mcgraw-hill/irwin © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc., 2005 18-1 acct 102 financial accounting...
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005
18-1
ACCT 102
FinancialAccounting
Overview of F/S(Chap 1,2,3,4)
Cash Flows Statement(Chap 16)
Investing activities(Chap 10,15)
Operating activities(Chap 5,6,9,10,11)
Financing activities(Chap 13,14)
ManagementAccounting
Cost Accounting(Chap 18,19,20)
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis(Chap 22)
Operating Budgets(Chap 23)
Capital Budgets(Chap 25)
Managerial Decision(Chap 25)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005
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Managerial Accounting Concepts and Principles
Chapter
1818
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Learning objectivesLearning objectives
1. Managerial Accounting Basics2. Managerial Cost Concepts3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities
• Balance Sheet• Income Statement• Flow of Manufacturing Activities• Manufacturing Statement
4. Decision analysis: • Unit Contribution Margin • Contribution Margin Ratio
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Managerial accountingprovides informationfor managers of anorganization whoplan and controlits operations.
Financial accountingprovides information
to stockholders,creditors and others
who are outsidethe organization.
1. Managerial Accounting Basics - Purpose Managerial Accounting
1. Managerial Accounting Basics - Purpose Managerial Accounting
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PlanningFormulating Long- and
Short-Term Plans
Controlling1. Measuring Actual
Performance
Implementing PlansDirecting
andMotivating
Controlling2. Evaluating ActualPerformance versus
Planned Performance
BeginF
EE
DBACK
MONI
TO
RIN
G
Planning and ControlPlanning and Control
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Financial Accounting Managerial Accounting
1. Users Investors, creditors and Managers, employees and other external users other internal users
2. Purpose of Making investment, credit Planning, decision information and other decisions making and control
3. Flexibility Structured and often Relatively flexible of practice controlled by GAAP (no GAAP)
4. Timeliness of Often available only Available quickly without information after audit is complete need to wait for audit
5. Time dimension Historical information Many projections with some predictions and estimates
6. Focus of Emphasis on Projects, processes and information whole organization segments of an organization
7. Nature of Monetary Monetary and information information nonmonetary information
1. Managerial Accounting Basics - Nature of Managerial Accounting1. Managerial Accounting Basics - Nature of Managerial Accounting
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1. Managerial Accounting Basics - Increased Relevance of Managerial Accounting
1. Managerial Accounting Basics - Increased Relevance of Managerial Accounting
Customer Orientation
GlobalEconomy
LeanBusiness
Model
Eliminationof Waste
Satisfy theCustomer
PositiveReturn
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Lean PracticesLean Practices
CustomerOrientationin a GlobalEconomy
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on
Quality throughoutthe production process.
Rewards for employeeswho find defects.
Employees encouragedto try new methodsto improve quality.
Company emphasizesvalue of quality through
quality awards.
Total Quality ManagementTotal Quality Management
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Complete productsjust in time to
ship to customers.
Complete partsjust in time for
assembly into products.
Receive materialsjust in time for
production.
Scheduleproduction.
Receivecustomer
orders.
Just-In-Time (JIT) ManufacturingJust-In-Time (JIT) Manufacturing
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New ways to improve
operations
Continuous ImprovementContinuous Improvement
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LaborCosts
Variable Costs
Use ofTechnology Automation Overhead
FixedCosts
Increase
Decrease
1. Managerial Accounting Basics - Implications for Manufacturing Accounting
1. Managerial Accounting Basics - Implications for Manufacturing Accounting
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005
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Behavior
Traceability
Controllability
Relevance
Function
2. Managerial Cost Concept - Cost Classification2. Managerial Cost Concept - Cost Classification
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Cost behavior means how a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity. Total fixed costs do
not change when activity changes.
Total variable costs change in proportionto activity changes.
Classification by BehaviorClassification by Behavior
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Activity
Cos
t
Activity
Cos
tClassification by BehaviorClassification by Behavior
Cost behavior means how a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity. Total fixed costs do
not change when activity changes.
Total variable costs change in proportionto activity changes.
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Direct costs Costs incurred for the
benefit of one specific cost object.
Examples: material and labor cost for a product.
Indirect costs Costs incurred for the
benefit of more than one cost object.
Example: maintenance expenditures benefiting two or more departments.
Classification by TraceabilityClassification by Traceability
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The degree of control depends on thelevel of management in the organization.
More C
ontrolM
ore
Con
trol
Very little control
Classification by ControllabilityClassification by Controllability
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The potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is selected over another. Example: If you were
not attending college,you could be earning$20,000 per year. Your opportunity costof attending college for one year is $20,000.
Classification by Relevance: Opportunity CostsClassification by Relevance: Opportunity Costs
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All costs incurred in the past that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future.
Sunk costs should not be considered in decisions.
Example: You bought an automobile that cost $15,000 two years ago. The $15,000 cost is sunk because whether you drive it, park it, trade it, or sell it, you cannot change the $15,000 cost.
Classification by Relevance:Sunk CostsClassification by Relevance:Sunk Costs
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TheProduct
Classification by Function:Product CostsClassification by Function:Product Costs
DirectLabor
DirectMaterial
Manufacturing Overhead
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Period costs are expensesnot charged to the product.
Classification by Function:Period CostsClassification by Function:Period Costs
Administrative Costs
Nonmanufacturing costsof staff support and
administrative functions –accounting, data processing,
personnel, researchand development.
Selling Costs
Costs incurred to obtain customer orders and todeliver finished goods
to customers –advertising and shipping.
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Period Costs(Expenses)
Product Costs(Inventory)
Inventory Not Sold in 2005
OperatingExpenses
Cost ofGoods Sold
Raw MaterialsGoods in ProcessFinished Goods
Cost ofGoods Sold
2005 CostsIncurred
2005 IncomeStatement
2006 IncomeStatement
2005 BalanceSheet Inventory
InventorySold in 2005
Period and Product Costsin Financial StatementsPeriod and Product Costsin Financial Statements
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Cost Item Behavior Traceability Function
Material Variable Direct Product
Assembly Wages Variable Direct Product
Advertising Fixed Indirect Period
Production Manager's Salary Fixed Indirect Product
Office Depreciation Fixed Indirect Period
Cost Item Behavior Traceability Function
Material Variable Direct Product
Assembly Wages Variable Direct Product
Advertising Fixed Indirect Period
Production Manager's Salary Fixed Indirect Product
Office Depreciation Fixed Indirect Period
Potential Multiple Cost ClassificationsPotential Multiple Cost Classifications
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I suppose these samecost concepts apply to
service companies.
Cost Concepts for Service CompaniesCost Concepts for Service Companies
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Merchandisers . . .Buy finished goods.
Sell finished goods.
SaleMart
Manufacturers . . .Buy raw materials.
Produce and sell finished goods.
3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities
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ManufacturingInventory
Classifications
3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Balance Sheet of a Manufacturer3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Balance Sheet of a Manufacturer
RawMaterials
FinishedGoods
Goods inProcess
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Completedproductsfor sale.
Materialswaiting to beprocessed.
Partially completeproducts.
Material to whichsome labor and/or
overhead havebeen added.
Balance Sheet of a ManufacturerBalance Sheet of a Manufacturer
RawMaterials
FinishedGoods
Goods inProcess
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MERCHANDISER
Current Assets Cash Receivables Merchandise
Inventory
MANUFACTURER
Current Assets Cash Receivables Inventories
Raw MaterialsGoods in ProcessFinished Goods
The only difference is inventory.
Balance Sheet of a ManufacturerBalance Sheet of a Manufacturer
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Beginning Merchandise
Inventory
Beginning Finished Goods
Inventory
Cost of Goods Purchased
Cost of GoodsManufactured
Ending Merchandise
Inventory
EndingFinished Goods
Inventory
Cost of Goods Sold
Merchandiser Manufacturer
+
_
+
==
_
The major difference
3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Income Statement of a Manufacturer3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Income Statement of a Manufacturer
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Manufacturing Company
Cost of goods sold: Beg. finished goods inv. 14,200$ + Cost of goods manufactured 234,150 = Goods available for sale 248,350$ - Ending finished goods inventory (12,100) = Cost of goods sold 236,250$
Merchandising Company
Cost of goods sold: Beg. merchandise inventory 14,200$ + Purchases 234,150 = Goods available for sale 248,350$ - Ending merchandise inventory (12,100) = Cost of goods sold 236,250$
Cost of goods sold for manufacturers differs only slightly from cost of goods sold for merchandisers.
3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Income Statement of a Manufacturer3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Income Statement of a Manufacturer
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005
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Direct Materials
Materials that are clearly and easilyidentified with a particular product.
Direct Materials
Materials that are clearly and easilyidentified with a particular product.
Example:Steel used tomanufacture
the automobile.
Example:Steel used tomanufacture
the automobile.
Income Statement of a ManufacturerIncome Statement of a Manufacturer
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Direct Labor
Labor costs that are clearly traceable to, or readily identifiable with, the
finished product.
Direct Labor
Labor costs that are clearly traceable to, or readily identifiable with, the
finished product.
Example:Wages paid to an
automobile assemblyworker.
Example:Wages paid to an
automobile assemblyworker.
Income Statement of a ManufacturerIncome Statement of a Manufacturer
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Factory Overhead
All factory costs exceptdirect material and direct labor.
Factory costs that cannot betraced directly to specific units produced.
Factory Overhead
All factory costs exceptdirect material and direct labor.
Factory costs that cannot betraced directly to specific units produced.
Examples:Indirect labor – maintenance
Indirect material – cleaning suppliesFactory utility costsSupervisory costs
Income Statement of a ManufacturerIncome Statement of a Manufacturer
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DirectMaterial
DirectLabor
ManufacturingOverhead
PrimeCost
ConversionCost
Manufacturing costs are oftencombined as follows:
Income Statement of a ManufacturerIncome Statement of a Manufacturer
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QuestionQuestion
What type of account is the manufacturing goods in process account?
a. Income statement expense account.
b. Balance sheet inventory account.
c. Temporary clearing account for direct material and direct labor.
d. Holding account for manufacturing overhead and direct labor.
What type of account is the manufacturing goods in process account?
a. Income statement expense account.
b. Balance sheet inventory account.
c. Temporary clearing account for direct material and direct labor.
d. Holding account for manufacturing overhead and direct labor.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005
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What type of account is the manufacturing goods in process account?
a. Income statement expense account.
b. Balance sheet inventory account.
c. Temporary clearing account for direct material and direct labor.
d. Holding account for manufacturing overhead and direct labor.
What type of account is the manufacturing goods in process account?
a. Income statement expense account.
b. Balance sheet inventory account.
c. Temporary clearing account for direct material and direct labor.
d. Holding account for manufacturing overhead and direct labor.
Question
QuestionQuestion
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QuestionQuestion
The primary distinction between product and period costs is . . .
a. Product costs are expensed in the period incurred.
b. Product costs are directly traceable to product units.
c. Product costs are inventoriable.
d. Period costs are inventoriable.
The primary distinction between product and period costs is . . .
a. Product costs are expensed in the period incurred.
b. Product costs are directly traceable to product units.
c. Product costs are inventoriable.
d. Period costs are inventoriable.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005
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The primary distinction between product and period costs is . . .
a. Product costs are expensed in the period incurred.
b. Product costs are directly traceable to product units.
c. Product costs are inventoriable.
d. Period costs are inventoriable.
The primary distinction between product and period costs is . . .
a. Product costs are expensed in the period incurred.
b. Product costs are directly traceable to product units.
c. Product costs are inventoriable.
d. Period costs are inventoriable.
Question
QuestionQuestion
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005
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Finished GoodsBeginning Inventory
Cost of GoodsManufactured
FinishedGoodsEnding
Inventory
RawMaterialsBeginningInventory
RawMaterials
Purchases
Raw MaterialsEnding Inventory
Costof
GoodsSold
Goods in ProcessBeginning Inventory
Direct Labor
FactoryOverhead
Raw MaterialsUsed
Sales activityProduction activityMaterialsactivity
3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Flow of Manufacturing Activities3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Flow of Manufacturing Activities
Goods in ProcessEnding Inventory
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005
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Cost of all goods completed and transferred from goods in process to finished goods during a
reporting period.
Direct Materials Used + Direct Labor + Factory Overhead = Total Manufacturing Costs + Beginning Work in Process – Ending Work in Process = Cost of Goods Manufactured
3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Manufacturing Statement3. Reporting Manufacturing Activities - Manufacturing Statement
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005
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Let’s take a look at Rocky
Mountain Bikes’ Manufacturing
Statement.
Manufacturing StatementManufacturing Statement
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIKES
Manufacturing Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2005
Direct materials used in production 85,500$
Direct labor 60,000
Total factory overhead costs 30,000
Total manufacturing costs for the period 175,500$
Add: Beginning goods in process inventory 2,500
Total cost of goods in process 178,000$
Deduct: Ending goods in process inventory 7,500
Cost of goods manufactured 170,500$
Manufacturing StatementManufacturing Statement
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIKES
Manufacturing Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2005
Direct materials used in production 85,500$
Direct labor 60,000
Total factory overhead costs 30,000
Total manufacturing costs for the period 175,500$
Add: Beginning goods in process inventory 2,500
Total cost of goods in process 178,000$
Deduct: Ending goods in process inventory 7,500
Cost of goods manufactured 170,500$
Manufacturing StatementManufacturing Statement Exh. 18-16
Computation of Cost of Direct Material Used
Beginning raw materials inventory 8,000$
Add: Purchases of raw materials 86,500
Cost of raw materials available for use 94,500$
Deduct: Ending raw materials inventory 9,000
Cost of direct materials used in production 85,500$
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIKES
Manufacturing Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2005
Direct materials used in production 85,500$
Direct labor 60,000
Total factory overhead costs 30,000
Total manufacturing costs for the period 175,500$
Add: Beginning goods in process inventory 2,500
Total cost of goods in process 178,000$
Deduct: Ending goods in process inventory 7,500
Cost of goods manufactured 170,500$
Include all direct labor costs incurred during the
current period.
Manufacturing StatementManufacturing Statement
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIKES
Manufacturing Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2005
Direct materials used in production 85,500$
Direct labor 60,000
Total factory overhead costs 30,000
Total manufacturing costs for the period 175,500$
Add: Beginning goods in process inventory 2,500
Total cost of goods in process 178,000$
Deduct: Ending goods in process inventory 7,500
Cost of goods manufactured 170,500$
Manufacturing StatementManufacturing Statement Exh. 18-16
Computation of Total Manufacturing Overhead
Indirect labor 9,000$
Factory supervision 6,000
Factory utilities 2,600
Property taxes, factory building 1,900
Factory supplies used 600
Factory insurance expired 1,100
Depreciation, building and equipment 5,300
Other factory overhead 3,500
Total factory overhead costs 30,000$
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIKES
Manufacturing Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2005
Direct materials used in production 85,500$
Direct labor 60,000
Total factory overhead costs 30,000
Total manufacturing costs for the period 175,500$
Add: Beginning goods in process inventory 2,500
Total cost of goods in process 178,000$
Deduct: Ending goods in process inventory 7,500
Cost of goods manufactured 170,500$
Beginning work in process inventory is carried over from the
prior period.
Manufacturing StatementManufacturing Statement Exh. 18-16
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIKES
Manufacturing Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2005
Direct materials used in production 85,500$
Direct labor 60,000
Total factory overhead costs 30,000
Total manufacturing costs for the period 175,500$
Add: Beginning goods in process inventory 2,500
Total cost of goods in process 178,000$
Deduct: Ending goods in process inventory 7,500
Cost of goods manufactured 170,500$
Ending work in process inventory contains the cost of unfinished
goods, and is reported in the current assets section of the balance sheet.
Manufacturing StatementManufacturing Statement Exh. 18-16
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Total Per Unit PercentSales (500 units) 250,000$ 500$ 100%Less: variable expenses 150,000 300 60%Contribution margin 100,000$ 200$ 40%
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net income 20,000$
4. Decision Analysis - Unit Contribution Margin4. Decision Analysis - Unit Contribution Margin
Contribution margin contributes to covering fixed costs and generating profits.
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Unit Contribution MarginUnit Contribution Margin
Total Per Unit PercentSales (500 units) 250,000$ 500$ 100%Less: variable expenses 150,000 300 60%Contribution margin 100,000$ 200$ 40%
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net income 20,000$
Contribution margin ratio is the portion of each sales dollar remaining after deducting total unit variable cost.