTawmindelisaTvis uTxovia eTargmna maTes Tavis Tar-gmaneba (kekeliZe 1980: 195).

X-XI saukuneTa mijnaze Sedgenil erTi xelnaweris kolofonSi (K 176) damowmebulia termini mamamTavarTa mTavaric. mkvlevarebi ufro im azrisaken ixrebian, rom ase moixseniebdnen banel episkoposs taoSi misi gansakuT-rebuli pativis gamo (maWavariani 1980: 56). ase rom, `mamaT-mTavarma~ specialuri terminis mniSvneloba ver daim-kvidra, igi xan `kaTalikoss~ aRniSnavs, xan episkoposs.

`kaTalikosis~ da `mamamTavris~ sinonimuroba Se-narCunebuli iyo XII saukuneSic. mag., ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi (1104) ioane kaTalikosi mamamTav-rad moixsenieba: ìoane wmidisa mTavarefiskoposisa,

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Cuenisa kaTalikosisa da yovlisa saqarTveloÁsa yov-lad Rirsisa mamaTmTavrisa mravalmca arian welni...~ (gabiZaSvili 1978: 195).

ufro gvian ki, XIV saukunis ZeglSi `gangeba darba-zobisa~, terminiT `mamamTavari~ gansakuTrebuli pati-vis mqone episkoposTa jgufi gamoiyofa. mamamTvrebad iwodebian periferiuli eparqiebisa da mniSvnelovani qalaqebis episkoposebi: valaSkerteli, bolneli, kare-li, xarWaSneli, tfileli, walkeli, baneli, Werem-qa-laqeli, dmaneli, dadaSneli, giSeli (doliZe 1965:49). CamonaTvalis mixedviT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom `mama-mTavrobis~ kriteriumi, ierarqiuli safexuris mixed-viT, uaxlovdeba berZnul mitropolits, Tumca zust analogiaze ar SeiZleba laparaki, radgan mitropoli-ti didi samxareo qalaqebis episkoposs gulisxmobs.

kidev ufro gvian, XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi `mamaTmTava-ri~ eparqialuri administraciebis saeklesio moxelea. mag., mcxeTis samamaTavro (doliZe 1970: 215,217,392), wil-knelis mamamTavari (doliZe 1970:548,558) Tbilelis mama-Tavari (doliZe 1970: 627,665). xolo kaTalikosis sinoni-mad amave saukuneebSi ixmareba `mamamTavarTa mTavari~.

***

berZnuli `patriarqi~, marTalia, leqsikurad zus-tad Seesatyviseba mamamTavars, magram qarTul sinamdvi-leSi es sityva yovelTvis eklesiis umaRles saWeT-mpyrobels ewodeboda, calke an `kaTalikosTan~ Sewyvi-lebulad. gvaqvs erTaderTi SemTxveva, roca `patriar-qi~ episkoposs aRniSnavs, isic mxolod taoSi, rac bizan-tiasTan uSualo mezoblobiT da specifikuri garemoe-bebiT ixsneba. aseTi `patriarqia~ vinme asaTi, daviT ku-rapalatis Tanamedrove, romelsac zaqaria baneli 1030 wels gadawerili xelnaweris kolofonSi Tavis moZ-RvarTa Soris ixseniebs: `...salocvelad sulisa mzrde-lisa da Semoqmedisa Cemisa daviT qarTvelTa kurapala-

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tisa, romlisamca suli brwyinavs sasufevelsa caTasa, da saÃsenebelad sulisa moZRuarTa da mSobelTa CemTa-sa: arseni mamadmTavrisa, bakurissa da TeklaÁssa, patri-aqissa asaTissa, daviTisa da dafanCulisasa~ (metreveli 1996: 171). sayuradReboa, rom anderZSi moxseniebul pir-Ta CamonaTvalSi mkafiodaa erTmaneTisagan garCeuli mamaTmTavari da patriarqi. miuxedavad leqsikis doneze mniSvnelobaTa Tanxvedrisa, rogorc Cans, anderZis av-torisaTvis am terminTa Soris mainc raRac sxvaoba ar-sebobda. e. metreveli asaT patriarqs mniSvnelobiT utolebs `mamaTmTavarTa mTavars~ da mas banel episko-posad miiCnevs, radgan bana marTlac umniSvnelovanesi eparqia iyo taoSi (metreveli 1996: 177).

mkvlevarTa nawilma asaT patriarqis sakiTxi dau-kavSira taos eklesiis sakmaod mWidro urTierTobas konstantinopolis sapatriarqosTan. v. silogava, ro-melmac ueWvel cnobad miiRo asaT patriarqis baneloba, misTvis patriarqis titulis mimniWeblad daviT III kura-palati miiCnia, romelmac am formiT TiTqosda pirveli nabiji gadadga konstantinopolis sapatriarqosagan taos eklesiis sruli gamijvnis mimarTulebiT. xolo Semdeg, roca saqarTvelo gaerTianda, `patriarqis~ ti-tuli saqarTvelos kaTalikosis tituls SeuerTda (si-logava 2003: 303). am mosazrebas istoriuli realobisa-gan mowyvetilad miiCnevs v. goilaZe (goilaZe 2011: 160), Tumca, fiqrobs, rom taos eklesia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi marTlac moeqca 1001 wlidan, daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis umal (goi-laZe 2011: 160, sqolio), roca basili keisarma `daipyra ... mamuli daviT kurapalatisa~ (yauxCiSvili 1955: 382).

asaT patriarqis sakiTxSi meti sicxade Seitana g. oTxmezurma (oTxmezuri 2010: 276, sqolio). avtoris msjeloba emyareba iSxnis 954/955 wlis warweras (TayaiS-vili 1960: 12-13; jobaZe 2006: 237-238), romlis Tanaxmad, stefane iSxneli trapizonSi ukurTxebia `berZenTa pat-

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riarqs~93. amave warweraSi iSxani `kaTolike~ eklesiad

93 zemoxsenebuli iSxnis warwera mravalmxriv imsaxurebs yu-radRebas. misi upirvelesi Rirseba isaa, rom masSi araerTi qronologiuri sayrdenia mocemuli, romlebic gadmocemu-li movlenis zusti daTariRebis saSualebas iZleva. warwera iuwyeba, rom iSxnis daqvrivebul kaTedraze axal episkopo-sad SerCeuli kandidatura, vinme stefane, taos imJamindel-ma gamgeblebma: daviT II qarTvelTa mefem (gard.937 w.), bagrat II magistrosma (gard, 945 w.), aSot IV kurapalatma (gard.954 w.) da sumbat kurapalatma (gard. 958 w.) sakurTxevlad wargzav-nes `trapezonTa~. aq igi iSxnelad ukurTxebia `RmerTSemo-sil~ basili `berZenTa patriarqs~ (TayaiSvili 1960: gv.16-17; jobaZe 2006: gv.238). es ambavi unda momxdariyo araugvianes 937 wlisa, raki warwerisave cnobiT, winamorbedi basili iS-xneli 936 wels, xolo daviT qarTvelTa mefe 937 wels gar-dacvlilan. warweraSi dokumenturad aris damowmebuli, rom stefane iSxnelad bizantiaSi ekurTxa. v. jobaZe miuTi-Tebs am faqtis ucnaurobaze: `is kia gaugebari, ratom war-gzavnes stefane trapezunts da ara mcxeTas, raTa igi qar-Tlis mwyemsmTavars ekurTxebina. dasadgenia `RmerTSemosi-li~ basilis vinaoba, radgan trapezuntSi sapatriarqo ara-sodes yofila~ (jobaZe 2006: gv.238). am SekiTxvis pasuxi Tavad warweris me-18-19 striqonebze moTavsebul bolonaklul frazaSia mocemuli: `rameTu mas Jamsa qarTlisa [kaTalikosi neta]ri...~. es fraza, Tuki aRdgenas `netari~ vendobiT, miu-TiTebs, rom im wels qarTlis kaTalikosi gardacvlilia. xo-lo axali, rogorc Cans, jer dadgenili ar iyo. swored am mo-tiviT gaugzavniaT stefane trapizonSi xeldasasxmelad. stefanes, rogorc Cans, xeldasxma miuRia trapizonSive, ad-gilobrivi ierarqisagan, romelsac saxelad basili rqmevia. iSxnis warwera aq marTalia, gamoTqmas — `berZenTa patriar-qi~ iyenebs, magram igi srulebiT ar gulisxmobs maincadama-inc konstantinopolis patriarqs (rogorc fiqrobda v. jo-baZe), 936/937 wels konstantinopolis patriarqi iyo Teofi-laqte (933-956) da ara basili. stefane iSxnelad ukurTxebia trapizonel berZen episkoposs, romelsac saamiso ufleba-mosileba miRebuli eqneboda konstantinopolidan. bunebri-via, rom trapezonSi xeldasxmuli stefane iSxnels, asaTis msgavsad, berZnul yaidaze `patriarqs~ uwodebdnen. marTa-lia, aq precedentTan gvaqvs saqme, magram igi sainteresoa im-

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moixsenieba, maSin, rodesac sxva qarTul wyaroebSi `ka-Tolike~ tradiciulad mxolod sveticxovlis sakaTa-likoso taZris epiTetad gamoiyeneboda (simfonia-leq-sikoni: 2005, 413). mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, iSxnis `kaTo-liked~ moxsenieba X saukuneSi, SesaZloa, exmianebodes tao-klarjeTis eklesiaSi gamovlenil tendencias — mis swrafvas mcxeTisagan kanonikuri damoukideblobisaken. am periodSi Camoyalibebuli tradiciis gamoZaxili un-da iyos iSxnis kaTedris aseTive epiTetiT moxsenieba momdevno XI-XII saukuneebis warwerebSic (TayaiSvili 1960: 12,14; jobaZe 2006: 239, 241). amave tendenciis ganeit-ralebas unda emsaxurebodes iSxnelis gansakuTrebuli statusi samefo karis etiketSi (oTxmezuri 2010: 276)94.

iSxnis eparqiis mdebareoba — bizantiasTan uSua-lo mezobloba da misi Zlieri politikuri da kultu-ruli gavlena garkveul safrTxes marTlac Seicavda politikuri gaerTianebis gzaze Semdgari qveynis saek-lesio erTobisaTvis, miT ufro im pirobebSi, roca da-viT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg bizantia taos samefos mniSvnelovan nawils daepatrona.

yvela mkvlevari eTanxmeba im azrs, rom `patriar-

denad, ramdenadac taos samefoSi arsebul tendencias uCve-nebs, romelic, `sapatio mizezis~ SemTxvevaSi, dasaSvebad mi-iCnevda mcxeTis gverdis avliT adgilobrivi episkoposis kurTxevis SesaZleblobas. 94 iSxneli gatolebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-Tan mefed kurTxevis ceremonialSi: `... da Tayuani-sces me-feman mdablad kaTalikozsa, daupyras Ãeli marjuene kaTa-likozman; xolo ukeTu afxazeTisa kaTalikozi ara iyos, — iSxnelman anu mTavarepiskoposman...~ (doliZe 1965: gv. 51); iS-xnelis gamorCeuli pativi xazgasmulia `xelmwifis karis ga-rigebaSic~: `...ra sworad episkopozni moviden imieriT: iSxne-li, mawyvereli, anCeli, mtbevari da golgoTeli, maT raÁ eTayvanen, Ãelni mefeman noxTa zeda dasxnes. iSxnelisaTÂs ufro mdablad da ori anu samibiji wamoiaros da miesalmos; da am sxuaTaTÂs sworad nu daiZvris (doliZe 1965: 91).

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qis~ titulis gaCena qarTlis kaTalikosTa titulatu-raSi saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebasTan iyo da-kavSirebuli95. tao-klarjeTis bagrationebs, romle-bic `qarTvelTa samefos~ samarTalmemkvidreebi iyvnen da X s. 70-iani wlebidan gaerTianebis procesis saTave-Si aRmoCndnen, usaTuod esaWiroebodaT qarTlis kaTa-likosis avtoritetis amaRleba misi realuri da simbo-luri SinaarsiT. am procesSi mcxeTis upiratesoba gan-pirobebuli iyo ara mxolod politikuri mocemulo-biT, aramed qarTuli qristianobisaTvis mcxeTis sak-ralur-simboluri arsiT.

gaerTianebis procesSi myofi qveynisaTvis, ro-melSic erTdroulad ori sakaTalikoso taxti arse-bobda da, damatebiT, mezobeli bizantiis mcdelobiT, tao-larjeTis eklesiis mowyvetis safrTxec arsebob-da, bunebrivia, mcxeTis taxtis saWeTmpyrobelisaTvis ufro aRmatebuli (gaormagebuli) `kaTalikos-patri-arqis~ titulis miniWeba saqarTvelos politikur mes-veurTa imdroindel miswrafebebs exmianeboda. amaze meti pretenzia mocemul viTarebaSi qarTlis eklesias ver eqneboda. qarTul saxelmwifos jer kidev win elo-da mravali politikuri gamarjveba saSinao da sagareo

95 Tvalsazrisi, rom saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas win uswrebda mcxeTis taxtis gavlenis gafarToeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, emyareba n. berZeniSvilis mosazrebas, rom IX-X saukuneebis Sida politikuri da kulturuli procesebi bunebrivad iwvevda afxazi mefeebisa da mcxeTis taxtis mo-kavSireobas da, rom erTiani qarTuli saeklesio ierarqiis Seqmna dasrulda afxazTa kaTalikosis qarTlis kaTalikosi-sadmi daqvemdebarebiT (berZeniSvili 1966: gv. 50,52). es mosaz-reba ganaviTara da qronologiuradac gansazRvra T. qori-Zem (qoriZe 2007: gv. 188). arsebobs sapirispiro Sexedulebac, rom afxazTa mefeebis saeklesio politika miznad isaxavda ara mcxeTis kaTalikosebisadmi kanonikur daqvemdebarebas, aramed, piriqiT, misgan damoukidebeli avtokefaluri ekle-siis Seqmnas ( kudava 2002: gv. 27-28).

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frontebze, rac yvelaze `Zlier arguments~ warmoad-genda msoflio sapatriarqoebisaTvis.

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli Tvalsaz-risi, rom qarTlis eklesiis umaRlesi mesaWeebi ukve XI saukunidan msoflio eklesiis patriarqebs utoleb-dnen sakuTar Tavs (lominaZe, 2010: 7), damajereblobas moklebulia. ase rom yofiliyo, giorgi mTawmindeli da efrem mcire raime saxiT gaamarTlebdnen an axsnid-nen amgvar pozicias. saqarTvelos erTianobis sawyis etapze qarTlis kaTalikos-patriarqis tituli xazs usvamda mcxeTis, rogorc erTaderTi `kaTolike~ say-dris da misi mesaWis kanonikur uflebebs axlad gaer-Tianebuli qveynis farglebSi96.

sakiTxi, Tu ra viTarebaSi unda mieRoT es tituli qarTlis kaTalikosebs, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas mxolod saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobaTa fonze. swored es foni gvkarnaxobs, rom saqarTvelos gaerTianebis sawyis etapze, sanam bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi jer kidev megobruli iyo, bizantiisaTvis Zalze xelsayreli unda yofiliyo taos bagrationebis mxardaWera, romle-bic gaerTianebis procesis saTaveSi aRmoCndnen97. taos

96 XI saukunis qarTlis kaTalikosebisaTvis kaTalikos-pat-riarqis tituls rom lokaluri daniSnuleba hqonda da igi ar mianiSnebs msoflio eklesiaSi raime gansakuTrebul pre-tenziaze, iziarebs e. metrevelic (metreveli 1996: gv.181). 97 bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobis xasiaTi IX-X da nawi-lobriv XI saukunis dasawyisSi sagangebod moiTxovs Seswav-las `bizantiuri Tanamegobrobis~ Teoris konteqstSi, ro-melzedac qarTul samecniero literaturaSi ukanasknel xans gamaxvilda yuradReba (papasqiri 2009:160). am Teoriis av-tori ingliseli mecnieri dimitri obolenski `bizantiis Ta-namegorobaSi~ ganixilavs bizantiis orbitaSi moqceul aR-mosavleTi evropis qveynebs, sdac qristianobis gavrcele-basTan erTad (IX s.) bizantiurma eklesiam, gansakuTrebiT misma bermonazvnurma frTam, moaxdina bizantiuri maRali kulturis da imperiuli kosmopolituri ideis transplan-

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xelmwifeni iRebdnen bizantiisagan `aRmosavleTis kura-palatis~ titulebs, risi analogiuricaa qarTlis kaTa-likosis `aRmosavleTis patriarqis~ titulic. am dros titulaturis sruli formulaa `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqi~, asea moxseniebuli melqise-dek kaTalikosi inguSeTSi aRmoCenil tyobÁa-Áerdas taZ-ris warweraSi (RambaSiZe 2006: 47). aseTive tituliTaa gan-didebuli parxlis warweraSi melqisedekis momdevno ka-Talikosi ioane-oqropiri (jobaZe 2006: 210)98. saqarTve-

tacia (avtori gamoricxavs kulturaTa Serwymas). am kultu-ris zegavleniT warmoiqmna erTgvari asimetriuli partnio-roba imperiisa am qveynebTan. bizantinistTa Soris am Teori-am maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura, Tumca gamoiTqva garkveuli kritikuli mosazrebebi. mag., a. kaJdanis SexedulebiT, `bi-zantiuri Tanamegobrobis~ kvlevas axal perspeqtivas gaux-snida misi geografiuli sazRvrebis gafarToeba italiis zo-gierTi provinciisa da kavkasiis qveynebis CaTvliT (ix. А.Каждан-is recenzia: D. Obolenski, Six Byzantine Portaits,~ http://old. russ.ru/journal/ kniga/99-03-04/voit.htm). SemdgomSi dasavlur mec-nierebaSi am mimarTulebiT Seiqmna saintereso naSromebi: Garth Fowden,Empire to Commonwelth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Prinston UP, 1993; S. Rapp, Caucasia and the Byzantine Commonwelths: Towards an Integrated Vision of Georgian, Armenian and Byzantine History (wakiTxulia moxsenebad 2011 wlis maisSi wm. andria pirvelwodebulis universitetSi. 98 samecniero literaturaSi ar aris erTgvarovneba arc par-xlis warweris TariRze. misi daTariReba meryeobs X, XI da XVI saukuneebiT. amaTgan XVI saukune enobriv-paleografiuli niSnebis safuZvelze sruliad gamoricxulad miiCnies k. da-neliam da z. sarjvelaZem da igi X saukunis warweraTa jguf-Si moaTavses (danelia 1997: gv.68-69). warweris Sinaarsis mi-xedviT, mkvlevarTa azriT, taZris ktitori daviT kurapala-ti gardacvlilad ivaraudeba. amitom v.silogavam igi kon-kretulad 1001 wliT daaTariRa (silogava 2006: gv. 107), mag-ram zustad amave mosazrebis safuZvelze g. oTxmezurma war-weraSi moxseniebuli ioane patriarqi daaSora daviT kurapa-latis gardacvalebis TariRs da sakmaod damajereblad gaa-igiva melqisedekis momdevno kaTalikos ioane-oqropirTan

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lo-bizantiis imdroindeli urTierTobis gaTvaliswine-biT, Zneli warmosadgenia, kaTalikosis am titulSi ar davinaxoT konstantinopolis Ria Tu faruli Tanxmoba qarTlis kaTalikosisaTvis eklesiuri gamaerTianeblis rolis mikuTvnebaze im pirobebSi, roca dasavleT saqar-Tvelos eklesiaze bizantias gavlena faqtobriv dakar-guli hqonda, xolo taos eklesia isedac ganicdida kon-stantinopolis Zlier gavlenas. aseTi pozicia bizantias saSualebas aZlevda ekontrolebina saqarTvelos Sinau-ri viTarebis mizanSewoniloba imperiis interesebTan mi-marTebiT. rom ara konstantinopoli, qarTlis kaTali-kosTa titulaturis formulaSi àRmosavleTi~ ver ga-dafaravda adrindel `CrdiloeTs~, romlis gaCenasac ufro adre safuZvlad ierusalimuri kulturul-sar-wmunoebrivi tradicia edo (surgulaZe 1993:153-154).

IX-X saukuneebSi saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi nawilis — istoriuli tao-klarjeTis — mWidro kavSiri bizantiis politikur da kulturul sivrcesTan speci-fikurad aisaxa geografiuli cnebis — àRmosavleTi~ — semantikur datvirTvaSi. Tavad imperiaSi am termins ad-ministraciuli terminis funqcia hqonda, magram misi gav-lenis qveS myof qveynebSi terminis Sinaarss gansazRvrav-da imdroindeli konstantinopoluri `centrizmi~ misi politikuri da kulturuli SinaarsiT. bizantiuri siv-rcis àRmosavleT~ periferiad aRiqvamen sakuTar qveye-nebs imdroindeli qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis avtor-ni. amisi TvalsaCino magaliTebi uxvadaa qarTuli agiog-rafiis, liturgikisa da himnografiis ZeglebSi99, aseve

(oTxmezuri 2010: gv. 277). 99 IX-X saukuneebidan moyolebuli àRmosavleTi~ qarTul wya-roebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba tao-klarjeTis qveynisa da Sem-dgom ukve mTeli saqarTvelos mimarT. araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs giorgi merCulesTan damowmebuli àRmosavalisa~ da `qar-Tlis~ identuroba mironTan dakavSirebul epizodSi (abula-Ze 1963: 290). aseve, mTawmindelebis `cxovrebebis~ uamravi maga-

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qarTul da somxur istoriografiaSi, xelnawerTa kolo-fonebSi100. politikuri da kulturuli azriT, qarTul

liTi sruli ueWvelobiT gvidasturebs, rom àRmosavleTi~ saqarTveloa, miuxedavad imisa, konkretul SemTxvevaSi av-tors mxedvelobaSi aqvs taos qveyana, dasavleT saqarTvelo, TrialeTi, javaxeTi Tu kidev romelime sxva provincia. mag., ìyo raÁ Tornik aRmosavleTs, mravalni fiCosanni da saxelo-vanni monazonni Camoitanna~; `...mas Jamsa, odes-igi aRmosav-leTs viyveniT...~; àra keTil ars, aRmosavalisa mefeTa dedaÁ (laparakia bagrat IV-is dedaze mariam dedofalze), raÁTamca sasarkinozeTs warvida~; ese obolni aRmosavleTs Semikrebi-an...~ da sxv. (abulaZe 1967: 49, 125, 144, 183). swored aseTi mniS-vnelobiT Sevida àRmosavleTi~ mefeTa da kaTalikosTa ti-tulaturaSic, miuxedavad imisa, qarTvel mefeTa iuridiuli uflebebi faravda Tu ara yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi mTel saqarTvelos. àRmosavleTis~ gadaazreba saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSi xdeba mogvianebiT, giorgi II-is droi-dan, roca titulaturaSi Cndeba binaruli wyvilebi àRmosav-leTi da dasavleTi~. aseTi wyvilebi mefeTa titulaturaSi marTlac gamoxatavs sisavses, `mTel samyaros~, razedac sa-marTlianad miuTiTebs g. alasania (alasania 2007: 15-21). amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom meTodologiurad gaumar-Tlebelia wyvileulebiT Sedgenili frazeologiis mniSvne-lobis dayvana mis Semadgenel elementebze. aseTma midgomam gamoiwvia giorgi II-is titulaturaSi Setanili `dasavleTis~ gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba, TiTqosda igi gamoxatavda bizantia-ze politikuri pretenziis gacxadebas (anTelava 1988-a: 97-116). `dasavleTis~ gaCena giorgi II-is titulaturaSi dakavSi-rebuli Cans kesarosis titulTan, romelsac giorgi II atareb-da (am tituliT moixsenieba igi ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweraze darTul sinodikonSi). XI saukunis bolomde bizantiaSi kesa-rosis tituls aniWebdnen imperatoris axlo naTesavebs (Скабаланович 1884:149). mag., imperatorma aleqsi komnenosma ke-sarosis tituli uboZa nikifore melisinoss, romelic misi dis qmari iyo (Анна Комнина 1965:107). mosalodnelia, rom gi-orgi II-s es tituli mieRo, rogorc bizantiis orgzis dedof-lis, marTa-mariamis Zmas da mefes, rac misTvis umaRles sapa-tio wodebas niSnavda da ar gulisxmobda realurad gazrdil politikur uflebebs. 100 somxur saistorio tradiciaSi àRmosavleTi~ ewodeba

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sinamdvileSi àRmosavleTi~ Tavdapirvelad taos qveya-nas ewodeboda, xolo saqarTvelos gaerTianebis kval-dakval, igi mTel saqarTveloze gavrcelda. am process asaxavs àRmosavleTis~ gadasvla bagration mefeTa da qarTlis kaTalikosTa titulaturaSi.

istoriul movlenaTa logikiT, saqarTvelos pir-veli patriarqis titulzec da misi kandidaturis Ser-Cevazec unda ezrunaT taos bagrationebs, SesaZloa, Tavad daviT kurapalats. cnobaTa ararsebobis gamo CvenTvis ucnobia, atarebda Tu ara patriarqis tituls melqisedekis winamorbedi kaTalikosi, magram danam-dvilebiT viciT, rom melqisedeki da misi momdevno io-ane oqropiri aseT tituls flobdnen. amave dros isic cnobilia, rom melqisedeki bagrat III-is `gazrdilad~ (SoSiaSvili1984: 27) moixseniebs sakuTar Tavs, rac niS-navs, rom igi taos umaRlesi aristokratiis (an sulac bagrationTa) warmomadgeneli da samefo Stos uaxloes vasalTa wridan iyo gamosuli.

mosalodnelia, rom aRmosavleTis kaTalikos-patriarqis titulis gaCena bagrat III-is mefobis sawyis wlebs ukavSirdebodes da misi pirveli matarebeli ka-Talikosi, msgavsad melqisedekisa, aseve bagrationTa vasaluri wridan yofiliyo gamosuli. am varaudis sa-fuZvels iZleva am periodis (skliarosis ajanyebidan barda fokas ajanyebamde 979-987 ww.) bizantia-saqar-

somxeTsac da saqarTvelosac. mag., aristakes lastiverteci, rodesac gadmoscems vaspurakanis mefe daviTis mier basili keisrisaTvis vaspurakanis samefos gadacemis ambavs, somxeTs àRmosavleTad~ moixseniebs: ìm droidan moyolebuli ho-romni batonoben aRmosavleTSi~ (lastiverteci 1974: 49); XIV saukunis erTi somxuri xelnaweris minaweris mixedviT, `...agaris naTesavisa da ismaitelTa mizeziT didi dedaqalaqi Teodosiopoli dacarielda....aseve gaudaburda aRmosavle-Ti, e.i. qarTvelTa qveyana, sadac bevri amowyda, sxvebi SimSi-lisagan daixoca...~(abdalaZe 1978: 24).

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Tvelos megobruli urTierTobebi. SemdgomSi daviT kurapalatis mimxrobam fokas ajanyebisadmi am urTi-erTobebs Crdili miayena, magram fokas ajanyebis Cax-Sobis (789) Semdeg daviTma imperators Sewyaleba sTxo-va da piroba daudo, rom misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Ta-vis samflobelos imperatoris saxelmwifos SeuerTeb-da101. rogorc iahia antioqeli iuwyeba, `basili mefem moiwona misi moqmedeba da daniSna igi kurapalatad102, gaugzavna mas Zvirfasad morTuli tansacmeli. daviTma Caicva igi da brZana, mis samefoSi basil mefeze elo-caT. [Semdeg ki] qarTvelTa kaTalikosi saxelmwifos sxva mraval didebulTan erTad mefis karze gagzavna. mefem maT titulebi Camouriga, mowyaleba uyo da isini daviTTan dabrundnen~ (cqitiSvili 1985: 115). wyaro ar miuTiTebs kaTalikosis saxels, amitom, marTlac, di-dia cduneba masSi melqisedek kaTalikosi vcnoT, ro-gorc amas cdilobs zogierTi mkvlevari103. cnobilia, rom basili keisari swored fokas ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg (989) gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli xelgaSli-lobiT. swored am dros dauriga man uamravi tituli da qoneba Tavis momxreebs (История Византии 1967: 220). araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom aseTTa Soris qarTlis

101 daviT kurapalatma, marTalia, bizantiisadmi daTmobiT qveyana darbevisagan ixsna (lorTqifaniZe1973: 481), magram SemdgomSi, giorgi I-is (1014-1027) dros, swored daviTis am `anderZis~ safuZvelze ganviTarda umwvavesi konfliqti sa-qarTvelosa da bizantias Soris. 102 iahia antioqieli aq cdeba, daviT taoelma kurapalatis tituli miiRo 979 wels, barda skliarosze gamarjvebis Sem-deg, SesaZloa, daviTis Semorigebis Semdeg keisarma isev ga-nuaxla mas kurapalatobis wyaloba. 103 daviT kurapalatis wargzavnilTa Soris moxseniebuli ka-Talikosi, v. goilaZis varaudiT, melqisedeki unda yofili-yo, romelic mcxeTaSi unda aRsaydrebuliyo 982 wlis axlo xanebSi, bagrat III-is qarTlSi gadmosvlis umal (goilaZe 2011: 32).

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kaTalikosic moxvedriliyo, magram Zalze saTuoa igi mainca da mainc melqisedek kaTalikosi yofiliyo104.

melqisedekis `dawerilis~ daTariRebasTan dakav-Sirebuli sakiTxebi araerTi gamokvlevis mizezi gam-xdara105. miuxedavad azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa, veravin auvlis gverds im qronologiur sayrdenebs, romlebic gamoricxavs sabuTis Sedgenas X saukunis miwuruls. aseTTagania bagrat III-is moxsenieba kurapalatis titu-liT, romelic bagratma 1001 wels miiRo, aseve sabuTis damamtkicebelTa Soris bagrat IV-is kurapalatad mox-senieba, rac SeuZlebelia 1031 welze adre vivaraudoT. sabuTis zeda qronologiuri zRvari SesaZlebelia 1033 wlamdec gaizardos, roca mcxeTis sakaTalikoso tax-tze zis ukve kaTalikosi ioane (berZeniSvili 1967: 243). swored am zeda qronologiuri zRvrebis arseboba uS-lis xels samecniero literaturaSi bolo xans gamoT-qmul mosazrebas, rom melqisedeki taxtze unda asuli-yo 982 wlis axlo xanebSi (goilaZe 2011: 34). Tuki gaviT-valiswinebT, rom saeklesio kanonebiT 29 wlamde piris kaTalikosad kurTxeva ar SeiZleboda, maSin Zalze gaZ-neldeba melqisedekis aRsaydrebis TariRad 982 wlis miCneva, radgan misi kaTalikosobis periodi arabuneb-rivad xangrZlivi (50 wlamde) gamodis.

amrigad, yvelaze realuria melqisedekis kaTali-kosobis periodi 1010-1031/1033 wlebiT ganisazRvros,

104 goilaZis SexedulebiT, 787 wlamde (fokas ajanyebamde) un-da Semdgariyo melqisedekis pirveli viziti bizantiis saimpe-ratoro karze sveticxovlis mSeneblobisaTvis daxmarebis saTxovnelad. misi msjelobiT, bagrat III-s naomar qarTlSi ar SeeZlo sveticxovlis SenebisaTvis saxsrebi gaeRo, man mxo-lod isRa moaxerxa, rom sveticxovels Seuvaloba uboZa, ase-Tive daxmareba gauwia Tbilisis amiramac (goilaZe 2011: 34). 105 melqisedek kaTalikosis `dawerilis~ gansxvavebul daTa-riRebebTan dakavSirebuli yvela mosazreba Tavmoyrilia zurab jamburias statiaSi (jamburia 1988: 105-112).

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rogorc es karga xania damkvidrebulia samecniero li-teraturaSi. sabuTis pirvel nawilSi, romelsac Tari-Rad 1020 weli uzis, arc Semdgom danamatSi, bizantias-Tan ukiduresad gamwvavebuli urTierTobis niSanwya-lic ar Cans. masSi CamoTvlilia kaTalikosisaTvis bi-zantiis keisrebisagan boZebuli wyalobebi, maT Soris basili keisris mier monaster kestorisa da 105 soflis boZebis faqti. rodis da ra viTarebaSi SeiZleboda ase-Ti wyaloba mieRo melqisedek kaTalikoss, maSin rode-sac bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierToba arc Tu megobruli iyo? rogorc cnobilia, taos eqspedi-ciis Semdeg (1001) basili keisari upiratesad bulgare-Tis saqmeebiT iyo dakavebuli da am dros saqarTveloSi mSvidobis garantia misTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo. savaraudoa, swored amitom Seecada basili keisari qarTlis kaTalikosis keTilganwyobis mopovebas.

mosalodnelia, rom melqisedek kaTalikoss basi-li keisrisagan wyaloba mieRo misi aRsaydrebis (1010) axlo xanebSi, bagrat III-is gardacvalebamde. bizantias-Tan politikuri urTierTobis daZabva zogadad ar ga-moricxavs bizantiuri politikis ormag standards sa-qarTvelos mimarT. Tu, erTi mxriv, bizantia saqarTve-los `urC~ mefeebs miwa-wyals arTmevda, meore mxriv, eklesiis mesveurebs ise eqceoda, rogorc sakuTar mo-xeleebs106 da maT uxv wyalobas urigebda. bizantiis swored amgvari politikaa melqisedekis sabuTSi asaxu-li, romlic `mwyalobelTa~ Soris sam imperators — ba-sili II-s (976-1025), konstantine VIII-s (1025-1028) da ro-manoz III-s (1028-1034) asaxelebs.

`aRmosavleTis patriarqis~ tituli qarTlis kaTa-

106 imperatorebis wyaloba ekuTvnoda personalurad melqise-deks, mxolod misi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, radgan bizantiis samarTali ar cnobda memkvidreobiT wyalobas. melqisedeki aq mxolod hyveba Tavisi qonebis warmomavlobis istorias.

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likosebs, erTi mxriv, avaldebulebda loialurebi yo-filiyvnen konstantinopolis mimarT, meore mxriv, swo-red maT utovebda saSualebas diplomatiuri gzebi eZi-aT bizantiasTan Cixuri urTierTobis gansamuxtavad. aseT konteqstSi sainteresoa, rom mcxeTis sabuTis da-mamtkicebelTa Soris ar Cans giorgi I-is mtkicebuleba.

niSandoblivia, rom XI saukunis meore naxevridan Ta-maris epoqamde `patriarqi~ qreba qarTlis kaTalikosTa titulaturidan, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs mosaz-rebas, rom igi marTlac konkretul lokalur garemoe-bebTan iyo dakavSirebuli da aramc da aramc ar gamoxa-tavda mis aRiarebas meeqvse msoflio patriarqis rangSi. XI saukunis meore naxevarSi bizantiam, antioqiis sapatri-arqos saxiT, sacilod gaxada ara Tu patriarqis tituli, aramed saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalurobac.

***

saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis msoflio patriarqTa Semdgom meeqvse patriarqad moxseniebis faqti Cvens wyaroebSi dokumenturad dadasturebulia kaxa Torelis 1260 wlis sabuTze darTul nikolaoz ka-Talikosis mtkicebulebiT minawerSi: `Cuenca, glaxaki qristes mier Semdgomad xuTTa patriaqTa da, upirve-les maTsa, zegardamo mosulTa, ubiwoTa, dedisa misisa ÃeliTa SeTelilisa kuarTisa, sauflosa mier suetis cxovelis meequse patriaqis da qristes mier yovlisa saqarTvelos kaTalikozi nikolaoz vamtkiceb...~ (SoSi-aSvili 1984: 155). amave minawerSi, pirvelad da erTader-Txel msgavs konteqstSi, mcxeTa (sveticxoveli) gato-lebulia ierusalimTan da antioqiasTan: `Semcvale-belni amisni iyavn krul, wyeul da SeCuenebul madliTa kaTolike eklesiisa da mun Sina aRmarTebulisa sueti-sa cxovelisa, da ierusalimisa da antioqiisada, RmerT-myofelisa mihronisa da kvarTisa saufloÁsa madli-Ta...~ (SoSiaSvili 1984: 155).

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Zneli warmosadgenia, rom monRolTa droindel moRvawes, nikolaoz kaTalikoss, yovelgvari winapiro-bis gareSe moexseniebina sakuTari Tavi am pativiT. aseTi TviTwodeba usaTuod unda damyareboda marTlmadideb-lur diptiqSi misi sapatio adgilis aRiarebas aRmosav-leTis eklesiis winamZRolTa mier, risi SesaZleblobac saqarTvelos da mis eklesias gauCnda winamaval epoqaSi gamorCeuli kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi winsvlis Sedegad. imdroindel qarTul eklesias unari Seswevda ukve sakuTar saganmananTleblo centrebSi ganeviTare-bina saRvTismetyvelo da sabunebismetyvelo codna, aRezarda ganswavluli RvTismsaxurni, mecnierebi da mwerlebi. maSindeli qarTuli literaturis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas warmoadgenda im tradiciu-li codnis Tvisobrivad gadamuSaveba, romelic saukune-ebis ganmavlobaSi iyo Semonaxuli adrindel saistorio da agiografiul mwerlobaSi, saeklesio tradiciaSi, xalxis istoriul mexsierebaSi. am saukuneebis istori-ografia da saeklesio mwerlobis Tematika, ZiriTadad, eTnikuri identobis sakiTxebs swevda win, riTac Tana-medroveTa Soris erovnul-sarwmunoebriv TviTSegnebas aRvivebda. es Tematika moicavda qarTveli xalxis winap-rebis, qarTuli saxelmwifos dafuZnebis, qarTuli enis gansakuTrebulobis, saqarTvelos eklesiis mociquleb-rivi warmomavlobis sakiTxebs. imdroindeli mwerloba asabuTebs wm. ninos mociqulTasworobas, RvTismSobel-Tan mis wilnayarobas, mis RvTaebriv misias; yuradRebas miapyrobs gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebuli wminda sag-nebis — qristes samsWvalTa, qristes kvarTisa da miron-mdinari svetis, xelTuqmneli xatis, wm. giorgis da sxv. saswaulTqmedebaTa mimarT. maTi egzegetikuri inter-pretacia `qarTvelTa naTesavis~ eTnikuri identobis gansakuTrebulobis dasabuTebas emsaxureba. msgavs sa-kiTxTa Sesaxeb msjelobas vxvdebiT `wm. ninos cxovre-bis~ perifrazul da metafrasul versiebSi, nikoloz

188

gulaberiZis, arsen bulmaisimisZisa da abuseriZe tbe-lis SemoqmedebaSi. am TxzulebaTa umetesobis Janruli specifika TavisTavad gulisxmobda msmenelis, eklesia-Si Sekrebili mrevlis damoZRvras, misi erovnul-kul-turuli cnobierebis amaRlebas. qristes kvarTi, rome-lic `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ adreul versiebSi siwmindis simboloa, nikoloz gulaberiZesTan igi ukve saRvTis-metyvelo kategoriaa. codna cxoveli svetis religiu-ri arsis Sesaxeb asaxuli iyo taZris ikonografiul programaSic, romelSic qarTveli eris `sazepuro~ mi-sia, nikoloz gulaberisZis sityviT: `amis samefosa erad sazepurod Semzadeba~ — ZvelaRTqmiseuli uflis winas-warganzraxulobis gamomxatvel `Zvel dReTas~ kompo-ziciaSi iyo CarTuli (CixlaZe 2010: 240).

amgvarad nasazrdoebi qarTuli feodaluri eli-tis TviTSegnebas zurgs umagrebda Zlieri qarTuli sa-xelmwifo, romelic uSualo mezoblebs da mTlianad winaaziur regions Tavis politikas karnaxobda. did sivrceze iyo ganfenili saqarTvelos kaTalikosis ka-nonikuri sazRvrebic — igi mfarvelobda mTeli kavka-siis qristian xalxebs da maT Soris qarTulenovan qristianobas nergavda. saqarTvelos eklesias saxels hmatebda ganswavluli maRali samRvdeloeba, romlis uTvalsaCinoes warmomadgenlebs mWidro kontaqti hqondaT qristianobis ucxour centrebTan da cnobil-ni iyvnen saerTaSoriso asparezze.

amgvari eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelebs, rasakvirve-lia, sruliad damsaxurebulad hqondaT mopovebuli maRali avtoriteti imdroindel marTlmadideblur samyaroSi. miT ufro, im fonze, roca mcire aziasa da bizantiaSi jvarosanTa gabatonebam Zalze Seasusta an-tioqiisa da ierusalimis marTlmadidebeli patriarqe-bis roli107.

107 antioqiis jvarosanTa samTavroSi (1098-1268 ww.) antioqiis

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sagareo da saSinao faqtorebis amgvarma Tanxvedram gaxada SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyro-beli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis diptiqSi msoflio pat-riarqTa Semdgom meeqvse sapatio adgilas yofiliyo mox-seniebuli. es niSnavda saqarTvelos uZvelesi eklesiis saerTaSoriso aRiarebas108, rac mxolod Zalas hmatebda imJamindeli msoflios marTlmadidebel eklesias.

monRolTa dapyrobebma da muslimTa poziciebis gaZlierebam axlo aRmosavleTSi Searyia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi Zliereba da saqarTvelos eklesia izolaciaSi moaqcia. magram misi sapatio statusi msof-lio eklesiaSi winandeburad iyo SenaCunebuli. ferara-

marTlmadidebeli patriarqis poziciebi im zomamde Sesus-tda, rom isini umeteswilad konstantinopolSi cxovrob-dnen, xolo Tavad antioqiaSi laTini patriarqebi isxdnen. 1260 wels monRolTa zegavleniT, romlebic siriaSi mamlu-qebs eomebodnen, boemund VI-m marTlmadidebeli patriarqi isev daabruna antioqiaSi, magram rogorc ki monRolebma si-ria datoves, patriarqi isev konstantinopolSi gaiqca. uke-Tes mdgomareobaSi arc ierusalimis patriarqebi iyvnen. mam-luqTagan Seviwroebuli ierusalimis patriarqebic konstan-tinopolSi poulobdnen TavSesafars. yovelive amas emate-boda mudmivi daZabuloba qristianuli aRmsareblobebis (monofizitebi, marTlmadideblebi, laTinebi) mimdevarTa Soris. aseT fonze saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi Tavi-si kanonikuri sazRvrebiT, samwysos sididiT da monoliTu-robiT, marTlac, rCeboda qristianuli aRmosavleTis yve-laze angariSgasawev figurad. 108 savaraudod, saqarTvelos kaTalikosebs amgvari aRiareba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobaSi jer kidev ar unda hqonodaT. am varaudis safuZvels iZleva Wyondidel-mwinobarTuxucesis Tanamdebobis SemoReba, rac mniSvnelovanwilad kaTalikosis funqciebis Seviwrovebas niSnavda. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis saerTaSoriso prestiJis gazrda umniSvnelo ga-remoeba ar iqnebida Sinaur brZolaSi Wyondidel-mwignobar-Tuxucesebis dasamcrobad, aseve, kaTalikosis mier saekle-sio da samoqalaqo mmarTvelobaSi mowinave poziciebis da-sabruneblad.

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florenciis krebaze (1438/1439) saqarTvelos eklesiis warmomadgenlebs kvlav meeqvse adgili ekavaT romis, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierus-limis warmomadgenelTa Semdeg (tabaRua 1984: 101)109.

***

XVI saukunis damlevs qarTlis kaTalikosTa titu-laturaSi vrceldeba axali formula: `yovlisa saqar-Tvelosa mamaTmTavarT mTavari / makurTxeveli~. zogi-erT dokumentSi es formula gaSlili saxiTaa wamodge-nili da dakonkretebulia qarTul samefo-samTavroTa CamonaTvaliT: `...qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, samcxe-saaTabago-sa makurTxeveli...~ (doliZe 1970: 489, 579, 596-597, 600, 620, 618, 626). sagulisxmoa, rom formula ibadeba swored im dros, rodesac qarTlis kaTalikosebs samcxe-saaTaba-goSi dakarguli hqondaT samwysoc da mamulebic, amas-Tanave, didi Zalisxmeva sWirdebodaT kaxuri mamulebis SesanarCuneblad. aseT pirobebSi SeumuSavebiaT kaTali-kosis wodebulebisaTvis uCveulo, feodal monarqTa wodebulebas mimsgavsebuli, magram istoriul realo-bas morgebuli formula. am formulaSi gamoixata qar-Tlis kaTalikosTa neba — eCvenebinaT saqarTvelos su-lieri da eklesiuri erTobis aRmatebuloba arsebul politikur realobaze. garda amisa, Seqmnil politikur viTarebaSi formula erTgvar istoriul arguments warmoadgenda iranis xelisufalTa winaSe, romelTac oficialurad unda daemtkicebinaT qarTlis kaTaliko-sebis Zveli uflebebi. iranis Sahebi qarTlis kaTaliko-sebs yma-mamuls umtkicebdnen, rogorc saeklesio feo-dalebs, magram saerTod ar exebodnen Sida saeklesio cxovrebas. XVIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ki, roca qarTl-

109 es sakiTxi da masTan dakavSirebuli wyaroebi dawvrilebi-Taa ganxiluli mitropolit anania jafariZis naSromebSi (jafariZe 2000: gv. 879, misive, 2010: gv.663-665).

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kaxeTSi osmalTa batonoba damyarda, bunebrivad dadga qarTlis eklesiis damoukidebeli arsebobis sakiTxi, radgan osmalebi qristianuli eklesiis mimarT iranisa-gan sruliad gansxvavebul politikas atarebdnen.

cnobilia, rom osmaleTis imperiis saeklesio po-litika mkveTrad sxvaobda konstantinopolis dapyro-bamde da konstantinopolis dapyrobis Semdeg. konstan-tinopols daipyrobamde osmalebi qristiani xalxebis keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad Semwynareblur, e.w. `is-TimaleTis~ politikas atarebdnen. am politikis yvela-ze efeqturi komponenti iyo marTlmadidebeli eklesi-is aRiareba misi yvela Zveli privilegiiT, riTac osmal-Ta xelisufleba advilad axerxebda saeklesio ierarqe-bis CarTvas imperiis mmarTvel elitaSi (Inalcik 1991: 411). konstantinopolis dapyrobis Semdeg ki viTareba mkveT-rad Seicvala — marTlmadidebeli xalxebi osmaleTma erT xalxad (`mileTad~) cno da yvela erTad konstanti-nopolis patriarqs dauqvemdebara. amgvari `saxalxo~ Zalaufleba konstantinopolis patriarqebma SesaniSna-vad gamoiyenes balkaneTis avtokefaluri eklesiebis ga-sauqmeblad da maT `gasaberZnuleblad~ (Smemani 2011: 351-352). konstantinopolis patriarqis xelqveiT aRmoC-ndnen aRmosavleTis uZvelesi sapatriarqoebi: antioqia, ierusalimi, aleqsandria da iseTi siZvelis avtokefa-luri eklesiac ki, rogoric iyo kviprosi (Inalcik 1991:409). konstantinopolis patriarqs daumorCiles osmalebma samcxe-saaTabagos eparqiebic, romelTa sam-wyso teritoriebs mTeli XVI saukunis ganmavlobaSi na-wil-nawil ikavebdnen. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, osmalTa ekonomikuri politikis wyalobiT, am mxareSi islamiza-ciis Seuqcevadi procesi mimdinareobda. rodesac osma-lebi qarTl-kaxeTs daepatronnen, am dros samcxe-saaTa-bagos eparqiebi katastrofulad iyo Semcirebuli, Tum-ca TiTo-orola eparqiam XVIII saukunis meore naxevram-

192

dec moaxerxa arsebobis SenarCuneba (abulaZe1989: 198-199; lomsaZe 1975: 300-302)110.

saqarTvelosaTvis am ukiduresad mZime saukuneeb-Sic ki, qarTlis kaTalikosebi TavianT titulaturaSi isev `samcxe-saaTbagos makurTxevels~ uwodebdnen sa-kuTar Tavs, magram, rodesac osmalebma aRmosavleT sa-qarTveloc daipyres, ara Tu saaTabagos, aramed qar-Tlis eklesiis damoukideblobac dadga safrTxis qveS. es safrTxe, xanmokle rom ar gamomdgariyo osmalebis batonoba (1723-1735), rasakvirvelia, sruliad realuri gaxdeboda.

imdroindelma politikurma moRvaweebma da, upir-velesad, qarTlis kaTalikosma domenti IV-m, ueWvelia, cxadad gaiazres, rom imxanad pirveli rigis amocana iyo qarTlis eklesiis avtokefaluri uflebebis dacva. 110 samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi nawili TorTomis CaTvliT, XVI saukunis pirveli naxevris dasasruls miitaca osmaleT-ma. aqaurma mosaxleobam erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi kidev moxerxa qristianobis SenarCuneba. XVII saukunis Sua xanebSi gadasaxdebis damZimebis Sedegad mosaxleoba iZulebuli gam-xdara islami mieRo ( davlianiZe 1976:250-252). XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, vaxuStis mixedviT, yofil samcxe-saaTabagoSi `aRaravin iyo qristiane, Tvinier glexTa, aramed iginica mcired samcxes, Tvinier javaxeTisa da umciresad SavSeTs, aWaras da artaans... (yauxCiSvili 1973: 736). 110 mosaxleobis nawilis gadinebasTan, nawilis gamahmadian-basTan erTad samcxe-saaTabagoSi eparqiebis raodenoba swrafad mcirdeboda. XVII Sua xanebis sulTnis erTi brZane-bulebis mixedviT mtbevar safariZes erTdroulad miuRia mawyverlobac da iSxnelobac (abulaZe 1983: gv.199). XVIII sau-kunis pirvel naxevarSi jer kidev moqmedebda xofis eparqia. igi gauqmda 1753 wels. 1740 wlis sulTnis firmaniT, erTi da igive piri iTavsebs iSxnelobas, mawyverlobas da safarel-mtbevrobas. 1780 wels gauqmebula xinowminda (lomsaZe 1975: 300-302). lazebis is nawili, romelic marTlmadideblobas kvlav inarCunebda, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos eqvem-debareboda da berZnulenovan RvTismsaxurebas ismenda (ba-waSi 1988: .4).

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es iyo domenti kaTalikosis umTavresi zrunvis sagani misi stambulSi xangrZlivad yofnis dros.

cnobilia domenti kaTalikosis stambulSi yofnis wlebi (1725-1727), misi urTierTobebi konstantinopo-lis patriarqTan, sulTnisagan `pativiT~ Sewyaleba da Semdgom gadasaxleba, magram ucnobia konkretulad ri-si mcdeloba hqonda kaTalikoss sulTnis karze da ra Sinaarsisa iyo is `pativi~, razedac vaxuSti iuwyeba: `misces pativi didi, umetesi patriarqTa da usmines yo-velnio~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: 508).

am kiTxvaze pasuxs gvcems erTi Tavnakluli da anonimuri istoriuli sabuTi (xec, Hd-14532), romelic moRweulia XIX saukuneSi gadawerili piris saxiT111. sa-buTis meore nusxa, romelic Tavis droze mari broses-Tan moxvedrila, amJamad inaxeba sankt-peterburgis aR-mosavleTmmcodneobis institutSi, romlis aRwerilo-ba mcire anotaciiTurT gamoaqveyna s. kakabaZem (Какабадзе 1967:165). sabuTis mcire fragmenti T. Jorda-nias Setanili aqvs `qronikebis~ II tomSi (Jordania 1897:453). T. Jordanias publikacia ucvlelad ganmeor-da`garejis istoriuli dokumentebis~ V tomSi (gare-

111 mari broses sabuTis mis xelT arsebuli piri dauTariRe-bia 1724 wliT (Brosset Introduction: CLVI-CLVII). Tedo Jordania, romelmac sabuTis yvelaze saintereso fragmenti dabeWda `qronikebis~ II tomSi (Jordania 1897:453), yovelgvari dasabu-Tebis gareSe mas aTavsebs 1638 wlis qveS. sabuTis daTariRe-bis sakiTxs Seexo s. kakabaZec. man ar gaiziara m.broses daTa-riReba da sabuTi daaTariRa 1590-1599 wlebs Soris arsebuli periodiT, roca iransa da osmaleTs Soris 1590 wels dadebu-li sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad qarTlic da kaxeTic os-maleTs darCa xelT (Какабадзе 1982: 165). T. Jordaniac da s. kakabaZec miuTiTeben sabuTis bolos berZnuli minaweris ar-sebobas. s. kakabaZe mas berZnuli dednis TariRisa da xel-rTvis damadasturebel gadamweriseul formulad miiCnevs (Какабадзе 1982: 166).

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jis dokumentebi 2008: 58)112. ramdenadac sabuTi anoni-muria da Tan uTariRo, zemodasaxelebuli avtorebi misi Sedgenis dros sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven.

sabuTis teqstidan irkveva, rom misi adresatia qarTlis kaTalikosi, romlis uflebebi unda daecvaT qarTlisa da kaxeTis faSebs. rogorc Cans, swored ami-tom daukavSira sabuTi brosem, da savsebiT samarTlia-nadac, qarTlSi osmalobis periods. T. Jordaniaseul daTariRebas (1638) araviTari dasabuTeba ar axlavs, xo-lo s. kakabaZem igi 1590 wlis iran-osmaleTis zavis Sem-dgom Sedgenilad miiCnia, roca qarTlic da kaxeTic mci-re xniT osmaleTis xelT aRmoCnda (Какабадзе 1982: 165). s. kakabaZiseul daTariRebas xels uSlis ramdenime gare-moeba: 1. sabuTSi qarTlisa da kaxeTis mmarTvelebad fa-Sebis mosxenieba. XVI saukunis miwuruls osmaleTs arc qarTlSi da arc kaxeTSi mefoba ar gauuqmebia da faSebi ar dausvams; 2. sabuTis TariRis dazustebisaTvis arse-bobs sxva sakontrolo masalac — sabuTSi sveticxovlis ganaxlebul mamulebs Soris dasaxelebulia `mtkvris pirs Sabadini~, romelic 1670 wels arCil II-m misi kaxeT-Si mefobis dros Seswira sveticxovels (anot. leqsikoni 1991: 229). amrigad, sabuTis Sedgenis qveda qronologiu-ri zRvari SeuZlebelia 1670 welze adreuli iyos. rac Seexeba zeda qronologiur zRvars, mas mkafiod adgens TviT sabuTis Sinaarsi — igi Sedgenilia qarTlsa da ka-xeTSi osmalTa113 mmarTvelobis dros.

112 sruli teqstis publikaciis ararsebobis gamo es uaRre-sad sainterso dokumenti didxans rCeboda mkvlevarTa yu-radRebis miRma. amJamad sabuTis sruli teqsti komentarebi-TurT gamoica 2015 wels `mravalTavis~ 24-e tomSi. 113 osmalTa mier Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg konstantine (mamad yuli-xani) kaxeTSi gaiqca da lekebis daxmarebiT Seecada ka-xeTi daecva osmalTagan. man lekebs qarTlSi saTareSod gza gauxsna, ramac osmalebic Seawuxa. usuf-faSas konstantine-saTvis SeuTvlia, rom sulTani mas daumtkicebda kaxeTs, Tu

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sabuTi Tematuri SedgenilobiT uCveuloa qarTu-li diplomatikisaTvis, radgan imJamindeli qarTl-ka-xeTis sakaTalikoso mamulebTan erTad aq dawvrilebi-Taa CamoTvlili qarTlis kaTalikosis kanonikuri da feodaluri uflebebi, dasaxelebulia maRali saekle-sio ierarqiuli xarisxebi, gansazRvrulia qarTlis ka-Talikosis samwyso Zvel, saqarTvelos erTianobis drindel sazRvrebSi samcxe-saaTabagos CaTvliT da iq-ve mocemulia qarTlis eklesiis avtokefalurobis da-madasturebeli vrceli istoriuli pasaJi. es ukanas-kneli Seexeba V-VIII saukuneebs da aRnusxavs im saekle-sio krebebs, romlebsac qarTlis eklesiisaTvis TviT-mwysobis ufleba miuniWebiaT. swored am krebaTa Soris aris CarTuli cnoba meeqvse msoflio krebaze qarTlis eklesiis sakiTxis ganxilvis Taobaze.

qarTlis eklesiisaTvis TviTmwysobis miniWebis istoria pasaJSi sam etapad aris warmodgenili: 1. vax-tang gorgaslis mier kaTalikosis `patriarqad~ ganwe-seba da misi damtkiceba antioqiis `pirvel~ krebaze (Vs. II nax.); 2. avtokefalurobis xelaxla damtkiceba kon-stantinopolSi meeqvse msoflio krebaze (VII s. bolo); 3. amave uflebis kvlav ganaxleba antioqiis krebaze (VIII s. Sua xanebi). amaTgan pirveli — gorgaslis droindeli kreba exmianeba juanSerTan dacul cnobas petre kaTa-likosisa da 12 episkoposis antioqiaSi gagzavnis Sesa-xeb, xolo mesame — efrem mciris `uwyebaÁSi~ citirebul `antioqiis xronografs~. rac Seexeba informacias meeq-vse msoflio krebaze qarTlis eklesiis TviTmwysobis

daexmareboda lekebTan brZolaSi, konstantine ar endo fa-Sas sityvebs da fSavs Seafara Tavi. 1729 wels konstantine iZulebuli gaxda osmalebis winadadeba mieRo da usuf-fa-SasTan gamocxadda beJanbaRSi. aq igi RalatiT mokles. amis Semdeg osmalebma yaraRajSi cixe aaSenes da kaxeTSi gabaton-dnen, mmarTvelad daniSnes isay-faSas Ze, usuf-faSa (yauxCiS-vili 1973:624-625).

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sakiTxis ganxilvis Sesaxeb, es sruliad axalia da, ro-gorc Cans, sabuTis Semdgenis mier mopovebuli an SeT-xzuli.

sabuTis teqstis Semdgeni mkafiod ganarCevs er-TmaneTisagan cnebebs~ `kaTalikosi~ da `patriarqi~. mxolod am ukanasknelSi debs igi avtokefaluri ekle-siis winamZRolis Sinaarss. ZiriTadad, sworadaa gad-mocemuli meeqvse krebis istoriuli realiebi — krebis iniciatorad dasaxelebulia konstantine — imperato-ri konstantine pogonati, magram krebis monawileebis CamonaTvali wydeba sityvebze `konstantines da sxva-Ta...~ (unda iyos: `giorgi konstantinopolisa patriaqi-sa da sxvaTa~, savaraudod, piris gadamweris Secdoma). Semdeg miTiTebulia qarTlis patriarqis samwyso te-ritoria sazRvrebisa da provinciebis CamonaTvaliT. teqstis es nawili uxvad Seicavs terminologiur da is-toriul-geografiul anaqronizmebs. sazRvrebi Seesa-bameba saqarTvelos erTianobis xanas, xolo geografi-uli nomenklatura Sereulia — ZiriTadi nawili sabu-Tis Sedgenis Tanadroulia, romelTa Soris aqa-iq gab-neulia Zveli saxelwodebebic.

dokumentSi dawvrilebiTaa aRnusxuli samcxeTo samflobeloebi ara Tu qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, aramed ar-zrumsa da samcxe-saaTabagoSi. istoriul-geografiuli nomenklaturis dasaxelebisas sabuTSi, marTalia, aRre-ulia sxvadasxva epoqis toponimebi, magram, Tu davuk-virdebiT, Cans, rom, rig SemTxvevebSi, provinciaTa is-toriuli da Tandrouli saxelwodebebi sagangebodaa dublirebuli. mag., `Cildiri, romel ars palakacio~, an: `zemo saqarTvelo, romel ars samcxe-saaTabago~. asevea aRreuli istoriuli da Tanadrouli toponimebi here-Tis provinciaTa CamonaTvalSi: alvania, Saqisi da Sirva-ni da a.S. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom sabuTis Semdgeni Segnebulad cdilobs Zveli da saxelwodebebi erTma-neTs Seufardos, Zveli axliT ganmartos, raTa adresa-

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tisaTvis ufro gasagebi gaxados, raoden Zveli uflebe-bi hqonda am miwebze qarTlis kaTalikoss.

miuxedavad amgvari anaqronizmebisa, mocemul pa-saJSi Setanili informacia, romelic, rogorc Cans, uc-xoeli adresatisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, mTlianobaSi srulad eqvemdebareba istoriul logikas da, amdenad, albaT naklebad iZleoda daeWvebis saSualebas.

xec, Hd-14532, fragmenti: rodesac gorgaslans mcxeTis wmida kaTolike da

samociqulo eklesia svetis cxovelzed aRuSenebia da kaTalikozi mas zedan patriarqad ganuwesebia da mas Se-uwiravs svetiscxovlisaTvin, da meeqvse krebaSi kon-stantine pogonatisa da kidev konstantines da sxvaTa, antioqiis krebaSic miuciaT samwysod da xelqveS tfi-lisi, zemo da qvemo qarTli, kaxeTi, alvania, Saqisi, Sir-vani darubandis zRvamde, darubandidam wamovliT mTis alagebi ovseTisa samzRvramdisin, sabaraTiano, somxeTi, taSiri, TrialeTi, javaxeTi... Cildiri, romel ars pala-kacio da imisi gareSamo anisi, imisi gareSamo da ialaTi, arzrumisa da saqarTvelos samzRvars iqiT, zemo saqar-Tvelo, romel ars samcxe-saaTabago, tao, fasiani, Tor-Tomi, olTisi, faneki, imisi gareSamo da ialaTi, liganis xevi, arTvini, SavSeTi, kola, klarjeTi, aWara, qobulia-ni da imisi gareSamo, axalcixe da awyuri... ovseTi sru-liad Cerqezis da svaneTis samzRvramdis ...~

fragmentSi xazgasmuliia kaTalikosis xeldasxmis ufleba maRal saeklesio ierarqebze — mTavarepisko-posze, mitropolitze, episkoposze, arqimandritsa da winamZRvarze. sabuTis avtori maTgan moiTxovs qar-Tlis kaTalikosisadmi upirobo morCilebas. ierarqTa-gan saxeldebiTaa gamoyofili mawyvereli da alaverde-li. es is ori episkoposia, romlebic cnobilni iyvnen qarTlis kaTalikosisadmi gansakuTrebuli urCobiT. maTi moxsenieba sabuTSi mianiSnebs, rom sabuTis Sedge-

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nis dros zustad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli qarTlis ekle-siis SigniT imJamad arsebuli specifikuri sirTulee-bi. sabuTis sruli teqstis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mocemuli istoriuli pasaJis daniSnuleba aris mxo-lod da mxolod qarTlis kaTalikosis kanonikur uf-lebaTa istoriuli safuZvlebis xazgasma da am safuZ-lebis SeqmnaSi konstantinopolis rolis Cveneba.

dokumentSi vrcladaa CamoTvlili sakaTalikoso yma-mamuli qarTlsa da kaxeTSi. aq laparakia sakaTali-koso mamulebis sagadasaxado imunitetze, calkea ga-moyofili kaTalikosisaTvis `sasjulo~ gadasaxadisa (niSan-sawiravis) da sakaTalikoso laSqris sakiTxebi.

amrigad, dokumentiT gansazRvrulia qarTlis ka-Talikosis samwyso teritoria saqarTvelos erTiano-bis droindeli masStabiT. sabuTis Sedgenis droisaT-vis samcxe-saaTabago ukve karga xnis inkorporirebuli iyo osmaleTis administraciul sistemaSi, magram, sa-buTis Semdgeni, Tavis mxriv, cdila osmaleTis xeli-suflebisagan mieRo maqsimumi — daerwmunebina igi sa-qarTvelos mimarT saeklesio politikis Secvlis auci-leblobaSi. anu, SeenarCunebina misTvis avtokefalu-roba, yvela Zveli privilegia (`isTimaleTis~ politi-kis modeli) da daebrunebina misTvis samcxe-saaTabagos jer kidev SemorCenili marTlmadidebluri eparqiebi. mTliani konteqstis mixedviT, swored am moTxovnis ka-nonierebis saCvenebladaa CarTuli sabuTSi istoriu-li pasaJi, romelSic, avtokefalurobis sxva mtkicebu-lebaTa gverdiT, Setanilia meeqvse msoflio krebis am-bavic. aq araferia Tqmuli eklesiis samociqulo war-momavlobaze, ris gamoc XI saukuneSi antioqiis sapat-riarqo pretenzias uyenebda qarTlis eklesias. samagi-erod, dasabuTebulia avtokefalurobis siZvele, meeq-vse krebis roli am saqmeSi da naCvenebia qarTlis saek-lesio ierarqiis sisrule. es is niSnebi iyo, romlebsac konstantinopolis sapatriarqo tradiciulad aniWeb-

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da upiratesobas114. rogorc Cans, qarTuli mxare iTva-liswinebda am garemoebas da osmalo xelisufalTa wi-naSe avtokefalurobis dasasabuTeblad ufro momgebi-an arguments arCevda. aseTad ki miuCnevia konstanti-nopolis meeqvse msoflio kreba, romelsac, ucnobi wyaros cnobiT, qarTlis eklesiisaTvis daumtkicebia TviTmwysobis ufleba da sruli saeklesio ierarqia. aseT informacias, sabuTis Semdgenis azriT, gansakuT-rebuli wona unda hqonoda konstantinopolis patri-arqisaTvis, romelic, faqtobriv, sulTnis moxele da misi nebis aRmsrulebeli iyo.

Tu istoriul movlenaTa logikas mivyvebiT, sabu-Tis Semdgeni sxva aravin SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara qarTlis kaTalikosi domenti IV. sabuTi iseTi dokumenturi si-zustiT asaxavs qarTlis kaTalikosis uflebebs, sam-flobeloebs da mis imJamindel mdgomareobas, rom, ro-gorc Cans, domenti kaTalikosma stambulSi Tan Caitana mis xelT arsebuli yvela saWiro dokumenti, maT Soris sakaTalikoso mamulebis, e.w. `sakanono~ sauravebisa da kaTalikosis sxva feodalur uflebebTan dakavSirebu-li sabuTebi. TavisTavad cxadia, amaT Soris ver mox-vdeboda cnoba meeqvse msoflio krebis Sesaxeb im ubra-lo mizezis gamo, rom masze imdroindel saqarTveloSi jer kidev araferi icodnen. rogorc Cans, es cnoba do-menti kaTalikosma Tavad moiZia (an SeTxza) stambulSi, saqarTveloSi ki mis Sesaxeb Seityves domenti kaTali-kosis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis (1739 w.) Semdeg.

114 radgan konstantinopolis sapatriarqos Tavad ar hqonda mociqulebrivi warmomavloba, amitom, arc sxva eklesiebs uyenebda igi amgvar moTxovnas avtokefalurobis dasasabu-Teblad. SesaZloa, amis gamo moiTxovda konstantinopolis sapatriarqo sxva eklesiebisagan ierarqiis sisrules. mag., somxebisaTvis konstantinopols mouTxovia 9 safexuriani saeklesio ierarqiis arseboba (kalankatuaci 1985: 129-130; sa-kiTxis Sesaxeb ix. aleqsiZe 2011:150.

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cnoba rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqosTanaa dakavSirebuli, amaze pirdapir miuTiTebs qarTvel is-torikosTaTvis kargad cnobili e.w. `martvilis xelna-weris~ minaweri, romelic pirdapir asaxelebs meeqvse msoflio krebaze analogiuri Sinaarsis cnobis wyaros. esaa `konstantinopolis taxtikoni~, romelSic, TiT-qos, ufro vrclad yofila gadmocemuli meeqvse msof-lio krebaze qarTlis kaTalikosisaTvis TviTmwysobis miniWebis ambavi: `rameTu esreT Sesaswavebel ars tax-tikonsa Sina kostantinepolisasa, viTarmed mas Jamsa wmida meequsesa krebasa kostantine poRonatisasa, da aRaTon romTa papissa, giorgi kostantinepolisasa da Teofane antioqelisasa da maTTana asocdaaTTa mamaTa-gan gapatiosnda kaTalikozi qarTlisa da yves mamaT-mTavrad da Tavisuflad da uflad yovelsa zeda saqar-Tvelosa. da merme kvaladve krebasa Sina antioqisasa ganTavisuflda da ganpatiosnda, rameTu arRaravisgan xelqveS ars, aramed Tavisufal da mamaTmTavari ars~ (xec, Q-92, 230 v).

es minaweri gvamcnobs, rom TiTqos meeqvse krebaze (681) qarTlis kaTalikosis `TavisuflobiT~ cnobis ga-dawyvetileba xelmeored ganuxilavT antioqiis kreba-ze (igulisxmeba Teofilaqte antioqielis droindeli (744-750) kreba, romelzedac iuwyeba efrem mcire)115.

115 `martvilis xelnaweris~ minaweris cnobebSi mxolod mcire uzustobebia daSvebuli meeqvse krebasTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli realiebis gadmocemisas, ris gamoc mas zogierTi qarTveli mkvlevari sruliad sarwmuno wyarod miiCnevs (go-ilaZe 1991a: 188-194). cxadia, araferia gasaocari imaSi, rom am teqstis Semdgenels (romelic, Cemi varaudiT, domenti IV ka-Talikosia), kargad scodnoda meeqvse krebis iniciatorebisa da monawileTa saxelebi. krebis amsaxvel istoriul reali-ebs zustad da mokled gadmoscems eqvTime aTonelic `mcire sjuliskanonis~ dasawyis nawilSi, magram misTvis sruliad ucnobia saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxis ganxilvis faqti am

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Tavad `martvilis xelnaweri~ zogadi arqeografi-uli monacemebiT XVIII saukunes miekuTvneba, magram sxva TxzulebebTan erTad masSi besarion orbeliSvilis an-tikaTolikuri Txzulebis moTavseba116 miuTiTebs, rom xelnaweri gadanusxulia ara uadres XVIII saukunis meo-re naxevrisa.

meeqvse msoflio krebis xsenebuli epizodi Seta-nilia `qarTlis cxovrebaSic~ CanarTis saxiT. mas ic-nobs baraTaSviliseuli, falavandiSviliseuli da da-dianiseuli nusxebi (yauxCiSvili 1955: 034). es is nusxe-bia, romlebSic CanarTebi XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSia Camatebuli. qarTvel swavlulebs es cnoba manamde rom hqonodaT xelT, mas aucileblad Seitandnen `qarTlis cxovrebis~ vaxtangiseul redaqciaSi, romelic, ro-gorc cnobilia, sagangebod saeklesio istoriis amsax-veli informaciiT ivseboda.

qarTlis cxovrebis CanarTi: `...qristes aqeT qnv (656) iqmna kreba meequse, ro

(170) wmidaTa mamaTa konstantinepolis Sina, meaTsam-metsa welsa poRonati kostantines mefobisasa, romli-sa winamZRuar iyvnes Teodore da giorgi xucesni da io-ane diakoni, adgilis-mcvelni aRaTon hromTa papisani, da giorgi kostantinepoleli, Teofane antioqeli. amis krebisa mier brZanes esreT wmidisa eklesiisa saqarTve-losaTÂs, romel ars wmida mcxeTa, raTa iyos swor pa-tiviTa viTarca wmidani samociqulo kaTolike eklesi-ani, sapatriaqoni. da iyos kaTalikosi qarTlisa swori patriaqTa Tana, da akurTxevdes, mwysides da ganageb- krebaze (giunaSvili 1972:1516). aseve araviTari miniSneba qar-Tlis eklesiis sakiTxis oficialuri ganxilvis Sesaxeb meeq-vse msoflo krebis aqtebSi daculi ar aris (Болотов 1918: 491-499). amitom dResdReobiT `konstantinopolis taxtikonis~ SesaZlo arsebobis sakiTxi mxolod Teoriis doneze rCeba. 116 besarion orbeliSvili Tavis Txzulebas qmnida XVIII sau-kunis pirvel mesamedSi.

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des simarTliT mTavarepiskoposTa, mitropolitTa da episkoposTa, da samwysosa TÂssa qarTlsa, gamoRma-gaR-ma kaxeTsa, Saqsa, Sirvans, da midgmiT wamovliT mTisa adgilisaTa, suaneTisa da Cerqezis sazRvramdis, sru-liad ovseTisa da yovelsa zemo qarTlsa samcxe-saaTa-bagosa. misTÂs migÂTvlia saqarTvelos eklesiani, mas hmonebden, da mis Ãel queSe iyvnen, da sjulsa missa er-Cden, da misgan imwyseboden.... xolo pirveliTgan anti-oqiis krebisa mier ganpationebul iyo, da am krebisa mi-er dagÂmtkicebia patriaqad, rameTu nu iqmnebin mitro-politi, nuca episkoposi kaTalikosisa Seundobrad. xolo ukeTu vinme ikadros kaTalikosisa winaaRdgoma, mTavarepiskoposman gina mitropolitman, anu episko-posman, anu daipyras xarisxi da eklesia ZaliT, kaTali-kosisa ukiTxavad da Seundobelad, anu ikurTxos mefe gina mTavarni, anu mTavarepiskoposni da mitropolit-epskoposni. ganikueTen. xolo odesca enebos Semzadeba da kurTxeva mironisa, akurTxos TÂssa eklesiasa~ (ya-uxCiSvili 1955: 232).

`martvilis xelnaweris~ minaweris, mcxeTis doku-mentis da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTis urTierTSeda-reba cxadyofs, rom mcxeTis dokumentis cnoba meeqvse krebis Sesaxeb emyareba CvenTvis ucnob `konstantinopo-lis taxtikonis~ informacias (moxseniebulia `martvi-lis xelnaweris~ minawerSi), xolo `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTi — uSualod mcxeTis sabuTs. `qarTlis cxovre-bis~ CanarTis avtori zustad ar imeorebs Tavis wyaros da mcired amoklebs mas. mag., sabuTSi qarTlis eklesiis avtokefaliis istoria iwyeba vaxtang gorgaslidan, xo-lo `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTSi — es monakveTi gamo-tovebulia, uTuod imis gamo, rom vaxtangis droindeli saeklesio ambebi `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ isedac aris moTxrobili117. sabuTTan SedarebiT, CanarTis avtors

117 vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli antioqiis krebis xsenebis

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nawilobriv Seumoklebia istoriul provinciaTa Camo-naTvalic. sabuTisa da CanarTisaTvis saerToa is sakiT-xebi, romlebzedac araferia naTqvami martvilis xelna-weris minawerSi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs kaTalikosis kano-nikuri uflebebis gansazRvra da maRali saeklesio ie-rarqebis CamonaTvali maTi ufleba-movaleobebis miTi-TebiT. orive teqstSi xazgasmulia ierarqTa valdebu-leba, xeldasxmul-iqnan mxolod qarTlis kaTalikosis kurTxeviT, Tumca, sabuTsa da CanarTs Soris am SemTxve-vaSic SeiniSneba gansxvaveba da aqcentebis mizanmimar-Tulad gadanawileba: Tu sabuTSi ierarqTa Soris sa-xeldebiT mawyvereli da alaverdeli arian moxseniebu-li, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ CanarTSi maTze araferia Tqmuli. samagierod, Camatebulia akrZalva rigiT epis-koposTa mimarT, ar ekurTxebinaT mefe-mTavrebi.

samive teqstis Sejerebam uCvena, rom cnoba meeq-vse msoflio krebis Sesaxeb qarTul wyaroebSi er-Tdroulad sami versiiT gavrcelda: pirveli — ganuv-rcobeli saxiT, rogorc SemorCa igi `martvilis xelna-weris~ minawerSi. meore — ganvrcobili saxiT, rogorc es mcxeTis sabuTSia. ganvrcobili versiiT usargeblia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Semavsebels da, Tavis mxriv, masSi mcire cvlileba Seutania.

Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `swavlulma ka-cebma~ araferi icodnen `konstantinopolis taxtiko-nis~ Sesaxeb, unda virwmunoT, rom igi marTlac stam-bulSi yofnis dros aris moZiebuli da iqve iqna Setani-li mcxeTis sabuTSi. amaze metyvelebs sabuTis diplo-matikuri aRnagobac — misi mravalTemianoba, struqtu-ra, gamoyenebuli frazeologia, sakiTxTa ukiduresi

gamo v. goilaZe `martvilis xelnaweris~ minawers da `qar-Tlis cxovrebis~ CanarTs sxvadasxva wyaroze damokidebu-lad miiCnevs, Tumca maTi Sinaarsobrivi da frazeologiuri siaxlove eWvs ar aRZravs (goilaZe, 1991a: 188-194, 174-175).

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detalizacia. am maxasiaTeblebiT sabuTi didad scil-deba qarTuli diplomatikis wesebs. kidev ufro uCveu-loa igi osmaluri dipolomatikisaTvis. yvelaze met siaxloves sabuTi amJRavnebs berZnul-bizantiur sabu-TebTan118. bizantiuri sakancelario wesebis gavlenaze metyvelebs sabuTis bolos moTavsebuli berZnuleno-vani minaweric, romelic warmoadgens aslis gadamRebis mowmobas dedanSi TariRisa da xelrTvis arsebobis Se-saxeb (Какабадзе 1967: 166 ). es minaweric miuTiTebs, rom sabuTi Targmnilia berZnuli enidan. Turqulad Sedge-nilad miiCnevs mas s. kakabaZe (Какабадзе 1967: 165 ), mag-ram radgan amgvari Sinaarsis sabuTi ver momzaddeboda konstantinopolis patriarqis gareSe, romelic mTavar figuras warmoadgenda sulTnis qristianul politika-Si, amitom, mosalodnelia, misi Tavdapirveli versia berZnulenovani yofiliyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aSkaraa misi dastruqtureba berZnuli sabuTebis diplomati-kuri wesebis Sesabamisad.

amjerad, SeuZlebelia sabuTSi gamoyenebuli wya-ros — `konstantinopolis taxtikonis~ — avTenturobis Sesaxeb raimes Tqma, magram faqtia, rom igi sabuTis Sem-dgenma sarwmunod miiCnia da sulTnis kancelariaSi ofi-cialurad warsadgenad gamzadebul dokumentSi Seitana.

XVIII saukunis Sua xanebSi am wyaros qarTveli swav-lulebic gaecnen da igi sarwmunod miiCnies. amis Sem-deg SeaqvT igi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ xelnawerebSi, rac iribad mianiSnebs, rom imdroindeli qarTveli istori-kosebi qarTlis eklesiis avtokefalurobis kanonikur niSnebs konstantinopolis sapatriarqos moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad ukeTebdnen koreqcias. mcxeTis sabuTis mi-xedviT, aseT moTxovnaTa Soris iTvleboda: 1. kaTali-

118 bizantiuri saeklesio sabuTebis vrceli, Tematurad mdi-dari da mravalricxovani nimuSebisaTvis ix. mag., ivironis aqtebi (ivironis aqtebi 2008).

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kosis kanonikur uflebaTa realurad ganxorcieleba misdami daqvemdebarebul yvela saeklesio olqSi (ris-Tvisac saqarTvelos samefoebad daSlis Semdeg qar-Tlis kaTalikosebs isedac mudmivad uxdebodaT brZo-la); 2. saeklesio ierarqiuli safexurebis sisrule, ri-si naklovanebac, rogorc Cans, qarTlis eklesiaSi Sei-niSneboda. kerZod, aq laparakia mitropolitis xaris-xze. qarTlis saeklesio ierarqiaSi, rogorc adreul Sua saukuneebsa da erTiani monarqiis dros, aseve daS-lilobis periodSi, mitropolitis xarisxi naklebad Cans. es viTareba gamowveuli iyo saqarTvelos istori-ul-geografiuli TaviseburebebiT, ramac Tavidanve gansazRvra rogorc saero, aseve saeklesio-teritori-uli administrirebis wesi119. XIV-XV saukuneebSi mitro-politis xarisxSi ayvanili iyvnen mxolod Tbileli episkoposi da axtalis winamZRvari. es ukanaskneli mas Semdeg, rac axtalis qalkedonituri monasteri (XIVs. meore nax.) eparqiad gadakeTda. axtalis mitropoliti mwyemsavda strategiulad mniSvnelovan da sakmaod mozrdil olqs — debedis xeobis qarTul mosaxleobas da somex qalkedonitebs (berZeniSvili 2005: 212). amitom somxiTis mitropolits uaRresad sapatio adgili ekava samefo darbazSi — igi ijda Wyondidlis Semdeg ~natiTa da baliSiTa~ (doliZe 1965: 48)120. ferara-florenciis

119 romaul/bizantiuri samitropolito kaTedrebi warmoiSva imperiis vrceli olqebis centralur qalaqebSi. mitropo-lits Tavis mxriv ramdenime eparqia eqvemdebareboda. saqar-Tvelos eTnikur sazRvrebSi samitropolito kaTedrebis realuri aucilebloba ar arsebobda. am sakiTxs yuradReba eqceva mitropolit a. jafariZis naSromSi( jafariZe 2010: 674-678). 120 axtala sawinamZRvro samitropolito kaTedrad, d. berZe-niSvilis safuZvliani varaudiT, gadakeTda giorgi brwyinva-lis mefobaSi (berZeniSvili 2005: gv. 212). somxiTis mitropo-litis samwysos, vaxuStis mixedviT, Seadgenda `xunani, gar-dabani da berdujisa mdinare~ (yauxCiSvili 1973: gv.309-310).

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krebaze aleqsandre dids sxva pirebTan erTad somxi-Tis mitropoliti warugzavnia (yauxCiSvili 1973: 281, sq.1). XVI saukuneSi somxiTis samitropolito moiSala da samefo darbazSi misi sapatio adgili levan kaxTa me-fes alaverdelisaTvis miukuTvnebia, (doliZe 1965: 400), Tumca mas im dros mitropoliti ar ewodeboda.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi mitropolitad ixseniebian mxolod Tbileli da rus-Tveli (doliZe 1965: 360). sxva mitropoliti qarTlis eklesiam, vidre XVIII sakunis 40-ian wlebamde, ar icis. rogorc Cans, qarTlis saeklesio ierarqiaSi mitropo-litebis nakleboba imdenad seriozul xarvezad iyo aR-qmuli, rom XVIII saukunis 40-iani wlebidan, rogorc ki odnavi mSvidoba damyarda, Teimurazisa da erekles mi-er kaTalikosTan erTad gacemuli sagangebo aqtebiT qarTlisa da kaxeTis araerTi eparqia samitropolito kaTedrad gardaiqmna. am dros akuTvneben an uaxleben mitropolitis xarisxs mrovels, Tbilels, ninowmin-dels, nekresels, bodbels, wilknels (doliZe 1965: 395, 409, 536, doliZe 1970: 753, 773, 754, 835 ). saukunis bolos mitropoliti gaxda alaverdelic, romlis pativi an-ton meorem SeiTavsa (doliZe 1970: 974). aseT sabuTebSi miTiTebulia xolme samitropolito kaTedris istori-uli roli da damsaxureba, raTa mis axal statuss meti damajerebloba Semateboda. amrigad, XVIII saukunis meo-re naxevarSi samitropolito kaTedrebis momravleba sruliad mizandasaxuli procesi Cans, rac, imdrondel moRvaweTa gagebiT, qarTlis eklesiis avtokefaluro-bis srulfasovan warmoCenas isaxavda miznad.

somxiTis vrceli eparqiis mwyemsmTavars mitropolitis wo-deba, mosalodnelia, somxuri saeklesio administraciuli nomenklaturis zegavleniT miekuTvna. mag., erTiani saqar-Tvelos farglebSi amave regionSi axtalis mezoblad mdeba-re axpats metropolia ewodeboda (meliqseTbegi 1928: gv.42).

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qarTlis eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan mierTebis Sem-

deg kvlav daisva qarTlis eklesiis avtokefalurobis sakiTxi. erTmorwmuneoba, ramac metwilad gansazRvra saqarTvelos politikuri arCevani ruseTis sasargeb-lod, ruseTma rusifikatoruli politikis gasatareb-lad gamoiyena. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTis mmar-Tvelobis SemoRebis pirvelive wlebidan cxadi gaxda, rom imperia ar apirebda qarTlis eklesiisaTvis TviT-mwysobis uflebis SenarCunebas. qarTuli eklesia qar-Tulenovani RvTismsaxurebiT, erovnuli mwerlobiT, erovnuli wmindanebis kultiT, qarTuli skoliT da sa-zogadoebaze zegavlenis maRali xarisxiT seriozul zegavlenas axdenda erovnuli cnobierebis formireba-ze da aferxebda rusifikaciis gegmas. swored amitom ruseTis yoveli axali mTavarmarTebeli (cicianovi, gudoviCi, tormasovi) sxvadasxva kuTxiT utevda qar-Tul eklesias — maT Soris piradad kaTalikos anton II-s. dawesda umkacresi kontroli kaTalikosis kanoni-kur saqmianobaze — mTavarmarTebelTan SeTanxmebis ga-reSe mas CamoerTva maRali samRvdeloebis xeldasxmis ufleba, SeezRuda saeklesio marTlmsajulebis moTa-veoba da es saqme gadaeca dikasterias — saeklesio sasa-marTlo organos.

antonis drosve daiwyo rusulma xelisuflebam eklesiisaTvis mrevlTan urTierTobis umTavaresi ia-raRis — qarTuli enis Seviwroveba. anton kaTalikosi rusuli mrevlisaTvis qaSveTis eklesiaSi kviraobiT da sazeimo dReebSi wirva-locvas rusul enaze atarebda, magram mTavarmarTebeli tormasvi amas aRar dasjerda da kaTalikosisagan qaSveTis eklesiaSi qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis saerTod gauqmeba da iq momsaxure mRvdlebis daTxova moiTxova. amaze kaTalikosma mTa-varmarTebels uari SeuTvala. am ambis Semdeg anton ka-

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Talikosis mizanmimarTuli diskreditacia Riad daiw-yes. am mizniT iyenebdnen uRirsi pirebis moqrTamvas da intrigis qselis xlarTvas (bubulaSvili 2002: 27-29). ma-Sin wauyenes kaTalikoss SeTiTxnili braldeba mcxeTis mamulebis ganiavebis Sesaxeb. kaTalikosis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes yovlad uRirsi pirovneba — Tbileli mit-ropoliti arseni, romelmac antonis sawinaaRmdego cilismwamebluri werili gaugzavna ruseTis impera-tors. pasuxad imperatorma kaTalikosi antoni peter-burgSi meored `miiwvia~ (pirveli miwveva man miiRo 1809 wels, razedac antonma avadmyofobis momizezebiT uari SeuTvala). amjerad kaTalikoss uari aRar gauvida (bu-bulaSvili 2002: 59-60).

1810 wlis 3 noembers kaTalikosma anton II-m uka-naskneli wirva Caatara sveticxovelSi da samudamod gamoeTxova Tavis samSoblos (bubulaSvili 2002: 60).

jer kidev 1808 wels Camovida saqarTveloSi ru-seTSi ganswavluli episkoposi da wm. sinodis wevri varlam erisTavi, romelsac ruseTis xelisufleba qar-Tlis eklesiis momaval winamZRolad amzadebda (bag-rat batoniSvili 1441: 110).

anton kaTalikosis ruseTSi gawvevis Semdeg qar-Tlis kaTalikosis instituti gauqmda, qarTlis ekle-sia ruseTis wm. sinods daeqvemdebara, xolo adgilob-riv saeklesio saqmeTa gasaZRolad egzarqosi dainiSna. pirveli egzarqosi varlam erisTavi iyo, xolo mis Sem-dgom yvelani erovnebiT rusebi iyvnen.

peterburgSi Casuli kaTalikosi Tavdapirvelad imedovnebda, rom mas ukan daabrunebdnen, ris gamoc 1811 welis 21 maiss imperators TxovniT mimarTa. Txo-naSi mkafiod iyo Camoyalibebuli qarTlis eklesiis ZvelTaZveli avtokefaluri uflebebi, magram, cxadia, kaTalikosis Txovna amao gamodga. 1811 wlis 10 ivniss qarTlis uZvelesma avtokefalurma eklesiam arseboba Sewyvita. es iyo Zaladobrivi aqti, ganxorcielebuli

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saqarTvelos eklesiis winaaRmdeg saeklesio kanonebis sruli ugulvebelyofiT.

mxolod saukunis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 12 marts, qar-

Tveli samRvdeloebis saukeTeso nawilma, romelic `av-tokefalistebis~ saxeliT Sevidnen saqarTvelos isto-riaSi, sazogadoebis farTo mxardaWeriT, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia aRdgenilad gamoacxada.

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Abstract

The present work is dedicated to the eparchy of cathalicoses of Mtskheta – `Mtskheta House~, as it was called in medieval Georgia. `Mtskheta House~ played quite a special historical role in statehood and social life of Georgia. Formation of Mtskheta eparchy starts in 326 with official recognition of Christianity in the Kingdom of Kartli.

The same year the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral was built in Mtskheta, capital of the Kingdom of Kartli. This cathedral is one of the oldest among Christian churches. It was built immediately after conversion of King Mirian in the royal garden, where, according to `Moqtsevai Kartlisai~ (`Conversion of Kartli~), Lord’s robe was buried by Judean Christians of Mtsketa. Through merging of these two sacral elements, royal garden and Lord’s robe, new chronotope appeared in the history of Kartli, from where recording of new Christian time starts. The history of Kartli conversion preserves knowledge of Judean Christians of Mtskheta about Lord’s robe, which is originally adapted to the local pagan thought about the Tree of Life. Name of the Cathedral `Sveti Tskhoveli~ (`Pillar of Life~), the same Life-giving Pillar, which has become a main symbol of Georgian Christianity – the medieval Georgian literature has more than once turned to search for its theological essence.

Svetitskhoveli has become a cathedral of eparchy of cathalicoses in the second half of V century, when Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Kartli, masterfully made use of Bizantium-Iran confrontation for domination in Caucasus and established power of cathalicoses in Kartli. In the 30s of VI century, on the permit from Byzantium, the throne of cathalicoses in Kartli is occupied by nobles of Mstkheta instead of Greeks, with which the process of nationalization of Kartli church ended. On the support of royal power and cooperation with it, in the background of political and religious confrontation of Byzantium-Iran, cathalicoses of Kartli consistently conduct the official (Calcedonian) religious course of Byzantium, which has

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finally determined cultural self-awareness of Georgian people and political orientation of the State of Georgia.

Successful statehood policy, conducted in the reality of Georgia, was always based on agreed activity of secular and religious branches of government, which was being fulfilled in conditions of strong centralization in the society organized on the feudal rule. But to form such conditions was not always possible. This, first of all, was impeded by outer power, and then inner structure of the Georgian feudal society itself, the vital impulses of which always nourished the tendencies of decentralization. That was why, in medieval Georgia only powerful and uncompromising monarchs managed to strengthen the secular power together with the church authorities having such traits. In the society of Kartli (of Georgia, in the period of unification), structured on the rule of suzerain-vassal relations, monarchs always interfered into selection of candidacies for cathalicoses – they were mostly the representatives of feudal families loyal to the royal power.

But other church hierarchies were also of the same feudal-aristocratic origin, which inherited eparchy cathedras and introduced the elements of feudal anarchy into the church. Such tradition, established in the Early Middle Ages, in XI century, became an inhibiting factor at the new stage of struggle for unified Georgian monarchy. In that period incapability of church became evident to reach consolidation of feudal society around king’s figure. Cathalicos’ institute failed to arrange the issues, demanded by the political union of Georgia from the church representatives. This was intensified by destructive role of Byzantium, which did not want existence of strong monarchy on the territory of Georgia. The raids of Turk-Selchuks in the end of XI century formed danger to existence of the State of Georgia in general. These events incurred great material and moral harm to the church organization. The church lost the function of moral leader of the society. To improve the situation King David IV Aghmashenebeli (the Builder) made the

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principle of cooperation between royal power and the church closer to the model of Byzantine symphonism, but unlike Byzantium, where in church affairs emperor relied on Patriarch of Constantinople, David Aghmashenebeli curtailed the rights of cathalicos to much extent and for supervision over the church affairs introduced the new position of Chkondidel – mtsignobartukhutsesi (similar to European Chancellor). Among many other functions of Chkondidel-mtsignobartukhutsesi (he was second official person after the king), he was commissioned to control the church and conduct justice. Such change was demanded by internal structure of the Georgian society, very different from Byzantium, and which itself had strong influence on the church.

The position of Chkondideli-mtsignobartukhutsesi had existed at full value over more than a century and facilitated establishment of justice in the country, increase of education level, return of church within the church laws and, finally, building of the state.

But the position of Chkondidel-mtsignobartukhutsesi diminished the role of cathalicos and Mtskheta House in the state policy, due to which first hidden, then open conflict appeared between Mtskheta cathalicoses and Chkondidel-mtsignobartukhutseses. The conflict ended first in weakening and then full abolishment of Chkondidel-mtsignobartukhutsesi’s position, which was one of the expressions of royal power weakening. After that, cathalicoses of Georgia and Mtskheta House regained the function of real leader of the church.

Cathalicos of Georgia, with seat in Mtskheta, simultaneously was head of the church hierarchy and also owner of vast and well-organized church senioria. Mtskheta inherited ownership of numerous land plots, well-arranged administration, justice system and chatalicos’ army. Unlike other eparchies, Mtskheta lands were not compactly located. Mtskheta estates were scattered in different corners of Georgia – Kartli, Kakheti, Hereti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, and Kvemo Kartli. Mtskheta estates achieved special scales in the period of powerful united Georgia (XI-XIII). In that period North

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Caucasus Christian communities were under canonical and feudal subjection as well. Territorial policy of Mtskheta eparchy served the idea of royal power centralism. In the periphery and borderline zones Mtsketa House multiplied the contingent loyal to royal power, which it used against feudal separatism in places.

The lands of Mtskheta eparchy kept increasing at the expense of donations from royal and private persons. Mtskheta also possesed purchased estates, but their share was incomparably small compared with donated estates. Origin of the property had an impact on the meaning of ownership and legal regime. If purchased estates were private property of church, the donated property was owned by it on condition of inherited beneficium.

Care of royal power over Mtskheta eparchy was expressed in abundance of donated serf-estate and in granting it the wide taxation immunity. Such immunity provided economic sustainability and independence of inner activities of the eparchy. In certain periods of time Mtskheta kept losing, completely or partially, its immunity rights. For example, Mtskheta villages under Arab ownership (second half of VII – X cc) were being taxed, but during the Mongol rule (second half of XIII – first quarter of XIV cc) Mtskheta taxation immunity was renewed, which formed comparatively better condition for it in the common economic hardships.

In addition to donations from kings, Mtskheta received numerous donations from the private persons as well. The documents vividly show how generous the Georgian feudal rank was to Mtskheta Cathedral that promoted accumulation of numerous immovable and movable properties within centuries.

Svetitskhoveli was a burial-ground for kings, other members of their families and cathalicoses. Royal persons in their lifetime were founding their own niches (chapels) and determined the volume of prayers to be served there and calendar days for agape meals. By not full information, we have at our disposal, more than 40 niches acted uninterrupted only in the XIV-XVI centuries. They were served by

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their own church staff. They were responsible for organization of the liturgy and agape meals in the name of donators. Such meals were a necessary component for feeding the poor, which attached them peculiar charity function.

Kartli Cathalicos governed Mtskheta vast eparchy through the central administration staff, which was called `Mtskheta House~, and the officials of this staff – `Mtskhetishvilebi~ (Children of Mtskheta). Their amount traditionally was 12 and each of them received 1/12 of total Mtskheta income in the form of wages. The positions, connected with church services, missionary activities, justice, eparchy farming, finances, and military obligations, were distributed among Mtskhetishvilebi.

Socially Mtsekhetisvilebi belonged to church noblemen (vassals), which inherited the position and estate – beneficium. To appoint (`to pardon~) any person as Mtskhetishvili was a prerogative of cathalicos, but to approve their appointment was the right of a king. Mtskhetishvilebi formed a separate corporation; their legal and economic space did not expand beyond Mtskheta estates, and hierarchically was subject to king and cathalicos. Mtskhetishvilebi traditionally were educated persons, had knowledge of theology, law, medicine, and were aware of farming.

In the second half of XV century the process of Georgia’s disintegration became irreversible. This process was nourished by both external and internal factors – fall of Byzantium and condition of the state being within hostile Muslim environment. Incessant defensive wars, stagnation of feudalism and break from epochal innovations, cultural isolation, decline of school education, delay of theological thought – all this was painfully reflected on the condition of the Georgian church. From the 60s of XV century in Georgia, separated into three kingdoms and three principalities, the estates of Mtskheta eparchy turned out to be scattered within the borders of three political units: Kartli, Kakheti and Samtskhe-Saatabago. Feudal separatism kindled regional consciousness and it penetrated into the

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church as well. In such condition the main task for cathalicos’ eparchy became preservation of the church unity. `Political geography~ of Mtskheta eparchy, which earlier was one of the protecting mechanisms for statehood unity of Georgia, maintained contours till the end of XVI century through the great efforts of cathalicoses.

Kartli cathalicoses had to fight most hard against the princes of Samtskhe-Saatabago, which tried to remove Samtskhe church from the Mtskheta canonical space. Separatist wishes of Samtskhe atabags (heads of Samtskhe-Saatabago principality) were well used by Antioch patriarchs, which, through gross violation of church laws and avoiding Kartli Cathalicos, gave blessings to Atskuri bishops that they should ordain other local bishops of Saatabago. Kartli cathalicoses conducted irreconcilable struggle with every possible means against such arbitrariness. With every means at their disposal – cursing of the disobedient, and mobilizing devoted contingent – they managed to preserve long impact on Saatabago.

From XVI century it became a problem for Mtskheta to defend Kakhetian estates. In that period kings of Kakheti, in dispute cases always supported Mtskheta, but from XVII century, due to worsened political situation, Mtskheta keeps losing numerous estates.

From XVII century till second half of XVIII century East Georgia was mostly within the political orbit of Iran. In that period the church of Kartli faced great distress. The country was destroyed due to frequent wars, the population – driven away and scattered, churches – robbed.

Feudal elite experienced strong influence of Muslim customs and rules. Though shahs of Iran granted and approved the feudal rights to Mtskheta House on already reduced estates, but this gave them less rights to have cultural and moral influence on the society. Kartli cathalicoses, serving in those centuries, mostly tried to restore the church estates destroyed by wars, to repair ruined churches, among

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them Svetitskhoveli, to arrange its library and archives, to purchase church stock, etc.

As for educational activity, its revival was managed in the first decades of XVIII century under the guidance of King Vakhtang VI and Cathalicos Domenti IV. In that period the Code of Kartli Law was renewed, continuation of `Kartlis Tskhovreba~ (`Life of Kartli~) was written, Georgian printing house was founded, in which printing of theological books and textbooks started, but soon this process was suspended in result of raids of Ottomans in Kartli. It resumed in the second half of XVIII century under the guidance of Cathalicos Anton I. Anton I was church figure of a new type, who managed to break through long cultural isolation and to introduce theological and philosophical knowledge, new for the then Georgia, into the training programs of newly opened seminaries. Anton I awakened interest of Georgian youth in philosophical and scientific thinking, which, considering the demands of the contemporary epoch, was inspired by the perspective of Georgian society development.

The present work also tackles the problematic issues of canonical rights of Mtskheta Cathalicos. The first Cathalicos of Mtskheta was sanctified in Antioch as a sign of Mtskheta being in canonical subjection to Antioch. At the early stage of national churches formation, permanent contacts with patriarchate centers meant for the church, supporting the religious course of Byzantine, integration into common cultural and legal space. One of the expressions of such contact was travel of Mtskheta cathalicoses to Antioch for sanctifying. But these relations were impeded in the periods of regional wars and religious disagreement. In the regions of Asia Minor in the end of VI century and nearly whole VII century frequency of wars promoted growth of Mtskheta canonical independence. Sanctifying of Mtskheta cathalicoses took place then locally already. In mid-VIII century Patriarchate of Antioch fully acknowledged autocephaly rights of Kartli church, but in XI century the same patriarchate started again the dispute about autocephaly of

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Church of Georgia. That’s why the issue of autocephaly of Georgian Church was intertwined with the issues of political unity and national originality of Georgia. Claims of Antioch Patriarchate against autocephaly of Georgian Church were substantially criticized by XI century Georgian theologians – Giorgi Mtatsmindeli and Eprem Mtsire (Ephrem the Assyrian), based on Greek sources again. Further on, in XII-XIII centuries Georgian scholars enriched and strengthened more the argumentation on apostolic origin of Georgian Church and sacral-symbolic meanings of its main sanctity – Christ’s robe. Existence of these arguments removed the basis of any doubt against autocephaly of the Church of Georgia. In the same centuries, growth of international importance of the State of Georgia and authority of the Georgian Church forms the term for attaching the title of sixth world patriarch to Cathalicos-Patriarch of Georgia in the Orthodox Church diptych. He used this status at the Ferrara-Florence meeting.

After fall of the Empire of Byzantium the issue of autocephaly of the Georgian Church was no longer raised before Orthodox patriarchates, but in 1723, when Kingdom of Kartli was occupied by Ottomans, it became actual again to substantiate autocephaly. This time, the Church of Kartli proves legality of its autocephaly rights to Patriarchate of Constantinople, to which was submitted the fate of Orthodox churches in the Ottoman Empire. With the indirect data at our disposal, protection of the rights of Georgian Church was shouldered by Cathalicos Domenti IV, who in 1724 was called to Istanbul. A new argument appears in the Georgian sources in regard to this event about granting autocephaly to the Church of Kartli at the sixth world meeting. At the official level, the Church of Georgia had no time to use this argument, because Cathalicos Domenti IV was exiled in 1727, on the order of Sultan, from Istanbul to the island, and the rule of Ottomans itself ended in East Georgia in 1735.

In the beginning of XIX century, after the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti joined Russia, the Georgian Church, with church services in

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Georgian, national literature, cult of national saints, Georgian school and high degree of influence on the society, impeded implementation of the `russification~ plan of the Russian Empire. Just because of this St Synod of Russia decided to abolish autocephaly of Kartli Church. In 1811 Cathalicos Anton II was called by the Russian government to St Petersburg and the position of exarch was introduced to lead the church affairs.

Co-religious Russian Empire deprived one of the oldest churches of Christian world off the status of autocephaly church by forced act and full disregard of the church laws.

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Semoklebebi:

xec: xelnawerTa erovnuli centri sea: saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi Ar.Tur: saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis Turquli doku-mentebis fondi spbai: sankt-peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis insti-tuti

237

pirTa da dinastiur saxelTa saZiebeli abasianebi 82 abaS siqanelisZe 90 abaSiZe z. 56,60,155 abdalaZe a. 44,62,80,182 abibos nekreseli 22,35 abramiSvili g. 41,78 abraham qarTlis kaTalikosi

70,71 abraham abalaki, qarTlis-

kaTlikosi 81 abulaZe i. 11,12,16,17, 21,32,

38,40,46,47,50-53,71-75, 77,126,136,137,167, 169,171,172,180

abulaZe c.111,192 abuseriZe tbeli 188 abul-kasimi 47 adarnase erismTavari 38, 40,

41 av-giorgi kaxeTis mefe 138 alasania g. 28,32,37,40,43,181 aleqsandre I saqarTvelos

mefe, `didi~ 85-87, 138, 149, 150

aleqsandre I kaxTa mefe 88,138,144

aleqsandre II kaxTa mefe 81,92,96

aleqsi komnenosi 181 aleqsiZe z. 23,30,32,36-39,50,

77,165-167,199 ambrosi nekreseli 123 amilbar maRalaZe 144 anastasi — antioqiis patri-

arqi 163

anastasiusi — bizantiis impe-ratori 36

andria pirvelwodebuli 166 andronikaSvili m. 147 anTelava i. 55,56,64,66,181 anton II qarTlis kaTalikosi

123-124,151,207,208 anton I qarTlis kaTalikosi

112,117-123,144 anton glonisTavisZe 62,65,67 arvanbeg sabaisZe 83,149 ariesi 134 aristakes lastiverteci 182 aristotele 122 arsen bulmaisimisZe 187-188 arseni Tbileli mitropoli-

ti 208 arseni mamaTmTavari 174 arCil qarTlis mefe (V s.)

16,26,27,74,147 arCil mefe, vaxtang V-is Ze

104,105,106,138,194 arCil mefe, stefanoz II-is Ze

41-43,78,170 asaT patriarqi 173,174 aRaTon romTa papi 200,201 aRa mahmad-xani 124 aRvsebasZeebi 150 aSot IV kurapalati 175 aSuSa pitiaxSi 136 bagrat IV saqarTvelos mefe

52.53,181,184 bagrat V saqarTvelos mefe

138,149 bagrat II magistrosi 175

238

bagrat III imereTis mefe 152 bagrat III saqarTvelos mefe,

kurapalati 52,128, 182-184

bagrat-xani 99 bagrationi/ebi 13, 38, 51, 52,

77, 99, 182 bakuri (zaqaria banelis mama)

174 bakuri/didi bakuri 74 baram guri 27 barda foka 182,183 barzabod pitiaxSi 27 barTlome mociquli 167 basili berZenTa patriarqi basili episkoposi 26 basili didi 135 basili berZenTa patriarqi

175 basili iSxneli 175 basili kaTalikosi 88 basili keisari 171,174,182,

183, 185 basili Wyondidel-ujarme-

li 68,69 baumaisteri 122 baqar mefe, mirianis Ze 7,72 baqraZe d. 93 bawaSi 192 bezaraSvili q. 49 berinasSvili 146 berZeniSvili d. 80,205 berZeniSvili n. 55, 63, 64, 67,

99,114,152,177,184 besarion orbeliSvili, qar-

Tlis kaTalikosi,

113, 114, 154, 201 beselieli 15 beqa aTabagi 92 binqaran episkoposi 28 bogveraZe a. 36 boemund VI antioqiis mefe

189 bregaZe T. 50,163,164,167,169 brose m. 159,193,194 bubulaSvili e. 97,98,124, 125,

208 gabaSvili v. 99,100 gabiZaSvili e. 54,56,57,169,173 garayanisZeebi 150 gedevaniSvili/ebi 150,151 gedevaniSvili paata 151 gelasi kesarieli 20 gelaSvili n. 100 gigineiSvili b. 21 givi amilaxvari 114 giorgi brwyinvale 71,83,93 giorgi egris-afxazeTis me-

fe 45 giorgi konstantinopolis

patriarqi 196, 200, 201

giorgi I saqarTvelos mefe 183

giorgi II saqarTvelos mefe 181

giorgi III saqarTvelos mefe 62, 63,64,129

giorgi VII saqarTvelos mefe 138,149

giorgi VIII saqarTvelos mefe 138

239

giorgi XI qarTlis mefe 103, 104

giorgi XII 124 giorgi IX 138 giorgi merCule 169,180 giorgi mTawmindeli 50, 53,

160, 166,167 giorgi I saqarTvelos mefe

186 giorgi rusi 64 giorgi Wyondideli/monazo-

ni 56,60 giorgi xucesi 201 giunaSvili e. 200 glonoqor episkoposi27 goilaZe v. 7, 30,155, 160, 162,

164, 169, 174, 183, 184, 200, 203

gorgaZe s. 7,155 grigol mcxeTis episkoposi

26 grigol noseli 135 grigol RvTismetyveli

158,159 grigol romis papi 33 grigol xancTeli 165, 169 guaramaisZe guirguinai 148 gudoviCi i. 125, 207 gunia i. 97 gurgen qarTlis mefe 36 gurieli 95 gurieli mamia 154 guCua v. 94,95 daviTi 174 daviT arCilis Ze 123

daviT aRmaSenebeli 54,56, 57, 59-63,65,81,129

daviT batoniSvili 124 daviT giorgis Ze 123 daviT vaspurakanis mefe 182 daviT II qarTvelTa mefe 175 daviT III kurapalati 51,173,

174,182,183 daviT laSas Ze 83 daviT X qarTlis mefe 138 daviT IV qarTlis kaTaliko-

si 94 daviT VIII saqarTvelos mefe

70 daviT I qarvelTa mefe daviT rusudanis Ze 66 daviT qarsiZe 150 davlianiZe l. 40,42,192 danelia k. 179 dafanCuli 174 daCi qarTlis mefe 21 de grai121 dekanozisSvilebi 150 demetre egris-afxazTis me-

fe 44 demetre II Tavdadebuli

69,70,90 demetre froSeli 148 demna ufliswuli 62 dionosi qarTlis kaTaliko-

si 93 doborjginiZe n. 50 doliZe i. 61,67,71,81, 82,89,91,

92,93,95,96,103,104,106, 108,111,116-118,139,

240

143,145,150-153,170, 173.175,190,205, 206

domenti II qarTliskaTali-kosi 96

domenti IV qarTlis kaTali-kosi 107,108-112,151, 154.192,193,199,200

domenti III qarTlis kaTali-kosi 103,106

doqisZeebi 150 evdemoz II diasamiZe qarTlis

kaTalikosi 101, 107 evsevi kesarieli 8,15 elene dedofali 75 elia winaswarmetyveli 14 elioz mcxeTeli 10 eliozisZe/ebi 150,151 erekle II qarTl-kaxeTis me-

fe 88,89,117-120,121, 206

erekle I (nazarali-xani) qar-Tlis mefe 104,105, 107

efTvime kaTalikosi 71 efTvime/eqvTime mTawminde-

li/aToneli 172,200 efrem mawyvereli 169,170 efrem mcire 50,161,163-165,

167,169,195,200 eqvTime kaTalikosi 81 varlam erisTavi 208 varsqeni 136 vaCe guaramaisZe 148 vaxtang gorgasali 17,21,28-

31,74-76,137,145,158, 161, 195, 202

vaxtang V qarTlis mefe 103 vaxtang VI qarTlis mefe

107,108-111,114,119 vaxuSti batoniSvili 78, 112,

192, 193 varlam erisTavi 208 vulfiusi 122 zaqaria baneli 173 zaqaria jorjaZe qarTlis

kaTalikosi 96,97,99 zenoni bizantiis imperato-

ri 30,36 zosime ivanisZe 148 zumbuliZeebi 150 TazisSvili/ebi 150,151 TarxniSvili m. 30,39, 155,161 Talale qarTlis kaTaliko-

si42 Tamar mefe 62,63,64,65,68,129 TamaraSvili m. 33,160 TaniSvili 151 TarxniSvili m. 155,156171 TayaiSvili e. 174-176 TevdosisZe 150 Teimuraz II qarTlis mefe

117, 118,120,206 Teimuraz I kaxeTis mefe 97,

99, 101,105 TeklaÁ (zaqaria banelis de-

da) 174 Temur lengi 84,85,149 Teodore balsamoni 159-161 Teodore xucesi 201 Teodore antioqiis patri-

arqi 165

241

Teodorite kvireli 167 Teodosi antioqiis patriar-

qi 160,166 Teodosi egris-afxazeTis

mefe 44 Teodosiopoli 182 Teofane antioqieli 200,201 Teofilaqte antioqiis pat-

riarqi 164, 165, 167, 170, 171, 200

Tornik 181 TurqistanisSvilebi 150,151 Tuxareli/ebi 150,151 iahia antioqeli 183 iezdigerd I iranis Sahi 27,74 iezdigerd II iranis Sahi 27 iese baraTaSvili 117 iese batoniSvili 109,110 iese tlaSaZe 111,112,151 ivaniasZe/ni 146,150 ilarion iSxneli 172 iobaSvili g.152 ioakime ruseTis patriarqi

104 ioane avaliSvili qarTlis

kaTalikosi 97 ioane antioqeli 161 ioane batoniSvili 112 ioane gabaleneli somxeTis

kaTalikosi 37 ioane diakoni 201 ioane diasamiZe qarTlis ka-

Talikosi 104 ioane drasxanakerteli 38,44 ioane episkoposi 7, 8

ioane saqarTvelos mamaT-mTavari 172-173

ioane qarTlis kaTalikosi 93 ioane II ierusalimis patri-

arqi 15 ioane oqropiri 135 ioane-oqropiri qarTlis ka-

Talikosi 52, 80, 148, 165, 179,182

iobaSvili 152 iovane zedazneli 35 iona mcxeTis mTavarepisko-

posi 16, 26 ishak/isay faSa 111, 112, 114,

195 ise wilkneli 35,171 iulon batoniSvili 124 iustine I bizantiis impera-

tori 36 iustiniane I bizantiis impe-

ratori 32,161 kavad, iranis Sahi 36 kakabaZe s. 86,193 kaWarava e. 97,110 kaxa Toreli 186 kedrene 41 kekeliZe k. 20,24,74,81,122,

155,157,167-170 kvaliaSvili 151 kvirike kaxTa mefe 138 kvirikianebi 80 kirion I qarTlis kaTaliko-

si 38-40,41,77 kldiaSvili d. 137,142 klimiaSvili a. 88

242

konstantine romis impera-tori 7,8,15,16,74,75

konstantine/mahmadyuli-xa-ni 194,195

konstantine VIII bizantiis imperatori 185

konstantine monomaxosi 165 konstantine I saqarTvelos

mefe 138 kostantine pogonati, bizan-

tiis imperatori 196, 197, 200, 201

kostanti egris-afxazeTis mefe 44,45

koWlamazaSvilli T. 22,141 kudava b. 177 kucia k. 97 labaZe r. 134 lazarevi m. 124 levan batoniSvili 123 levan kaxeTis mefe 138,147 levan muxranbatoni 138 leonti mroveli 7,8,26 liciniusi 7 lomi sunRulisZe 84 lominaZe b. 30,46,53,68,71,84-

86,132,149,150,155, 160,178

lomiZe d. 116 lomouri n.7,30,155,160,161 lomsaZe S.192 lorTqifaniZe m.

44,52,55,74,183 luarsab I qarTlis mefe 91,

95, 138 luarsab II qarTlis mefe 97

makari antioqiis patriarqi 142,162-163

makuWaZeebi 150 malaqia afxazeTis kaTalko-

si 98 malaqia qarTlis kaTalikosi

153 mamulia g. 27,155,156,160 manuCar jayeli 94 marTa-mariami bizantiis de-

dofali 181 mariam dedofali 102,103,181 markoz Tadeozisi 149 marcvelisZe marcveli 150 maRalaZe/ebi 150,151 maRraZe/ebi 150,151 maWavariani e. 172 maxasZe 148 mgalobliSvili 151 mgalobliSvili T.17, 19, 20,

22, 24, 30, 155 meliqiSvili n. 24 meliqseTbegi l. 206 melqisedek qarTlis kaTali-

kosi 52, 79-81, 128, 134, 137, 148, 168, 179, 182-185

mesxia S. 55,58,63,65,66 metreveli e. 30,109,174,178 mirdat mefe 16,72 mirian mefe 7,8,16,19,20,24,

72,74,75б136 miqael mcxeTis episkoposi

28, 29 miqael mirianisZe, qarTlis

kaTalikosi 62,63-65

243

miqael kaTalikosi 148 miqael sirieli 6 miwoblisZeebi 150 mixeil Teodores Ze, ruse-

Tis mefe 97 mihri 41 mobidani 26-28 movses kalankatuaci 42,199 murvan yru 42,43 musxeliSvili d. 25,29,30,32,

39-42,72,77,78,170-171 mxiTar sebastieli 122 nadir-Sahi 116-118 nana dedofali 136 nerse albaneTis mTavari 42 nikifore melisinosi 181 nikifore ColayaSvili-iru-

baqisZe 99 niko mari 6 nikolaiSvili v.6 nikoloz gulaberisZe 18,188 nikoloz III qarTlis kaTali-

kosi 68, 70, 130, 148, 186,187

nikoloz IX amilaxvari, qarT-lis kaTalikosi 103, 104,106,107,138

nikoloz mistikosi 45 nikon SavmTeli 165 wm.nino 6,7,10,11,16,21, 72, 78,

159,187 obolenski d. 178 oTxmezuri g. 174,176,179,180 oTxmezuri T. 49 orbelni 129

oresti ierusalimis patri-arqi 171

otia, mariam dedoflis vaJi 103

paiWaZe g. 110,122 papasqiri z. 178 papuaSvili T. 79 papuna orbeliani 116,117,119 patariZe l. 14,15 patariZe r. 93 petre iberi 74 petre III antioqiis partri-

arqi 160 petre mRvdeli 29, 30, 158-

160; kaTalikosi 195 petre patrik-yofili 58 petre fuloni 160 plaxotini 151 prokopi kesarieli 32,33,36 Jordania T. 91,92,102,106,117-

119,122,138,193 JorJoliani g. 100 JuJunaZe 86 rafava m. 50 revi qarTlis mefe 137 romanoz IIIbizantiis impera-

tori 185 rostom bagrationi, qar-

Tlis mefe 99-103,153

rusa aleqsandre didis bebia 85

rusiSvili 106 salomon ierusalimis patri-

arqi 170 samoel monazoni 158,159

244

sagduxt dedofali 28 sanaZe m. 21 sarjvelaZe z. 179 safariZe 192 sajiamira 47 severiane gabalovneli 24 sergi barnukisZe 41 sergi ierusalimis patriar-

qi 169,170 svimon batoniSvili 109 svimon kananeli 166 svimon I qarTlis mefe 91, 92,

95 sidonia 10 silvestr siropulosi 86 silogava v. 141,174,179 siraZe r. 12,17 siqanelisZeebi 149 skliarosi 182,183 sozomene 7 solomon I imereTis mefe 89 solomon II imereTis mefe 124 stefane iSxneli 174,175 stefane mcxeTiSvili 148 stefane pirvelmowame 22 stefanoz II 21,41 stefanoz III 41 stefnaZe j. 81 sulava n. 18 sumbat kurapalati 175 sumbat somexTa mefe 44 surgulaZe i. 12,139-142,144 surgulaZe m. 20,55,84,144, 150,

180 tabaRua i. 191 tlaSaZeebi 150

tormasovi a. 124,151,207 totlebeni 121 toxaZe liparit 149 toxuaisZe 149 tuxaSvili r. 110 tyeSelaSvili l. 160,162 urban VIII - romis papi 99 usuf-faSa 194,195 farnavazianebi 13 farsman mefe 74 fotiosi -konstantinopo-

lis patriarqi 58 fuTuriZe v. 102,108 qadagisSvilebi 150 qavTaria 109,113,121-123,154 qajaia l. 24 qoriZe T. 60,177 qristefore qarTlis kaTa-

likosi 101 qucna amirejibi 85 RambaSiZe g. 45,81,179 yaraulaSvili i.13 yauxCiSvili s. 7,12,15,16, 22,

27, 29,32,35,41,42,44, 47,50,54,57,58,62-64, 67-69,72-78,84,90, 96, 100,101,103,107,110,112,130,159-161,171, 174, 192,193,201

yvaryvare III aTabagi 94,95 yvaryvare II aTabagi 94 yuTlu arslani 64,65 Sabur II iranis Sahi 73 SaraSiZe q. 77,93,94 Sardeni 99 Sah abasi 82, 96, 97, 99, 105

245

Sah-sefi 101 Sah sultan huseini 107 Sero albaneTis mTavari 42 Smemani a. 15,191 SoSiaSvili n. 52, 60, 62, 66, 68,

79, 82, 83,127-129,131, 138, 140, 148, 149, 182, 186

CixlaZe 188 Zagan abuleTis Ze131 cagareiSvili e. 44 cicianovi g. 125,207 cqiri 46 cqitiSvili o. 183 cxeosniZeebi 149 Warmaulebi 146,150 Warmauli gabrel 151 WeliZe e. 24,165,167 WilaSvili l. 23 xexelisaZe arslan 149

xidaSeli m. 12 ximSiaSvilebi 149 xosrov farvizi, iranis Sahi

37, 40 xoStaria d. 11,17,85 xubua m. 101,107,108 javaxiSvili iv. 7,27,30,53,

55,68-70,155,160 jamburia z. 99,184 janaSia s. 6,27,30,38 jafar amira 82 jafariZe a. 22,74,75,92, 152,

155,156,162,190 jinWuelisZe mamisa 150 jobaZe v. 174-176,179 jojua T. 80,90,149 juanSeri 29,30,74,158-161 herakle keisari 21,40 hiSam, xalifa 163

Абашидзе З. 54,56,61 Анна Комнина 181 Белокуров С.А. 97 Болотов 135,155,156,163,201 Браун П. 8,133,134 Гийу А. 58,59 Тодуа м. 118 Иоселиани П. 83,102 Какабадзе С.С. 193,194,204 Каждан А. 179 Кекелидзе К.С. 20,165 Лернер К. 14 Литавнин Г. 59 Марр Н. 10

Массэ 128 ОлесницкийА.А. 16 ПавловА.С. 162,166 Пентковский А.М. 15,19 Пигулевская Н.В. 26 Подосинов А.В. 14 Полиевктов М.А. 97 Жузе 142 Рчеулишвили Л.Д. 41 Скабаланович Н.А. 181 Соколов И.И. 58 Шмеман А. 133 Цагарели А. 172 Цинцадзе В. 17

238

Элиаде М. 12,16,133,134 Brosset M. 193 Inalchic H. 87,191 Obolenski D. 179

Rapp S.179 Renaux A. 24 Van Esbroeck М. 30

geografiul, satomo da sakulto saxelTa

saZiebeli

agaraki 75 agarianebi 99,104,164 alaverdi 102,106 alanebi 45 alanTa kari 44 albaneTi/alvania 36, 37, 42,

196, 197 aleqsandria 191 alJiri 154 amaRlebis mTa 20 antioqia 19,93,94,142, 155, 159,

160,162-164-169,171,186, 188-191,195,197,200,202

anCa 45,46 anCisxati 103 arabebi 40,41,43,44,45, 79,

162,165 arabeTi 154 aragvi 20,22,72 aragvis xeoba 79 argveTi 78 arzrumi 111,196 arTvini 197 armaz-cixe 86 armazi 74 artaani 192

arsiani 73,76 arji 80 afxazi/ni 44,177 aRarwini 62 aWara 192,197 aWara-SavSeTi 77 awyuri 47,197 axalcixe 197 axtala 205 balkaneTi 191 bana 47 baRdadi 131 beTania 20 beTlemi 19 beJanbaRi 195 berZeni/ebi 31,45,49,73,76,165 berZenauli 106 bizantia28,29-31,35,36,38, 40,

43, 45, 52, 58, 59, 76, 78, 87, 88, 90, 158, 160, 162, 163, 168, 176, 178, 181, 185, 186

bodisi/bodini 72,75 bolnisi 73,74,102 bulgareTi185 geTsimania 20

241

ganjis kari 107 garejis mravalmTa 86, garejis udabno 154 geTsimania 20 gelaTi 67 golgoTa 21 gori 103 goris mTavarangelozi 102 gugareTi/gugarqi 77 guria 42 daviTgareja 112 darubandis zRva 197 daRestani 111 devani 80 dvaleTi 45 dvini 36,37,155 ebraeli/ebi 10,152 egvipte 152

egris-afxazeTi 44, 44-45, 78 egrisi 28, 38, 41, 42, 77 eleonis mTa 20 ermonis mTa21 eruSeTi 8,73-75 erwo 92 erwo-TianeTi 75 vake 42,78 vake-imereTi 78 vardaSeni 81 vardiani 81 varZia 94,95 veZisxevi 106 vladimiri 120 zadeni 35,144 zarzmis monasteri 95 zedazeni 35

zemo/zeda saqarTvelo 196, 197, 200

zemo qarTli 197,202 zena sofeli 35 ziari 79, 81 Taboris mTa 19,21 Tbilisi/tfilisi 40,43,63,

82,103,112,119,122,124, 128,195,197

Tbilisis sioni 102,114 Telavi 119,122 Tenadosi 112 Teodosiopoli 182 TorTomi 192,197 TrialeTi 79, 80, 87, 88, 103,

181, 197 Turq-selCukebi 54 Tuxarisi 73,76 TxoTis mTa 7 iberebi 32 iberieli 7 ieropoli 120 ierusalimi 6,14,15,19,20,75,

169,171,186,188-191 ivris xeoba 72,79 imereTi 88,89,103,104,123 inguSeTi 179 irani 5,6,25,26,28,30,31,35,37,

40,73,99,109,114,152,160,161,190

ismaitelni 182 ispahani 97,107 iudeveli ebraeli 6,10 iSxani 47,174-176 kaenis olqi 62 kavkasia 36,37,39,43,45,110,111

242

kak-eliseni 81, 82, 105 kaki 79 kambeCovani 28 karneTi 80,149 katexis eklesia 79 kacxi 78 kawareTi 75 kaxeT-hereTi 78 kaxeTi 43,59,65,82,87,88, 89,

91,92,103,105,108,116,149,190,194,195,197,202

kesaria 135 kestori 185 kviprosi 191 kisisxevi 65,101 klarjeTi 28,45,46,73-77,

83,197 klarji/ni 38,73 kola 197 konstantinopoli 29,38-39,

58,59,86,87,110,137,155, 159,162,174,175,180,189, 191,193,196,197,199-201, 204

lagodexi 79,81 lavdikia 135 lazebi 192 laTinebi 189 lekebi 153,194,195 leqarTi 81 liganis xevi 197 mamluqebi 189 manglisi 8,72-75 martirumi15,134 mesxeTi 77,87 metexis taZari102

mayvlovani16 mlaSeni 80 moguTa 27 monRolebi 67, 69, 82, 83, 90,

95, 130, 189 mtkvari 194 mRviZareTa monasteri 29 mcire azia 37 mcxeTa 5-8,10,15,19-22,35, 39,

42,43,44,73-78,80,103,116, 125, 147,155,161,162,169, 177,178,201

mcxeTis jvari 21.37,41 mWadijvari 103 nazareTi 23 nastagisi 6 nekresi 23,35,73,75 nizibini 5,25 ninowminda 78 nuxpatelni 43 ovseTi 45,197,202 olTisi 197 oromaSeni 80 osmalebi 104, 111, 113, 114,

153, 191, 192, 194, 195 osmaleTis/oTomanTa impe-

ria 86, 87, 94, 110,111, 117, 152, 191,198

palakacio 196,197 palestina 157 parxlis monasteri 95 peterburgi 123,125,193,208 ponto 29,155 JaleTi 75 rani 72 rexa 35

243

rioni 78 rkvia 78 romi /r-is imperia 5-7, 22, 25,

26, 73, 155 ruis-urbnisi 54-57,172,181 ruseTi 97,104,110,111,114, 120,

121,122,151,207 rusTavi 73,75 saaTabago ix. samcxe-saaTaba-

go sabaraTiano 88,197 saberZneTi 32,42 sagarejo 92 samiqelao 78 samTavisi 21,63,65 samTavro21,72 samiqelao 78 samcxe/samcxe-saaTabago

88,89,91,92,94-96,190-192,195-198,202

safara 94 saqarTvelo 5,6,18,23,34,35,

42,47,48,53,69,76,78,80,84,85,104,107,125,131,152, 153,174,177,178,185,186, 189, 195,196,199,201,202

saWe 80 svaneTi 45,197,202 sveticxoveli5,14-18,44,47,

48, 84,85,96,97,117,130, 131,137,143,161

sina 157 sioni 20 sionis mTa 17 siria 13,157 solomonis taZari 15

somexi 44,80 somxeTi 5, 35,38,39,44,79,80,

182,197 somxiTi 81,88,89 sparseli/ebi 25,26,41,82,99,

152,159 speri 76 stambuli 111,112,193,199 stefanwminda 74,121 surami153 sujeTi 75 tao 80,81,174-176,180-182, 185,

197 tao-klarjeTi 177,180 taSri 197 tbeTi 172 tvirosi 15 tonTio 80 trapizoni 174,175 tyobÁa-Áerda 81 urbnisi 6 ujarma 7,68 faneki 197 fasiani 197 faSaani 106 ferara-florencia 86,189-

190, 205-206 feriscvalebis eklesia 19 foka 80 qalkedoni/xalkidoni

29,59,155,155 qarTveli/ebi 16,18,19,28,32,

49, 153,167,169,182 qarTlelebi 103,117,163 qarTl-kaxeTi 89,96,119,122,

124, 195, 207

244

qarTli /q-is samefo 5,6,8, 15,25-27,29,32,35,37, 38, 40-44,72,73,77,87,91, 92, 108,110,116,157,162,164-166,194,196

qaSveTi207 qvemo qarTli 77,79,80,92,197 qiSnuxi 81 qobuliani 197 qceldaba 75 Ranuxi 81 yarabulaxi 80 yaraRaji 195 yizilbaSebi 116 yumi 81 Sabadini 194 SavSeTi 192 SavSeT-klarjeTi 81 Saqi/Saqisi 42, 43, 79, 196, 197,

202 Seubani 83 Sida qarTli 35 SiomRvime 138 Sirvani 196,197,202 Sorapani 42 CerqezeTi 45,197,202 Cildiri 196,197 WarTali 75

Wari 110 Weremi 78 WiaberT eklesia81 Zegvi 96 cixedidi 96 curtavi 39 cxinvali 103 wanar-kaxelni 43 waxuri 81 wvrili xevi 81 wilkani 35,75 wnori 81 wunda 8,73-75 wuqeTi 28,43 xazarebi 40,42,43 xancTa 172 xviranio 80 xinowminda 192 xoni 78 xonis 42 xornabuji 75,78 javaxeTi 44,77,79,80,87,90,181,

192,197 jimiTi 81 hereT-kaxeTi 68 hereTi 27, 28, 42, 63, 72, 79-81,

87, 196 himsi 90

248

sarCevi

Sesavali ................................................................................3

Tavi I mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqia da qarTuli saxelmwifo.................................................................5

mcxeTa istoriis gzasayarze .................................5

uflis kvarTi, `sveti cxoveli~, `wmidaÁ

wmidaTaÁ~ ...............................................................9

mcxeTa — meore ierusalimi.....................................19 qarTulenovani RvTismsaxurebis dasawyisi ......22

mcxeTa — sakaTalikoso eparqia .............................24 mcxeTis saxlis kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi

politika VI-X saukuneebSi ................................31

kaTalikosi da samefo xelisufleba (XI-XIV ss.) ...............................................................48

Tavi II mcxeTis eparqiis sazRvrebi, administraciuli struqtura ............................72

mcxeTis eparqiis formireba ..................................72 mcxeTis eparqiis `gafantuli~ miwebi ..................75

sakaTalikoso laSqari.............................................87

mcxeTis eparqia daSlil `saqarTveloebSi~ ......90 `sulieri keTili da xorcieli keTili~..............125

mcxeTiSvilebi ............................................................144 mcxeTis taxti tyveebiT vaWrobis winaaRmdeg ..151

Tavi III mcxeTis taxi da avtokefalurobis problemebi.................................................................155

msoflio eklesiuri wesrigi da mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eparqia .......................................155

249

`sveti cxoveli — mironi RmerTmyofeli~ ..........168

qarTlis kaTalikosTa titulatura ..................171 qarTlis eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba ........207

pirTa da dinastiur saxelTa saZiebeli..............240 geografiul, satomo da sakulto adgilTa saZie-

beli ........................................................................237

250

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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