IV. LOGICAL CRITICAL REASONINGIV.1 statement/assumptions/Conclusion Type of QuestionsType 1Directions (1-5): In each of these questions, two statements are given followed by four conclusions. Take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follow from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

1. Statements: Some papers are pencils. All pencils are lions.Conclusions:i). All lions are pencils ii). Some lions are pencils.iii). Some lions are papers. Iv). Some papers are lions.(a) All allow (b)Only (ii), (iii) and (iv) follow(c) Only (iii) and (iv) follow (d) Only (i), (ii) and (iii) follow(d) None of these

2. Statement: All cups are trees. All trees are tigers.Conclusions:i). All cups are tigers. Ii). All tigers are cups.iii). All trees are cups. Iv). Some tigers are cups.(a) Only (ii) and (iii) follow (b) Only (i)and(iv) follow(c) All follow (d) None follows.(e) None of these

3. Statement: All trains are flowers. Some flowers are watches.Conclusions:i).Some trains are watches ii). Some watches are trainsiii).Some watches are flowers iv). Some flowers are trains(a) All follows (b) None follows(c) Only (i) and (ii) follow (d) only ii and iii follow(e) None of these

4. Statements: some boxes are cars. Some cars are roads.Conclusions:Some roads are boxes. Some cars are boxes.No box is road. Some roads are cars.Only ii and iii follow. Only I and iv follow.Only either i or iv and i and ii follow. None follow.

None of these.

5. Statement: No goat is door. All doors are chairs.Conclusions:Some chairs are doors Some chairs are goatsNo chair is goat Some doors are goatsEither ii or iii follow Either ii or iii and iv followsEither ii or iii and I follows None followsNone of these

Type 2Directions (6-10): in each question below is given a statement followed by two assumptions. An assumption is something that is supposed or taken for granted. You have to consider the statement and the following assumptions and decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement.Give answer

(a) If only assumption I is implicit.(b) If only assumption II is implicit(c) If either I or II is implicit(d) If neither I nor II is implicit and(e) If both I and II are implicit.

6. Statement: in case of any difficulty about this case, you may contact our company’s lawyer.Assumptions:(i) Each company has a lawyer of its own.(ii) The company’s lawyer is thoroughly briefed about this case.

7. Statement: a good manager must draw the utmost work from each worker.Assumption:(i) It is possible to get the maximum work from each worker.(ii) Managers are expected to get the best work from their workers.

8. Statement: I can take you quickly from Kanpur to Lucknow by my cab but then you must pay me double the normal charges.Assumptions:(i) Normally, it will take more time to reach Lucknow from Kanpur.(ii) People want to reach quickly but they will not pay extra money for it.

9. Statement: The coffee powder of company ‘X’ is better in taste than the much advertised coffee of company ‘Y’.

Assumptions:(i) If your product is not good, you spend more on advertising.(ii) Some people are tempted to buy a product by the advertisement.

10. Statement: A good executive has to be task oriented as well as people-oriented.Assumptions:(i) Some executives are only people-oriented.(ii) Some executives are not at all oriented to people.

Type 3Directions (11-15): In making decisions about important questions, it is desirable to be able to distinguish between ‘strong’ arguments and ‘weak’ arguments so far as they relate to questions. ‘Weak’ arguments may not be directly related to the question and may be of minor importance or may be related to a trivial aspect of the question.

Each question below is followed by two arguments. You have to decide which of the arguments is ‘strong’ and which is ‘weak’.

Give answers,a. If only argument (i) is strong.b. If only argument (ii) is strong.c. If either (i) or (ii) is strong.d. If neither (i) nor (ii) is strong.e. If both (i) and (ii) are strong.

11. Should the pay scale of government and private employees be made similar?Arguments:(i) Yes! Employees will work with more dedication and will not change their job.(ii) No! This will stop the feeling of competitiveness and ultimately affect the

productivity and profitability.12. Should student’s union in universities be abolished?

Arguments:(i) Yes! Students can pay full attention to their career development.(ii) No! All the great leaders had been student union leaders.

13. Should all college-going students compulsorily be sent for military training?Argument:(i) Yes! This will help them in becoming more punctual and disciplined.(ii) No! Military training should be provided to only deserving students.

14. Should internal assessment in colleges be abolished?Arguments:(i) Yes! This will help in reducing the possibility of favoritism.

(ii) No! The teaching faulty will lose control over students.15. Should the government stop spending huge amounts of money on international sports?

Arguments:(i) Yes! This money can be utilized for the upliftment of the poor.(ii) No! Sportspersons will be frustrated and will not get international exposure.

Type 4Directions (16-20): For each of the five questions given below, two statements are given below, followed by two conclusions. Assume the two statements to be true, even if they do not seem likely and then decide which of the conclusions follow from the two statements. Choose (a) if only I follow. Choose (b) if only II follows. Choose (c) if either I or II follows and choose (d) if neither I nor II follows.

16. Statement: All sauces are pickles. Some sauces are ketchups.Conclusions:(i) All ketchups are sauces(ii) All pickles are ketchups.

17. Statement: All biscuits are chocolates. No chocolate is an ice cream.Conclusion:(i) No biscuit is a chocolate.(ii) All chocolates are biscuits.

18. Statements: All worms are mosquitoes. All mosquitoes are birds.Conclusion:(i) All mosquitoes are worms.(ii) All worms are birds.

19. Statement: Some actors are doctors. All architects are actors.(i) All actors are doctors.(ii) Some architects are actors.

20. Statements: All microprocessors are computers. All computers are modems.Conclusions:(i) All microprocessors are modems.(ii) All modems are microprocessor.

Type 5Directions (21-25): there are many funny incidents related to different walks of life. One of the features of the funny incidents is the punch line or a climax-which gives the incident a sudden transformation or twist (into something unexpected). It is this punch line which makes the incident funny. In each of the following questions an incident is described but the punch line is

missing – indicated by a blank. After each incident, two statements are given. Consider the incident, and decide which of the two statements fit as a punch line.Answer ‘Only I’, if only statement I fits; answer ‘Only II’, if only statement II fits; answer ‘Both with contrasting ideas’, if both statements I and II fit but the ideas or the wavelength of approach in both the statements is different and contrasting; answer ‘Both with same idea’, if both the statements I and II fit and the wavelength of approach in both the statements is more or less the same; and answer ‘Neither’, if you think that neither of the statements fits.

21. Seeing a boy in the class crying, the teacher asked, “Why are you crying.” The boy replied,…..”(i) I cry whenever I don’t laugh.(ii) I am crying because I have nothing else to do.

(a) Only I (b) Both with same idea (c) Neither I nor II (d) Only II

(e) Both with Contrasting ideas.

22. Seeing a man smoking in the railway compartment, his co-passenger told him, “You should stop smoking, otherwise you will get cancer.” The smoker replied, “…..”(i) Well, I am in-charge of the charge of the cancer detection center of the city I live.(ii) I was detected for suffering from cancer twenty years back.

(a ) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both with same idea(d) Both with contrasting Ideas (e) Neither.

23. A man was advising his friend, “Remember, you should never steal because……”(i) You will never become a robber.(ii) That is the only way to avoid entering in business.

(a ) Both with same idea (b) both with contrasting ideas.(c) Neither (d) Only I(e) Only II

24. On returning home from office one day, a man said to his wife, “I am not going to office tomorrow because….”(i) I have decided to swap our daily routine.(ii) I have been put under house arrest.

(a ) Neither. (b) Only I.(c) Only II. (d) Both with same idea.(e ) Both with contrasting idea.

25. A person who consumed alcohol regularly, told his friend, “I don’t take bath on Thursday because….”(i) I take bath only when I am drunk.(ii) It is a dry day.

(a ) Both with contrasting idea. (b) Both with same idea.(c ) Only II (d) Neither(e ) Only I

Type 6Directions (26-30): In each of these questions, a statement is given followed by three courses of action. A course of action is a step or administrative decision to be taken for improvement, follow up, or further action in regard to a problem or policy. On the basis of the information given in the statement, assume everything in the statement to be true and decide which of the three given statements is true, which of the three given suggested courses of action logically follow(s) and which of the alternatives is the correct answer.

26. Statements: Drinking water supply to Navi Mumbai has been suspended toll further orders from the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, following pollution of the Patalganga river, caused by the discharge of effluents from some chemical; industries.Course of action:(i) The industries responsible for discharging effluents into the river should be

asked to close down immediately.(ii) The river water should immediately be treated chemically before resuming

supply.(iii) The Pollution Control Board should check the nature of effluents being

discharged into the river by industries at regular intervals.(a ) All follow. (b) Non follow (c) Only I follow(d) Only II and III follow. (e) None of these

27. Statements: the vehicular traffic has increased so much in the recent past that it takes at least two hours to travel between the city and the airport during peak hours.Courses of action:(i) Non airport bound vehicles should not be allowed to ply on the road connecting

the city and the airport.(ii) The load of vehicular traffic should be directed through various link roads during

peak hours.

(iii) The departure and arrival of flights should be regulated so as to avoid congestion during peak hours.

(a ) All follows. (b)Only I and II follow. (c) Only I follow. (d) Only II follows(e ) None of these.

28. Statements: A devastating earthquake has ravaged the city, killing hundreds of people and rendering many more homeless.Courses of action:(i) The entry of outside into the city should be stopped immediately.(ii) The civic administration should immediately make alternate temporary housing

arrangement for the victims.(iii) The affected people should immediately be shifted to a safer place.(a ). Only I follows. (b) Only II and III follow (c) Only III follows.(d ) Either II or III follows (e) None of these.

29. Statements: Due to cancellation a huge export order for not adhering to the time frame, the company is likely to incur looses in the current financial year.Courses of action:

I. The officer-in-charge of production should be immediately suspended.II. The goods manufactured for the export order should be sold to another party.

III. The company should change its machinery to maintain the time. a) All follow (b) None follow c) Only I and II follow d) Only II followse) None of these

30. Statement: The University Grants Commission has recommended that the primary level admission to government and government-aided schools should be done purely by random selection and not by admission tests. This is necessary as the numbers of admission seekers are much more than the available seats.Courses of action:

I. The government should set up an independent body to regulate that primary schools to follow the same practice as well.

II. The government should set up an independent body to regulate the primary level admissions.

III. The schools should be asked to select students only from those who stay in the neighbouring areas of the school.

a) None follows . b) Only II and III follow.c) Only I and II follow. d) Only II follows.e) None of these.

Type 7Directions (31-35): in each of these questions, a statement is given followed by three assumptions. An assumption is something that is supposed or taken for granted. Considering the statement and the assumptions and decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement. Then decide which of the alternative is the correct answer.

31. Statement: Facing the threat of the park being destroyed by rodents, the authority banned people from carrying and food article while entering the park.Assumptions:

I. People may not now bring any food article inside the park.II. The rodent may stop invading the park in future.

III. The number of people visiting the park may decrease.a) All are implicit. b) Only I and II are implicit.c) Only II is implicit. d) Only II and III are implicit.e) None of these.

32. Statement: Being unable to maintain the roads in the city, the civic authority has decided to invite private enterprises to adopt different prominent roads in exchange for advertisement rights on these roads.Assumptions:

I. The common people may not welcome the decision.II. An adequate number of private enterprises may respond to the invitation.

III. The traffic problems may decrease in the near future.a) . Only II is implicit b) None is implicit.c) Only II and III are implicit. d) Only I and II are implicit.e) None of these.

33. Statement: Saroj applied to the bank for a loan of Rs. 1,80,000 by mortgaging her house to the bank, and promised to repay it within five years.Assumptions:

I. The bank has a practice of granting loan for Rs 1,00,000 and above.II. The bank accepts house as collateral security against such loans.

III. The bank may grant a loan to Saroj.a) All are implicit. b) None is implicit.

c) Only II and III are implicit. d) Only I and II are implicit.e) None of these.

34. Statement: “Wanted first class engineering graduates to join a team of highly motivated employees in our company”- an advertisement.Assumptions:

I. An adequate number of first class engineering graduates will respond to the advertisement.

II. Those who do not have a first class will not apply.III. Only those who are motivated will respond to the advertisement..

a) None is implicit. b) Only I is implicit c) Only I and II are implicit. d) Only I and III are implicit.

e) None of these.

35. Statement: “If you want to get the best treatment for coronary disease, you must approach hospital Z,” A tells B.Assumptions:

I. B may be a heart patient.II. B generally listens to A.

III. A may have enough information about the hospital facilities. a) None is implicit. b) All are implicit.

c) Only I is implicit. d) Only II and III are implicit e) None of these.

IV.4 Logical Relationship between Sentences.Each question contains six statements followed by four sets of combinations of three. Choose the set in which the statement are logically related.

1. A. All apples are fruits. B. All fruits are sweet.C. All apples are sweet. D. All apples are priced.E. All apples are red. F. All fruits are available.(a). ABC (b) BCD (c) ADE (d) DEF

2. A. X is a human being. B. Y is X’s wife.C. Some women are islands. D. No man is an island.E. X is not an island. F. Y is not an island(a) ADE (b) ABE (c) ADF (d) CDE

3. A. Some men are bald. B. Bald men are intelligent.C. Raman is a man. D. Taman is bald.

E. Raman is intelligent. F. All men are intelligent.(a) ABF (b) BDE (c) CDB (d) EBF

4. A. All snakes are reptiles. B. All reptiles are not snakes.C. All reptiles are cold-blooded. D. All snakes lay eggs.E. All reptiles lay egg. F. Snakes are cold blooded.(a) ADE (b) BED (c) ABE (d) ACF

5. A. X and Y are brothers. B. Siblings are often known to quarrel.C. X and Y do not quarrel. D. All those who quarrel are siblings.E. Y and X quarrel often. F. X and Y cannot be siblings.

EXERCISE -4 [LOGICAL REASONING]

Directions (1-5): Refer to the following paragraph.The union Government is open to the idea of disinvesting up to 49% of its stack in Public Sector Under-taking (PSUs) and up to 100% in viable but chronically stick PSUs provided certain conditions, especially related to welfare of the workers are adhered to. The Government has plans to mop up Rs. 3,500 crore in the current fiscal year by way of disinvestment of equity in PSUs. In 1991-92, the centre disinvested 8% of its stake in select PSUs and mopped up Rs. 3,058 crore. As it was not possible for the Centre to pump in the required funds, it was expecting equity participation ‘on a joint venture basis’ to revamp sick PSUs.

So far, 58 of the total 246 Central PSUs have been identified as chronically sick units. In West Bengal itself 16 of the 20 Central PSUs are sick. Some of them can be made viable if adequate investment is made. Centre has approached the World Bank for additional loans to revamp sick PSUs in West Bengal.

1. The union Government is interested in the welfare of workers of sick PSUs.2. The Government’s idea of disinvesting even up to 100% in sick PSUs was acceptable

to the workers and unions of sick PSUs.3. The Central Government is planning to disinvest from PSUs from this year only.4. In West Bengal more Central PSUs are identified as sick units than in other states.5. Other agencies, except the World Bank, have refused to grant loan for this purpose.

Directions (6-10): In each of the following questions, there are two statements followed by two conclusions I

and II. You have to take the two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and they decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements, disregarding commonly known facts. Mark answer.

(a) If only conclusion (I) follows.

(b) If only conclusion (II) follows.(c) If either (I) or (II) follows.(d) If neither (I) nor (II) follows.(e) If both (I) and (II) follow.

6. Statements:I. All bananas are apples. II. Some bananas are oranges.Conclusions:I. Some apples are oranges II. Some oranges are bananas.

7. Statements:I. Some fans are televisions. II. All televisions are radios.Conclusions:I. Some fans are not radios. II. All radios are not fans.

8. Statements:I. All bicycles are books. II. All books are pencils.Conclusions:I. All books are bicycles. II. Some pencils are bicycles.

9. Statements:I. Some engineers are actors. II. Some actors are scientists.Conclusions:I. All scientists are engineers. II. All scientists are actors.

10. Statements:I. All chairs are scales. II. Some scales are pens.Conclusions:I. No pen is a scale. II. Some pens are scales.

Directions (Q. 11-15): given below is passage followed by several possible inferences which can be drawn from the facts stated in the passage. You have to examine each inference separately in th e context of the passage and decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.Mark answer (a) if the inference is ‘definitely true ‘, i.e. it properly follows from the statement of facts given.Mark answer (b) if the inference is properly true though not ‘definitely true’ in the light of facts given.Mark answers (c) if the data are inadequate’, i.e. from the facts given you cannot say whether the inference is likely to be true or false.Mark answer (d) if the inference is ‘properly false’ though not ‘definitely false’ in the light of the facts given.

Mark answer (e) if the inference is ‘definitely false’, i.e. it cannot possibly be drawn from the facts given or it contradicts the given facts.

Coastal ecosystems are threatened by development-related activities along roughly half of the world’s coasts, according to a study conducted recently. The study indicates that about 34% of the world’s coasts are at high potential risk of degradation and another 17 per cent are at moderate risk. Most of the coastal ecosystems potentially threatened by development are located within the northern temperate and northern equatorial zones. Europe with 86 per cent of its coasts at either high or moderate risk, and Asia with 69 per cent of its coasts in these categories are the regions whose coastal ecosystems are most threatened by degradation.

11. No further development work be carried out towards the northern part of the world.12. Coastal ecosystem of areas not affected by development activities is more likely to be

safe and protected.13. The trust of development activities seems to be concentrated less across European

coastal lines than the Asian coastal line.14. Throughout the world seafood will become dearer in the nearer future.15. Deep sea marine is in great danger now.

Directions (Q. 16-20): Given below is a passage followed by several possible inferences which can be drawn from the facts in the passage. You have to examine each inference separately in the context of the passage and decide upon its degree of the truth or falsity.

Mark answer,(a) If the inference is definitely true, i.e. it properly follows from the statement of facts

given(b) If the inference is probably true, though not definitely true in the light of the facts given.(c) If the data are inadequate, i.e. from the facts given you cannot say whether the

inference is likely to be true or false.(d) If the inference is probably false though not definitely false in the light of the facts given.(e) If the inference is definitely false, i.e. it cannot possibly be drawn from the facts given or

it contradicts the given facts.Indian rice exporters might face though competition in the international market, allege exporters. International demand for Indian rice surfaced either due to its low prices or due to crop failure in other competitive countries. However, the competitors were having a good crop of rice this year, which indeed sounds as a threat for India, they pointed out. The leading rice producing countries like Vietnam, Thailand, the USA, Myanmar and Pakistan are bringing down their prices on par with Indian prices, internationally; these countries have reduced their prices by $50 per tone in the lower grade, coming almost on par with Indian prices. Indian rice is currently quoting between $260 and $265 per tone. However, in the high grade the differential

still remains high; therefore India can expect to be competitive in high grades provided the quality and deliveries are ensured on time. Pakistan is our main competitor and it has reduced its price by 15 per cent, coming almost in line with the Indian prices. The very fact that international players have started to reduce their prices is a signal for Indian exporters to gear up for 1996 – 97.

16. India has no potential threat in the international arena for exporting rice.17. Quality and delivery of goods on time are the two main components for being in the

forefront.18. To remain in the international market, India should reduce its price.19. India should increase its production of rice by 15 per cent to gear up for 1996-97.20. Indian crops were inferior in quality than the leading rice producing countries.

Direction (Q. 21-30): Each question below consists of a statement followed by two assumptions numbered I and II. An assumptions in something supposed or taken for granted. You have to consider the statement and the following assumptions and decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement.

Give answer (a) if only assumption I is implicit.Give answer (b) if only assumption II is implicit.Give answer (c) if either I or II is implicit.Give answer (d) if neither I nor II is implicit.Give answer (e) if both I and II are implicit.

21. Statement: As poor people in India prefer and use jaggery (gur) rather than sugar, the government has decided to decontrol and scrap sugar distribution through the Public Distribution System (PDS).Assumptions: I. Jaggery (gur) is freely available at a reasonable price to all poor people.II. The Public Distribution System has lost its utility.

22. Statement: Unless country X achieves total literacy, it cannot achieve its mission of development.Assumptions:I. It is possible achieve total literacy in country X.II. No development is possible without a power mission.

23. Statement: Many species of animals on our earth are still not studied scientifically and if we do this work urgently many species will face extinction.Assumptions:I. Earth may lose all types of life very shortly.II. It is desirable and possible to study scientifically many animal species.

24. Statement: Believe me, I have read it in ‘A’ newspaper.Assumption:I. ‘A’ newspaper gives reliable information/news.II. I am reporting exactly as it is given in ‘A’ newspaper.

25. Statement: Herbs can safely be used for treating diseases of human beings.Assumptions:I. Herbs cannot be used for treating diseases of animals.II. Herbal treatment is getting popular.

26. Statement: In case of any difficulty in this case you may contact our company’s layer.Assumptions:I. Each company has a lawyer of its own.II. The company’s lawyer is thoroughly briefed about this case.

27. Statement: A good manager must draw the most from each worker.Assumptions:I. It is possible to get the maximum from each worker.II. Managers are expected to get the best from their workers.

28. Statement: I can take you quickly from Kanpur to Lucknow by my cab but then you must pay me the double the normal charges.Assumptions:I. Normally, it will take more time to reach Lucknow from Kanpur.II. People want to reach quickly but they will not pay extra money for it.

29. Statement: The coffee powder of company X is better in taste than the much-advertised coffee powder of Company Y.Assumptions:I. If your product is not good you spend more on advertisement.II. Some people are tempted to buy a product by the advertisement.

30. Statement: A good executive has to be task oriented as well as people oriented.Assumptions:I. Some executives are only people oriented.II. Some executives are not at all oriented to people.

Directions (Q. 31): in the following questions there is a statement followed by two assumptions. You have to choose

(a) If only assumption P is implicit.(b) If only assumption Q is implicit.(c) If either P or Q is implicit.(d) If neither P nor Q is implicit.

31. Statement: if it is easy to become an engineer, then I do not want to be an engineer.Assumptions:P. An individual aspires to become an engineer.Q. One desires to achieve a thing which is hard earned.

Directions (Q. 32-36): in each question below is a statement followed by two assumptions I and II. An assumption is something that is taken for granted. You have to consider the statement and the assumptions and decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the statement.

Give answer,(a) If only assumption I is implicit.(b) If only assumption II is implicit.(c) If either I or II is implicit.(d) If neither I nor II is implicit.(e) If both I and II are implicit32. Statement: ‘Please issue a circular to all the officers to assemble in the Conference Hall

for attending a meeting ’, the director tells his secretary. Assumptions:

I. All the officers will follow the instruction.II. Some officers may not attend the meeting.

33. Statement: the minister cancelled all his engagements in Kanpur and air dashed to the capital-a news item.Assumptions:I. Such news items are always headlines.II. There is an air link between Kanpur and the capital.

34. Statement: Children who get encouragement usually perform better-a not from the principal to the parents.Assumptions:I. Some parents do not encourage children.II. Parents may follow the principal’s advice.

35. Statement: government has launched a scheme to provide coaching to students of weaker sections of society to improve their educational standard-a news item.Assumptions:I. The coaching classes would help the students of weaker sections to do

educationally better.II. Students of weaker sections are educationally backward.

36. Statement: the army should be deployed in the area to immediately restore peace and normalcy-a news report.Assumptions:I. The army can be used for such purposes also.II. Only the army can restore peace.

Directions (Q. 37-51): Each question below has two statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III and IV. You have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

37. Statements:I. All boys are girls. II. Some girls are men.Conclusions:I.. Some girls are boys II. All girls are boys

III. Some men are girls. IV. All boys are men.(a). All follow. (b) None follows.

(c) Only II and IV follow. (d) Only I and III follow.(e) None of these.

38. Statements:I.. All balls are bats. II. All stumps are balls.Conclusions:I.. Some bats are stumps. II. All bats are stumps.III. All bats are balls. IV. All stumps are bats.(a). All follow. (b) Only II, III and IV follow(c). only I, II and III follow. (d) Only III and IV follow.(e) None of these.

39. Statements:I. All books are pencils. II. No pencil is an eraser.Conclusions:I. All pencils are books II. Some erasers are books.III. No book is an eraser. IV. Some books are erasers.(a). None follows. (b) Only I follow.(c) Only I and III follow. (d) Only I and IV follow.(e). None of these.

40. Statements:I. Some grapes are potatoes. II. Some potatoes are mangoes.

Conclusions:I. All potatoes are grapes. II. Some grapes are mangoes.III. Some mangoes are potatoes. IV. No grape is mango.(a). Either III or Iv and II follow. (b) Either II or IV and III follow.(c) Either II or Iv follow. (d) Only II, III, IV follow.(e) None of these.

41. Statements: I. Some chalks are boards. II. All boards are classrooms.Conclusions:I. Some boards are classrooms. II. All classrooms are boards.III. Some classrooms are chalks. IV. Some chalks are classrooms.(a) None follows. (b) All follow.(c) Only I, III and IV follow. (d) Only I, II and III follow.(e) None of these.

42. Statements:I. All pens are spoons. II. Some spoons are pencils.Conclusions:I. All pencils are spoons. II. Some pens are pencils.III. All spoons are pens. IV. Some pencils are spoons.(a) Only II and IV follow. (b) Only II and III follow.(c) Either I or IV follows. (d) None follows.(e) Only IV follows.

43. Statements: I. all books are doors. II. Some doors are phones.

Conclusions:I. Some phones are books. II. All phones are books.III. All doors are books. IV. All books are phones.(a). Only one follows. (b). either I or II follows.(c) None follows. (d). All follow.(e). Only II follows.

44. Statements:I. All boys are teachers. II. All teachers are students.

Conclusions:I. All boys are students. II. Some students are boys.III. Some students are teachers. IV. All teachers are boys.(a) Only I follow. (b). All follows.(c). Only I and II follow. (d). Only I, II and III follow.

(e). Only II and III follow.45. Statements:

I. Some cars are scooters. II. Some scooters are not calculators. Conclusions:

I.. no car is a calculator. II. All cars are calculators.III. all Scooters are cars. IV. Some scooters are cars.(a).. None follows. (b). only one and II follow.(c). Only II follows. (d). Only I and IV follow.(e). All follow.

46. Statements:I. Some tables are chairs. II. All chairs are window.

Conclusions:I.. All windows are tables. II. Some windows are chairs.II. Some windows are tables. IV. All tables are windows.(a) All follow. (b). Only I, II and III follow.(c) None follows. (d). Only IV follows.(e) Only II and III follow.

47. Statements:I. All researchers are psychologists. II. Some psychologists are scientists.

Conclusions: I.. All researchers are scientists. II. Some researchers are scientists.III. Some scientists are psychologists. IV. Some psychologists are researchers. (a) None follows. (b). Only III and IV follow.(c) All follow. (d). Only III follow.(e) II and IV follow.

48. Statements: I. Some cars are scooters. II. No scooter is a cycle.

Conclusions:I. No car is a cycle. II. No scooter is a car.III. Some cars are cycles. IV. Some scooters are cars.(a) All follow. (b) None follows.(c) Only one and III follow. (d) Only I, II and IV follow.(e) Only IV follows.

49. Statements:I. No educationists are researchers. II. All researchers are teachers.

Conclusions:I. No teacher is a researcher. II. No teacher is an educationist.

III. Some researchers are teachers. IV. Some teachers are researchers.(a) None follows. (b) All follows.(c) Either I or III follows. (d) Only II follows.(e) Only III and IV follow.

50. Statements:I. All phones are scales. II. All Scales are calculators.

Conclusions:I. All calculators are scales II. All scales are phonesIII. All phones are calculators IV. Some calculators are phones.(a) None follows. (b) Only I and II follow.(c) All follow. (d) Only III and IV follow.(e) Only II follows.

51. Statement: I. Some pens are knives. II. Some knives are horses.

Conclusions:I. Some knives are pens. II. Some pens are horses.III. Some horses are knives. IV. No knife is horse.(a) Only II and III follow. (b) Only I and IV follow.(c) Only IV follows. (d) Only one follows.(e) None of these.

Directions (Q. 52-56): in each of the following questions you are given two statements followed by two conclusions P and Q. You have to take the statements to the true, even if they appear to be at variance from commonly known facts. Choose your answer as:

(a) If only conclusion P follows.(b) If only conclusion Q follows.(c) If either P or Q follows.(d) If neither P nor Q follows.

52. Statements:I. All pilots are brave men. II. All astronauts are pilots.

Conclusions:P. All astronauts are brave men. Q. Some pilots are astronauts.

53. Statements:I. Many books are rocks. II. All rocks are clips.

Conclusions:P. Some books are clips. Q. No rock is a book.

54. Statements:

I. Some kites are horses. II. All horses are dogs. Conclusions:

P. All dogs are horses. Q. Some dogs are horses.55. Statements:

I. All poets are readers. II. No reader is wise. Conclusions:

P. no poet is wise. Q. All readers are poets.56. Statements: I. Some trees are horses. II. Biscuit is a tree. Conclusions:

P. Biscuit is not a tree. Q. Some horses are trees.

Directions (Q. 57-61) : Each of the following consist of a question and three statements (i), (II) and (III) given below it. You have to decide whether the data given in the statement is/are sufficient for answering the question. Read all the statements carefully and seek all the possible combinations which would be sufficient for answering the question. A single statement or statements with least combinations which could be sufficient for answering the question would be your answer. For example, if statement (I) only could be sufficient to answer the question the question, then statement (I) and (II) together should not be taken as the answer. Also each of three statements alone could be sufficient to answer the questions. In such case, for example (I) only or (III) only should be taken as the answer and not (I) only.

57. How old was Hari on 30th July 1996?I. Hari is 6 years older than his brother Varun

II. Varun is 29 years younger than his mother.III. Hari’s mother celebrated her 50th birthday on 15 June 1996.

(a) Only I and III. (b) I, II and III are required.(c) Only II and III. (d) Even with all three, the answer cannot be arrived at.(e) None of these.

58. On which day last week did Monty definitely meet Prabhu in his office?I. Prabhu went to Monty’s office on Tuesday and Thursday.

II. Monty was absent for three days in the week excluding Sunday. III. Monty was not absent on any two consecutive days of the week.

(a) I and II only. (b) I and III only.(c) II and III only. (d) I, II and III are required.(e) Evenwith I, II and III the answer cannot be arrived at.

59. Which of the following represents ‘come’ in a code language?I. ‘pit na ja od’ means ‘you may come home’.

II. ‘ja ta tor’ means ‘come and go.’III. ‘od na pit tor’ means ‘you may go home’.

(a) I and II or I and III only. (b) I and II only.(c). I, II and III are required. (d) II and III only.(e) None of these.

60. Who among P, Q, R, S and T is the lightest?I. Q is lighter than P and S and heavier than T.

II. P is heavier than Q and lighter than S.III. R is heavier than Q.

(a) I or III only (b)I and III only.(b) I,II and III only (d)II and III only.(e) None of these

61. How is Q related to T?I. M and R are brothers.

II. S has two sons and one brother, R being one of the sons III. S is the mother of T and is married to Q.

(a) I and III only (b) III only(c). I and II only (d) II and III only(e) I, II and III are required.

Directions (Q.62-65): In each of the following questions, a question is followed by two statements labeled as P and Q. You have to decide if these statements are sufficient to answer the question. Choose (a) If statement P is alone sufficient to answer the question asked.

(b) If statement Q is alone sufficient to answer the question(c) If either P or Q alone is sufficient.(d) If both P and Q are not sufficient to answer the question asked and additional data is

required.62. Who is the brother of Balu?

Statements:P. Balu is Arun’s brother.Q. Balu’s father is the husband of Arun’s mother

63. What will be the total weight of 10 poles, each of the same weight?Statements:P. One- Fourth of the weight of the pole is 5 kg.

Q. The total weight of three poles is 20 kg more than the total weight of wo poles.64. When was Manohar born?

Statements:P. Manohar’s father was born on 15th august 1947.Q. Manohar is 25 years younger than his mother.

65. Asoka is shorter than Anil. Sunil is shorter than Sudhir. Who is the shortest among them?Statements:P. Anil is shorter than Sunil.Q. Anil is taller than Sunil.

Directions (Q.66 -70): Read the following information and answer the questions below it. Following are the criteria for recruiting Manager- Training in an organization.

The candidate must be (a) Be a Graduate with at least 50 per cent marks(b) Have a post Graduate degree / diploma HRD/ Training/ Personnel Management.(c) Not be more than 35 years as on 1st may 1997(d) Have experience of at least 8 years in the above areas out of which a minimum of 4

years should be as an officer.If a candidate satisfies all other criteria except—

i. (b), but has been working as a personnel officer for the last 6 years, his her case is to be referred to General director-Training.

ii. (d), but has a doctoral degree in Psychology/Management, his/her case is to be referred to General Manager-Training.

Based on the above criteria and the information given in each of the following questions, you have to decide with regard to each case. You are not to assume anything. These cases are given to you as on 1 May 1997.

Mark your answer as(a) If the candidate is to be selected.(b) If the candidate is not to be selected.(c) If the data given are not sufficient to take a decision.(d) If the case is to be referred to General Manager-Training.(e) If the case is to be referred to Director-Training.

66. Sunidhi Srivastav is a science graduate with 65% marks. She has also done post Graduation I HRD and completed her Ph.D. in Psychology. She has been working as a clerk for the last 10 years. She has completed 34 years as on 12 February 1996.

67. Sanjay Kumar completed his post-Graduation in Personnel Management in 1993 at the age of 30. He has worked as a clerk for 3 years and has been working as a Personnel Officer for the last 5 years. He is engaged in a part-time doctoral program.

68. Mohit Khanna has secured 55% marks in graduation. She is a post-graduate in Personnel Management and has been working as an officer for the last 10 years. She was born on 19 April 1962.

69. Pramod Dogra was born on 4 March 1963. He has secured 60% marks in graduation. He has been working for the last 10 years, out of which 6 years have been as a personnel officer. He does not have any post graduate qualification.

BEWARE OF PITFALLS: COMMON ERRORSCommon Errors in the Use of Nouns_____________________________________________________________________________

____________S. No. Incorrect Sentences Correct Sentences------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------1. She has curly hairs. She has curly hair.2. Furnitures are for sale here. Furniture is for sale here.3. Have you read poetries of Rabindra Nath Tagore? Have you read poetry of Rabinra

nath Tagore?4. I like the sceneries of Kashmir I like the Scenery of Kashmir.5. He told these news to his father. He told this news to his father.6. I saw a flock of sheeps. I saw a flock of sheep.7. I want a scissor. I want a pair of scissors.8. Measles are a fatal disease. Measles is a fatal disease.9. I gave two pices to beggar. I gave two pice to the beggar.10. A ten years old boy is playing football. A ten-year-old boy is playing

football.11. My thank is due to him. My thanks are due to him.12. He bought me two pairs of shoe. He brought me two pair of shoes.13. Who are these peoples? Who are these people?14. This is a boys college. This is a boy’s college.15. One travelers baggage was lost. The baggage of one of the traveler

was lost.[Avoid use Of double possessive.]

16. Neither did his son became a doctor nor yours. Neither did his son become a doctor nor yours. [Words

Like his, hers, its, theirs, yours, ours – are possessive . they are neither written within the possessive sigh (‘) nor are they followed by nouns ].

17. You should continue your study. You should continue your studies.18. I like fruits and vegetable. I like fruit and vegetables.19. Politics are a dirty game. Politics is a dirty game.20. The judge passed order. The judge passed orders (or an

order).21. Give alms to the blinds. Give alms to the blind.22. Please write it in your copy. Please write it in your copy-book.23. Two-third of the mangoes are rotten. Two thirds of the mangoes

are rotten.24. His wage is low. His wages are low.25. He spared no pain to succeed. He spared no pains to succeed.26. Five B.A. and two M.A. applied for the job. Five B.A.’s and two M.A.’s applied

for the job.

Common errors in usage of Pronouns.

S. No. Incorrect Sentence Correct Sentence--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Who did you love? Whom did you love?2. Whom do you think won the race? Who do you think won the race?

Note: ‘Who’ denotes the subject and ‘whom’ stands for object.3. It was him who wrote this. It was he who wrote this.4. It is me. It is I.5. If I were her, I wouldn’t go there. If I were she, I wouldn’t go there.6. She absented from the music classes. She absented herself from the music

classes.7. He kept himself away from the college. He kept away from college.

Note: Such verbs as avail, absent, enjoy, apply, resign, exert, oversleep, set, acquit, distinguish, revenge, etc., are used reflexively. Never omit the reflexive pronoun. Such verbs as gather,

marry, repeat, steal, stop, rest, qualify, enlist, bathe, break, hide, feed, lengthen, open, turn, enlist, dash, keep, move, spread etc., are not followed by a reflexive pronoun.

8. I and you are friends. You and I are friends.9. He is richer than me. He is richer than I.

[When a pronoun follows then the case of such a pronoun is to be determined from the content.

10. It is the individual not the system which I it was individual who I appreciate.appreciate.

11. When you have used my spoon, give the when you have used my spoon, give it to me.same to me.

12. Both Binny as well as his brother came to wish me. Both Binny and his brother came to wish me.

[or Binny as well as his brother came to wish me][either use both or as well]

13. Neither he nor she have gone there. Neither he or she has gone there.14. Both himself and Sam did it. Both he and Sam did it.15. This is the best which we could say. This is the best that we could say.16. I made my mention. I made mention to you.

[A noun or pronoun in possessive case should not be used as the antecedent to a relative pronoun. ]

17. They have no cars of theirs. They have no cars of their own.18. It is me you wish to see? It is I you wish to see?19. Who did it? Myself. Who did it? I did it.20. He told this to whosoever he met. He told this to whomsoever he met.21. My teacher know it. Shall I ask? My teacher knows it. Shall I ask?22. Your’s sincerely. Yours sincerely.23. My bag is cheaper than you. My bag is cheaper than yours or My

bag is cheaper Than that of yours.

24. Her name is mine. Her name is the same as mine.25. This is the parrot who talks. This is the parrot that talks.

26. I was glad at my younger brother coming. I was glad at my younger brother’s coming.

27. What do you think of him joining our company? What do you think of his joining our company?

28. Every teacher and every student was in their place. Every teacher and every student was at his place.

29. Neither he nor his brother is to blame. Neither he nor his brother are to blame.

30. I, he and you should work together. You, he and I should work together.

Common Errors in the Use of VerbsS. No. Incorrect Sentences Correct Sentences

1. He makes his prayers. He says (or offers) his prayers.2. We shall no longer cry as we have in the past. We shall no longer cry as well have

cried in the past.3. The train stayed here for five minutes. The train stopped here for five

minutes.4. He fasted since yesterday. He has fasted since yesterday.5. He ordered to withdraw the army. He ordered his army to withdraw.6. All of them were perished. All of them perished.7. He took out his shoes. He took off his shoes.8. A number of houses has collapsed but no loss A number of houses have collapsed

but no loss of of life or property have been reported. Life or property has been reported.

9. A number of players has come. A number of players have come.10. He has not succeeded to win the prize. He has not succeeded in winning the

prize.11. I have worked here for the last 10 years. I have been working here for last 10

years.12. He laid in bed for two hours. Hey lay in bed for two hours

Note: lie, lay, laid (Intransitive verb) Lay, laid, lain (Transitive verb).13. He talks (or says) English fluently. He speaks English fluently.14. He took a bath. He had a bath.15. Columbus invented America. Columbus discovered America.16. I told the teacher to excuse me. I asked the teacher to excuse me.17. He said me a liar. He called me a liar.

18. I stood first in my class. I was first in my class.19. He offered to hire his house to me. He offered to let his house to me.20. I troubled her much. I gave her much trouble.21. Let it to be done. Let it be done.22. The crowd move fast. The crowd moves fast.23. He qualified himself as a teacher. He qualified as a teacher.24. She is the lady who lives near my house. She is the woman who lives near my

house.25. The carriage and horse are standing there. The carriage and horse is standing

there.26. He resigned to his fate. He resigned himself to his fate.27. The committee have issued its report. The committee has issued its report.28. Ten miles are a long distance. Ten miles is a long distance.29. The patient died before the doctor came. The patient had died before the

doctor came.30. No riches but education ensure success. No riches but education ensures

success.31. More than a million of rupees are required. More than a million of rupee is

required.32. A little good habit make our life better. A little good habit makes our life

better.33. He will sit and dream all day. He would sit and dream all day.34. He seems to enjoy his stay in Delhi. He seems to have enjoyed his stay in

Delhi.35. Our only guide were the stars. Our only guide was the stars.36. Manoj as well as Mohit are wrong. Manoj as well as Mohit is wrong.37. Two and two make four. Two and two makes four.38. The majority of people is opposed to the The majority of people are opposed

to the Liberalization reforms. liberalization reforms.

39. The majority are opposed to it. The majority is opposed to it.40. Nothing but good food please him. Nothing but good food pleases him.41. Nothing but good novels pleases him. Nothing but good novels

please him.42. You had better not to go there. You had better not go there.43. Two pair of jeans is with her. Two pairs of jeans are with her.

44. This is one of the best movie which have been This is one of the best movies which have been

Seen by me. Seen by me.45. None but the brave deserves the fair. None but the brave deserve the fair.46. The stars was our only guide. The stars were our only guide.47. I did not see her for two days. I have not seen her for two days.48. I wish I was there. I wish I were there.49. If I was you, I should not do it. If I were you, I would not do it50. I went for seeing my brother. I went to see my brother.

Common Errors in the Use of AdverbsS. No. Incorrect sentence. Correct sentence

1. Call him anything else than a fool. Call him anything but a fool.2. He eagerly wishes to help me. He wishes eagerly to help me.3. He was fortunately not there. Fortunately he was not there.4. She worked noble than her sister. She worked more nobly than her

sister.5. Is he a good man? Yes he is not a good man. Is he a good man? Yes, he is a good

man.Note: if the answer to a question is ‘yes’, the verb following it must be in affirmative. If the answer to a question is ‘no‘, the verb following it must be in the negative.

6. Shammy is so week in Hindi. Shammy is very week in Hindi.7. I never remember having met him. I do not remember ever having met

him.8. He cannot even write correct Hindi. He cannot write even correct Hindi.9. I explained briefly my idea. I briefly explained my idea.10. I was very delighted. I was much delighted.11. I did it presently. I did it just now.12. He is respected greatly. He is greatly respected.13. I saw you long before. I saw you long ago.14. He is too tired to help me. He is very kind to help me.15. He came quicker than I thought. He came a lot quicker than I

thought.16. He is telling not a lie. He is not telling a lie.17. He is too kind to help me. He is very kind to help me.

18. The luggage is too much heavy for me . The luggage is much too heavy for me.

19. The train reached rather lately. The train reached rather late.20. He had almost reached his goal. He had reached almost his goal.21. Binny is somewhat tall for her age. Binny is rather tall for her age.22. He is named as Rinku. He is named Rinku.23. This building is too much small for us. This building is much too small for

us.24. He recovered his health by and by. He gradually recovered his health.25. The guests went away by and by. The guests went away one by one.26. I have not met him long since. I have not met him for a long time.27. My patient is very better today. My patient is much better today.28. I found her lying senselessly. I found her lying senseless.

Common Errors in the Use of Conjunctions.

S. No. Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.1. He is not only handsome but sensible. He is not only handsome, also

sensible.2. You act as though you are sad. You act as though you were sad.3. I met no other girl but Vandana. I met no other girl than vandana.4. He is very learned but loves books. He is very learned and loves books.5. College life is charming and life after that is dull. College life is charming but life after

that is dull.6. Not only all other players but also I think it Not only I but also other players

think it to be to be wrong. Wrong.

7. He weeps as he is a poor. He weeps as if he were poor.8. He behaves as if he is king. He behaves as he were king.9. As he has fever, so he cannot go with you. As he has fever, he cannot go with

you.10. Both Sahil and his brother were not there. Neither Sahil nor his brother was

there.11. He not only lost his job but also his reputation. He lost not only his job but his

reputation too.

12. This is a good, if no better than that. This is a good as if no better than that.

13. Because she is beautiful therefore she is praised. She is beautiful, therefore she is praised. Or

Because she is beautiful, she is praised.

14. I hope Sahil will recover. I hope that Sahil will recover.15. The choice is between death or life. I doubt whether she will come.16. I doubt that she will come. I doubt whether she will come.17. Two months have passed since I have seen him. Two months have passed since I saw

him.18. They do not seem to play like they used to. They do not seem to play as they

used to.19. We will try and find her. We will try to find her.20. He is equally good as his father. He is as good as his father.21. The city is beautiful where you live. The city where you live is beautiful.22. If she is hard working then she will succeed. If she is hard working, she will

succeed.23. Neither did I go nor he went. Neither did I go nor he did.24. He took up a different attitude then what he He took up a different attitude from

what he used used to take. To take.

25. When you insult me, I must go away. Since you insult me, I must go away.

Common Errors in the use of Prepositions.

S. No. Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.1. I am suffering with fever. I am suffering from fever.2. He was accused with theft. He was accused of theft.3. They are angry at me. They are angry with me.4. She is jealous at me. She is jealous of me.5. She has no taste in music. She has no taste for music.6. He has no interest for hockey. He has no interest ion hockey.7. You must attend your work. You must attend to your work.8. He is kind upon me. He is kind to me.9. I was surprised for his failure. I was surprised at his failure.

10. He takes pride of his wealth. He takes pride in his wealth.11. Anu is popular among her friends. Anu is popular in her friends.12. Do not knock the door. Do not knock at the door.13. He did not agree with my opinion. He do not agree to my opinion.14. He feels proud from his health. He feels proud of his wealth.15. She aims to be a doctor. She aims to become a doctor.16. What is the time in your watch? What is the time by your watch?17. She invited me at tea. She invited me to tea.18. Tie the dog on a pillar. Tie the dog to a pillar.19. He climbed the tree. He climbed up the tree.20. They were late for an hour. They were late by an hour.21. He is in the committee. He is on the committee.22. He disposed off his cycle. He disposed of the cycle.23. He is ashamed for the behaviour. He is ashamed of his behaviour.24. I told the whole thing on his face. I told the whole thing to his face.25. We must profit from our experience. We must profit by our experience.26. People demanded for a reduction in prices. People demanded reduction in

prices.27. I am sorry at her loss. I am sorry for his loss.28. Sonu married with Anu. Sonu married Anu.29. This is the girl I was speaking. This is the girl I was speaking of.30. The cat jumped on the table. The cat jumped over the table.31. She is sitting up on the table. She is sitting on a table.32. He covered his head by a shawl. He covered his head with a shawl.33. The sun will rise before an hour. The sun will rise within an hour.34. He joined the army before four years. He joined the army four years ago.35. I expect a letter from my son after a week. I expect a letter from my son in a

week.36. Hard work is key for success. Hard work is key to success.37. Dewali corresponds with Christmas. Dewali corresponds to Christmas.38. The train is running in time. The train is running on time.39. He is good in English. He is good at English.

Common Errors in the use of ArticlesS. No. Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.

1. Ganga is a holy river. The ganga is a holy river.

2. Rich are unhappy. The rich are unhappy.3. The truth is god. Truth is god.4. I go to the college punctually. I go to college punctually.

5. His father went to college to see the Principal. His father went to the college to see the Principal.

6. Commonwealth is an international body. The Commonwealth is an international body.

7. He has gone to the prison several times. He has gone to prison several times.8. Your speech is not up to mark. Your speech is not up to the mark.9. He is out of the danger. He is out of danger.10. He is a honorable man. He is an honorable man.11. The Sunday is a day of rest. Sunday is a day of rest.12. The Sahil will go to USA. Sahil will go to USA.13. She is most beautiful girl in the city. She is most the beautiful girl of the

city.14. Beggar came to her. A beggar came to her.15. Sooner it is done better it is. The sooner it is done, the better it is.16. Always speak truth. Always the speak truth.17. This is a girl who loved me. This is the girl who loved me.

18. The honesty is the best policy. Honesty is the best policy.19. Now is a time to go to bed. Now is the time to go to bed.20. Kalidas is Shakespeare of India. Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.21. You are in wrong. You are wrong or You are in the

wrong22. He left me in lurch. He left me in the lurch.23. The cricket is the game of change. Cricket is a game of change.24. Darkness of the forest was fearful. The darkness of the forest was

fearful.25. We are proud of Punjab. We are proud of the Punjab.

Miscellaneous ErrorsA. Superfluous words.

S. No. Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.1. It is a true Fact. It is fact

2. He is more senior to me . He is senior to me3. He is moving in a round circle. He is moving in a circle4. The reason of her absence was due to illness. The reason of her absence was illness5. Really as a matter of fact she is a fool. Really (or as a matter of fact) she is a

fool.6. We are out of our danger. We are out of danger.7. I feel myself cold. I feel cold.8. I am busy in writing I am busy writing9. He returned back soon. He returned (or came back) soon10. He came to a final conclusion He came to a conclusion.

B. RepetitionsS. No. Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.

1. In my opinion, I think, she is fool. In my opinion (or I think) she is fool.2. Here is a new beginner. Here is a beginner3. Don’t you think the width of this Don’t you think this sheet is too wide?

Sheet is too wide?4. Let us look ahead into the future. Let us look ahead.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. Errors in the use of ‘excessive’ as nouns_____________________________________________________________________________S. No. Incorrect Sentences. Correct Sentences.

1. His luggages are at the bus stand. His luggage is at the bus stand.2. Indians are now using modern machinery. Indians are now using modern

machinery.3. He gave me many information about his dismissal. He gave me many pieces of information

about his Dismissal.