mccluskey final presentation

8/14/2019 McCluskey FINAL Presentation

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Christina McCluskey

SARP 2009

Coastal Carolina University

The EmissionComparison of Silage


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Overview IntroductionBackground on

silageMethodology

Results

ChromatogramsCalculations

Discussion

ConclusionsLimitations

Future work

Acknowledgments


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Introduction: OzoneAccording to the American Lung

Association:


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Central Valley Air Quality (CVAQ) Coalition4

Introduction: CostsHealth: Annually, 808,000 absences

are estimated in the Valleys schooldistrict because of AsthmaAgricultural: According to the Air

District, ozone pollution causes asmuch as $300million of damage ayear. (90% of that is in the SanJoaquin Valley.)Dairy Farm silage piles are

considered to be creating a large


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DairyDairy Farm SilageFarm SilageSilage is fermented, high-moisture feedDuring the fermentation process

Sugars are converted to acidsOxygen supply is depletedTemperature fluctuates in the finalphase, the temperature is ideallyless than 20F above ambienttemperature.

Stored in piles on the dairy farm-Fermentation Analysisand Silage Quality


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Silage

Distribution

Occurs 6 timesa dayThe pile is

sliced and the

face is exposed


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Methodology: Sample

Dry CoveredFresh/Wet


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Methodology: Sample

Source sampleswere collected at adairy farm.

Samples wereanalyzed in theUniversity ofCalifornia IrvineRowland/Blake Lab,using GasChromatography


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9 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.5-100

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300

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500

600

700

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900

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1,100

1,200

1 - SARPSOURCE #3 [modified by Melissa Yang, 7 peaks manually assigned] BF7132 Int_Chan_5


3 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 2 peaks manually assigned] BF6201A Int_Chan_5mV

min

321 1*-Propene(B)-4.569

2*-Propane(B)-4.674

3*-CH3Cl(B)-5.925

4*-i-Butane(B)-6.646

5*-acetaldehyde(B)-7.734

6*-Methanol(B)-8.358

7*-Ethanol(B)-9.343

8*-i-Pentane(B)-9.832

9*-acetone(B)-10.253

10*-1-Pentene(B)-10.549

11-10.808

12-10.848

13-10.955

14*-11.270

15-11.316

16-11.502

17-2-Methylpentane(B)-11.804

18-11.956

19-12.211

20-n-Hexane(B)-12.393

21-12.524

22-12.600

23-12.677

24-12.976

25-13.147

26*-13.204

27*-Benzene(B)-13.236

28*-Cyclohexane(B)-13.380

29*-2-Methylhexane(B)-13.483

30*-13.518

31*-2,3-Dimethylpentane(B)-13

.563

32*-3-Methylhexane(B)-13.621

33-13.793

34*-2,2,4-Trimethylpentane(B)-

13.851

35*-n-Heptane(B)-14.006

36-14.355

37*-2,3,4-Trimethylpentane(B)-

14.817

38-15.119

39-15.278

40-15.333

41*-15.365

42*-n-Octane(B)-15.409

43-15.470

44*-Ethylbenzene(B)-16.150

45*-m/p-Xylene(B)-16.290

46*-16.827

47*-i-Propylbenzene(B)-16.850

48*-17.066

49*-alpha-Pinene(B)-17.098

50*-17.141

51*-n-Propylbenzene(B)-17.169

52-17.192

53*-m-Ethyltoluene(B)-17.219

54*-p-Ethyltoluene(B)-17.244

55*-17.270

56*-1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene(B)-

17.297

57*-o-Ethyltoluene(B)-17.409

Results: Chromatogram-FID

Propan

Ethan


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Results: Chromatogram-FID

9.128 9.200 9.250 9.300 9.350 9.400 9.450 9.500 9.550 9.600 9.650 9.700 9.763

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115



3 - SARPSOURCE #9 [modified by Melissa Yang, 2 peaks manually assigned] BF6201A Int_Chan_5mV

min

3 2 18*-Ethanol(B)-9.61

2


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Results: Mixing Ratios


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Results: Pile Face EmissionsAssumptionsArea of wet silage exposed during

sampling = 2.5 square feetArea of silage pile face = 850 square

feet


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Discussion: Propanol

Acetyl radical then undergoes aseries of reactions that can formboth acetone and acetaldehyde.

propanol

acetyl

propionaldehyde


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Carter, William P.L. UPDATED MAXIMUM INC14

Discussion

MIR- Maximum Incremental

ReactivityOzone forming potential


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ConclusionWet silage is the more damaging form ofsilage

The most dominant compound in wet

silage is propanolPropanol reacts with a hydroxyl radical in

the atmosphere and acetaldehyde isproduced through a series ofphotochemical reactions

Acetaldehyde is highly damaging to theatmosphere


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Future WorkObtain more samples from the same

dairy farm to check for consistency incompound mixing ratios

Sample during distribution time

Determine the duration of wet silageafter each distribution period

Investigate correlation between propanol

in silage and acetaldehyde surroundingsilage and dairy farms

Sample different types of silage at the


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AcknowledgmenNSERC

NASA

Dr. DarleneSlusher

Dr. Don BlakeDr. Melissa Yang

Dr. Sherwood

RowlandSARP

Dr. Derek El in


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QuestionQuestion


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Thank you!Thank you!

Thank you!

Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!

Mankind cannot live without the

environment. However, theenvironment can certainl live

mccluskey final presentation

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