mctgp wcowma r0d2 · mctgp draft workshop, wcowma conference 2015 16 secondary objectives (e.g.)...

MCTGP Draft Workshop, WCOWMA conference 2015

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Composting Toilet Guidelines and other Initiatives

Rupert BenzonMinistry of Health

Health Protection Branch

Composting Toilet Initiative

• Concerns raised by stakeholders that option needed for ‘low flow’ systems

• Approval to move forward with composting initiative granted by Ministry of Health in late 2014

• Composting Toilets to be an option for onsite (filing with Health Authority)


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• Enhanced understanding of composting toilets as an onsite alternative

• Designs and installations suitable to site specific conditions

• System designs which protect public health and the environment

• Developments based on reduced water consumption footprint

• ‘Outcome‐based’ – criteria for compost material and grey water quality.

• Support of composting toilet applications through health authority filing process

Outcomes of Composting Toilet and greywater system Guidelines

Other Initiatives

• Review of Maintenance Bylaws as Tools for Onsite Management– Review what is being done across Canada

– Develop principles or common elements

– Goal to promote local government’s authority and potential role in maintenance

• ‘Ground Water at Risk of Pathogens’ document– Provides a framework for determining risk to drinking water supplies

and disinfection requirements

– Document and consultation process available at: www.health.gov.bc.ca/protect/dwconsult.html


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Recap of Accomplishments

• Version 3 Standard Practice Manual

• Training on SPM V3

Thank you!

Rupert BenzonLand Use [email protected](250) 952‐2128

Michele GeeDrinking Water/Wastewater [email protected](250) 952‐1476

Mike ZemanekDirector – Healthy Community [email protected](250) 952‐2372


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Composting toilet and greywater practice

WCOWMA Workshop 2015

Introductions

Ian Ralston ROWP Eng.L Ed Hoeppner ROWP


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Context and draft process

Manual of Composting Toilet and Greywater Practice (MCTGP)

Early draft ASTTBC for Ministry of Health Ian Ralston, TRAX Timeline Consultation

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Technical group

Gord and Ann Baird Geoff Hill Ed Hoeppner Michael Payne Mike Seymour

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Purpose of the Manual

Standards and guidelines Filing approachFor: Non water borne waste management Greywater systems Seasonal diversion systems Source separation systems

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Manual approach

Based on SPM, does not repeat SPM Split to standards and guidelines Separate rationale Performance objectives Appendices

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Basis for standards

Same approach as SPM Outcome (performance objectives) Rationale Where practical, builds on SPM

standards Allow opportunity for innovation

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Filing under the SSR

Composting toilet systems On site burial of composting toilet

residual organic matter Greywater systems Seasonal diversion systems for

greywater sub surface irrigation

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Under the OMRR

Land application Possibly with simplified process

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BC Building Code

WC required by BCBC for Part 9 bldgs. Composting toilet as equivalent Generic wording for alternative solution Manual and rationale as support Approval rests with AHJ (local

authority)

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SOURCE SEPARATED WASTE SYSTEMS

MCTGP

Typical sanitary drainage and sewerage systems

Water closets for human waste Plumbing fixtures Combined sanitary drainage system To onsite sewerage system No intentional recycling of resources

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Ecosan

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Source separation

Water closets for human waste Blackwater

Plumbing fixtures Greywater

Separate sanitary drainage system To onsite separate sewerage systems Intentional recycling of some resources

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Composting toilets

Composting toilets for human wastes Plumbing fixtures Greywater

Greywater onsite sewerage system

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Composting toilet option

Non water borne system: Collection Conveyance Treatment (composting) Discharge

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Other separation options for human waste Water borne sanitary drainage with: Separation of feces and TP by filter Or by centrifugal action (Aquatron)

Ultra low flush toilets Vacuum toilets and collection

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Source separation options

Urine Brownwater Types of greywater: Very Light Greywater Laundry Greywater Light Greywater Dark Greywater

Seasonal greywater diversion

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PURPOSESMCTGP

Why use a composting toilet?

Constraints for conventional system Water conservation Reduced volume for solid waste removal Recycling of organic matter and

nutrients Life style choice

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Why use a greywater system?

Smaller sewerage system Irrigation to use water and nutrients Water conservation in summer Flexible seasonal options

Life style choice

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Why use source separation?

Treatment and discharge designed for specific waste or wastewater type

Reuse of nutrients from urine Reuse of water for irrigation

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COMPOSTING TOILETSMCTGP

Primary purposes Safely collect and contain human waste Manage odors and prevent vector or

human access during storage Manage leachate and safely discharge

leachate or diverted Provide for safe and practical

management of residual organic matter.

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Secondary objectives (e.g.)

Volume or mass reduction Stabilization for transport Stabilization and sanitizing for: On site burial On site land application

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A composting toilet system

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Toilet pedestal

Collection and conveyance

system

Composting processor


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Pedestal and inputs

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Collection or conveyance

Direct to processor To bucket or bin To dedicated bin processor Ultra low flush, or foam toilets Water borne with filtration or Aquatron Diversion of urine (improves process)

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Aquatronseparator

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Compost filter


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Types of composting processor

Batch Continuous

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Composting

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Batch bins

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Milkwood

Batch bins

40Milkwood


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Aquatronbatch carousel

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Inclined floor continuous processor

Clivus Multrum


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Foam flush toilet

Water and soap 0.18 L water per flush No water trap (vent fan used)

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Continuousmouldering decompositionprocess

Clivus Multrum


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The composting process

Aerobic Moist Warm May use worms or BSF larvae Often with additives E.g. bulking agents

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Stabilization and sanitizing

Stability Maturity Pathogen removal

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Stages (typical batch)

Collection and addition Mesophilic phase Thermophilic phase Mesophilic cooling phase Curing phase

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Stages of composting

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Other potential phases

Pre-treatment Microaerobic fermentation Pasteurization Drying toilet collection

Continuous mouldering process May be followed by batch process Incineration

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Residual organic matter

Off site discharge On site discharge Burial Land application

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On site discharge

Process standards Documentation of process Testing of residual organic matter Burial standards (under SSR) Land application, professional, OMRR

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Batch sanitizing step

Process standards Documentation of process Testing of residual organic matter Burial standards (under SSR) Land application, professional, OMRR

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Batch curing or sanitizing steps

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Outcome based standardsWith documentation and testing

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ON SITE BURIAL OF RESIDUAL ORGANIC MATTER

MCTGP

Process standards

Incineration Curing Stabilizes Long term curing = sanitizing

Specific sanitizing steps Still required stability (curing) May reduce required curing time

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Batch sanitizing steps

Thermophilic step Pasteurization pH adjustment Urea addition

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Process monitoring

Documented monitoring Review by AP

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Material testing

Stability and maturity testing Quality standards By AP or under AP supervision

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Burial, follows SPM standards

Site and soil evaluation Vertical Separation and other standards

per gravity standards Cover standard and no disturbance Loading rates Based on SPM Adjusted by factor

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GREYWATER SYSTEMSMCTGP

Source separated wastewater

Urine Composting toilet leachate Blackwater and brownwater Water separated from blackwater Greywater

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Urine

Low pathogen content Most of the nitrogen High phosphorous A person’s urine will fertilize approx.

80% of crop intake

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Composting toilet leachate

High strength (BOD close to sewage) Pathogens similar to septic tank

effluent High NH3 and salts Low volumes Some composting systems retain Combine with greywater or dark

greywater

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Types of greywater

Dark grey = Kitchen Light grey = all but Kitchen Very light grey = Bath, shower, hand basins Laundry

Total greywater: High P content (~50% of total WW) BOD ~50 – 60% of total Flow ~60% of total

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Type Average flow (L/c/dy)

BOD (mg/L)

Fecal ColiformsLog10CFU/100mL

Light Grey 108 200 1 to 5

Dark Grey 12 1200 5 to 7.6

Blackwater 51 700

Sewage 171 420 5 to 7

Septic tank effluent 171 216 4 to 6


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Types of greywater system

All season Seasonal diversion Urine diversion Urine storage for seasonal use

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URINE DIVERSION AND STORAGE

MCTGP

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Urine diversion

Waterless urinals Urine diverting toilets Urine diversion in CT pedestal Urine separation in CT conveyance

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Waterless urinals

New or retrofit Trap with oil Curtain valve

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Maintenance issues with liquid traps

7330 August 2006 in UNESCO-IHE building after approx. 5 months of use

Each urinal has two plastic insert pipes, which are removed to replace the blue blocking liquid (this liquid just drains to the sewer)

Low cost waterless urinal for South Africa and beyond

(minimal maintenance required)Supplier: Addicom, see detailed info on next 3 slidesPrice: approx. $100

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Urinal bowl viewed from underneath

AddicomEcoSmellStopdevice (ESS)


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Ernst waterless urinal (at a camping park in Switzerland)

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This painted-on fly improves men’s aiming (don’t laugh, it’s true!)

Same EcoSmellStop device as Addicom (previous slide)


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Advantages and disadvantages of rubber tube/curtain vs. oil based odour control systems Advantages:

Quick and easy to clean Does not need frequent and costly replacement of

blocking fluid Can be inspected without losing blocking fluid Much less likely to develop hard blockages

Disadvantages: May need regular manual cleaning Rubber tube may loose elasticity over time and need

replacement (but low cost)

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Urine diverting toilet

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Urine diverting seat for composting toilet pedestal

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Urine storage

~ sterile with 6 months at 20 C Store and fertigate Dilute 1 urine : 10 water or greywater Or urine can just be combined with the

all season greywater system

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Urine fertigation

Subsurface To diversion system mulch basins To other seasonal sub irrigation system Standards provided

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GREYWATER SYSTEM STANDARDS

MCTGP

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Adjusted standards

Adjust SPM standard by multiplier DDF Septic tank size HLRs

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DDF adjustment

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Septic tank size

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All season greywater systems

Meet all standards of SPM Use adjusted design inputs Allows use of mulch cover for chambers

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Adapting dispersal systems

Subsurface Drip Dispersal for irrigation Sand lined beds Bottomless sand filters as planter beds Shallow or at grade chamber systems Mulch cover standard

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Irrigation demand growing season only Diversion systems Zoned systems Water addition in summer Forest irrigation in winter Aquifer recharge Nutrient benefit Nutrient risk also…

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Seasonal diversion Light greywater only Small, residential only Most standards per SPM Summer season VS, no summer LLR Must have alternate discharge Sewer Onsite system

Direct subsurface discharge Mulch basins and branched drains

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Diversion of light greywater

Y valve Sliding gate valves Backflow risk management Labeling Divert during rainfall events

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TECHNIQUES FOR SUB IRRIGATION

MCTGP

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Mulch basins and branched drains Gravity dispersal, splitting flows using

splitter tees To shallow basins with mulch Can use chambers for the basins Maintenance (including cleaning

chambers and replacing mulch) will be needed

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Oasis branched drain

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Oasis branched drain

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Splitter

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Branched drain and mulch

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Mulch basin with chambers, low HLR

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Tipping D-Box

Sub irrigation mulch basin To sand media or soil with chambers All systems Basin, “trench” or “bed” Consider risk from rainfall input Direct discharge OK for seasonal diversion

To mulch media with chambers or other enclosures Small flow residential seasonal diversion only Direct discharge OK Partial treatment in mulch

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Mulch basin layout

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Allison Baileshttp://www.energyvanguard.com/blog-building-science-HERS-BPI/bid/38249/How-to-Install-a-Branched-Drain-Greywater-System-in-a-Green-Home

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Branched drains to all season system


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Discharge to soil with blinding layer

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Chambers under mulch only.All season system

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Clivus Multrum greywater illustration, chamber system


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Mulch infiltrative surface (small flow residential seasonal diversion only)

Mulch standard Based on performance Similar to sand mound loading High HLR to mulch Minimum mulch depth Basal area HLR

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Small mulch basins with mulch infiltrative surface

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Dosed mulch basin.

Subsurface drip dispersal

Good option for subirrigation where using combined wastewater stream

Flexible, easy application to varying zones

Meet SPM standards Not for direct application, Type 1 pre-

treatment at minimum

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Subsurface drip dispersal-further cautions

Use tubing and components designed for Wastewater and for subsurfaceuse

Essential to maintain unsaturated conditions

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Employee Presentation 3-00 - p 114

URS New Zealand


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Installing around greens in stage 2


Tee – installed in 1 day (URS)


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URS

Irrigated vs. Non-IrrigatedLong term

Planter bed systems

Adaptation of bottomless sand filter Meet SPM standards Not for direct application, Type 1 pre-

treatment at minimum Design for irrigation and fertigation

objectives

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Precast PlantersCombined Wastewater

Treatment

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Cast in Place PlanterCombined Greywater Treatment

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Seasonal Evapotranspiration

Not in Manual so far Design recognizing ET for seasonal

diversion systems Or for summer use only sites Or with pump and haul in winter

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Questions?

Ian Ralston Eng.L.

250-246-4774 [email protected]

Ed Hoeppner ROWP

250-335-2037 [email protected]

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mctgp wcowma r0d2 · mctgp draft workshop, wcowma conference 2015 16 secondary objectives (e.g.)...

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