American Psychological Association APA

Citation & Reference Manual

Published by the Office of Student Services

Introduction i

I: Citing in Your Paper: Paraphrasing 1

Citing in Your Paper: Quoting 5

II: The Reference List—Guidelines 6

The Order of References in the Reference List 7

Sample Reference page 8

How to List Books in the Reference List 9

How to List Periodicals in the Reference List 12-13

How to List Miscellaneous Sources in the Reference List 14-15

How to List Sources from the Internet and World Wide Web 16-18

III: How to Research Information 19-20

References 21

Index 22-23

Table of Contents

STUDENT SERVICES’S GUIDE TO A.P.A. STYLE A citation is documentation of where you found the information for your papers. You should state

from where you borrowed words, facts, or ideas for your own writing. Failure to cite sources results in pla-

giarism, i.e., copying something and presenting it as one’s own work. Plagiarism is a very serious offense

that can result in disciplinary action, including expulsion. To avoid plagiarism, be sure to give credit to your

source by using the appropriate citation format.

The most generally accepted guide for this sort of citation in the Social Sciences is the Publication

Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA style of documentation consists of two

parts: 1) citation in text and 2) a reference list. The following methods are adapted from the APA Manual.

This manual is designed so that Section I pertains to citing within the paper using paraphrasing (when

you use your own words to describe the author’s ideas) and quoting (when you don’t change the wording at

all, but use the author’s work word for word). Section II shows you how to construct a reference list and how

to include certain types of works. REMEMBER, all the works that were mentioned as citations in the text

must appear in the reference list, and no item should be in the reference list if it has not been mentioned

within the body of the text. Section III describes how to research information and gives you several research

tips.

Introduction

Disclaimer: Each student is advised to check with his or her instructor(s) to verify APA format. This

handbook is to be used only as a guide.

i

I. Paraphrasing 1) Author is mentioned, but the date is not mentioned in the body of the text: a) When an author is named in text, include the year of publication immediately after

the name. e.g. Brill (1995) uses a humanistic perspective on human services.

a) If the same work is referred to later on within the same paragraph, you do not need to include the year when you mention the work for the second time or thereafter.

e.g. In a recent publication about human services, Brill (1995) found…. Brill also found that…. HOWEVER, if it will be confused with other works, you should include the year of pub-lication. e.g. In a recent publication found about human services, Brill (1995) found… Brill (1995) also found that….In an earlier study, Brill (1993)….

2) Author and date mentioned in the body of the text a) When the author and year are both mentioned in the text, there is no need for paren-

theses. e.g. In 1995, Brill wrote a book concerning a humanistic approach to the human services field. 3) Author not named in text Since neither the author nor the title is mentioned within the text of the paper, the author and the year of publication must be identified in parentheses. e.g. A humanistic perspective in the human services field can be used (Brill, 1995).

4) Reference to a particular chapter only When the idea is located throughout the chapter and not just on specific pages: e.g. Human service professionals need to have a thorough understanding of what is required to develop and maintain effective communication (Brill, 1995, chap. 5). 5) Paraphrasing a specific concept. When paraphrasing a specific concept or idea, you must include the page number if the information is not considered common knowledge. e.g. Referent influence stems from the admiration bestowed by on a person by others (Farquarson, 1995, p. 84).

Section 1: Citing in Your Paper

Definition: Paraphrasing—rewriting what the author said using your own words

1

Citing in Your Paper

Writing Tip: Place citations within sentences or paragraphs so that it is clear which material has come from

5) A work with two authors Always cite both names every time the work is mentioned in the text. When written as part of a sequence, the two authors’ names are connected by the word "and". The year is put in parentheses after the names. e.g. William and Rotter (1986) suggest a tutoring program to reduce test anxiety.

Note: However, when the authors’ names are not mentioned in the text, they are con-nected by an ampersand, "&". e.g. One study (William & Rotter, 1986) demonstrates the hidden biases often revealed in a teacher's language. 6) A work with three to five authors a) In a work with three to five authors, name all the authors on the first citation. e.g. Hodges, Horner, Webb and Miller (1994) researched test anxiety for five years.

b) In subsequent references to the work with three to five authors, give only the first au-thor's name, followed by et al. and the date. e.g. Hodges et al. (1973) found …[when mentioned in another paragraph]

EXCEPTION: If there are two references with the same year and some of the same authors, list the surnames of the first authors and as many of the subsequent authors as needed to show the distinction between the two works. e.g. Hodges, Horner, Webb and Miller (1994) vs. Hodges, Carson, et al. (1994) 7) A work with six or more authors a) From the first citation of a work with six or more authors, give only the first author's name followed by et al. (use a period after the word “al”). [In the reference list, however, provide the initials and last names of each author] Use the first authors and as many of the subsequent authors as needed to show the dis-tinction. Even for journal articles, if there are six or more authors, use the phrase et al. from the first citation. e.g. Kneip, R.C., Delamater, A.M., Ismond, T., Milford, C. Salvia, L., & Schwartz, D. (1993). Self- and spouse ratings of anger and hostility as predictors of coronary heart disease. Health Psychology,12, 301-307. is cited as (Kneip et al., 1993) in text, even if it is the first citation.

Definition: et al., Latin for “and others” is not underlined and is followed with a period

Citation Tip: In these examples, no page number is required because it is the work as a whole that is being used.

2

8) A work with six or more authors (cont’d) b) If two references with six or more authors shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and as many of the other authors as needed to show the distinction between the two works. Brown, Lee, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Jones (1992) Brown, Lee, Barrett, Tang, Daly, and Jones (1992) would be cited in text as Brown, Lee, Barrett, Cave, et al. (1992) and Brown , Lee, Barrett, Tang, et al. (1992) 9) Authors with the same last name If a reference list includes publications by two or more authors with the same last name, include the first author’s initials in all text citations, even if the date of publication differs. e.g. R.D. Luce (1959) and P.A. Luce (1986) also found J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) 10) A work with a corporate author (if the work comes from an organization with no apparent author) A group's or corporation's name is cited as the author and is followed by a comma and the publi-cation year if there is no author found. e.g. Experts state that an earlier prediction was even more somber (Lorenz, Inc., 1970) 11) An anonymous work ( a work with no author) a) Replace the author's name with the first 2 or 3 words of the title with quotation marks as found in the reference list entry. Do not include the first “The”, “A”, or “An” of the title. Use double quotation marks around the title of the article or chapter. Use: (“First words of Article,” year) e.g. The government provides compensation to poverty-stricken families (“Study Finds,” 1982, p. 24) b) For periodicals, books, brochures, reference books, or reports, underline the title. e.g. Defined as a “purine antimetabolite”, azathioprine is often used to suppress the immune system (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 1991, p. 121).

c) When the author is designated as “Anonymous”, cite in text the word Anonymous and then use a comma and date. [In the reference list, it is alphabetized by the word “Anonymous”] e.g. Winged spirits danced upon the clouds (Anonymous, 2000).

Citing in Your Paper

Citation Tip: In the reference list, provide the initials and last names

3

11)Two or more works with different authors are used to support the same idea List sources in alphabetical order by the author's name with a semicolon between the sources. Use: (Author’s last name, year; Author’s last name, year; Author’s last name, year) e.g. Two studies (Herskowitz, 1974; Marconi & Hamblen, 1980) found that periodic safety instruction can dramati-cally reduce employees' accidents. 12) Citation to secondary source—the original source was not used. In this example, “cited in” lets the reader know the information was found in Marconi and Hamblen, and that you did not consult the original source, i.e., Wong. [In the list of references, give only Marconi & Hamblen (not Wong) as the author.] Use: Original Author’s name (cited in Author of source, year). e.g. Supporting data appear in a study by Wong (cited in Marconi & Hamblen, 1980). 13) Daily newspaper article a) When there are discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma. Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Date). Title of article. Newspaper name, pp. xx. e.g. Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washing-ton Post, pp. A1, A4. b) Use a short title for the citations in text if there is no author. e.g. (“New Drug,” 1993) is the citation in text for the article with the title: New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The New York Times, p. A12. 14) Electronic or other Internet source Give author, if available, or title, followed by the year of the publication or of the most recent update. Also provide the date on which you accessed the material. Informal in-formation, such as personal e-mail messages, bulletin board postings, discussion lists, are not peer reviewed or readily retrievable, and should therefore be avoided. If you need to cite an e-mail message it is preferable to cite from an archived list: otherwise, cite the message as a personal communication and do not include it in your reference list. 15) Entire Web site Give the complete URL in the text of your paper. Do not list the site in your references list. e.g. Research on the “Mozart effect” has generated an institute with a Web site providing links to research studies (http://www.mindinst.org).

Citing in Your Paper

Punctuation Tip: When an author-date citation appears at the end of a sentence, place the period after the parentheses.

4

Citation Tip: The period follows the close of the parentheses, not after the quotation marks. Also, use single quotation marks for material that contained double quotation marks in the original source.

Writing Tip: The word sic should be bracketed and underlined.

Citing in Your Paper

II. Using Quotations—using the author’s exact words

Any time you quote some thing word for word, you must include the page number! a) Quotations less than 40 words that appear in the middle of the sentence: When quoting directly (using the author’s work word for word) and it is fewer than 40 words, you must use quotation marks and follow the quote with the page number from which the quote was taken. Use: (Author’s last name, year, page number) e.g. She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’…disappeared ” (Roberts, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clar-ify which effects were most significant. b) Quotations that appear at the end of a sentence: Use: Author (year)…..(p. number). e.g. Roberts (1993) stated that “the ‘placebo effect’ could be found in many cases” (p.184). c) Quotations that stand alone When a quote stands by itself, put the quote in quotation marks and add the author's last name, year of publication and page # (p.) at the end of the quote. A comma separates the name from the year and the page number. The period goes outside the end parenthesis. If the quotation is on two pages, use the abbreviation (pp.) to indicate more than one page. Use: Quoted statement ….(Author’s last name, year, page number). e.g.“Probably the most important factor about all individuals is how they feel about them-selves” (Brill, 1995, p. 19). d) Quotations that contain obvious errors Direct quotations must be accurate. If any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the original source might be confusing to the reader, use the word sic right after the error. Use:… [sic] immediately after the error (Author’s last name, year, p. number). e.g. When “reel [sic] medication was used, patients reported adverse effects” (Fox, 1994, p. 277). e) Block quotations: quotations that are longer than 40 words. When citing quotations that are longer than 40 words, indent the entire section (5 spaces in from the left margin of your text), use single spacing and do not use quotation marks. Put the page number at the end of the quote and a period before the parentheses.

According to Brill (1995)

Probably the most important factor about individuals is how they feel about them-selves. One may be physically or intellectually handicapped or whole; old, young, or middle-aged; wealthy or poor; fat or thin; of any color or race. Whatever the case may be, if one likes oneself, one can usually succeed in life and relate well to other people. (p.19)

5

The reference list is in alphabetical sequence by the author's last name. References cited in text must be included in the reference list while every work found in the reference list must have been cited in text. A reference list is sometimes called a bibliography. Reference List Guidelines: The reference list provides readers with all the information necessary to consult your sources directly. Here are some guidelines for formatting your reference list: Capitalization: For books, and articles, capitalize only the first word of titles and subtitles, and proper names. Use small letters for all other words. For name of journals capitalize all significant words and underline. Underline the titles of books. Do not underline or use quotation marks around the titles of articles. Abbreviations: Give full name of publishers. Do not include “Co.”, “Inc.” etc. Use “p.” to denote a single page or “pp.” to denote two or more pages. These abbreviations are used for books and newspapers, but not magazines or scholarly journals. Punctuation: Separate parts of a single reference entry (author, date, title and publication information) with a period and 2 spaces between each element, e.g. between author and date. Spacing and Multiple line entries: Within a single entry, use single space. Between any 2 entries, use double space. If an entry takes more than one line, the second line of the entry is indented three spaces in from the margin and the remaining lines of the entry flush with the indented margin. For ex-ample, Murphy, J.W., Pardeck, J.T., Chung, W.S., & Choi, J.M. (1989). Symbolic violence and social control in the post-total institution era. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 21(4), 115 - 132. Some professors prefer making the first line of the entry indented 5 spaces in from the mar-gin. The second line of the entry and all other lines should be flush with the margin (as with a single line entry). This is in accordance with the American Psychological Association. For example, Murphy, J.W., Pardeck, J.T., Chung, W.S., & Choi, J.M. (1989). Symbolic violence and social control in the post-total institution era. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 21 (4), 115 - 132.

SECTION 2: THE REFERENCE LIST GUIDELINES

Organization Tip: The reference page usually appears at the end of a paper.

Reference Tip: DO NOT number your reference page!

6

7

1) Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author. 2) Alphabetize letter by letter. e.g. Brown, J.R. comes before Browning, A.R. even though the letter “i” comes before “j” 3) Aphabetize the prefixes M’, Mc, and Mac literally. Ignore the apostrophe.

MacArthur comes before McAllister, and MacNeil comes before M’Carthy. 4) Alphabetize surnames that have articles and prepositions.

-Treat prefixes like de, la, du, von, etc. as part of the last name and alphabetize the prefix if you know that it is commonly part of the surname, e.g. DeBase comes before De Vries. -If the prefix is not commonly used, treat the prefix as part of the middle name. e.g. If Helmholtz is used instead of von Helmholtz, write it as: Helmholtz, H. L. F. von

5) One-author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest date first: Kim, L. S. (1991). Kim, L. S. (1994). 6) One-author entries come before multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname:

Kaufman, J. R. (1991). Kaufman, J. R., & Cochran, D. F. (1987)

7) References with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author.

Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K., & Cochran, D. F. (1992). Kaufman, J. R., & Wong, D. F. (1989).

8) References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with

the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The) that follows the date. Kaufman, J. R. (1999). Kaufman, J. R. (1999). EXCEPTION: If the references with the same authors published in the same year are identified as arti-cles in a series, order the references in the series order, not alphabetically by title. e.g. Kaufman, J. R. (1990a). Control … Kaufman, J. R. (1990b). Roles of ….

The Order of References in the Reference List

REFERENCES Anderson, E. (1994, May). The code of the streets. The Atlantic Monthly, pp.81-94. Boone, L.E., & Kurtz, D.L. (1993). Contemporary business (7th ed.). IL: Dryden Press. Brill, N.I. (1995). Working with people: The helping process (5th ed.). New York: Longman. Dohrenwend, B.S., & Dohrenwend, B.P. (Eds.). (1974). Stressful life events: Their nature and effects. New York: John Wiley. Koehn, D. (1995). The ethics of handwriting analysis in pre-employment screening. The Online Journal of Ethics [Online], 1:1. Retrieved June 2, 1996 from World Wide Web: http://condor.depaul.edu/ethics/hand.html Lane, F.S. (Ed.). (1990). Current issues in public administration (4th ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. Murphy, J.W., Pardeck, J.T., Chung, W.S., & Choi, J.M. (1989). Symbolic violence and social control in the post-total institution era. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare,21(4), 115 - 132. Patterson, B. (1998, Spring). Self & Others dimension class lecture and discussion. Strunk, W., Jr. (1918). The elements of style. [Online]. Available: http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/strunk/strunk/html#11 Sue, D., & Sue, D. (1990). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice. New York: John Wiley. Trattner, W.I. (1994). From poor law to welfare state: A history of social welfare in America (5th ed.). New York: The Free Press. Yontef, G.M., & Simkin, J.S. (1989). Gestalt Therapy. In J. Corsini & D. Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies (4th ed.). (pp.323-361). Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock Publishers. KEY: The above sample reference list represents a few examples of how to accurately write up your sources at the end of a report on your Constructive Actions. The first sample represents an article in a magazine. Sample two, a business text with two authors and a book with more than one edition. * All authors' names are listed in the reference page. Sample three, a book with one author and edition noted. Sample four, a book/text with two editors. Sample five, an article from a journal from the Internet. Sample six, a book with an edi-tor. Sample seven, a journal with several authors. Sample eight, a class lecture. Sample nine, a book cited from the Internet. Sample ten, a book/text with two authors. Sample eleven, a book/text with one author. Sample twelve, a chapter in an edited book with two editors.

REFERENCES

Anderson, E. (1994, May). The code of the streets. The Atlantic Monthly, pp.81-94. Boone, L.E., & Kurtz, D.L. (1993). Contemporary business (7th ed.). IL: Dryden Press. Brill, N.I. (1995). Working with people: The helping process (5th ed.). New York: Longman. Dohrenwend, B.S., & Dohrenwend, B.P. (Eds.). (1974). Stressful life events: Their nature and effects. New York: John Wiley. Koehn, D. (1995). The ethics of handwriting analysis in pre-employment screening. The Online Journal of Ethics [Online], 1:1. Retrieved June 2, 1996 from World Wide Web: http://condor.depaul.edu/ethics/hand.html Lane, F.S. (Ed.). (1990). Current issues in public administration (4th ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. Murphy, J.W., Pardeck, J.T., Chung, W.S., & Choi, J.M. (1989). Symbolic violence and social control in the post-total institution era. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare,21(4), 115 - 132. Patterson, B. (1998, Spring). Self & Others dimension class lecture and discussion. Strunk, W., Jr. (1918). The elements of style. [Online]. Available: http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/strunk/strunk/html#11 Sue, D., & Sue, D. (1990). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice. New York: John Wiley. Trattner, W.I. (1994). From poor law to welfare state: A history of social welfare in America (5th ed.). New York: The Free Press. Yontef, G.M., & Simkin, J.S. (1989). Gestalt Therapy. In J. Corsini & D. Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies (4th ed.). (pp.323-361). Itasca, IL: F.E. Peacock Publishers. KEY: The above sample reference list represents a few examples of how to accurately write up your sources at the end of a report on your Constructive Actions. The first sample represents an article in a magazine. Sample two, a business text with two authors and a book with more than one edition. * All authors' names are listed in the reference page. Sample three, a book with one author and edition noted. Sample four, a book/text with two editors. Sample five, an article from a journal from the Internet. Sample six, a book with an edi-tor. Sample seven, a journal with several authors. Sample eight, a class lecture. Sample nine, a book cited from the Internet. Sample ten, a book/text with two authors. Sample eleven, a book/text with one author. Sample twelve, a chapter in an edited book with two editors.

8

1) Book with one author Use: Author’s last name, first initial(s). (Year of publication). Title of work (underlined) (edition if given). Place of publication: Publisher’s name. Brill, N.I. (1995). Working with people: The helping process (5th ed.). New York: Longman. Note: The first letter of the subtitle , i.e., “T” in The helping process is capitalized.

2) Book with two authors Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s), & Second author’s last name, Initial(s). (Year of publication). Title (underlined). Place of publication: Publisher’s name. - Use an ampersand (&) to separate the authors’ names. Nesselroade, J.R., & Baltes, P.B. (1979). Longitudinal research in the study of behavioral development. New York: Academic Press.

3) Book with three or more authors

Use: First author’s last name, Initial(s), Second author’s last name, Initial(s). , & Last author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title (underlined). Place of publication: Publisher’s name. Note: The ampersand (&) comes before the last author in the series. Taylor, B., Sanford, J.I., & Connelly, A. (1999). The moral education of adolescents. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4) Book with editor(s) Editors' names are listed as if they are authors. Use "(Eds.)." for 2 or more editors and "(Ed.)." for one. Use: Editor’s last name, Initial(s). (Ed.). (Publication date). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Dohrenwend, B.S., & Dohrenwend, B.P. (Eds.). (1974). Stressful life events: Their nature and effects. New York: John Wiley.

5) Book with translator The name of the translator should appear in parentheses after the title, with a comma and the word "Trans.," closing parentheses and period thereafter. Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title (underlined) (Translator’s Initial, Last name, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher’s name. Trajan, P.D. (1972). Psychology of animals (H. Simone, Trans.). Washington, DC: Halperin & Bros.

A: HOW TO LIST BOOKS IN THE REFERENCE LIST 9

6) Book with no author or editor When no author or editor is named, list the work under its title, and alphabetize it by the first main word (excluding The, A, An) Use: Title (underlined) (edition). (Publication date). Place of publication: Publisher. Merriam Webster's collegiate dictionary (7th ed.). (1963). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.

7) Two or more works by the same author(s) When citing works by exactly the same author, arrange sources in order of publication dates, earliest first. Arrange them alphabetically by first main word of the title. Distinguish the sources by adding a letter to the date. Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Year a). Title (underlined). Place of publication: Publisher. Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Year b). Title (underlined). Place of publication: Publisher. Garner, H. (1973a). The arts and human development. New York: John Wiley. Garner, H. (1973b). The quest for mind: Piaget, Levi-Strauss, and the structuralist movement. New York: A. Knopf. 8) Book with more than one edition Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title (underlined) (edition number). Place of publication: Publisher. Note: There is no period between the title and the edition number. The edition number follows the title in parentheses, followed by a period. Bollinger, D.L. (1975). Aspects of language (2nd ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 9) Book by a committee, commission, association, or other group When the author of the book is also its publisher, substitute the word Author for the name of the publisher at the end of the citation. Use: Name of organization. (Publication date). Title (underlined) Place of publication: Author. American Psychological Association. (1963). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

BOOKS IN THE REFERENCE LIST 10

10) Book in more than one volume Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title (underlined) (Volume numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. Ford, J. (1975). Paradigms and fairy tales: An introduction to the science of meanings (Vols. 1-2). London: Routledge. 11) Book, revised edition Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title (underlined) (Rev. ed.). Place of publication: Publisher. Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 12) Republished book Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title (underlined). Place of publication: Publisher. (Original work published 19xx). Cottrell, F. (1970). Energy and society: The relation between energy, social change, and economic development. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. (Original work published 1955).

13) An article or chapter in an edited book

Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title of article or chapter. In Editor’s names (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Place of publication: Publisher. Boskoff, A. (1964). Recent theories of social change. In W.J. Cahaman & A. Boskoff (Eds.), Sociology and history (pp.140-157). New York: Free Press of Glencoe. Tawney, J.W. (1977). Educating severely handicapped children and their parents through tele- communications. In N.G. Haring & L.J. Brown (Eds.), Teaching the severely handicapped (Vol. 2 , pp.315-340). New York: Grune & Stratton.

BOOKS IN THE REFERENCE LIST 11

1) Article in a journal paginated by the volume (continuous pagination) Most periodicals published quarterly or less frequently use continuous pagination for all the issues pub-lished in a single year; that is, if the year's first issue ends with page 125, the second issue begins with page 126. Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume, first page used – last page used. Note: The journal title and volume number are underlined and followed by commas, respectively. Also, all the significant words in the title of the journal are capitalized and the page numbers do not have the abbreviation, pp. Webster, G.R. (1989). Partisanship in American presidential, senatorial and gubernatorial elections in ten western states. Political Geography Quarterly, 8, 161-179.

2) Article in a journal that pages issues separately Use : Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume (Issue number), page numbers. Boyd, S. (1981). Nuclear terror. Adaptation to Change, 7 (4), 20-23. Note: number is in parentheses after the volume number without any space. Don’t underline issue # . 3) Article in a magazine When the volume number is absent, give month of publication after the year, separating them with a comma. Give all page numbers even when article appears on discontinuous pages. Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Year, Month). Title of article, Name of magazine, page numbers. Van Gelder, L. (1986, December). Countdown to motherhood, Ms., 37-39, 74.

4) Article in a daily newspaper a) Give month and date along with year of publication. Use The in the Newspaper name if the paper itself does. Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Date). Title of newspaper article. Name of newspaper, section if possible, page number. Herbers, J. (1988, March 6). A different Dixie: Few but sturdy threads tie new South to old. The New York Times, sec. 4, p.1. b) Discontinuous pages: Put all the page numbers in which the article appears. Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The New York Times, pp. A1, A4.

12 B: HOW TO LIST PERIODICALS IN THE REFERENCE LIST

5) Article in a daily newspaper with no author Use: Title of article. (Year, month and day). Name of newspaper, page number. New drug appears to cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). Daily Post, p. B1 6) Article in a weekly magazine a) Give the date shown on the publication, i.e., include the day. Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Date). Title of article. Name of magazine, page numbers. Jaroff, L. (1989, July 3). Fury on the sun. Time, 46-55. b) For an anonymous article, begin the reference with the title. Use: Title of article. (Date). Name of magazine, page numbers. Running up a global tab. (1989, July 10). Time, 47.

7) Article in a monthly magazine Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Year, Month). Title of article. Name of the magazine, Volume, Page numbers. Hill, J.V. (1989, May). The design and procurement of training simulators. Educational Technology, 152, 26-27. 8) Journal or magazine article reprinted in a collection of essays by various authors Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Publication date). Title of chapter. In Editor’s name (Ed.).

Title of book (page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. (Reprinted from Title of Journal , publication date of journal, volume number, page numbers without pp. in front).

Motokawa, K. (1965). Retinal traces and visual perception of movement. In I. M. Spigel (Ed.). Readings in the study of visually perceived movement (pp. 288-303). New York: Harper. (Reprinted from the Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1953, 45, 369-377). 9) Letter to the editor Follow the editor's title (if one exists) by a bracketed notation identifying the piece as a letter. Capezze, D. (1989, July 13). Of course, oil spills can be prevented [Letter to the editor]. The New York Times, p. A22.

10) Book review If the review has a title, cite the title before the bracketed notation identifying the piece as a review. Note that the name of the author of the work being reviewed does not appear in the citation. Belotti, M. (1988). [Review of the book The paradox of poverty: A reappraisal of economic development policy]. Journal of Economic Literature, 26, 1233-1234.

13 PERIODICALS IN THE REFERENCE LIST

1) Encyclopedia or Dictionary For major reference works with a large editorial board, you may list the name of the lead editor, followed by et al. Sadie, S. (Ed.) et al. (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan. Bergmann, P.G. et al. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. 2) Report a) Government reports: If the source assigned a number to the report, include that number in parentheses immediately after the title. Do not use a period between the report title and the information in parentheses. National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. b) Report from a university: Give the name of the university first and then the name of department that pro-duced the report. Broadhurst, R.G., & Maller, R.A. (1991). Sex offending and recidivism (Tech. Rep. No. 3) Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia, Crime Research Center. 3) Lecture, unpublished Include the month of the meeting or conference at which the lecture was delivered. Zappen, J.P. (1989, March). Scientific rhetoric in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Paper presented at the Conference on College Composition and Communication, Seattle, WA.

4) An information service Place the name of service and document number in parentheses after original publisher and a period. No period follows the number. Jolson, M.K. (1981). Music education for preschoolers. New York: Teacher's College Columbia University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 264 488).

5) Government Documents When there is no individual author, list document under name of sponsoring agency. If agency is both pub-lisher and author use "Author" in place of publisher's name. United States Commission on Civil Rights. (1983). Greater Baltimore commitment Washington DC: Author.

C: HOW TO LIST MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES IN THE REFERENCE LIST 14

6) Interviews Published interviews are listed under interviewer's name. Provide publication information indicating the source in which the interview appeared. Immediately after the title, specify that the piece was an interview. Title is inserted after date. William C. Brisick. (1988, July 1). [Interview with Ishmael Reed]. Publisher's Weekly, p. 42. *Interviews that you conduct are not included in the list of references. Instead, use an in-text parenthetical citation: if subject is already named, use (personal communication, July 7, 1994); if the subject is not named use: (L. Kogod, personal communication, July 7, 1991).

7) Unpublished doctoral dissertation Use this format if the dissertation has not been published. Wilfley, D. E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normal-weight and obese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia. 8) Doctoral dissertation obtained from a university Use this format if the manuscript copy of the dissertation was used as a source from the university. When the dates of the dissertation and of the publication of its abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) differ, as they do here, the parenthetical text citation includes both: (Johnson, 1988/1989). Johnson, T.P. (1989). The social environment and health (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 3514A.

9) Proceedings of meetings and symposia Use this format for a citation for published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or chapter in an edited book. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 10)Videotape or other non-print source (slides, films, art, musical performance) Names of major contributors are followed by their function. Type of medium should appear in brackets af-ter the title with no punctuation between the two. Messecar, R. (Author & Producer/Editor) & Hales, D. (Author). (1982). Theater of the night: The science of sleep and dreams [Film]. Pleasantville, NY: Human Relations Media. Heeley, D. (Director), & Kramer, J. (Producer). (1988). Bacall on Bogart [Videotape]. New York: WNET Films.

MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES IN THE REFERENCE LIST 15

Citing references from the Internet and the World Wide Web is similar to citing references from printed material. The difference between the two is that the World Wide Web information is placed at the end of the reference, where it is also imperative to use the words "Retrieved from" and the date when the information was retrieved. The date is important because the content on the Web changes frequently and there is a need for it to be listed. Below are additional considerations for writers citing electronic sources. • Avoid dividing an electronic address at the end of a line. If absolutely necessary, divide it at a logi-

cal place, such as at a diagonal (/), period, or hyphen. • The word “online” may be written “on-line” or “online.” Select one version: use it consistently. • For the titles of books, use “sentence-style” capitalization. This means that only the first word of a

title, proper noun, or the first word after an internal colon is to be capitalized. • For the titles of magazines and journals. Use “headline” style, capitalizing the letters of all impor-

tant words. • Do not use underlining, italics, or quotation marks to distinguish the titles of magazines or journal

articles. Use “sentence-style” capitalization. 1) Newspaper article Use: Author. (date). Title. Newspaper Title [Publication medium], paging (if available). [Access date] <URL> Markoff, J. (1996, June 5). Voluntary rules proposed to help ensure privacy for Internet users. The New York Times [Online]. Retrieved June 5, 1996 from World Wide Web: http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/y05dat.htm1

2) An article from an on-line journal with general access Use: Author, Initial. (Date). Title of article. Name of Periodical [On-line], volume: issue (if avail-able), paging (if available) Available: Specify path Funder, D. C. (1994, March). Judgmental process and content: Commentary on Koehler on base-rate [9 paragraphs]. Psycoloquy [On-line serial], 5 (17). Available FTP: Hostname: princeton.edu Directory: pub/harnad/Psycoloquy/1994.volume.5 File: pyscoloquy.94.5.17. base-rate.12.funder 3) An article from an on-line journal article, subscriber-based Use: Author or Group. (Date). Title of article . Name of Periodical [On-line]. Available: specify path. Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. (1993, October 2). Central vein occlusion study of photocoagulation: Manual of operations [675 paragraphs]. Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials [On-line serial]. Available: Doc. No. 92

D: HOW TO LIST SOURCES FROM THE INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB 16

4) An on-line abstract Use: Author’s surname, Initial(s). (Date of publication). Title of article. [On-Line] Title of publica- tion, volume number, pages. Abstract from: Information source. Meyer, A. S. , & Bock, K. (1992). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [On-Line]. Memory & Cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: DIALOG File: PsycINFO Item: 80-16351 For more than one author, use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name in the series. Do not end a path statement with a period, because stray punctuation in a path will hinder retrieval. 5) A chapter from a book Use: Author’s last name, Initial., & Author’s last name, Initial. (date). Title of chapter. In Title of full work [On-line]. Available: Specify path. Mader, S.L. (1998). Human organization. In Human Biology [On-line]. Available: http: //www.mhhe.

com/sciencemath/biology/mader/ 6) A book Use: Author. (Date—indicate “No date” if none is known). Title of book (Edition or other available information). [Publication medium]. Producer (optional). [Access date] <URL> Strunk, W., Jr. (1918). The elements of style. [Online]. Retrieved August 20, 1998 from the World Wide Web: http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/strunk/strunk/html#11

7) A magazine article Use: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Date). Title. Magazine Title [Publication medium], volume (if available), paging (if available). [Access date] <URL> Murphy, H. Lee. (1997, March 4). Saturn’s orbit still high with consumers. Marketing News Online [Online]. Retrieved May 13, 1996 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ama.org/pubs/mn/0818/nl.html 8) Personal e-mail Use: Sender. (sender’s e-mail address). (date). Subject of message. E-mail to Recipient (recipient’s e-mail address). Omar, B. W. (bomar@aol.com). (1996, June 5). Excellent Web sites for job seekers. E-mail to M. E. Guffey (meguffey@rain.org).

SOURCES FROM THE INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB 17

9) Computer software • Do not underline names of software, programs, or languages. • If an individual has proprietary rights to the software, name him or her as the author; otherwise, treat

such references as unauthored works. • In brackets immediately after the title, identify the source as a computer program, language, or soft-

ware. Do not use a period between the title and the bracketed material. • Give the location and the name of the organization that produced the work in the publisher position. • Enclose any additional information necessary for identification and retrieval in parentheses at the

end of the entry (e.g., version numbers if they are not part of the name of the software). • To reference a manual, give the same information. However, in the brackets after the title, identify

the source as a computer program or software manual. Miller, M. E. (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. Westminster, CA: Psytek Services. 10) Abstract on CD-ROM Give the author as the primary contributor, followed by the year and title. And then the source of the electronic data in brackets. Enclose any additional information necessary for identification and retrieval in parentheses at end of entry. Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and non-referring supervisors [CD-ROM]. (Abstract from: ProQuest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: 9315497)

11) Encyclopedia article on CD-ROM Use: Author/editor (if available). Title of material accessed. (Date). In Source (edition, release, or version, If relevant). [Publication medium]. Location: Name of Producer. Genetic engineering. (1994). In Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia (Version 2.0). [CD- ROM]. Carlsbad, CA: Compton’s NewMedia, Inc.

12) Encyclopedia article, online Use: Author/editor (if given). Title of material accessed. (Date). In source (edition) (if available).

[Publication medium]. Producer (optional). [Access date] <URL> [“search term” (if necessary for retrieval)]

Stock market crash of 1929. (1995). In Britannica online. [Online]. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 11, 1998 from the World Wide Web: http://www.eb.com./ [“stock market”]

SOURCES FROM THE INTERNET AND THE WORLD WIDE WEB 18

When doing research two types of sources are used, primary and secondary. Primary sources: are firsthand accounts such as historical documents-letters, speeches, eyewitness reports, reports on experiments or surveys, your own interviews, or personal observations.Whenever possible, you should draw your own conclusions from primary sources. Secondary sources: report and analyze information drawn from other sources, usually primary ones; encyclopedias, scholarly journals, a historian's account of a battle, reference books. These kinds of sources provide summaries and interpretations that direct, support and extend your own thinking as well as help in constructing academic approaches and hypotheses. Reference books: materials that cover broad fields of knowledge and typically provide broad overviews. Examples of reference books include encyclopedias, atlases, dictionaries, directories, and bibliographies of specialized subject areas. General encyclopedias are limited in that they pro-vide only general information. Specialized encyclopedias cover an entire field or subject and give more detailed information. When using reference books consult recent editions only. The use of reference books often directs you to particular books and articles on your subject. Some examples of reference books are the Dictionary of Economics and the Encyclopedia of Management for business-related topics. For social sciences, there is the Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Encyclopedia of Psychology and the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Periodicals: include journals, magazines and newspapers. The difference between journals and magazines lies in content, readership, and frequency of issue and page numbering. Magazines such as Newsweek and Psychology Today are non-specialist publications intended for diverse readers. Journals often appear quarterly and contain specialized information intended for readers in a par-ticular field. Some journals number issues separately, others do not. Instead the issue for an entire year make up an annual volume. Working With Sources: Scan and evaluate the sources. As you collect articles and books, it is important to determine its usefulness. Scanning the introductions, the table of contents and indexes of books, magazines, or journals can help determine if a source is relevant.

E: HOW TO RESEARCH INFORMATION 19

Reading and Note-taking: ⇒ Budget enough time to take notes. ⇒ Date your notes, and write full bibliographic information next to the date. ⇒ Read with a specific question in mind, not randomly in hopes of hitting something worthwhile. ⇒ Consult table of contents, index, or headings to find what you need. ⇒ Concentrate on headings and main ideas, skipping material unrelated to the specific question you are researching. ⇒ Take notes in outline form to structure the material, and break it into related sections and subsections. ⇒ Number lists for easy of structuring.

Summarizing and Paraphrasing: When summarizing, you condense an extended idea or argument into a sentence or more in your own words. When you paraphrase, you follow much more closely the author's original presentation but restate it in your own words.

How to Avoid Plagiarism in a Research Paper:

Plagiarism is a serious academic crime and easy to commit if you’re not careful. Cite a source any time you state an idea that you yourself didn’t originate. Give sources for quotations, and be sure to quote any string of three or more words that comes form a given source. The overall idea is to leave no question about which ideas came from you and which came from others. Contact your instructor or go to Student Services if you’re struggling with your paper. Also, be careful not to plagiarize a fellow student’s work accidentally. The best way to avoid this is not to read your colleagues’ work. When in doubt, cite!

RESEARCH TIPS 20

References American Psychological Association. (1994). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author. Fowler, H.R., Aaron, J.E., & Limburg, K. (1992). The little, brown handbook (5th ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publisher. Harnack, A., & Keppler, E. (1998). Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources. New

York: St. Martin’s Press. Available: Http://www.smpcollege.com/online-4styles~help. Mulderig, G. & Elsbree, L. (1990). The Heath handbook (12th ed.). Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company. Patent, J. (2000). How to Avoid Plagiarism in a Research Paper. Ehow [Online]. Retrieved January

16, 2001 from World Wide Web: http://www.ehow.com

21

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . 6 Anonymous work: citation in text . . . . . . . 3 reference list . . . . . . . 10 Authors with the same surname: citation in text . . . . . 3 reference list . . . . . 10 Article or chapter in a book: citation in text . . . . . 1 reference list . . . . . . 11 Article: in a journal . . . . . . . . . 12 in a magazine . . . . . . . . 13 in a newspaper: citation in text . . . . . . 4 reference list-with author . . . . . 12 -without author . . . . 12 reprinted in a collection of essays . . . . . . 13 Book by an organization: citation in text . . . . . . 3 reference list . . . . . . 10 Book in more that one volume in the reference list . . . . . 10 Book review . . . . . . . . . . 13 Book, revised (in the reference list) . . . . . . . 11 Book -with one author : citation in text . . . . . . 2 : in the reference list . . . . . . 9 -with two authors: citation in text . . . . . . 2 : in the reference list . . . . . . 9 -with three or more authors: citation in text . . . . . 2 in the reference list . . . . 9 Book with editor (in the reference list) . . . . . . 9 Book with more than one edition . . . . . . . 10 Book with no author or editor: citation in text . . . . . 3 in the reference list . . . . . 10 Book with translator (in the reference list) . . . . . . 9 Capitalization . . . . . . . . . 6 Citation to: daily newspaper article in text . . . . . . 12 secondary source . . . . . . . 4 Corporate author: citation in text . . . . . . . 3 Direct quotations . . . . . . . . . 5,6 Doctoral dissertation, obtained from a university . . . . . 15 unpublished . . . . . . . 15 Encyclopedia (in the reference list) . . . . . . . 15 Government documents (in the reference list) . . . . . 14 Information service (in the reference list) . . . . . . 14 Interviews . . . . . . . . . . 15 Internet: -abstract on CD-ROM . . . . . . . 18 -book . . . . . . . . . 17 -chapter from a book . . . . . . . 17 -computer software . . . . . . . 18 -encyclopedia article on CD-ROM . . . . . 18

INDEX 22

Internet: -encyclopedia article, on-line . . . . . . 18 -journal article, general access . . . . . . 16 -journal article, subscriber-based . . . . . . 16 -maga-zine article . . . . . . . . 17 -newspaper article . . . . . . . . 16 -on-line abstract . . . . . . . . 17 -personal e-mail . . . . . . . . 17 Letter to editor . . . . . . . . . 13 Order of references . . . . . . . . 7 Paraphrasing: definition . . . . . . . . 1 with author mentioned in the text . . . . . 1 with author and date mentioned in the text . . . . 1 with author not named in text . . . . . 1 Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . 20 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . 19 Proceedings of meetings and symposia (in the reference list) . . . 15 Punctuation . . . . . . . . . 6 Quotations: that stand alone . . . . . . . 5 that will appear in the middle of the sentence . . . 5 that will appear at the end of the sentence . . . . 5 with more than 40 words . . . . . . 5 Reading and note-taking . . . . . . . 20 Republished book in a citation . . . . . . . 11 Reference Page . . . . . . . . . 8,21 Reference to an entire chapter . . . . . . . 1,11 Sample reference page . . . . . . . . 8 Secondary Sources . . . . . . . . . 19 Spacing and multiple entries . . . . . . . . 6 Summarizing . . . . . . . . . 20 Two or more works that support the same idea . . . . . 7 Works containing obvious errors . . . . . . . 5 Compiled and Produced by: Luice Kim & Amy Small. Updated as of January 2001.

23

INDEX