mckeirving introduction

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*&- ³***Se f A F @an{\nw*A øGa* 9rr{GIn!@a* 0( M}chgreg`/ -Ocr 7O dh}ebcf`r: Hxpä `rwèf ocr dh}ebcf`r/ dpu bapocr u bcxp`wcf`r- [A`}` h}` wm` |hfre`r/ p`}u bpw` hfg bcxp`wweraT& H}w$ yc}k mu Jcrå Iphghop|` \crhgh/ 85<8)& Bcp}w`ru cn Ah}}u ]hfrcd Apdhfewe`r ]`r`h}ba B`fw`}/ Pfep`}rewu cn W`qhr hw Hprwef& Efw}cgpbwecf Wa` Aegg`f^eb`r cn ocr Aejcr g&` oh Baefihg&h @o Hfw}c Efdc}ho g` @fpeo`bede`fwc ¨Xpå g`ri}hbeh ~e~e} g`i}hghgc/ r`øhohgc/ }`|pgehgc |c} wcghr ohr i`$ f`}hbecf`r/ apfgegc `f `o bòfbh~c dhogewc g` ocr g`r|}`rweiecr rcbeho`r/ b`}}hfgc ocr cecr è ohr o`u`r ge~efhr g`o |}ci}`rc/ u ocr cägcr è ocr hb`fwcr rpmoed`r u bcfdc~`gc}`r g` oh dc}ho( Yahw h geri}hb` wc oe~` g`i}hg`g/ refio`g cpw/ }`|pgehw`g nc} hoo i`f`}h$ wecfr/ rpfk`f efwc wa` hbbp}r`g b}hw`} cn rcbeho gerb}`gew/ bocrefi `u`r wc wa` ge~ef` ohyr cn |}ci}`rr hfg `h}r wc wa` rpmoed` hfg dc~efi hbb`fwr cn dc}hoewu(8 _9ac ah~` hfi`}`g wa` hmc~` y}ew`} rc w}`d`fgcprou wahw a` ycpog pfo`hra rpba ef~`bwe~` hihefrw wa`d3 )Roahw ah~` wa`u gcf` wahw er rc w`}}emo` wahw wa`u h}` wc m` -}`|pgehw`g nc} hoo i`f`}hwecfr- 3 Acy ah~` wa`u redwnowhf`cprou wa}`hw`f`g |}ci}`rr hfg dc}hoewu3 Wa` hmc~` fh}}hwc} ic`r cf wc hbbpr` wa`d cn ah~efi bcddeww`g h ac}}emo` ~eb`: u `o ~ebec/ `r` ~ebec xp` }`mcrh `f oh bc|h g` oh |}crwewpbeòf dèr g`r`f$ n}`fhgh/ `r `o xp` ahb` `rboh~cr è ocr acdm}`r u ocr g`fei}h/ ahrwh bh`} `f `o hfw}c efdc}ho g`o `f~eo`bede`fwc u g` oh bc}}p|beòf/ xp` }cd|` rpr ohzcr `f deo høebcr/ |h}h fc |p}enebh}r` fpfbh& hfg wa` ~eb`/ wahw ~eb` yaeba c~`}nocyr n}cd wa` bp| cn wa` dcrw pf$ m}ego`g yhfwcff`rr/ er wahw yaeba dhk`r roh~`r cn d`f hfg g`fei}hw`r wa`d/ wc wa` |cefw wahw wa`u nhoo efwc wa` eddc}ho g`f cn ~eoenebhwecf hfg bc}}p|wecf/ yaeba m}`hkr wa`e} rahbko`r efwc h wacprhfg mewr) rc wa`u dhu f`~`} hihef m`bcd` |p}`& !Bhrw}`jòf 8>0 Fc~`oerw @gph}gc Bhrw}`jòf er rbhfghoez`g mu wa` m`ah~ec} cn wa` -nhdcpr 7_}pw h i}cp| cn w}hfr~`rwew`r h}}`rw`g ef 85<8 ya`f wa`e} |}e~hw` mhoo yhr }heg`g mu wa` D`qebc Bewu |coeb`& D`f g}`rr`g hr {)/w !owr"&* }o` }Ä/ : ){ {/{/ E N ø ) a ¨} w) "/) n ") }:(} xe " { ew/ ' /' /{ r " ]e0 nn & & /7L `rwff Err woh}e`cf`r R Ewu Xno|f1/r o/ ÿcXEE@Wc///u@/r- * nnek_A ;Y /}";; &:}; w}nne$;;;;/ w i` `b E¨f bhwo` g` oh \hz/ E @r g`Be} g` fhrbpoofcr/ f Ocr ifgr}d`i hwermh}rf { Ixzxmhf ho `qw}`bmh} ei EEf R}hp mheo` repipoh}& E H ocr nhfcrhr eúgcr& *w *&B|h}58wh pf ohih}wejcr & -^2roegc`$g` }`rc u r`gh ` }mweDgd a ÿew`g E Ho ÿo¨edc neip}ef/ |$ $nneè&e$hr dpbfhbe}}r E Beo;;eew&-eÿeec)|`efhg¨r) " Ue:: :::-4&j c::W:&: o::% " qe *} |wc' ÿ)|)}ue

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Page 1: MckeIrving Introduction

8/2/2019 MckeIrving Introduction

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mckeirving-introduction 1/14

*&- ³***Se fA F @an{\nw*A øGa* 9rr{GIn!@a* 0(

M}chgreg`/ -Ocr 7O dh}ebcf`r: Hxpä `rwèf ocr dh}ebcf`r/ dpu bapocru bcxp`wcf`r- [A`}` h}` wm` |hfre`r/ p`}u bpw` hfg bcxp`wweraT& H}w$yc}k mu Jcrå Iphghop|` \crhgh/ 85<8)& Bcp}w`ru cn Ah}}u ]hfrcdApdhfewe`r ]`r`h}ba B`fw`}/ Pfep`}rewu cn W`qhr hw Hprwef&

Efw}cgpbwecf

Wa` Aegg`f^eb`r cn

ocr Aejcr g&` oh Baefihg&h

@o Hfw}c Efdc}ho g` @fpeo`bede`fwc

¨Xpå g`ri}hbeh ~e~e} g`i}hghgc/ r`øhohgc/ }`|pgehgc |c} wcghr ohr i`$

f`}hbecf`r/ apfgegc `f `o bòfbh~c dhogewc g` ocr g`r|}`rweiecr rcbeho`r/

b`}}hfgc ocr cecr è ohr o`u`r ge~efhr g`o |}ci}`rc/ u ocr cägcr è ocr

hb`fwcr rpmoed`r u bcfdc~`gc}`r g` oh dc}ho(

Yahw h geri}hb` wc oe~` g`i}hg`g/ refio`g cpw/ }`|pgehw`g nc} hoo i`f`}h$

wecfr/ rpfk`f efwc wa` hbbp}r`g b}hw`} cn rcbeho gerb}`gew/ bocrefi `u`r wcwa` ge~ef` ohyr cn |}ci}`rr hfg `h}r wc wa` rpmoed` hfg dc~efi hbb`fwr

cn dc}hoewu(8

_9ac ah~` hfi`}`g wa` hmc~` y}ew`} rc w}`d`fgcprou wahw a` ycpog

pfo`hra rpba ef~`bwe~` hihefrw wa`d3)Roahw ah~` wa`u gcf` wahw er rc

w`}}emo` wahw wa`u h}` wc m` -}`|pgehw`g nc} hoo i`f`}hwecfr- 3 Acy ah~`

wa`u redwnowhf`cprou wa}`hw`f`g |}ci}`rr hfg dc}hoewu3 Wa` hmc~`

fh}}hwc} ic`r cf wc hbbpr` wa`d cn ah~efi bcddeww`g h ac}}emo` ~eb`:

u `o ~ebec/ `r` ~ebec xp` }`mcrh `f oh bc|h g` oh |}crwewpbeòf dèr g`r`f$

n}`fhgh/ `r `o xp` ahb` `rboh~cr è ocr acdm}`r u ocr g`fei}h/ ahrwh bh`}

`f `o hfw}c efdc}ho g`o `f~eo`bede`fwc u g` oh bc}}p|beòf/ xp` }cd|`rpr ohzcr `f deo høebcr/ |h}h fc |p}enebh}r` fpfbh&

hfg wa` ~eb`/ wahw ~eb` yaeba c~`}nocyr n}cd wa` bp| cn wa` dcrw pf$

m}ego`g yhfwcff`rr/ er wahw yaeba dhk`r roh~`r cn d`f hfg g`fei}hw`r

wa`d/ wc wa` |cefw wahw wa`u nhoo efwc wa` eddc}ho g`f cn ~eoenebhwecf hfg

bc}}p|wecf/ yaeba m}`hkr wa`e} rahbko`r efwc h wacprhfg mewr) rc wa`u

dhu f`~`} hihef m`bcd` |p}`& !Bhrw}`jòf 8>0

Fc~`oerw @gph}gc Bhrw}`jòf er rbhfghoez`g mu wa` m`ah~ec} cn wa`

-nhdcpr 7_}pw h i}cp| cn w}hfr~`rwew`r h}}`rw`g ef 85<8 ya`f wa`e}

|}e~hw` mhoo yhr }heg`g mu wa` D`qebc Bewu |coeb`& D`f g}`rr`g hr

{)/w !owr"&* }o`}Ä/ : ){ {/{/ E

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nn& & /7L `rwff Err woh}e`cf`r R

Ewu Xno|f1/r o/ ÿcXEE@Wc///u@/r- *

nnek_A;Y

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w}nne$;;;;/ wi` `b E¨f bhwo` g` oh \hz/ E @r g`Be} g` fhrbpoofcr/ fOcr i₯fgr}d`i hwermh}rf { Ixzxmhf ho `qw}`bmh} ei

EEf R}hp mheo` repipoh}& E H ocr nhfcrhr eúgcr& *w*&B|h}58wh u pf ohih}wejcr & -^2roegc`$g`

}`rc u r`gh `}mweDgd a ÿew`g E Ho ÿo¨edc neip}ef/|$ $nneè&e$hr dpbfhbe}}r E Beo;;eew&-eÿeec)|`efhg¨r) "Ue:: :::-4&j

c::W:&: o::% "

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*}|wc'

ÿ)|)}ue

Page 2: MckeIrving Introduction

8/2/2019 MckeIrving Introduction

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mckeirving-introduction 2/14

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ewu hfg dho` r`qphoewu ef D`qebc& Waer cpw}hi`cpr g`nehfb` cn rcbeho

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bhf/ hfg wahw n}cd wahw dcd`fw cf ycpog m` ~e`y`g/ hom`ew }`opbwhfwou

mu dhf¨ hr hf pfg`fehmo` `o`d`fw cnfhwecfho bpowp}`&

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rerw`f}ou eifc}`g wa` ed|c}whfw rudmcoeb }co` cndhrbpoefewe`r hfg

dho` r`qphoewe`r ef wa` fpd`}cpr i}hfg oew`}h}u bcfrwnpbwecfr hfg }`$

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wa` rcfr cn `o \`}expeooc hfg Dhfp`o \hufc)r mhfgegcr g`o ]äc N}äc&

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\hz)r aeecr g` Eh Baefihgh&

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\hz)r y`oo$kfcyf hoo`ic}u cn d`rwezhe` |}c|cr`r D`qebhfr wcm` wa`

rcfr cn wa` }h|` cn efgei`fcpr D`rchd`}ebhf bpowp}`r mu wa` ef~hgefi

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oew`}hwp}` yacr` a`}c`r h}` n}`xp`fwou ucpfi d`rweZc d`f) D`qebc)r

rcfr& Dc}`c~`}/ ew er fcw }cdhfb`r m`wy``f yaew` r|hfeh}g ihohf`r

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mcoez` fhwecfho pfew¨ mpw dpba dc}` bcddcfou acdcrcbeho mcfgr

hdcfi ucpfi D`qebhf d`f/ Ecr aeecr g` oh Bmefihgh)

N}cd wa` `}}hfw ucpfi \`}expeooc/ `~`} ef r`h}ba cn nhwa`} neip}`r;

wc wa` efr`|h}hmo` mpgge`r H}wp}c hfg Dhfp`o cn \hufc)r @E nerwco

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ioefi a`}c`r cn Hrwpbe³; wc ^eb`fw` ]e~h \hohbec)r |e}hw`r cn wa` ipon; wc

wa` xp``} dcg`}ferwh hooähfb`r m`wy``f ]hnh`o hfg Hfg}år ef Hdhgc

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hmhjc hfg cwa`} fc~`or cn wa` }`~copwecf; wc wa` dc}` |}cmo`dhweb

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fcr hfg Jphf ]ponc; wc wa` dho` mcfgefi ef wa` `h}ou |}cwc$Baebhfc

oew`}hwp}` cn Dh}äh Hd|h}c ]pez g` Mp}wcf hfg ncpfghwecfho Baebhfc

oew`}hwp}` cn Hdå}ebc \h}`g`r hfg Jcrå Hfwcfec ^eooh}}`ho: D`qebc er

|}cwhicf ez`g mu ucpfi d`f/ hfg fhwecfho pfewu er hoo`ic}e z`g mu dho`

acdcrcbeho mcfgefi&

Waer rwpgu w}hb`r wa` aerwc }u cn D`qebc hr bcfrw}pbw`g wa}cpia

ewr oew`}hwp}` hfg ewr dho` |}cwhicferwr& Dhrbpoefewu hfg dho` r`q$

phoewu ah~` aerwc}ebhoou m``f k`u bcd|cf`fwr cn fhwecfho eg`fwewu

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bahfi` fcwecfr cn oc d`qebhfc&G`r|ew` \hz)r hww`d|wr wc dhk` `r$

r`fweho aerwc}eb oefkr m`wy``f D`qebhff`rr hfg wa` bcfxp`rw wa}cpia

wa` hoo`ic}u cn ocr aeecr g` oh Baefihgh/ aerwc}u |}c~`r dc}` bcd|o`q&

H E{`y Oew`}h}u Aerwc}i: Dhrbpoäfewu hfg o{hwecf

Acy`~`}/ waer er fcw h aerwc}u cn D`qebc; ew er h aerwc}u cn oew`}h}u

bcfrwnpbwecfr cn D`qebc& N}cd wa` `}h cn efg`|`fg`fb` wc wa` `h}ou

85><r/ jprw |}ec} wc wa` }er` cn n`deferd/h ew g`oe~`}r h f`y }`hgefi

cn D`qebhf oew`}h}u aerwc}u wa}cpia ewr raenwefi bcfrw}pbwecfr cn dhr$

bpoefewu hfg fhwecf/ ef~`rweihwefi fcw jprw wa` y`oo$kfcyf rw`}`cwu|`r)

mpw horc dc}` dh}iefhoez`g gerbcp}r`r wahw bahoo`fi` wa`d& Dc}`c~`}/

ew }`~`hor wa` dhfu bcfw}hgebwecfr hdcfi dhefrw}`hd gerbcp}r`r hr

wa`u `~co~` !c} g`i`f`}hw` c~`} wed` hfg hr wa`u m`bcd` `fwhfio`g ef

bcfrw}pbwecfr cn cwa`} k`u bcd|cf`fwr cn fhwecfho eg`fwewu efbopgefi

}hb`/ bohrr/ hfg |h}webpoh}ou r`qphoewu&

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g` Ko`efahfr/> wa` oedew`g rpbb`rr cn fc~`oerwr ]`npiec Mh}}hièf g`

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w`oohfcr hfg @o`fh Ih}}c ef wa` nenwe`r hfg reqwe`r$wa`}` y`}` fc dhjc}

n`dho` y}ew`}r ef D`qebc/ oh}i`ou gp` wc |`}rerw`fw r`qerd yewaef fh$

wecfho oew`}h}u efrwewpwecfr&Efg``g/ wa` m`rw$kfcyf ycd`f wc ah~`

y}eww`f ef D`qebc gp}efi ewr ne}rw 80< u`h}r ncoocyefi efg`|`fg`fb`

n}cd r|hef h}` Rbcwwera ~erewc} N}hfb`r bhog`}òf g` oh Mh}bh hfg

Baeo`hf ip`rw Ihm}e`oh Derw}ho)9

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ez`g dho` y}ew`}r racpog ah~` m``f hmcpw d`f hfg dhrbpoefewu))Räewa

cfouhn`y`qb`|wecfr/wa`dcrwed|c}whfwm`efiN`g`}ebcIhd$mch/r Rhfwh/ wa` oew`}h}u |`}rcfhi`r yac }`|}`r`fw D`qebc h}` d`f:

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mu hfg bcd|o`d`fwh}u wc wa` hmc~` d`fwecf`g n`deferw |}ce`bwr; ew

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|o`d`fwh}u }`hgefir cn o`rr`} kfcyf w`qwr mu }`ohwe~`ou y`oo$kfcyf

hpwac}r rpba hr Jcrå Wcdèr g` bpåooh}/ Èfi`o g` bhd|c/ F`}~c/

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w`qwr/ cnw`f oewwo` kfcyf/ mu ycd`fy}ew`}r rpba hr Mh}}hièf g`

Wcrbhfc hfg Dh}äh Operh Ih}zh/ hocfi yewa m`ww`} kfcyf yc}kr mu

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cnw`f }`hg ef wa`e} ghu hr |c|poh} nebwecf !hfg wa`}`nc}` fcw r`}ecpr oew$

`}hwp}` efbopgefi bhrw}`jòf)r Ocr 7O/ hocfiyewa rbe`fb` nebwecf fc~`or

cn `pi`febr hfg hfg}ciUfU)

Wa` wu|`r cn w`qwr pfg`} bcfreg`}hwecf h}` oew`}h}¨ wa`f/ mpw ef h

m}chg r`fr`& _9ae8` wa`}` er fc gcpmw wahw wa` efrwewpwecf cn -aeia-

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wa` `fwe}` |`}ecg bc~`}`g a`}`/ wa` `nn`bwe~`f`rr cn waer `fw`}|}er` dprw

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