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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

1. Political question doctrinerefers to constitutional violations tat te federal

courts !ill not ad"udicate

a. #e $re%u&lican for' of (overn'ent clause) *Art. I+ ,ec. I+-&. Callen(es to te Presidents conduct of forei(n %olic

c. Callen(es to te i'%eac'ent and re'oval %rocess

d. Callen(es to %artisan (err'anderin(/. ,u%re'e Court Revie!

a. +irtuall all cases co'e to te ,u%re'e Court & !rit of certiorari

i. All cases fro' state courts co'e to te ,u%re'e Court & !rit ofcertiorari

ii. All cases fro' U, court of a%%eals co'e to te ,u%re'e Court &

!rit of certiorari

iii. A%%eals e0ist for decisions of tree"ud(e federal district courtsiv. #e ,u%re'e Court as ori(inal and e0clusive "urisdiction for suits

&et!een state (overn'ents

&. 2enerall te ,u%re'e Court 'a ear cases onl after tere as &een a

final "ud('ent of te i(est state court3 of a U, Court of A%%eals3 or of atree"ud(e federal district court

c. 4or te ,u%re'e Court to revie! a state court decisiontere 'ust &e anindependent and adequate state law ground of decision. If a state court

decision rests on / (rounds *1 state la! and 1 federal la!-3 if te ,u%re'e

Court5s reversal of te federal la! (round !ill not can(e te result in tecase3 te ,u%re'e Court can5t ear it

6. Lo!er federal court revie!

a. 4ederal courts *and state courts- 'a not ear suits a(ainst state

(overn'entsi. Princi%al of soverei(n i''unit

1. 11

t

A'end'ent&ars suits a(ainst states in federal court2. ,overei(n i''unit &ars suits a(ainst states in state courtsof federal a(encies

ii. E0ce%tions,tates 'a &e sued under te follo!in(

circu'stances71. 8aiver is %er'itted

2. ,tates 'a &e sued %ursuant to federal la!s ado%ted under

,ec. 9 of te 1:tA'end'ent. Con(ress can5t autori;e

suits a(ainst states under oter constitutional %rovisions3. #e federal (overn'ent 'a sue state (overn'ents

4.

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

a. Con(ress5s autorit to act

i. Dele(ation of Po!ers

1. No li'it e0ists on Con(ress5 a&ilit to dele(ate le(islative%o!er. *8ron( ans!erunconstitutional as an act of

dele(ation-

2. Le(islative vetos and linite' vetos are unconstitutional.4or Con(ress to act3 tere al!as 'ust &e &ica'eralis'

*%assa(e & &ot te >ouse and te ,enate- and

%resent'ent *(ivin( te &ill to te Presidence and si(n orveto-. #e President 'ust si(n or veto te &ill in its

entiret.

3. Con(ress 'a not dele(ate e0ecutive %o!er to itself or itsofficers

9. #e 4ederal E0ecutive Po!er

a. 4orei(n %olici. #reatiesa(ree'ents &et!een te U, and a forei(n countr tat

are ne(otiated & te President and are effective !en ratified &te ,enate

1. #reaties %revail over conflictin( state la!s2. If treat conflicts !it federal statutete one ado%ted

last in timecontrols

3. If treat conflicts !? U, Constitutionit is invalid

ii. E0ecutive a(ree'entsan a(ree'ent &et!een te U, and a

forei(n countr tat is effective !en si(ned & te %resident and

te ead of te forei(n nation1. Can &e used for an %ur%ose

2. E0ecutive a(ree'ents %revail over conflictin( state la!s3

&ut never over conflictin( federal la!s or te Constitutioniii. President as &road %o!ers as Co''anderinCief to use

A'erican troo%s in forei(n countries

TREATIES AND EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS

IsSenate

approval

require

d?

Confictswith

StateLaw

Confictswith

FederalStatute

Confictswith

Constitution

Treaties YESTreatycontrols

Whichever was

adoptedlast intime

controls

Constitution

controls

Executiv NO Executive Federal Constituti

/

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

eAgreem

ents

Agreement

controls

statutecontrols

oncontrols

&. Do'estic affairs

i. A%%oint'ent Po!er1. #e President a%%oints a'&assadors3 federal "ud(es and

officers of te U,

2. Con(ress 'a vest te a%%oint'ent of inferior officers inte President3 te eads of de%art'ents3 or te lo!er

federal courts @,enate 'ust confir'

3. Con(ress 'a not(ive itself or its officers te a%%oint'ent%o!er

ii. Re'oval Po!er

1. Unless re'oval is li'ited & statute3 te President 'a firean e0ecutive &ranc office

2. 4or Con(ress to li'it re'oval7a. It 'ust &e an office !ere inde%endence fro' te

President is desira&le ANDb. Con(ress cannot %roi&it re'oval3 it can li'it

re'oval to !ere tere is (ood cause

iii. I'%eac'ent and re'oval1. #e President3 +P3 federal "ud(es3 and officers of te U,

can &e i'%eaced and re'oved fro' te office for treason3

&ri&er3 or for i( cri'es and 'isde'eanorsa. I'%eac'ent doesn5t re'ove a %erson fro' office

b. I'%eac'ent & te >ouse of Re%s requires a

'a"orit voteB conviction in te ,enate requires a/?6 vote

iv. President as e0ecutive %rivile(e for %residential %a%ers and

conversations3 &ut suc %rivile(e 'ust ield to oter i'%ortant

(overn'ent interests. Dor'ant Co''erce Clause *Note7 4ederalCo''erce ClauseB ,tate?Local

DCC-

a. Definitionsi. DCC *ne(ative i'%lications of te co''erce clause-state la!s

cannot %lace undue &urden on interstate co''erce

ii. PIC of Article I+No state 'a de%rive oter states te %rivile(es

and i''unities afforded to its o!n citi;ensiii. PIC of 1:tA'end'ental!as !ron( on te e0a' unless it

involves funda'ental ri(t to travel

&. ,te%s in analsis7i. Does te state la! discri'inate a(ainst out of staters

ii. If NO *te la! treats te' ali=e-

1. #e PIC of Art. I+ doesn5t a%%l

6

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

2. If te la! &urden interstate co''erce3 it violates te DCC

if its burdens exceeds its benefits

iii. If E, *te la! treats out of staters differentl?discri'inates-1. If te la! &urdens interstate co''erce3 it violates te DCC

unlessit is necessar to acieve an i'%ortant (overn'ent

%ur%osea. E0ce%tion7 Con(ressional a%%roval

b. E0ce%tion7 Mar=et Partici%ant E0ce%tiona state

or local (overn'ent 'a %refer its o!n citi;ens inreceivin( &enefits fro' (overn'ent %ro(ra's or in

dealin( !it (overn'ento!ned &enefits

2. If te la! discri'inates a(ainst outofstaters !it re(ard toteir a&ilit to earn teir liveliood3 it violates te PIC of

Art. I+ unlessit is necessar to acieve an i'%ortant

(overn'ent %ur%ose

a. #e la! 'ust discri'inate a(ainst outofstaters

b. #e discri'ination 'ust &e !it re(ard to civilli&erties or i'%ortant econo'ic activities

c. Cor%orations and aliens cannot use te PICd. #e discri'ination 'ust &e necessar to acieve an

i'%ortant (overn'ent %ur%ose

F. ,tate #a0ation of Interstate Co''ercea. ,tates 'a not use teir ta0 sste's to el% instate &usinesses

&. A state 'a onl ta0 activities if tere5s a su&stantial ne0us to te state

c. ,tate ta0ation of interstate &usinesses 'ust &e fairl a%%ortionedG. #e ,tructure of te Constitution5s Protection of Individual Li&erties

a. Is #ere 2overn'ent Action

i. Constitution a%%lies onl to (overn'ent action. Private conductneed not co'%l !? te Constitutionii. E0ce%tionssituations !ere %rivate conduct 'ust co'%l !? te

Constitution7

1. Pu&lic function e0ce%tionConstitution a%%lies if a %rivateentit is %erfor'in( a tas= traditionall3 e0clusivel done

& te (overn'ent

2. Entan(le'ent e0ce%tionConstitution a%%lies if te(overn'ent affir'ativel autori;es3 encoura(es3 or

facilitates unconstitutional activities. He e0a'%les7

a. Courts can5t enforce raciall restrictive covenants

b. #ere is state action !en te (overn'ent leases%re'ises to a restaurant tat raciall discri'inates

c. #ere is state action !en a state %rovides &oo=s to

scool tat5s raciall discri'inated. #ere is no state action !en a %rivate scool tat is

over J funded & te (overn'ent fires a teacer

&?c of er s%eec @su&sid is insufficient for stateaction

:

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

e. #ere is no state action !en te NCAA orders te

sus%ension of a &as=et&all coac at a state

universitf. #ere is a state action !en a %rivate entit

re(ulates interscolastic s%orts !itin a state

g. #ere is not state action !en a %rivate clu& !it aliquor license fro' te state raciall discri'inates

&. as tere &een a de%rivation of life3 li&ert or %ro%ert

1. De%rivation of li&ertoccurs if tere is te loss of a

si(nificant freedo' %rovided & te Constitution or a

statute

2. De%rivation of %ro%ertoccurs if tere is an entitle'entand tat entitle'ent is not fulfilled

3. 2overn'ent ne(li(ent isn5t sufficient for a de%rivation of

DP. 2enerall3 tere 'ust &e intentional (overn'ent actionor at least rec=less action for lia&ilit to e0ist. >o!ever3 in

e'er(enc situations3 te (overn'ent is lia&le under DP

onl if it5s conduct $soc=s te conscience)4. 2enerall3 te (overn'ent5s failure to %rotect %eo%le fro'

%rivatel inflicted ar's doesn5t den due %rocess

ii. 8at %rocedures are required

1. #e test7

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

a. Possessor ta=in(2overn'ent confiscation or

%sical occu%ation of %ro%ert is al!as a ta=in(b. Re(ulator ta=in(2overn'ent re(ulation is a

ta=in( if it leave no reasonable economically viable

use of the property

2. Is it for %u&lic use3. Is "ust co'%ensation %aid

2overn'ent conditions on develo%'ent of %ro%ert 'ust &e

"ustified & a &enefit tat is rou(l %ro%ortionate to te &urdeni'%osedB oter!ise it is a ta=in(

A %ro%ert o!ner 'a &rin( a ta=in(s callen(e to re(ulations

tat e0isted at te ti'e te %ro%ert !as acquired

#e'%oraril denin( an o!ner use of %ro%ert is not a ta=in( so

lon( as te (overn'ent5s actions are reasona&le

iii. Contracts Clauseno state sall i'%air te o&li(ations of contracts

1. A%%lies onl to state or local interference !? e0istin(

contract *not federal (overn'ent-2. ,tate or local interference !it %rivate contracts 'ust 'eet

inter'ediate scrutin

a. Does te le(islation su&stantiall i'%air a %art5sri(ts under an e0istin( contract

b. If so3 is te la! a reasona&l and narro!l tailored

'eans of %ro'otin( an i'%ortant and le(iti'ate%u&lic interest

3. ,tate or local interference !? (overn'ent contracts 'ust

'eet strict scrutin

4. #e e0 %ost facto clause doesn5t a%%l in civil cases.

Retroactive civil lia&ilit onl need 'eet a rational &asistest *A &ill of attainder is a la! tat directs te %unis'ent

of a s%ecific %erson*s- !itout a trial-d. Privac is a funda'ental ri(t %rotected under ,u&stantive DP

i. Ri(t to 'arrB ri(t to %rocreateB ri(t to custod of one5s

cildrenB ri(t to =ee% fa'il to(eterB ri(t to control teu%&rin(in( of one5s cildren5 te ri(t to %urcase and use

contrace%tivesB ri(t to a&ortion

ii. Ri(t to travel1. 4unda'ental ri(tPIC K Equal Protection Clause

2. La!s tat %revent %eo%le fro' 'ovin( into a state 'ust

'eet strict scrutin3. Durational residenc require'ents 'ust 'eet strict scrutin4. Restrictions on forei(n travel need 'eet onl te rational

&asis test

iii. Ri(t to vote1. La!s tat den so'e citi;ens te ri(t to vote 'ust 'eet

strict scrutin3 &ut re(ulations of te electoral %rocess to

%revent fraud onl need &e on &alance desira&le

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

2. One%erson Onevote 'ist &e 'et for all state and local

elections

3. Atlar(e elections *'ulti%le votes- are constitutionalunless tere is %roof of a discri'inator %ur%oses

4. #e use of race in dra!in( election district lines 'ust 'eet

strict scrutin5. Countin( uncounted votes !?o standard in a %residential

election violates equal %rotection

1. Equal Protectiona. A%%roac7

i. 8at is te classification

ii. 8at level of scrutin sould &e a%%lied

iii. Does tis la! 'eet te level of scrutin&. Constitutional Provisions

i. EPC of 1:tA'end'ent a%%lies onl to state and local

(overn'ents *not federal (overn'ent-

ii. Equal %rotection is a%%lied to federal (overn'ent trou( te due%rocess clause of te 9tA'end'ent

c. Classifications &ased on Race and National Ori(ini. ,trict ,crutin is used

ii. >o! is te e0istence of a racial classification %roven

1. #e classification e0ists on te face of te la!

2. If te la! is faciall neutral3 %rovin( a racial classification

requires de'onstratin( &ot discriminatory impactand

discriminatory intent

iii. >o! sould racial classifications &enefittin( 'inorities &e treated1. ,trict scrutin is a%%lied

2. Nu'erical setasides require clear %roof of %ast

discri'ination3. Educational institutions 'a use race as 1 factor in

ad'issions decisions to el% 'inorities. >o!ever3

educational institutions 'a not add %oints to a%%licants5ad'issions scores &ased on race

4. Pu&lic scool sste's 'a not use race as a factor in

assi(nin( students to scools unless strict scrutin is 'et

d. 2ender Classificationsi. Inter'ediate scrutin is used

ii. >o! is te e0istence of (ender classification %roven

1. #e classification e0ists on te face of te la!2. If te la! is faciall neutral3 %rovin( a (ender classification

requires de'onstratin( &ot discriminatory impactand

discriminatory intentiii. >o! sould (ender classifications &enefittin( !o'en &e treated

1. 2ender classifications tat are desi(ned to re'ed %ast

discri'ination and differences in o%%ortunit !ill &e

allo!ed

F

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

e. Aliena(e Classifications

i. 2enerall3 strict scrutin is used

ii. Rational &asis test is used for71. Aliena(e classifications tat concern self(overn'ent and

te de'ocratic %rocess

2. Con(ressional discri'ination a(ainst aliensiii. Inter'ediate scrutin is used for7

1. Discri'ination a(ainst undocu'ented alien cildren

f. Discri'ination a(ainst non'arital cildreni. Inter'ediate scrutin is used

ii. La!s tat den a &enefit to all non'arital cildren3 &ut (rant it to

all 'arital cildren are unconstitutional

(. Rational &asis revie! is used for all oter t%es of discri'ination7i. A(e

ii. Disa&ilit

iii. 8ealt

iv. Econo'icv. ,e0ual orientation

11. 4irst A'end'ent

G

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

FIRST ISSUEAPPLICABLE LAW

1- Co''on La!

/- Article / of te UCCa%%lies to H tat are %ri'aril for te sale of (oods

A. 4actors to deter'ine !eter Art. / a%%lies7

1. #%e of transactionsaleB and

/. ,u&"ect 'atter of transaction(oods3 i.e.3 tan(i&le3 %ersonal %ro%ert6- ,i'%le >%oteticals

A. Real estateCL *contracts to &u a ouse-

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

An ad can &e an offer if it s%ecifies quantit and e0%ressl

indicates !o can acce%t

Price quote can &e an offer if sent in res%onse to an inquir

C. /NDPossi&le A(ree'ent Issue7 8as te Offer #er'inated *: Metods-Offers (enerall create te %o!er of acce%tance in te %erson to !o' te offer

!as 'ade *offeree-3 creatin( a contract. >o!ever3 an offer cannot&e acce%ted ifit as &een ter'inated. An offer tat as &een ter'inated is $dead): Metods of #er'ination7

1. La%se of ti'eti'e stated or reasona&le ti'e

/. Deat of a %art %rior to acce%tancea. 2eneral rule7 deat or inca%acit of eiter %art after te offer3 &ut &efore

acce%tance3 ter'inates offer

b. E0ce%tion7 Irrevoca&le offers6. 8ords of conduct of offerorB i.e.3 revocation of an offer

a. >o! an offer is revo=ed7

i. Later una'&i(uous state'ent & offeror to offeree of un!illin(ness or

ina&ilit to contract3 orii. Later una'&i(uous conduct & offeror indicatin( an un!illin(ness or

ina&ilit to contract tat offeree is a!are of

b. 8ic offers are irrevoca&le3 i.e.3 cannot &e revo=edHno! te difference a'on( $irrevoca&le) *no %ossi&ilit-3 $revoca&le)

*%ossi&ilit-3 and revo=ed *actualit-. @2enerall offers can &e freel

revo=ed & te offeror. #ere are : situations in !ic an offer cannot &erevo=ed7

i. O%tion H an offer can5t &e revo=ed if te offeror as not onl 'ade

an offer &ut also7

Pro'ised to not revo=e *or %ro'ised to =ee% te offer $o%en)-

AND #is %ro'ise is su%%orted & %a'ent or oter consideration

*$o%tion)-

ii. UCC 4ir' Offer Rulean offer can5t &e revo=ed for u% to 6 'onts

if7

Offer to &u or sell (oods

,i(ned3 !ritten %ro'ise to =ee% te offer o%en3 and

Part is a 'ercant *Mercant is 2ENERALL a %erson in

&usiness-

iii. Reliancean offer can5t &e revo=ed if tere as &een7

Reliance3 tat is

Reasona&l foreseea&le3 and

Detri'ental

iv. Unilateral contractte start of %erfor'ance %ursuant to an offer to

enter into a unilateral contract 'a=es te offer irrevoca&le for areasona&le ti'e to co'%lete %erfor'ance

:. 8ords or conduct of te offereeRe"ection

/

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

8atc for 1 of te follo!in( 6 'etods of indirect re"ection7 1- CounterofferB

/- Conditional acce%tance3 or 6- Additional ter's. #e first / a%%l to all

contractsB additional ter's rule doesn5t a%%l to contracts for te sale of (oods*CL onl-. Metods of indirect re"ection are7

a. Counteroffer

i. Counteroffer (enerall ter'inates te offer and creates a ne! offer.#us (enerall3 !ere a counteroffer as &een 'ade tere is no

e0%ress H unless tat counteroffer as itself &een acce%ted.

Counteroffers need to &e distin(uised fro' &ar(ainin(.

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

8atc for fact %atterns !? 6 caracteristics7 1- ver&al offer3 /- no

!ords in res%onse3 and 6- start of %erfor'ance

2eneral rule7 start of %erfor'ance is acce%tance. ,tartin( to

%erfor' is treated as an i'%lied %ro'ise to %erfor' and so tere isa &ilateral contract.

E0ce%tionstart of %erfor'ance isn5t acce%tance of unilateralH offers. Co'%letion of %erfor'ance is required. A(ain3 startof %erfor'ance is an i'%lied %ro'ise to %erfor'. Offers to

enter into unilateral contracts can5t &e acce%ted & a %ro'ise.

If offer requires $%erfor'ance) for acce%tance3 ten$%erfor'ance) for %ur%oses of acce%tance of tat offer 'eans

co'%letion of %erfor'ance.

ii. Distance and dela in co''unications

#e offeror and te offeree are at different %laces and tere are

delas in recei%t of co''unications. : rules7

1- All co''unications other than acceptanceare effective

onl !en received /- Acce%tance isgenerallyeffective !en 'ailed *i.e.3 te

'ail&o0 rule-

6- If a re"ection is 'ailed &efore an acce%tance is 'ailed3 tenneiter is effective until received

:- ou can5t use te 'ail&o0 rule to 'eet an o%tion deadline

iii. #e seller of (oods sends te $!ron() (oods

2eneral ruleacce%tance and &reac

Acco''odation *i.e.3 e0%lanation- e0ce%tion7 counteroffer and no

&reac

/. Person !o acce%ts7

a. 2enerall3 and offer can &e acce%ted onl &7i. 1- A %erson !o =no!s a&out te offer at te ti'e se acce%tsB /- 8o

is te %erson to !o' it !as 'ade

ii. Offers cannot &e assi(nedB o%tions can5Bt &e assi(ned unless te o%tionoter!ise %rovides

E. 4or'ation/ND+ie!?Overvie!

Re'e'&er tat a H is 'ore tan an a(ree'ent. ,o'e a(ree'ent are not le(allenforcea&le. Le(al reasons for not enforcin( an a(ree'ent include7 1- Lac= of

consideration of a consideration su&stitute for te %ro'ise at issueB /- Lac= of

ca%acit of te %erson !o 'ade tat %ro'iseB 6- ,tatute of 4raudsB :- E0istin(la!s tat %roi&it te %erfor'ance of te a(ree'entB 9- Pu&lic %olicB -

Misre%resentationsB F- NondisclosureB G- DuressB - Unconsciona&ilit 1-A'&i(uit in !ords of a(ree'entB 11- Mista=es at te ti'e of te a(ree'ent as to

te 'aterial facts affectin( te a(ree'ent1. Reason for Not Enforcin( A(ree'ent7 Lac= of Consideration OR

Consideration ,u&stitute

/.4. 2

:

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

THIRD ISSUE: TERMS OF THE CONTRACT

1- 8ords in te 8ritten H

/- 8ords of te Parties Not in te 8ritten Contract and te Parol Evidence RuleA. #ri((erin( facts7

1. 4inal !ritten H

/. Earlier !ords of 1 or &ot %arties

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

i. #e %arol evidence rule %revents a court fro' ad'ittin( evidence of

earlier a(ree'ents as a source of consistent3 additional ter's unless

te court finds7

1- tat te !ritten a(ree'ent !as onl a %artial inte(ration or

/- tat te additional ter's !ould ordinaril &e in a se%arate

a(ree'ent6- Conduct

A. Conduct can also &e a source of H ter's

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Reection Revocation

1. TimingEarly !e"oreacceptance

#ater a"ter theacceptance

2. Standard$enerally

per"ect tender

Su!stantial

impairment

3. Other

Requirements

%& Seasona!ly noti"y seller'& (old the goods "or seller)& Follow reasona!le seller

instructions

4. Consequences%& $oods !ac* to seller

'& No !uyer payment o!ligation

FIFTH ISSUE: REMEDIES FOR AN UNEXCUSED NONPERFORMANCE

1- Non'onetar Re'edies *In Re'-

A. ,%ecific %erfor'ance?In"unction

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

PRELIMINAR" MATTERS

1- Turisdiction

A. A cri'e 'a &e %rosecuted in an state !ere71. An act tat !as %art of te cri'e too= %laceB or

2. #e result too= %lace

/-

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

a. Definition!en a defendant acts intentionallyor !it recless disregard

of an o&vious or =no!n ris=

b. CL Malice Cri'es7i. Murder

ii. Arson

6. 2eneral Intenta. Definitionte defendant need onl &egenerally awareof te factors

constitutin( te cri'eB e need notintend a s%ecific result

i. Note7 #e "ur can usuall infer te (eneral intent si'%l fro' tedoin( of te act

b. E0a'%les of 2eneral Intent Cri'es7

i.

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

/. Unintentional Cri'esou can5t atte'%t unintentional cri'es3 since ou

can5t intend to do so'etin( unintentional. Practicall s%ea=in(3 tis 'eans

tat tere are no atte'%t versions of7a. Rec=lessness cri'es

b. Ne(li(ent cri'es

c. 4elon 'urderC. I'%ossi&ilit

1. 4actual I'%ossi&ilit

a. DefinitionAltou( te D intends to co''it te underlin( cri'e anden(a(es in conduct consistent !it tat intend3 so'ephysical or factual

conditionun=no!n to te defendant %revents te underlin( cri'e fro'

ta=in( %lace

b. Rule4actual i'%ossi&ilit is nota defense to atte'%t/. Le(al I'%ossi&ilit

a. Definitionaltou( te defendant intends to co''it te underlin(

cri'e and en(a(es in conduct consistent !it tat intent3 so'e legal

circumstance of statusun=no!n to te defendant %revents te successfulco'%letion of te underlin( cri'e

b. RuleLe(al i'%ossi&ilit I, a defense to atte'%t:- Incoate Offense Doctrines

A. 8itdra!al?Renunciation?A&andon'ent8at a%%ens !en a solicitor3 co

cons%irator3 or atte'%ter can(es is 'ind1. 2eneral Rule8itdra!al is NO# a defense *&ut it is for acco'%lice

lia&ilit-

a. E0ce%tion7 Once D !itdra!s fro' a cons%irac e !ill no lon(er &e

vicariousl lia&le for cri'es co''itted & is cocons%irators aftere leftte cons%irac

b. >o!ever3 D is still (uilt of cons%irac and of all foreseea&le cri'es

co''itted & cocons%irators %rior to is !itdra!al/. Mer(er Rules for Incoate Offenses

a. ,olicitation and atte'%t 'er(e !it te co'%leted cri'e

b. Cons%irac does not 'er(e

DEFENSES

1- Ca%acit Defenses

A. Insanit1. 1strequire'ent D 'ust ave a mental disease or defect

2. 6 'ost co''on tests used to (au(e !eter te 'ental disease or defect

renders D le(all insane7a. M5Na(ten #est *'a"orit test%urel co(nitive-7 D 'ust %rove tat e

eiter7i. Didn5t =no! is conduct !as !ron(3 orii. Didn5t understand te nature of is conduct

b. Irresisti&le I'%ulse #est *volitional test3 so'eti'es co'&ined !it

M5Na(ten-7 If D eiter7i. 8as una&le to control is actions3 or

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ii. 8as una&le to confor' is conduct to te la!

c. MPC #est *onl used in /9J of statesco(nitive andvolitional-7 If te D

lac=ed te su&stantial ca%acit to eiter7i. A%%reciate te cri'inalit of is conduct3 or

ii. Confor' is conduct to te require'ents of la!

3. Distin(uised fro' Inco'%etenc7a. Insanit7

i. Issue is !eter te D !as insane at te ti'e of te crime. If e !as3 D

isn5t (uilt & reason of insanitb. Inco'%etenc

i. Issue is !eter3 at te ti'e of te trial3 te D can5t eiter7

Understand te nature of te %roceedin(s a(ainst i'B or

Assist is la!er in te %re%aration of is defense

ii. If eiter one of te a&ove V is esta&lised3 trial is %ost%oned until te D

re(ains is co'%etenc

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b. D!ellin(sand occu%ant 'a use deadl force insider er d!ellin(

!en7i. An intruder as (ained an entr in a tu'ultuous 'annerB andii. #e occu%ant reasona&l &elieves tat te use of deadl force is

necessar to %revent a %ersonal attac= on erself or so'eone else in

te d!ellin(!. Use of Deadl 4orce & La! Enforce'ent

a. An officer 'a use deadl force onl !en doin( so is reasona&le under

te circu'stancesC. Necessit *$Coice of Evils)-

1. RuleIt is a defense to cri'inal conduct if te D reasonably believestat te

conduct !as necessar to %revent agreater harm2. Li'itationsdefense of necessit is unavaila&le if7

a. D causes te deat of anoter %erson to %rotect %ro%ertB or

b. D is at fault in creatin( a situation tat creates a coice of evilsD. Duress

1. Rule

It is a defense if te D !as coerced to co''it a cri'e &?c of a treat3from another person3 of i''inent deat or serious &odil in"ur to i'self or

a close fa'il 'e'&er2. Li'itationduress can5t &e a defense to o'icide

E. Entra%'ent

1. Ruleif te (overn'ent unfairl te'%ted te D to co''it te cri'e3 e 'a

clai' entra%'ent. #is ver narro! defense !or=s onl if7

a. #e cri'inal desi(n ori(inated !it te (overn'ent3 and

b. #e defendant !as not %redis%osed to co''it te cri'e

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SEARCH AND SEI#URE OVERVIEW$ %GLOBAL& ISSUES:

1- 8eter a searc or sei;ure is (overned & te :tA'end'ent

/- 8eter a searc or sei;ure is conducted witha !arrant satisfies :tA'end'entRequire'ents

6- 8eter a searc or sei;ure conducted withouta !arrant satisfies te :tA'end'ent

require'ents:- #e e0tent to !ic evidence o&tained trou( a searc and sei;ure tat violates te

:tA'end'ent is noneteless ad'issi&le in court

SEARCH AND SEI#UREISSUE '

Threshold question: Is the search or seizure governed by the 4 thAmendment?

1- 4or te :tA'end'ent to a%%l3 tere 'ust &e an affir'ative ans!er to : =equestions7

&. 8as te searc or sei;ure e0ecuted & agovernment agent'

(. Did te searc or sei;ure invade an area protect by the 4th&mendment

). Did te (overn'ent a(ent eiter71. *hysically intrudeon a %rotected area to o&tain infor'ation or

/. +iolate an individual5s reasonably expectation of privacyin a %rotected areaor ite'

$. Did te individual su&"ected to te searc or sei;ure ave +standing"to callen(e

te (overn'ent a(ent5s conduct/- Suestion 18as te searc or sei;ure e0ecuted & a (overn'ent a(ent

&. / cate(ories of (overn'ent a(ents are 'ost i'%ortant for te Mouses *includin( otel roo's-

6. Pa%ers *e.(.3 %ersonal corres%ondence-

:. Effects *e.(.3 %urses3 &ac=%ac=s3 cars-(. #e %rotection of $ouses) includes te $curtila(e3) !ic is an $area of do'estic

use) i''ediatel surroundin( te ouse

1. E07 &ac= ard enclosed & fenceB front %orc). Un%rotected ite's

1. #ere are certain cate(ories of ite's tat are sufficientl $%u&lic) in nature

tat te carr NO reasona&le e0%ectation of %rivac3 even ifte are searc

or sei;ed & (overn'ent a(ents7

1

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/. Mneu'onic7 $Patt Acieved A 2lorious +ictor Over >er O%%onents)

a. Paint scra%in(s on te outside of our car

&. Account records eld & a &an=c. Airs%ace7 antin( tat can &e seen &elo! !ile flin( in %u&lic airs%ae

d. 2ar&a(e left at te cur& for collection

e. +orce *te sound of our voice-f. Odors *e07 tose tat e'anate fro' our car or our lu((a(e-

(. >and!ritin( *te stle of our and!ritin(-

. O%en fields7 antin( tat can &e seen inor acrosste o%en fields:- Suestion 6Did te (overn'ent a(ent eiter *a-physically intrudeon a %rotected

area to o&tain infor'ationB or *&- violate an individual5s reasonably expectation of

privacyin a %rotected area or ite'

&. / !as in !ic searces and sei;ures & (overn'ent a(ents can i'%licate anindividual5s :ta'end'ent ri(ts7

1. #e a(ent %sical intruded on a constitutionall %rotected area in order to

o&tain infor'ation *e07 %uttin( 2P, on veicle-B or

/. #e a(ent5s searc or sei;ure of a constitutionall %rotected area violated anindividual5s reasona&le e0%ectation of %rivac

(.9- Suestion :Did te individual su&"ected to te searc or sei;ure ave +standing"to

callen(e te (overn'ent a(ent5s conduct