mazhab aur science - internet archive · 2017. 8. 25. · lz}gø zg{z',q{z pìck,iq ìtzg ðz z»kz...

92
{ y + ñ Ñ * * z © Z 1

Upload: others

Post on 31-Jan-2021

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • {y + ñÑ**z©Z

    1

  • z5 âp X19 §&Z+Ñw»X X2

    23 ÆìÑ] Ë ',R,hg X333 Wy~!*] X434 z̈ »Ñ]Å X542 ¼5µ X648 è

  • pZvZ°ÝZ°°

    âp1971 âga 19 ik,ÃÂ[)è

  • 9zVäZyx]Ã',Z{gZ{Û»Ñ]ÐáZK̈âVJ-àc*X9zVÅú]6,Z#ZyÆ#54èEGEäzµ»ZÖgHÂZ,Vä¹:H?Zk}.ZÆ

    EÎ^Ök×`ÜÊo]Ö×äÔ !*g}~DTäi}zWyÃaZH(Zk»Ètì9zVäZLx 10 )Z',Z ʳ^³]ÖÛç]læ](

    ÅZÜ6,?7Åz{¡]Å?¶Xi}zWyÅßg]~bCÙøg}tñÔz{x@ZCîg6,Zk½Æh~ÍZ}gì

    9zVäÃ~îg6,7ÅXt?W`Ì7g~§bè

  • ].h+_·Ðt!*]ÌU*"$ðìè

  • ZÜÆ!*g}~ZzgE+&+[~2ÔZyÆÃg«HYñZzgè

  • §&Z+Ñw»X

    ä¹ì: (T.R. Miles) KXWgXâ}÷÷âèÆfñèZ

  • XZk»ZZðgztìqik,cìpz{q',Z{gZøg}ZL 1"Zzx@}~WYñXVwÆîg6,Zq-¿úò@*ì¶î÷÷0*ã~Q}

    ÃYiÆn0*ãÆ¢}à ò DóóCÙtÐúòìX1Z#ëZkúpgÎÆjÆngnpÂzZªÃW@*ì0*ãÆZ0+g"ÑggLgLQ}Á:gìX

    XzuZgzz{ìZ#úò7gZ»7gZÂÃ:Wñ1ZkƼZbZY 23ð}gìVXVwÆîg6,túò¶î÷÷i}ÍwìóóZK7g~ (patches)

    ^~Ȩ̈bZK̈ãx@{~7WYX1ZkÅÍÑðÆVÃëµNMhX}Zq-ÜðiZ#Zz6,ZJzg|"}Ði}Ŧk,©8ìÂz{Zk~ZϧbÍwÃZìCìe0+X1ªCÙìtZkÅÍÑð»ÜsbY@*

    ì:ÀXX1Zk§bÆx@Z]Ðëøg}ZgZu~WDz{Zk* 3

    (significant fact) ƹ©àëXZyx@Z]ÐÃðÌp&|qÝ7CXqÑè*Æ!*g}~øgZ/C@*ìz{"Ñgp&ëн~ðìX

    V].h+fZL£gZ+Ñw~Zq-ZzgZ@*ìZzgz{tþþþþþz{Z+ÑwÌZq-9£gZ+ÑwìT~Z¤/pZÝ|Ã',Z{gZ3c*:H1ZkƼZ,Uøg}/~WDVXЪkHYnZ+Ãð|V0*ðYgìXVwÆîg6,Z9Zy&+Z]pZq-**.Þx@{qìXz{ZÚgN*@*ì:ÃðpgÎZÐ3$ËìZzg:ÃðF,ZizZÐÂwYìX1ZkÆ!*zbÅ*~Z¼ZyÃZq-|Y@*ìXYVÔZkÅzztìZ¤/p

    8

  • .ÞZ¬{!*]Å (effects) Z¼Zy&+Z]pÂÃ7W@*Ô1ZkƼZ,ZW,Z]^~øg}tWDXÅÂôZkÆÎZZzg¼7$ËëZ¼ZyZq-Âx»zÛn,XZ¼Zy&+Z]pZq-Gz£ì1ZkGz£ÅãCaè!*ßZô/6,ìZknbZÐtCìX

    £gZ+Ñw~Zk}Z»t³ìz{p&ëøg},k~WnX»zuZ**x].h+435é EGG]c*EäbìX

    (1_·äCc*tZ£gÌWy~7ìXZkÐë 4)(technical truths) ø7[DÔz{ÓxF,zXÃZq-¬Ýä}ë

    ¹ìZ#»Ñ]ÅzÝ}ëйWÐYCìX|tìic*{p&ëz;VÐÑzqDV}ë»{Ø@*ìXVwÆîg6,ZK̈㻧»CZzgc*C_·øg}t¹ÐëÅmìZzgµZkÆZ0+gse$ÌìX1ZkÐic*{p&|z{ìZK̈yÆW¸izZxÐ

    0ì1V§»]Zzgc*]»gzZY_·øgZB7êÔZÏnZq-f!¬Ýä¹ì:

    The knowable is unimportant, and the important is unknowable.

    q.Þgc*Äìz{)ZëìZzgqZëìz{.Þgc*Ä7XZ[].h+f£gZ+ÑwÅz~Zq-Zzg£g»Z@*ìXZzgz{t

    x@Z]z!*]ÔpZ{{Ø8bÆp~ÔZÝúòÐ',Z{gZ%1o:Ô1z{ZÝúòÆh~Y,̂ÛÜaZDVÔ2ZyÅÂôÆnÃð4¦gñ:ÂZ,Z+ÑwÃÌY,̂Zzg9Z+ÑwYñÇX

    (valid criterion) tWy~£gZ+ÑwÌ].h+fÆnZq-ëw£g9

  • ìZzgqZk£g6,ÛZgzZªîg6,7g~ZF,}ÔZkÃÌZq-U*"${qYñÇXZkÅzs#Æn~VzVBbeLVXZq-tZzgzu~

    µXtVwÆfs~].h+fÆÜsè

  • ?ì**eÂè

  • ìTÐZ,Väè

  • !{3¨4èEE

    GEäì÷÷c*CZg»YÆ|äÐZ[ËÃZïg7ìXÎZZyßÍVÆYIVc*ïVc*Zz;x6,4~2VXóóXâegy0*

    Æ**xÐÂ1V»Zq- (Man and the Universe) Ñ$k,~)Ec*gu(äáùHìXZkÅ0*v,Â[~eZgzyÅÂØ÷÷ZÝZÑâZqóóÃ@*gõi"ÛZgïñ¹Hì:X

    ÷÷ZK̈yZCoÒ©¥xäÆnîsF,+æ]ÐÃÒg;ìÔZk~ËÃtÃZâi',èI#¿»o**77,ZAegÖeZgzyÆZN[8ÃXZzg:Ëzu}ÃtÃZâic*{³

    qÝðìÎZkÃtÃqÝ (scientific affirmation) ¤&ðìXóó

    Philosophers of Science, p. 244

    qì:X (G.G. Simpson) Z%M»gZg»I¬Ý\)4jè FE÷÷eZgzy@*gõÆF,+ßÍV~ÐZq-åTäZK̈ãDÅF,¹~

    ¹úc*V»xZxc*ìXt£xZkäZknqÝHZkäÃtZg»YÃWy~Zzgåîg6,Zq-|U*"$c*:¡Zq-ªkc*w

    Gz£³ïÆnì1HXóóMeaning of Evolution (N. Y. 1951) P. 127.

    Z}Z~gqì:X÷÷tÃtZK̈yZzgzu~f~§]ZâYÆñ{ßg]~î»Zg»ð

    ¿ZìÔtZ[ZãÑbÐU*"$[ìZkýã|¹YYìX (approximate certainty)

    Clearer Thinking, p. 113

    13

  • qì: (R. S. Lull) Ü÷÷eZgzyÆÐÃtZg»Yy$+yic*{JqqÝ@*g;ìÔV

    J-Z[ÎWZzgY+zZáßÍV~Zk!*g}~Ãðµ7g{HìtzZux§iìTÆ¿ðÅÂô$ËìZzgZkÃYYìóó

    Organic Evolution, P. 15

    z{'×h+qì:X÷÷ÓxbZVZzgzu}Y+zZßV~Ð9ßvÃtZg»Å

    6,t`XpZ{z{)Z]Ð0c*³Z**]Ð (truth) ZÜ0Xªti}Z#Zk.ÞðZk6,i0+{q,g{ÃÔZkzÜDæ]ƿƳ~i0+Ïż{ZlxaZNZzgZkÆîsæ]ÆÚ¿Ðm@*]Zzg³Z**]Åz{Óxª]Z0nz~

    (83 WNXÃëW`ZKW\VÐNMhXóó)ZkÃtÅ=q»Z0+Zi{ZkÐ

  • ÃtZg»Æh~z{ÃyÐÑbÛZëñXÅzzÐzg].h+ÆZIDäZkÅZÜtàìXV~ZkÆPãC~UV»fzVÇ@*Z0+Zi{nZyÑbÅâÎHìX

    X³Z**]»_·C@*ìZy~ZÌZzgZdZlx0*ðYCXzZuZÄCÒ0î EG 1ÐáZg1V]gppzZáYâgÔZϧb (single cellular animal) YâgzV

    &743ðGGVÆZ±gгZ**]~ZãZzgZdgY]»ÛtXXZkZZðx@{ÃZ#Zk¹ãÆB5¬Yñi}ÅqV~î 2

    ìÂ¥x@*ìZkÛt~!*±giâ:Zq-Zg»ðF,KMìXzhzV',k¬i}6,i0+ÏÅÕÿW!*ZkƼgC¿ÆßZððqª~Z[Ìi}Æ

    ¹Y@*ìXtÃÝCDi}6,ic*{* (fossil) n"ñXÃÃÝzg~Ô³Z**]Å9VW!*Ôz{{9ZzgZkÆ}}ic*{ë{ZzgF,¹c*C9W!*CgþþþþþþZk»ÈtìZkÅi0+ÏÅñ{9ÅàzÜz~7WNÉ{9z~WNZzgZkÆ}

    }F,¹c*C9XXZkÆZq-Zzg|øg}tWCìÔz{tZ³Z**]Æ 3

    gxyâ¦Z%sÆ!*zZyÆKãÂx~¹Ïxã0*ðYCX}TmbÐQQìZzghZ»eJçZK̈yÆx/ìz){z){Xt

    Zk!*]»ÛÜìg}f~§]Zq-{0+ZyÅazZgZzgÆZ].Z!*syZq-¸X

    XZq-âqÐzu~âqùhÔtZkzÜ¥xY@*ìZ#ëZq-ZzgzZ§ 4ÃÙXz{tZq-YâgÆ,ÐaaZDz{Æ7V7

    15

  • DÉZyÆZV~¼Ût@*ìXÛ̧tZYV~'×h+F,¹@*ìZzgZN[8Æ¿ÆWÐ(,kgLìXtÛtÑÅVwÆZÚic*{Y@*ìZq-gK¤/yzZà~ÔD¤/yzZáigZÅ̂Z(ggìZkÃtÅZÌZâic*{ì¶î÷÷ZÒßYóóÆ!{3¨4è EEGE);®+Zzg3½hÑõ X(äZg»YÃp=VÆZN[

    »**xc*ìX (selection of mutation)Ãt!Zg»YÆqñVÆÑbT£gZ+Ñw6,ZF,DÔz{Ãy£g

    ÆÒyHìXªúòc*ZkÆZW,Z]» 4 ìÔz{z£gìXTÃëäZz6,',Z{gZ(;0î EXE**XZ%Z,x@Z]»qÝ**XÐZyÅZÜ»xÛÜ¥x@*ìX

    Ãt!Zg»ÆqòZÌJ-Zy~ÐZq-q»Ìx@{c*/7ZnXÆZz6,ZyÆÃtÅãCììX}z{˧8gR,~~t73Mh"

    Yyâ{Ði0+ÏùaZYCìXZk~ZyÆúòÅãCÜstì435é EGGCgkgeC@*ìz{¬"Yyâ{åXQ»Ñ]~i0+ÏgÐXZkÐz{ªkfei0+Ï"Yyâ{ÐZϧbòWðìâVÆùÐÀ̂_ìXZϧbZq-âq»zu}âq~ps**&+Z]pÃð/Zzgx@{Åq7XZ(7ìËmc*{:~Z,!*]KYÃV~igZkðÃWñXÉ{gYx@Z]Ô}ZZâZq~x¹ZzgZq-±ÆFV~!*ëÛtÐtªk1HìâÑZµZµz~7WNÉCÙâqzu~âqÐ',WæC¬ìXZϧbÓ»f;-$Å̂~F,¹ä»çnìT»

    zuZÈtìZK̈y̳ZyÅZq-Z±ìXZk~ÌZÌJ-Ãð

    16

  • Z(x@{t7Ñc*YeV°ZßZµÓf;-$~psCÃWgXtÌ¡Zq-ªkìTÅãCÜsZkzZ§6,ìZgMCï~ÓzZáYâgzVÆWU*g4]~XZzgf;-$zZáYâgzVÆWU*gZz6,Æ4]~X

    ZknÆÓxÑbÅâÎtìúòZzg?Ægxyg*ìz{ÜsªÏg*ì:!*Cc*x@ZCg*X1ZknÆÑbÅãC6,Zg»YƦgÃñ{iâ:~Zq-4|ÛZg}c*HìXÍc*].h+fÆ4,q-dë»Z],{ÜsZ¹zZu]J-öz7ì',Z{gZ/Ð¥xVXÉ!*]Zzgx@Z]ÅãC6,

    xÛÜqÝ@*ìz{ÌZÚ4|YìAz{|T»c*TÆZW,Z]»',Z{gZ/HYYX

    V=ÃtZg»YÅZÜc*°xZÜÐc7ìÔYVVÎZwìz{Z¹£gZ+ÑwÐ0ì:ÃtZg»YÐ0XZzgtZq-¥x!*]ìpZ{ÃðÌ£gZ+ÑwÔZkÐU*"$Åðq9Ì$ËìZzgß

    ÌXb~WñyÃc*]$+sgTÔqÑèÀz{Zy£gzVÆ_.U*"$KYD{Ø!*CâÎÐ0XË£gZ+ÑwÃY,̂Zzg

    ëwtä»tÈ7@*ZkÆjZáÐ!*]Ì7~Yñz{Ñi9Xt!*Çeì³ßÔ1£gt{ìÂZÝ£gÅëqZk

    ÆÌ!*¹gìÏX(basic dogma of uWgế4-ôGGÆZÖp~Zg»Yè

  • 6,ììX (explainations without demonstrations) Âôx@{QZq-Z+qT»§8gR,~~/:HYYÔÜð÷÷o{óóXZkþ¯

    6,d|Y@*ìXZkÅzzZ}Z~gÆZÖp~tì:ìX (consistent) XtÃtÓx¥xzVÐëW} 1

    XZkÃt~Zy¹ÐzZu]ÅÂôïYCìZkÆ%7 2YMhX

    XzuZÃðÃtZÌJ-Z(t7Wc*zZu]ÐZkgz_grX 3(112 )tZ+ÑwÃtZg»Ã|ÛZg¶Æn£gZ+ÑwÆZ±gл°

    Y@*ìÔ¸Z+Ñw$+gic*{]ÆBè

  • o Ãc*]ìaXVÌ/ZzgÃtÃq!*ë%1oCìz{Z¹Ẑ(electricity means flow ì:p/Zzgx@{XbZVÆZķw»È

    t7@*ZkäðÆË@*g~pgÎÐZ¼ZyÃzhDñN1 of electron)ìXtg|ZkgzZ§ÅZq-ÂôCìZ#ëÅ!*DÂYV¢V

    »g{äÃuYDXÍc*Tq»/HHìz{¡ Ô Y@*ìÔ6t4ìHYg;ìXZkÒpÐ (infer) Zq-{gY1ì:pz{zZ§Zk{gY1Ð!k543û GEE

    bÆÓxÃc*]Zϧb¡ªÏGz2X»Z²Zxa¸£gÆì{Ãc*]Ãc*Y@*ìX

    }Zzga¸£g~zZuÛtCc*YYìz{Üst}£g~/c*Ð0@*ìXZ#a¸£g~z{',Z{gZîg { x@{',Z{gZîg6,pZÝú

    Ð07@*X1ZkÛtÅZÌZkzÜ»YCìZ#ëZkzZ§Ã { 6,ZÝútgO/pZ{H0Zzg',Z{gZ1¾qwz{ZÝ|»ÜsZq-{gY1@*ìXz{&+Z]pZÝ|7@*ÔÜyµr#8¯yÐ

    c*/Ãq { 0ì1z{pr#8¯y7ìXÍc*VÌbZVÆx@:p o ZÝ|ÐhCìz{ÜsZq-Z+qìZkÆf~ìXªẐ

    x@{c*/XZÏaZq-bZVäZk±ð÷÷f6{óóÛZgc*ìXz{Hì:Theories are mental pictures that explain known laws.

    Íc*Å!*äÐðÆ¢»SZ¤/ptªCÙ@*ìÅZzg¢~Ãð{mģìX1ZkbCÙ}Æ!*zZÝģ¾qw)%ðìXZzgQÌtøgZẐo

    ìÅZzg¢ÃZq-zu}Ð%1o@*ìXZkn¢ZzgÅÅâÎÃt19

  • DñtZ%QÌg̀ìÇzâVÃ%1oäzZѳÃt&+Z]pÇìc*)ÇXZ[T§btZ]45é IGE{Zzgt»tZkyËbZVÃÃc*]ìäZzgZkÃ9KÐ7gzÂÔZϧbËc*ËèI¿ÃÌqgz!*Ñ:Lů6,ZÐ7gz»YYz{Ãc*]ì}ZzgZyÃ9X

    20

  • ',R,hgËÆìÑ](Ã7,| 1872X1970 Å!*]ìX~äðH~',R,hgË) 1966t

    eZßVXpl¬ÐÛd$Zq-Ñ$k,~~=gËÅÂ1V»7gZïHX1Z#~ZyÂ1VÃáyàÂ÷~ç~ZyÃN¹ágëJ÷÷Z[W\¢zgeZ{YNÐóóZkä¹XtzZ§ìgËZkzg»F,+JìXZkÒpÐZkÅ

    >]Ã7,¬xfztÆ_.ç}Ð{à7åX1}.Z»]ì~gËÅ*Z4Zk§bZkÐ÷ZZZy¬Ðic*{¢[åX ~

    ñ{iâ:Æ\V~gË»_·Ðic*{zWìX¹Y@*ìZkÐZ¤/ÃðZ]YeìÂz{Üsz;V$A»X',R,hgËÅi0+ϽãZq-~6,#ð

    ÷÷ëXqzVÆ ³³³³³³ ìXZLÒyÆ_.z{g~/zqzVÆï~̂zsg;!*g}~ÈMhëYÔZzgtøg}D»HzDìZzgHz`

    (11 X 1 ìXóó) Ûc*ßYÔ Û¾Ô V»_·H ZkÑÆngËä{mîg6,eg³

    (16 X 1) $4-ôGG$41¹ÿ GHÑcà Zzg §ßYÔZk_·ÆЬz{ùÆÃ̀ÃgêìXZkÆZÖp~ù;Cîg6,**eì:

    Scepticism is psychologically impossible (2, p.9)

    ~2ìXZq-§st¶î÷÷ë7YóóÈëZk  1VZK̈yz§

    21

  • *~7g{MhXzu~§sZ#ëY'eTÂ¥x@*ìZkgZ{~¹Á»x!ÆZk**]:

    ÷÷,*F,+iâ:Ð(,}(,}ú}@*g;1Zk»qÝzu}ExÆ(13 X 3 £¨~¹ÁìXóó)

    OçgËp/½ÅÃÒÆ!*zÃð±,:¯eX6,zWZÑyzeÆZÖp~',R,hgËZq-Z(ìT»ZCÃð,7: (Alan Wood)

    (Betrand Russell is a philosopher without a philosophy.)

    Y@*ìX1gËÆ4,q-: fg= Ågc*Ä» | yZzggc*èÃLogic and Mathematics....are the alphabet of the book of nature,not the book itself. (1, p. 277)

    ªyZzggc*èÂ[¡]ÅZ³Ô[ÔÔpÂÁ7XZzg (knowledge of things) gËÆ4,q-DÅz9XqzV»D

    (qzV»Dzu}ZÖp~- 46 Xm 4) (knowledge of truths) Z!V»D»DìX1-zZu]¼7ÉZyÆúÌ (sensible facts) zZu]

    ¼ZÐð&+Z]pøg}jZk~7W'XZyZ!VÃ¥xä»ì-zZu]ÅãC6,HY@*ìXgËÆ4,q-Ẑo9 (inference) fg=z{Ẑo

    (207 **eX)m (scientific inference) YìXZ%ZkóẐo (valid)XÐëẐoÆ%',Z{gZzZDÔZyà (things) z{Óxq,

    (observed »**xc*ìXtZ°ZzÑgøg}!*CjZk (data) gËäZ°ZzÑg(tactile)

    Å.gö (auditory) (visual) 6,DXy~ sensations)z){XgËHì»Ñ]Æ!*g}~øgZ³¦gìÔz{!*CjZkÆfg=

    22

  • ìXz{Hì: (infered world) ¥x{q7ìXÉz{ÓxF,Zq-Ẑï*People's thoughts are in their heads. (1, p.25)

    Æâ̈V~XZkÐ!*CÙZy»}z7 y ªßÍVƦgZ]ÜsZìX

    6,¢zg] (experience) gËZLÓx_·ÆT³6,àìÔz{t/è,¼ZëözìV (empiricism) Ðic*{izgc*HìZzgZknM

    (÷÷~ä0*c*½ãÓx\Vät 191 »0*È**e34/õ XGJX) (important limitations)K~tÅìz{HqìÜs/Ð!k543û GEEÅY$ËìZzgz{Hqì/

    (z{qì: 194 Ð!k543û GEE7Cóó)÷÷$+¬ÐÃ~¢]Z[Zká0+Zg¢Ð71rTÐz{,,~

    kyÔiâVÔâ{Zzg¤ÜXt ~¯xg¶XEH»»xegãC~¦gZ]6,åegzVÆegzV].h+¢]~¤tlîVÅ2+gXkVZzgiâVEHÆ

    Ð$+w (space time) iâV 4,q-̂kZzgxq,XZ[z{kV7ÔÉgzZ*»Zq-ÂxìXâ{äzZu]ÆZq-Å^ (substantial)

    0_ìXZzgZ3,YpÌZq-Z+q (energy) Z[Z3,Y (force) Z(gàìX¤ÜZkqÅ:̂¶Tà (cause) ìTÃâ{ÐZµ7HYYX:L

    ëz{Z[ÛÎ{[ìX~t7zVÇt%[ (force) fñ435é EGG]¯gk(17 ìX1Zk~¬Å§bZ[̧]!*¹7gìXóó)

    gËZLÒyÆ_./½Åî]ÆWy~îg6,T³6,àìz{tìXZkÆ (valid) Ìëw (non-demonstratable inference)o **.ÞbCÙ{Ẑ

    23

  • (XZkÆ 204 %b»7gZÂxZzggzi%{ÅZK̈ãi0+ÏzâVD`YNÐX)zâV6, (believed world) ZzgZN~* (real world) 4,q-bÇ*

    ìXZzgb~Îic*{F,¹CìÔZk~ZNc*]»b(,kY@*ìXb~ZzgZkÐZz6,ÅÓxq,³êZ] (observed facts) ¼q,Âgëx@{ÅãC6,!k543û GEEKX́ù (scientific abstractions)

    z{qì: (X 206ì) Â 1́ùÃZ(g**Ì Zïg7X »(universal scepticism)ÃÔZzgZkÆBÀòîg (facts of sense) ÷÷~Zk³6,àV-ë

    6,ÔbÅCðÃZq-Z+qÅwÐJwßVÆnZZðñZ»»x}7ìXtËZzgqÆ£¨~Üs (quite certain) nXZ¤/pZy»s**¬D

    ìÔ:ªkÆnqÝ (higher degree of possibility) Zq-ZzZkãgz(207 ÅY$ËìXóó)

    Z[ëgË»Zq-Z½kÜ,ÐTÐgËÆìÑ]Åz{¦k,åYCìëV¯**eT:

    ÷÷ZkÃå7HìÃ~435é EGG]¥â]îìÔz{¾gic*{êHgCì (equations) Xz{P{mãC~)zZ] (exceedingly abstract)

    ZkÃZk.Þ¯Cz{zZu]ÆxeJçÃÒynÔZ#zZu]Å!*mXÃ~435é EGG] (completely unknown) !*Ç**¥x (intrinsic character) qª

    ~ÃðZ+q7ìZk.Þ¯ñëzZu]Å!*mqªÆ!*g}~1wZy (equations) ÃX435é EGG]¼îìz{ÓxF,Üs¼ºm)zZ'

    CCX1tz{Hqìps (abstract properties) Åp=VÅê{

  • (18 CìZzg¹VÐpsCìÔZkÆ!*g}~435é EGG]{ñlìXóó)Ã (non-demonstratable inference) gËZKÂ[÷÷÷Z:Zg»YóóÆ!*[:

    øDfsZÖp6,»@*ì:...there is no such claim to certainty as has too often and toouselessly, been made by rash philosophers. (1, p.207)

    ªZkn»úòäÅRö7ìëÃZÜ»Dfg=¥xHì6ZÒ"ÃZ+{îg6,¢!*iDX

    Zk_·Æ_.gËÆnÜszgZ5!*¹g{YDXc*Âz{ùÅC{Ç{~`YñÔc*Qè

  • MhX» (valid) Ì9 (belief) gËzZãîg6,t@*ìZ,o}:HHXgËpÌZ$fõ G÷÷Z+óóÃâ}ìXVwÆîg6,ZkÆ (experience) /

    ÒyÆ_.Ôi}»*âèÔ»Ñ]ÆêF,+´ºX»]~_·HY@*ìÔz){XV~ZkÆPL}ZkÆZLZÖp~ÜzVÇ:

    I commit myself to the view that there are valid processes ofinference from events to other events.........more particularly, fromevents of which I am aware without inference to events of which I have no such awareness. (p. 10)

    ª~Zk!̀ûqòä»ZZs@*VẐoÆZ,ëw§jzZu]6,ẐoHY@*ìXic*{³îg6,ÔZ, } X~zZu]мzu

    zZu]ÐXÐ~ËẐoÆ%!*¸VÔZ,zZu]6,XÆ!*g}~~ZknÅzZ/7grX

    gËäZÏ!*]Ãzu~(ZyZÖp~¹ì:I do think that there are forms of probable inference which must beaccepted although they cannot be proved by experience. (p. 132)

    ~ìw@*VZ,Ûd$/¡ẐoƧjXÃtHY**e34/õ XG

    JÔZ¤/pz{/ÐU*"$7KYMhXZkÜôZZsÆ_.ÔÁZiÁgËÆ4,q-Ôè

  • ~ZkâÎÆẐïÑbÌñXÃz{4ẐoHìÔ1ZkÆ!*zz{.e$uu~z{»**xáZyÑbÃgêìX

    V~',R,hgË»Zq-Z½kÜzVÇZkÅÂØ÷÷~|ðYV7óóÐ1Hì:

    I think all the great religions of the world Buddhism, Hinduism,christianity, Islam and communism both untrue and harmful.......It is true that scholastics invented what professed to be logicalarguments proving the existence of God, and that these arguments,or other of a similar tenure, have been accepted by many eminentphilosophers, but the logic to which these traditional argumentsappealed is of an antiquated Aristotelian sort which is now rejectedby practically all logicians except such as are Catholics.

    There is one of these arguments which is not purely logical. I meanthe argument from design. This argument, hawever, was destroyedby Darwin; and, in any case, could only be made logicallyrepectable at the cost of abandoning God's omnipotence.

    Bertrand Russell, Why I am not a Christian, George Allen &Unwin Kd. (1959) p. xi)

    Ã $+|ZixÔyz#ÖÔ|áÔZsxZzgñ4,x *ÆÓx(,}èZ

  • ZkÆgËqì:7ìX÷~ (purely logical) ÷÷ZyÑb~Zq-?Z+¢zgì{Øx

    1eZgzyZk?Ã!*Ç»[ (argument from design) %ZìÄ»Ñ]Å?ìX

    Why I am not a Christian, (P. IX)

    ZkZ½kÅÐZë!*]tìÄ»Ñ]Å?ÃgËäxîg6,Zq-Y,̂tHìX1Zßàîg6,ZkÅxëqtDñ (valid argument) ?

    gË»IìeZgz4,xäZkÅZ+ÑàwÃ',!*c*ìc*ÁZiÁZkÅZ̹]~ìX

    gËÆZkÒy6,ëËgzs#ÐgzÝeZÜeTX0*c*Y@* (design) gËÆZk]»Ètìè

  • «!*]teZgz4,xZÌJ-Zq-)U*"${ÃtìXZ¤/ZkмU*"$ZìÂÜsti0+ÏÅZZlxàzÜz~7WNÉZZlxZz!V~0*ð

    ìXªi0+ÏÅ{Zlx¬Zzgë{Zlx KM X2tZq-{m§bÅiâãF,ZkÆX1t!*]W`̬îg6,)U*"${ìic*{ë{Zzg!*pZlxgZÝ

    Ôiâ:Å{Zlx§]ÅF,¹c*Cßg'â~¿Æ³~ZyÆZ0+gÐplz~WIX«!*]µx@{ÐZ~.ÅìX1tzu~!*]¬îg6,fYZg»Y»ZCGz£ìTÅãC:8©3ªî GGGGSËx@{6,ìZzg:ËÌgz~Zk

    HYYìXZ#gËÆZ+Ñw»ZiZÏzu}UÆo] (demonstrate)Ã6,ņ̃sìX

    ÃtZg»YÅt$zg~pZg»YIfYtDXVwÆîg6,uWgế4-ôGGä¹ì:

    Evolution is unproved and unprovable. We believe it only becausethe only alternative is special creation, and that is unthinkable.

    ZÏnZg»YÆXÃzZbZY~HHìXZq-ÃtZg»YÔZzgzu}:LZg»YX¹Y@*ìÃtZg»YÂDìXZ%:LZg»YZÌJ-Ñ¥xìXZkÃëic*{4îg6,ÃZg»YÔ?Zg»YÆZÖp~ÒyMhXYèZ#J-Zò[

    ¥x:VXZq-ÃtDùYñÇXÍc*ÃtZg»YZq-Z(ÃtìTÅ?ÂZÌgc*Ä7ð1ZkÆ!*zz{Zg»YIfYÆ4,q-U*"${ÃtÆîg6,t

    1Hì''Z,$zgÃtÆjZ!ÐtIZkäè

  • ÐgË»úòU*"$7@*ÔYègËÆúòÃ9â+ÆnZkGz£Ãâ'Ì¢zg~ì}.ZÃðZ(zYìkq-Y7-âgaZc*}XZk»§&ðt7Yz{Dæ]ÆZ0+gËqÃzXqÑè:ÜstZkGz£Æ

    ÔÉZkÐp}.ZÅg]hÅÔÌ7CX ñ7ì nÃðãCZK̈yåÐtâ}g;ìg|#ZzgZK̈yÃaZäzZÑgÇ}.ZìX1tx@{ZkÆZko{Ãâ²wäzZÑU*"$:eê:',k~7gZZK̈yáCìZzgg|#WS~ZzgZq-~~å@*ìX}.ZÅg]»n6,ZZyÑäÆnZkä

    L¢zg~7g|#ZzgZK̈ykq-7g}g|#Zzg7g}ZK̈yÅ^~ªCÙYc*,XZϧbZ¤/WÒ{ÃðïtU*"$}i0+ÏÆbCÙZe7-*~ñ7ÔÉEZg»ð¿Ð¦/gäÆz~WñÂZk~è

  • Wy~!*]~&V',R,hgË»èÃg{!*ÑÒyZq-JÅi!*yÐè

  • »Ñ]Åz̈ZVgz,ZzgZÞ,~ÅbäZ#tgc*ÄH»Ñ]~AZzg

    »Zq-ÂxìÂZkiâ:ÆJ®+äZkÃ;ðV;B1X (cause and effect) ¥wZyÆ4,q-tgc*Ä}.Z»³$+wåXZ¤/pZkâyÃgc*ÄäzZábZâVÆnZkÆtp7¸XVwÆîg6,EHä¹åt}.Z»§&»g

    ìX}.ZZò[zCÆfg=»Ñ]~ZKAYêCÙ@*ìX1z{ßv³gc*:VÅgzÝ~,ÅúgìÔ̧Z,VäZkÆZ0+gZÒ»o]0*1XZzgZkÅãC6,Zq-7gZÂx¯eZÑX

    Zk§bz{Ãtz~Wc*TûÑ]Åz̈¹Y@*ìX!hÐ*î Oîg6,tây1Hì»Ñ]ÆÓxzZu]Ë{gYæZìÆ%¡â~Zò[ÆzZµDZzgZk§b7g~»Ñ]Az¥wÅZq-Úiî~ÈSðìX

    ~àzZàZq-ZK̈ebc*ÆZÖp5± 1874 tZÞ,~{~»!hÐ*î OåXV:

    ÷÷8#ad~ZzgÛc*ßYÆâCÙ+¢gnpZq-:LÐå7V³',Wæ@*ìXZzgZq-Vw~Z¤/Zq-¦g»x[ÂZyÃZEyì帻x!

    Æ!*g{~Ãð (law of causation) qÝÏXZkn8Ex~Z[ây&Z%s7g{HìXZk!*[~Z%sÜsâZÅ435é EGG]I~0*c*Y@*ìXóó

    Chamber's Encyclopaedia (1874) v. II, p. 691

    32

  • 1Zy®+ÅtpÙic*{k,J-!*¹7gXYè,~ÆÑzqDbÆD~Z,¹Ðëz~Wñ˧bz̈ÃJwäÆ

    KìXZkÆZ9Zy (radio-active) n»g:¸XVwÆîg6,gi+*Zq-@*gpl¡~¿ÆÚI3gTXt¥xäÆn"Ñg"G

    **»xg;XW`Ì7¥xgi+*ÆZq- / Zk@*g~»:LHìX1CÙ}~Ãð{mZ9ZyZ#ZLZbÂxÐI^À_ìÂZk»:LH@*ìXZϧbVwÆîg6,ïtßìÃZK§smìXZkÅÂô~bä¹ÐÃc*]ìK1Zq-bZVZk»tDñqìE!*]tì7¥xïtYVßìÃZK§sm7õ X÷÷áh+Zkn{ÛäZkÃ

    ¬̧c*ìXóótÜsgi+*ZzgïtÅ!*]7ìX}täCc*ìâè~X!*ÂV

    ÃËzZ§»:Lây1HåÔz{ÌZÝzZ§»¡Ò_·åX|tìËÌzZ§Æ!*g}~7¥xZ(YV@*ìXtÌ7¥xëgZ]ÃÎD

    ÂYVWCìX(law of îsczIÆZ[bÅ*~t1Hìây&

    ZysV~ÃðÇ|7ì6ZÞ,~~Ûn1H causation)åXD»)Ûz!*g{ß^zVHìVz{¬å·÷÷Zk*»Âx¡Z·¹îg6,

    ÆâyÆ7^g;ì (cause and effect) z~WYäzZáËAz¥wÉZkÆúZq-Åg~fì!*ÑgZ{ZkÃ`g;ìXóóbÅzZ3è

  • ZÜ»Zq-Z(zZão]ìTÆËZzgo]Å¢zg]7XÔk',ÎV~Zk~"ÑgÂÁèXVëZkXÿîg

    6,zZãäÅÃÒ,ÐXZßw&Æ!*g}~WÐ!*'g`z{ic*{F,ÐâpfìX (mysterious universe) u8-,ç EGE82.ç EGEEÅÂ[6,ZuZg»Ñ]

    »Ñ]ÃÙЪÎZwf~W@*ìz{tZk»¯äzZÑÃyìZzgz{ÃyìZkx»g{:Ã`g;ìXÔiââV~ZK̈yt&å¹Ï)%ð¤ÐZk»Ñ]Åâ´XZq-(,}}.ZƹÐgLgL}.ZZk»ZOxgìÔZ[̹Ðßvto{gnpX1d*~¬xîg6,tÃtF,u

    HY[ìXtZq-%{Ãtì:i0+{ÃtXñ{iâ:Æz{ßvZLW\ÃF,¹z{ÑuÆOñZÒÆb Ô c*CëZzgX»ìwìz{].h+zgÆZK̈y

    XZy»ìwì»Ñ]Ëf~ÅgÅ»gÛâð7ìÉZq-Z·¹qX»³ìZzgZ#ÃðzZ§z~WYñÂZkÆ:Lмzu}zZu]Ìz~WYN

    ÐXZk§bZò[zzZu]»Zq-MìY@*ìZzg¸!Zò[ì»Ñ]Ã`g;ìXZkÂôÅãCzqzV6,ìZ&ëG÷÷Z·tóóZzgzu}÷÷âyAóó

    X(law of causation)Bw(¬»Ñ]»z7 20 tÂôCCìZ[нãzÑÄZg[wX

    åÔZkzÜ:*g}¸Zzg:(g}Ô1c~â{ñåXtâ{Zkzܨð̂kâVÅ̂~7g~cYi~ N* qª~:åÔÉZLZZðfg}ª',¢/õ GGZzg6,z

    7Vîg6,;ZåÔÍc*ZðgLgLfgZ]»Zq-½gåTлÑ]½~

    34

  • ð¶XZkzÜâ{!*ÇÂZiyÅqª~åÔZk~ËnÅw:¶Xgc*èÆ̀ó{ÐtÂZiyZ(åZ¤/Zk~ÃðfgZÌñeZw}ÂQtì7g{YXtñ(,k`YñÇXZ¤/ZkZZðñÃâykÂZyßÍV»ìwìZkÆÆÓxzZu]Dgc*èÆfg=U*"$YDXOçZ(Zâ{ÆZk!*w~

    ñzZ§ZXÃðjnÆ0*ãÃ;BeZwh}X»Ñ]Å6,jy*~tZCZ[¾äaZHÔZkÆ!*g}~¼7¥xXpñZZzgtñ(,kHXZk»³tZâ{Z»V~¦**ÑzqHX¸z{¦{â{ìTÃë*g}Ô(g}ZzgG#/õ EGëX

    »Ñ]ÅtÂäbŧsÐ7ŶX1|tìtZkg1~Zzg$zgÂôìpbZâVÃÌZk6,LÑbgqÝ:eXtÂôZk|ÃtCìZÐ7¥x»Ñ]ë!*g¾äw~Ô1ZkÆ!*zZk»úòìZkä»Ñ]ÆøuZzwÃ¥x1ìZzgZkøuZzw»**xZkÆ4,q-Z·tìXÎZwtìZ#»Ñ]~Üs)Ãuâ{åÔZkÆÎZÃðqñ:¶ÂtÐz¾d$Z·t¹VÐz~WHTäg~»Ñ]Ãw}~TzZ§Æ

    Zò[:â{ÆZ0+gñ¸Zzg:â{Æ!*CÙÔz{zZ§z~Wc*ÂùWc*XZkÂô»t.e$N§ìz{CÙzZ§Ð¬Zq-zZ§»ñ**¢zg~ÛZgîìêCÙäzZázZ§»:L0nÔ1ZkÂäÅZZZq-Z,zZ§ÐCìTЬZk»:Lñ7'¸z{"ãCGz£ìT~»Ñ]ÅZ·¹aZöÆÃtÅ7g~qg]9~~ìX

    35

  • Qt»Ñ]Z¤/¡Z·tÐz~WðìÂHzZu]Ñiòîg6,zgcZ(gä6,6g¸Z,VäZ(gHXHZkÆÎZ¼Zzg7YåXHZ(e7å*g}W:~Zn{YNXâ{~waZYäÆHt¢zg~åt¡w:gìÉZq-Zg»ðw0YñXZzgª]Z0öÆBñ{»Ñ]Ãz~Ñäŧszh**Ñzq}XWyz{ÃyÏy¶Tä*gzVÆz~WDZyÃÑpÐÜ~.e$!*°ÏÆBQZ**Ñzqc*ÔQz{ÃyÏy¶

    Tä»Ñ]ÆZq-êF,+Í~ÂxFÃzc*ÔQz{ÃyÏy¶TÐøg}{i}6,z{Ðz¾d$p´VNXÅzzÐVi0+Ï»ªxeeZzgXp=V»uZrW`J-»Ñ]Å"Ñg*V~ÐËZq-*~¥x:HYeìÔQz{ÃyÏy¶Zq-{m%³6,"Yyâ{ÐY0+ZgtaZä»:L0XHZk!*]ÅÃðëwÂôÅY$Ëìi}6,i0+Ͼ§bZzgYVz~WðZzg¾âyÆÚaZC¬YgìX

    Qz{ÃyÏy¶Tä»Ñ]ÆZq-gLÐgK~ª]Z0îg6,z{Óxq,aZ,Ôøg~i0+ÏZzgøg}ÕyÆng»gÔQz{ÃyÏyìZyqÑ]Ãøg}n!*¹gÇñìXH¡Zq-Z·t»7WY**Zk!*]Å»°zz¶

    tg}zZu]ZkgF,KMÆBÚ7WDYNZzgZg1Vz71VwJ-Zy»Yg~gìZzgQÌZy~ÃðÛt:Wä0*ñXHZk!*]ÅÃðzZªÂôÅY$Ëì¡Z·tÐ7WYäzZázZ§~²zxÅÚ¹VÐWZzgZãÐz¾d$§i6,ÚZg»Yä»gDyZk~¹VÐaZHX

    36

  • tZkÎZw»Z[å»Ñ]ùaZðXZkÆtÎZwZVZk»`äzZÑÃyìz{ÃyìZkx»g{äÃZkg±§i6,w}g;ìXZkÂô~TûÑ]»{ÛÛZgc*HìZлÑ]»qÁ7ÛZgc*YYXtÂôÐZK|#ÆZ±gÐz}.ZeSìYèwZzwÅÂôÆnÂZ·t»**x1YYì1ZkÆÅÚwÃËqw~ÌZ·t7¹YYXZkÅÂôÆnzuZ}.Zl**7,}ÇX

    7HH (principle of causation) ßw& Z ZkÂÃiäÆnT»ÈtìwZzwÆ»Ñ]~AZzg¥w»Zq-Z(ìHìZq-ÆZq-ÓxzZu]7WDYgìX!*ÇZϧba¹

    ïÂZkÆÅÓxZpl¤/C ¤/Z ÏZ9~Æ)g}ÅZq-ZM¬YCXzZ§¼g~W@*ìZk»:L»Ñ]Æ!*CÙ}ñ7ìÉ**.ÞḩZ2ÆqÑ]âI»Ñiò³@*ìZzgtqÑ]ÌZLЬzZu]»Ñiò³¸XZk§b»Ñ]~AZzg¥w»Zq-ÑpÐìHìX

    Tßg]~@*gõ¬Ý»W¸iZÔZkäWÒ{!zZu]»¬êc*ìXZ#ZZðßg]Zq-i³Âg]ÜsZq-§&Ð2w°J-V$˶

    ßwà Z _ìXZk ³ XÍc*»Ñ]TgziaZðZkÅWÒ{@*gõÌZÏyg]»ZÏâyHg**,,~»Zq-¹(,ZzZ§åOçtq-ÑzqðÓx»Ñ]ÃZq-áU*"$HYñZÞ,~Æzu}Û~tq-ZL7g}

    w âe zV»åXÅàpZé¶g]Æz b ²z`6,WXtiâ:bZVZ

    37

  • ä¹å¶î÷÷ÓxgC&4ið JEV»Wy~ (Helm Holtz) ¯ñYNZkiâ:~45Ðê XGË.çHEÅ Z¤/pZkZßwÆ_.»Ñ]ÆÓxbCÙ óó ÑZLW\Ã}"5½ø EG~v¢8ì

    =ôä~ZÌbZâVûx!7ð¶1Zy»¢å»Ñ]Å=ô}écZñ~$˶Xz{B¸ðh~ÏÃÒÅ¢zg]ìZzg!*syÓx¬ÝZq-

    å¹ðáU*"$YñÇXßw&ÅCÙÂWZzgg]ÅCÙ Z Zy!*ÂV»ZK̈ãi0+ÏÐmsªCÙåX

    ßwÓxg]6,qz~ Z Z(§ZK̈ã6,¢**õw¯c*YèZ¤/t ä »x[}é=ôìÂi0+ÏZkÐYVI$ËìXZk§iƳ~,,ZzgZVg,~Æ

    Ì"Yyâ{Å (living cell) }éz~WñZ#tgc*ÄZY0+Zg3§b¡6ðCÙzVЯì¯gUÎZwaZZz{{mZbZYXÐøg}z

    ßw&ÆZ],}Ð!*CÙMhXOçtáyHHÉ Z âr¶ñYðVJ-¹HEHÔ ìX (,}lÆBúòc*Hi0+ÏÌZq-{Øá

    ÆârYLzZàáÐÜsëÏ (Michelangelo) Zzgâ¡Z#-CÒð GEE (Bach) !*c~ZZ̧zgZy»»xÜståÛzãø»]»åZ[,X

    ßwÒ3ïGGÅZ[b7ìXÃZs Z 1bZkJZzg)5wnÆÆÂÐc*@*ìXZÞ,~ÆWy~b6,t (illusion) Zßw&ÃðÆ

    zZãHå»Ñ]ƹÐbCÙÔ!*

  • Yg;åÓÅgzÝZzgÂL»¤/**Ãðá7CÙZ$ËX*bä(,}zNtÆBZ´yHåg]ÜsZq-gZ3Z(g$ËìZzwgziÐAZzg¥w

    Ú/~Æ_.Z$+J-Æn¥[ìX1!*sybÃptt**7,Z Å»Ñ]»âèZkgZTÞîg6,ZkÆw»:L7ì6¬ìwHY@*åX

    Z·tìD 6, ñ{¥â]ÅgzÝ~bZâVÅZq-(,~ZÒe$»Z[Zk!*]ŧsnYg;ìX (non-mechanical reality) »gc*Zq-)}é|

    »Ñ]ÅaZöZzgZkÅwÆ!*g}~tzâVÃسF,¶VÆBz~WñZ̧[J-¢ÅzªÐøzxX].h+î]ZkÅãCâo7¯CÉZzg$zgîZk§bÍc*bpZkÃtÅF,h+gìÔZ[ZK̈yz!*g{ZÏ

    2w6,VHìTÃghZkäZC*Ñ̂zqHåX

    39

  • ¼5µÆzu}z$4èG÷÷çc*qÑ]Z>]óóÆ óó ´)(ãZKÂØ÷÷Z»Zà

    ÄZyÆ'÷÷è

  • }ZZHìÔptZ%CÙÀZ0ìÐlxZ%åÔªgzb»Zm]ÔZâxr#äZÏÃghc*Xgzb»CÙ**Ô)Kã**ÔtÛ¦ZñgX¬tU*"$**

    (174 e34/õ XGJgzbÃðÙ!Ììc*7Xóó)m÷÷ZÝtìgzb»zZq-z].ZãZ% ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ ZkÆZK§sÐ

    ìÔ̈gäÐ¥x@*ìZgZuz¡â{»»x7Xâ{Zq-"fX"YyZzgÑ$¨ÿ GGqìX±ìÑ]ZzgExz.yâ{ÐZx70*MhXÉÃðZzgCÙ"

    tØuiDZzgZÏ»**xgzbìóó TÐ ìZkÆ:÷÷ptZ+Ñwz].ZãìX)1Z#ägzbÆZm]6,

    ZágZ]~Dah~?7ÅìXpz{-**EVƬxÑbŧbÜs/V»Z¬{ ÷÷?ä¼¹Ðú}» ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ öì(Z¤/ÃðGZïg6,Wâ{Zzg¾

    ìÔ?7Xeìâ{Zq-{mF,I0*Zy.RV»1X³VÐÐz¾d$wQªCÙCXZgéVÐHZzgñW,oaZDÔZy~gzb»Ãy

    Åi!*yÈ7MhX¸:LåZâxr#ägzb k á

  • »%ìXÅ®ZZq-á~Zq-DÙZgZg[ÆÛd$CìXt7Í/õ EGCÙWyI^»DgTX½ZÇøg}Ænz{7Í/õ EG½CìI^Y^ÅzzÐCÙgzig»gDXÍc***xìZq-Z+qg]»71VZAVÐp¯ZzgCÙWyZKZAVÃ$+mgLXZ[Z¤/gzb»Zq-1ìÂT§bá»Zq-6,i{IUÐ7g~áOW,YCìZzg!*Z»Zq-@*gyZ[YäÐZkÅWzZi6,ZW,7,Y@*ìZϧbÆ%·]$+%c*ùäÐgzb~Ìp´VãeÂX1Z(7@*XZkÐ¥xZgzbÐZµZq-qì&+Z]pZCzgBbìXOçZq-bZVäZK̈ãÃZkÆÆ£«~Zq-Z+x!*¯Z]qÛZgc*ìÚpZ]ÆZ0+g)oqª~ZCz!*¹gBbìXZkÆ

    :~ ZÖpPersonality is changelessness in change.

    ZkìwÅ'×h+¤&;]ÆZkZÏsÐCìTÃÅgc*ÑÅg¹Y@*ìZzgZK̈ãf»×ic*{(,ZzìXÑÅgÆ!*g}~Z[t½ã0îg6,ây1HììÑ]ZkÆZ0+g(0*Dz{@*§]!*Ç7Vqª~!*¹gT

    XÛZ[+ZLZÚ,)~Hì:÷÷yƸZ2ÉZ¡ZÆZßwÌÑÅgÆ¿6,qz~7DX#³pZ÷]Zq-zu}ÃiZbG%Zk~U/UåñgS'ÑÅg~ÃðZ+q7ÔÐx¹gBbZzgtNª]ðìÑÅgÅ*~\V»túòßY@*ìøg}Óxâ©ZdwzÜZzgÃ,ÆgxyzZµDXÑÅgÆ

    42

  • Z0+gÃðZ+q7zÜƦgÐ_gBbXÑÅg~zÜƦ/gä»Ãð¶Ky7ZzgtZq-ª]Z0|ìTÆpKŧsZÌJ-\Vä7g~Âz7ÅzÜƦ/gäÐf6¿

    LÑÅg (conative impulses) ~Ãðp~7CXZ,ìÑ]Ð!*CÙ7WñÔÉz{f6@*W,Z]ÌqgzuÑÅg~!*c*HÔ°ZßZµ)ÃãDZzg±VwJ-Zk§bÐôpgTÍc*ZÌÀz~WñXóó

    New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis (London 1949) P. 99

    ÑÅgÆ¿»zÜŤ/ÄÐWiZ**ÔªCÙ@*ìÑÅgÐZµZCÃðzgrìXYèÆ!*g}~tìz{zÜZzgÃ,Æ̧Z2»0*ÈìZzgZ¹uzÆZ0+gZkÆÓxbCÙzZµDXZ[Z¤/gzb»Zq-¼§{mCÂŧbZkÃÌÑizÜZzgÃ,Æ̧Z2»0*È**e34/õ XGJåZzgZ#/tU*"$@*ìZ(7ìÂZk»Ñiò|xtìgzbZKâÎ~ÐZZq-qìZkÐZµZCxzgBbìXÐgzb»máZzgwc*!*ZZzggZv»7

    Zzg ìXYèZ¤/Z(@*ÂT§bwZzggZv6,z̧Z2áA$DáZϧbgzb6,Ì$¨45é GGGESZ¹¸Z2»F,A$@*ÆZz6,ZW, X !*Z6,áA$D

    Z0+ZiDX(psychical research) zu~qT»~VjZ!beLVz{"5½1¹ÿ JGGî]

    Æ}ò{÷!*CZzgx@ZCR6,ñ]Æi0+ÏÆzÃU*"$DXZk~øg}Ã̀Ð'×h+pÅ!*]ìtñ¡ÃU*"$7DÉÐZk,

    43

  • ÅÃU*"$DTÐëñ]ЬzZ¸XZK̈yŹÏZ+S:]&+Z]p¬ÐñÔ1Zy6,³Z0+ZiÐ̈gz7ZåÔ}pZ[9ZK̈yÅ*F,+S¤ìX1].h+zg~pZ[Æ_·Ð;Cë¥xGÔZyÐ*zgÆßv**WÙ¸XZϧbZzg¹ÐbCÙXÆ0ñ{iâ:~!*°{Z°ZzÑg¦GZzg³Z0+ZiÐZy»tHHXZk§b].h+_·Æfg=ZyzZu]Ð.e$Zë}ò',WæñXZÏ~ÐZq-"5½1¹ÿ JGGg^aì].h+;]ÅZq-ácìZzgT»Ñ

    ZK̈yÅâ¯tZ°]&6V»c*C_·ìXZknÅî]ÆnЪY~Zkä,{DÙZgZ¾mÐgZìÆ 1889 Y~ZÖ~ìZZzg 1882 ZZg{

    (Society for zWeä6,ZKî]Ñzq,XtZ[Ì_·;]»ZZg{Æ**xÐñìZzgZÏâÎÆzu}ZZg}zu}V Psychical Reserch)

    ~»xgìXZyZZgzVäZbCÙzVZzgc*]Æfg=U*"$Hì%äÆZK̈yÅ,Ë6,ZuZĝ~!*¹gSìX

    ,;]ƹÐfY2VäZyØZ@»)Y+$ZgZ:_·Hìz{i0+Ïñ]ÃgzZ§tä6,6gñX',PV-Eg;~,Æ6,zWÏÔZÔ

    äZKÂ[Æ,,!*[~i0+Ïñ]Ʀg» (C.J. Ducasse) z»k e:Zzg;CY,̂{1ìX6,zWñßsZ¤/pè

  • ÷÷¼¹fZzgf~DZÛZ2VäAwJ-.e$W~ÃдÞÂV»_·HìXz{!*syZkË6,ãÁZiÁ¼ØZ@Z,¢zgX~

    ëwZzgeÃW@*ìÔZyÅÃð (survival hypothesis) Üsñgzb»ÛÄzu~Âô7ÅY$ËX

    ZkÐ¥x@*ìñ]Æi0+Ï»o{TùÐßvèIîg6,â(empirical :Üst9YìÉáh+z{Zq-Z(o{ìTÃc*C?

    ÐU*"$HYYìZzgZ¤/Z(ìÂsÃZkð{]Æi0+Ïñ]Å proof)âÎÆ0Z3ÿXLèZ

  • è

  • túòZ#HHÔZkzÜÌZ¤/pz{dwÐ.e$$zgåX1Z[Âpbä',Z{gZc*!*ßZôîg6,Zk!*]»ZZs1ìZkÆ0*kZkn»úòäÆnZEyjÑbñ7X

    bÅz{Hgc*ĶT~ßÍVÃÃWc*Z[}.ZÅ¢zg]»ìXz{H»Ñ]¼{m¸Z2Å@*,ìX*iâä x {mîg6,tåbä¥

    »ZK̈y{îg6,t&å*~¼g;ìZk»äzZÑ}.ZìX1].h+fZgùZzg].h+§iïÅgzÝ~¬HÂ¥xZCÙzZ§ÆúZq-Z(:LñìTÃ/Æ¥xHYYìX}EHÆx@}~ÃWc*WyÆÓx*g}Zzg(g}¼**.Þp̧Z2~ÈññZzgZ¹ÆwDXeZgzyÅïäZÐCc*ZK̈yË{m!¬Æz~7Wc*ÉZZðiâäÆQ}ch}¬xâ~¸Z2ÆF,¹DDZK̈y0XZϧb_·Zzg/Æi}ÐáWyJ-g}zZu]Zq-¥xÂxƪCÙD

    »**xc*HXây¡]»t¿Zk (law of nature) ñÃWñTÃây¡]gzñW,åZkÆ!*g}~!̧~Y$˸X

    Zkgc*Ä»ÈtåT»Ñ]ÃëB¸z;V}.ZÅ»gÛâðìÔz{¼â~Zzg435é EGGC¸Z2Å»gÛâÇVÆ@*,¶XZ#Zy̧Z2ÃZEwHHZzgZkƼ}òÌ',WæñÂZK̈y»¢Zzgic*{(,|HXð̀».$ä¹÷÷=â{½z

    äúòH (Haeckel) Zzg~?ÃCzVÇ*Zkâ}о§b¯ðYCìóó«÷÷0*ãóó6z~ZbZZzgzÜAÂz{Zq-ZK̈yÅðYì÷÷&4fõ EHIäZ´yc*÷÷Z[}.Z%[ìóóZk§bt¢1HZk»Ñ]»{ÛZzgâ´Ãði0+{Zzgr#

    47

  • fzZgZ{7ìXÉ»Ñ]ZiZzw@*WyZq-â~»Ñ]ìX»Ñ]Åg~wQZzgZkÆÓxbCÙpZ{z{f~gzbZâ!Ð0Vc*"gzbZâ!Æ!*g}~VÔZ0+ñâ~¿ÆÎZZzg¼7XbäT*Ãgc*ÄHZk~}Zk}.ZÅ»gÛâðÃ7WC¶ÓxèZ

  • ªzZu]Z¤/¡~Zò[ÆgDÂz{â¯tZ[~Zò[ÆaZGñ7MhXZzgªCÙìZ#zZu]Æúâ¯tZ[~Zò[ñ:VÂËâ¯tZ[]Æz6,ù¢HYYìX

    #5è

  • gziÅæ]7g~äzZàCìÔZkzÜZ&+}ÆZ0+g¶aÅ 21 ¥ZZ#aõ6,Zq-gKÏJªCÙCìXZkÅæÐz{ZLpwÃÂh!*CÙWY@*ìX

    ZC»x7gZÆaÅaZöÆPgziplQYCìX#5è

  • Zzg*Æ (gravity-pull of moon) ZVëÃC@*ìZg¸N*g|e0+ÅæÆ:L (Geographical Configuration) «gzVZzg.ÆzVÅ'Z°zäz

    Ð@*ìXbZVÆZkx@}ÃgäÅÃð¢zg]7X¹pÙÆBëZÐJwMhX1ZkÐøg}o}Å¡6,ÃðZW,77,@*Xt9ìîÃy̧]æZzgi}Å'Z°¯z^Æfg=¿@*ìX1̧]æZzg'Z°¯z^HXz{Ì}.ZÅtXz{}.ZìZyfgZùÐZC÷ZxêìX}.ZW`ÌîÃy»Ç:LìXYyzÔÆZÖp~:

    This does'nt destroy belief: it is still God working through thesethings, who is responsible for the tides. John Wilson, Philosophy and Religion,(London,1816) P.37

    Zϧb§»]ÆyZy~ÃZg»YÆjZáÐt!*]!*g!*gCÙZð짻C¿Z[ËâzgZñ¡]fg=ÅñÏ»»7@*Xzu}/V~i0+ÏÆZÃKÆnË!*Åg}.ZÃâ+Å¢zg]7ìXYè].h+_·tU*"$@*ìi0+ÏÜsPâ~¤!VÐpläzZÑZq-³ì{mîg6,

    &Xreproduction, variation, and differential survival.

    ªÂZzÚËÆfg='×h+i0+7V»aZ**ÔaZ{±ÆZÛZ~¼Û̧V»¼gZzgQZyÛzt»$o-

  • ~Wð6Zg»YIfYCDX@*ëZ¤/ZkÃcây1YñZ#ÌZkÐèIo}ÆH,²w»ÎZwaZ7@*YèZâZq§]Z¤/!*ÁnZg»ð¿Æz~WðVZ#Ì7VgzÅ̧]ÆBt!*]½Y$Ëìt}.Zðð»

    (mechanical §iìÔ:Z0+ñâ~¿»pl³X|tìzZg»YU*"$HYYì (creational evolution) Ã.e$WãÆB!Zg»Y evolution)

    XZzgbÆjZáÐè

  • ¥xä»zZu9§iìXbÆifYª]Z0îg6,ZÜZggì:Science gives us but a partial knowledge of reality

    bëÃZÜ»Üsbz~DîìX³gDy~tp~Ze7-aZðìXÜsÎ',k¦/g}Z#Sw

    ~Z´yHåbËZK̈yÆ (Belfast address) äZL[!Ø TndalläÆn»°ìXZknÆìÑ]ZkGz£ (deal) ÓxZëç5]Ðc

    (matter and ¢ÅãC6,ìG¸|ÓxÅÓxÜsâ{Zzgw6,ìX1¡]Ãâ{ZzgwÅZjV~ÒyäÅg~ÃÒ motion)

    (Laplace) **»xU*"$ðZVg,~ÆWy~tÃÒZL²z`6,¶Z#Ñök~fgZ]ÆZ_Og (nebulae) ätìÅP̀]ÅZq-xgc*èZVZZðGÔ

    ÃY}z{*ÆwÅ7g~@*gõÃ!CYìXZkzÜt¢1HåEH»Ãtg}ExÅJìX

    EHÆÃØÅt«!*gZkzܪCÙðZ#f!ägzÝÅâ~=ôäÆo}J-á!*Ç!wZzg**.ÞÒy (ether) ÅÃÒÅXtÃÒZ¹Zp

    KåX¼YVJ-tÐz¾d$o{¸g;XgzÝÅâ~̈Æh~gc*M]ÆÆ!*]ÅZá®)Æt (Maxwell) p[p[7}3ñXp!5½ið Gs

    Â**.ÞgÃWäÐXYèZkЪCÙ@*ågzÝZq-',¹ïF1ìXtÜ(,kg;VJ-z{yWc*Z#fñ (electromagnetic phenomenon)

    b6,zZãZEHÆÃc*]~Ãðq÷÷lkóó7ìX¹âVÆE+&+[Zzg

    53

  • U*"$äÅWy~Ã@VÆ!*syðÃ**.ÞAsÁÜ (mechanical) ðÃâ~Åz~áïc*HX (irreducible elements)

    tCÙZq-{Ï!*]ìX1g|t¹p&êìXEHƦg~ëüZh§b¥xåXZkÆ_.Zq-ÅSZkÅlZgâ{¶Ô¤Ü»XwÐ~WY@*åÔz){z){XZk§b¢1HåëZk¡]ÃY

    (Nature) TÆ0ë¯xgìX1ðÆ_·Ð¥xZZkÅ¡]Z+ìTÆ0ë¼7YyMhXZkÃ¥xZjV~̈äÅg~Ãl**»xIXz{¼ëðÆ0Yz{Üsz{§iìTÐz{øg}eWÑ]ÃOW,CìXZ[ëMht!*]¾gZëìXZk»

    Ã435é EGG]~t1HTÆ0ëZkÆ (entity) ÈtìZq-Z,zgc*MCeJÆÎZZzg¼7YX

    ZkÆZkÕ6,ZknƼZzg"GZzgtây1HtÑ¥xiV̳Ãc*]Ưä~zzZZC*¥xâ{ZZ@*åXt|ÛZg0*VJ-D435é EGG]»mìÔëËqÆZ-zÃ7YyMhXÉÜsZk

    ÃY+ÃÃÒMhXZ[Zd (mathematical structure) Ægc*MCeJF,+R6,tt1HìøgZtìwëZâYÃZyÅWy~ßg]~NMh¡

    Æ4,q-gc*MCeJç»Dz{zZuDì (Eddington) Ûd$åX6,zWZeÐ435é EGGCb}$ËìX

    ÷÷)1CÔZܹZzggzqãUVÐsÃÔSâ{ÔCÙÔzÝZzgæ]z){54

  • {Ø435é EGG]ÆZ],}Åq,ªYCÔZyŪÃY'Ìøg}nz(ÂHì)â~qzVÅ|ÃY'Xñ{435é EGG]Zk7ic~7ì

    z{ZyqzVÐ',Z{gZzZnXZyÅ|ZgZuÐ!*CÙìXëf6{ÃVÅæÐZ0+Zi{D1f»Ãð@Zq-Z+qÅÜ7YpfÆZ0+gñ:XZk§bZLǧ&_·ÆZ±gÐ435é EGG]Zy{g`ZiZgZu

    ìøg}D (pointer reading) SV»_·7'Éz{Üs_·',W!~W@*ìXt9ìt_·¿»Ñ]ÅS:]ÃF@*ìÔ1øg~ZÝ¥â]WÑC_·Ð0:z{S:]Æ!*g}~XWÑC_·ÃZâYÅÇS:]ÐzÚì8¯yÃZk¿ÐT»z{̄yìóó

    tzZ§bÜseJçÅ¥â]J-özìÔ(,~ZÌ»qïìXYèZk»Ètì|ZÌ7g}îg6,¥x{7ìXZ[t7¹YY

    (objective øg}Z]c*}.ZÐZ£w»¬gÃ:/ZCÃð{gYZ[7grXt¬eìZ(ÃðZ[{g`~ñXøg}èI counterpart)

    7¾YMh6 (illusory phenomenon) Zzg)1CZ]Z[¡bCÙÛd$Y@*åX5³*~èI¬gsÌZq-|Æîg6,g{YìX

    The Limitations of Science, pp. 138-42

    (Morton 4#aäZknÅ=%]Ñzq~XâgHzZV$ÆZÖp~,~~:fgppzZá0ZâVäZq-5kB White)»W¸ic*ìXT~z;V$Zi+ÐZzg82.ç EGEEÆ**x{mîg6,.Þf (Crusade)

    55

  • ÷÷ZyfY»Üôîg6,»Ñ]Åâ~̈ÅÔ@*ìX1ZyÅZÝS¤tìZ,Väp].h+435é EGG]Zzggc*M]Æ}òÆjZáÐZC!̀Ã7HìXZy~ÐCÙZq-Æ!*g}~zZÖp9âgHzZV$äzZV$Æ0:

    He is a heroic thinker who tries to beard the lions of intellectualism,materialism and positivism in their own bristling den.(p.84)

    The Domain of Physical Science, essay in Science, Religion andReality, The Age of Analysis,(p84)

    ªz{Zq-È®ìTäâ{6,4ÆèzVÃÐZyƺ~gZ(Æ4,q-].h+¥â] 1861X1947 ìXZôm,âCÙgc*M]ZzgZÁe**gBzZV$)

    tU*"$C:Nature is alive(p.84)

    ª¡]"gzbâ{7ÔÉi0+{¡]ìX(äñ{bÆ_·Ðt³ 1882X1944 Zôm,âCÙ]uWgêZi+Ð)

    ïÑì:The stuff of the world is mind-stuff.(146)

    ª»Ñ]»â{Zq-Úf6ìX(].h+î]Å̈ZyZÖp 1877X1946 gc*MC435é EGG]»Zôm,¬Ýu8-,ç EGE82.ç EEGE)

    : ~@*ìThe universe is universe of thought.(134)

    ª»Ñ]Ôâ~»Ñ]7ɦgZC»Ñ]ìX

    56

  • tZðR0ZâVÆìÑ]X»ÜZeÚZ+ÎCyÆZÖp~tì:

    The ultimate nature of the universe is mental.(p.145)

    »Ñ]ÅWy~â:fìXWy~|fìc*â{Xt:ZÖp~gZÝtÎZwì»Ñ]¡â{

    ÆfZC¿Æîg6,pl0ìc*Ãð)â~ìTä!*ÑgZ{ZÐðHìËáÆ!*g}~tIz{ZLWy~"~¡ßìZzgðzw»Zq-Z·¹%ìÔÍc*tIìáЬÜsß;ZzgðzwåZzgZkäpËZ0+ñ¿Æfg=¡Z·tÐáÅßg]Z(gàìXZkÆ',@Z¤/t¹YñáZLWy~b~Zb»fìÔÂZk»ÈtÇáЬZq-fåTäâ{ÐZµZkÆem,ZíÃÎeZzg!*ÑgZ{ZлgHX

    ÷÷fóóÆç~Z%sÐfÃWy~|â+zZßV~Z¤/z{Mh}.ZÃâ+zZá}.ZÃâ+Æ!*zZICVÅ̂~0*ñYDX1d

    _·»t³»Ñ]ÅWy~|fìÔtZKâÎÆZ±gÐè

  • The Limitations of Science,(p.138-50)

    ÅÂ[ (Sir James Jeans) ',¤6ÆgâCÙ]Zzggc*èZVu8-,ç EGE82.ç EEGE÷÷6,ZuZg»Ñ]óó¸ZkUÐñ{iâ:»Ðic*{ËñZìXZkÂ[

    ~ñßs{سcÆfg=Zk³J-í:ÃJw (material representation) ÷÷].h+435é EGG]ÅgzÝ~»Ñ]â~=ô

    (mental concept) 7CXZzgZkÅzz÷}4,q-tìZ[z{¡Zq-f6¦gg{ìXóó

    The Mysterious Universe (1948)o.12382.ç EGEEÆZÖp~:

    If the universe is a universe of thought, then its creation must havebeen an act of thought.(p.133-34)

    ª»Ñ]Zq-¦gZC»Ñ]ìÂZkÅðÌZq-¦gZC¿ÐãeXz{Hìâ{ÃZñZ`',tÐ̈ä»].h+ÃtZK̈ãÇÆn!*Ç**.Þ

    (waves of ZgZuìXOç¹Y@*ìYìtØ,¡ZkyÅØ,VX»Ãðz:XtZzgZk§bÆzu}z{Ðu8-,ç EGE82.ç EGEEZk³ probabilities)

    gìXt¦g¹VzZµìXZk»Z[tì J-àì»Ñ]Å|â{7ÔɦÆf~ìXYèZk»eJç (mathematical thinker) z{Zq-xgc*MC®

    Ôøg}D~W@*ìÔz{åîg6,gc*MCeJçìXV~Zq-Z½kÜzVÇX÷÷tI9ÇD»gc*ÔPßV~Zq-6gc6,&×ZìXMw¬ë

    (Mechanical) ät1åëZq-Z+|ÆtZKâÎ~z

    58

  • nÅìXZ(ÃW@*å»Ñ]ZÜVÆZq-Z,"F,KMZmg6,ìZ·¹îg6,ZZzgX»»xtì"ÑZzgZ0+S¤!VÆ¿ÆÃðÅg7g¼iâäÆnZq-"!-öEWg³,TÆ»ä6,¡Zq-%{»Ñ]!*¹g{YñXZk{Ø}é*~ÔèÃg{!*ÑZ0+S¤!VÆ¿ÆzgZy~Ôi0+Ï¡Z·tÐz~WX»Ñ]»Zq-¹gN*ÍÔc*ZkyÆîg6,Zk§bÆFÍÚÔ¼²áÆnZ·¹îg6,f~ÅgZzgtÌZq-"gzb*Ãgg!*ÆHyZq-gzi»YNÐXW`Z,̧~ÑbñAbÃtâ+6,6gDD

    ŧs`Yg;ìX»Ñ]Zq- (non-mechanical reality) »gc*Zq-)z|Ðic*{x/¥xC (great thought) ¹(,~áÆOñZq-¹(,}ìw

    Z·C¡ZbÅwÐZkâ~*~zZg7HìÔZ[ë (mind) ìXf{ÛZzgxZVÅwÐZLw Æ Zq-Z,£x6,Vgìf»¬Ýâ~

    ,Xtfµøg}fŧb7ìXÉZq-Z(fìTäâ~ZVÐZK̈ãârÅðÅXZzgt¼Zq-ZYÅ̂~¬ÐZkÆf~ñåX].h+DëÃ6g@*ìë*Æ!*g}~ZLZyìÑ]6,ÃU*ã,ëä¢~

    (designing or ic*xZV / ~ìn¸Xëägc*Ä1ì»Ñ]Zq-µÅÞ]}gìøg}fй¼x/ìX controlling power)

    _.!*]zZ]ÆZ±gÐ7ÉZk§i6,ÎWÆZ±gÐTÃëgc*MCfÆZÖp~ZZMhóó (mathematical mind)

    The Mysterious Universe( pp.136-38)

    59

  • bÆZ0+gdwÐZkp~Æ!*zÔtzZ§ìiîg6,Zïg}.ZÆf~Ãðúc*VÛtaZ7ZìXÉZkÆ',@Zïg}.ZÆzV66eàÐZLÑbÃF,KM¶~ÑñXZkÅzzÃðdgc*Ä7É¡ìX@*gõ"ÑgVßVн~ðì|ƪCÙYäÆ!*zZK̈yä¡ZknZkÃJw7HZkÅZYi]7êåX¸åZ#egÎ',k¬ZOÆfYäZgTÆ£«~̄Ò5Ò3ð GGÆÃbÃâ+ÐZïgc*XqÑèÅ545ë GEEYN*zgÐ

    ¤/äzZáÍáZkÆÃbÃW\V@|¯`¸XQ¸åZ#ägzÝÆ0 (Max Plank) ZÞ,~ÆWy~',ÞÆ6,zWâ¾ö7-

    Z+=%]7X»Ñ]ÆET¦gÃßU*"$gÂzÜÆâCÙ+äZkÃt7HZzg²J-Zk»èZtZhZDgìXqÑèW`z{ÃZ#-êEH¹g~Åßg]~D435é EGG]ÆZëZßßV~ÑgHY@*ìX

    ÂÔ Z¤/Ë»tìwÃzu}ßÍV~ÂYìÔ1bZâV~7@*ä¹ì: (A.V.Hills) ZkÃ~Zq-bZV»¸wc*ÑVÇXeZËe

    I shoud be the last to claim that we, scientific men, are less liable

    to prejudice than other educated men. Quoted by A,N. Gilkes,

    Faith for Modern Man, p.109

    ª~Wy~¿VÇZk!*]»úò}ë0ZVzu}½c*CßÍVÆ£¨~ÁgppzZáDX

    Z[Zq-Z+*~VÅ»gÛâðÔtZyùÅY$ËìÃð¦g¡ZknJw1YñÇz{dîg6,U*"$HìX@*gõ»îs/ìZK̈yÆ

    60

  • gÉZkÆ_.!*]gìÔ:ZkÅ=XZ¤/pdZzgxîg6,=ãxqÝìX1ic*{F,Z(Zì=p_.!*]ÅW!!»ggìX¹ÁZ(Zìz{_.!*]ÃZL1~mX=äå_.!*]Æh~ÑbF,ZÚXZzgZk§bZL_.!*CgztÃ[gztªCÙäÅÃÒCgìÔpZ{|zZ§ZK̈y»B:}1_.!*]Ц8gxz{ZLn¢zg~&ìXëÃc*ǵeøgZçnËáÐ

    7ìÅ!*äÆÑiZkÆ_.ZCg¿ªCÙCìÔÉøgZ#¥ZK̈yìXZzgZK̈yZÏzÜË!*]Ãâ}ìZ#z{pÌâ'eìXZ¤/z{pâ':eLÂ

    (Electric Ãð?¡?äÅwÐZÐb7$ËX?Ã',¹Å»ì£x7¯c*YYXZzgµZK̈ã@*gõÅtÐ(,~R,~ìX Switch)

    61

  • TÃbgc*Ä:m].h+fYîs"ÆZk³6,ãT§bë"Yyâ{Æ_·

    â} Yæ ~»x[ñÔZϧbëZK̈yÆ0ëÃgc*Ä7MhXÆExZzg§»CExÆgxytÛtìYæâ{Zq-³ây»0*ÈìXZ#§»CbCÙÍc*÷÷[CkVg8-',8-Æ"Ñgg|#Úîg6,ZK(ZzgZK̂$+sgTóóâ~bCÙÆ',@§»CbCÙÃz£Å̈)zZÂV~̈

    Æ (descriptive science) 7HYYXZ¤/pâ~*»DÌZ[J-Üsz%D£xJ-àìg|bÅZq-Zãí^ìXYètDqzVÅZÝâÎÃ

    øg}Zz6,"Õ[7@*ÔÉtZkÆPªCÙ~Zzs}ziyZzgkãZz){ÃÒy@*ì@*ëZkDÅ$+zªtZìë~Zâ (Spatial Dimensions)

    ¤ÜaZìWÒ{äzZázZu]Æ07ÍðÃÉZÒqÑ]~ZyÆÇÇzZµäÅ@*gõ»çÃXâ{ÅF,IZzgZkÅS:]Yyhe

    ÆëÃZKfZ]Æ´z{½ãCÙZkq6,1qÝHìi}ÅR6,ñìXY0+ZgzVÆDä!*kxZzgZK̈yÆDä!*

  • V~ZɽmøPw»Zq-Z½kÜzVÇ:÷÷ZK̈yZq-Zðë{Zzg**.ÞÀìXÃðqÌWãÆBZkÅúÒÏ7$ËXÃðZ(§i7ìTÆfg=ëàzÜZkÅ7g~fZ]ÃZkÆZbP

    ZzgÛzã*ÆBZkÆ©]Ãl!ÃXZKfZ]»täÆnëÃZ/'gÂVÐæh7,CìXZzgZk§bZExлx¢8@*ìX¡~îg6,tÓxExZLˬxÑÆ0ËZq-{¦g6,7íXz{ZK̈yÐÜsZ¹qzVÅh+DZyÆ{m§hVÐqÝ$ËìZzgZyêZ]ÃZq-zu}Ð5Ìc*YñÂz{Zq-̂k|ÐÌÁËDXZyêZ]ÆÌZq-Z+fZ]!*¹gSì¹ZëCìZzgZkÃÃZ0+Zi7HYYXD=ôÔ6Ô

    P]Ô;]Ôx]Ô@*gõÔØ]Ô(ÏZOc*]ZLñçqÃ7g}îg6,»7DXz{ZK̈yTÐSàâCÙ+WÙÔÇÔZK̈yйzg@*ìXz{Zq-Gz£ÆÎZZzg¼7ZGz]6,ìXZzgXÃCÙZq-DÅ/'gÂVäaZHìX

    ZK̈yàzÜZq-ÑlìTÃ=ô»¬Ýo@*Mh@*ìÔz{Zq-ÅgìT»âCÙ+;]Zzg(,}(,}gzqãZE+{x@{DXz{Zq-,ìTÆZ0+gÚÐZk!*]»Ø¸ìz{ZkÅfZ]ÅZÇV~7æ{ìÔz{6ðâ{Ì

    ìTÐÅ$o-C4èE

    GEGZzg7Ò4èE

    GkÔz{úVZzǵc*CgîGV»Zq-ª]Z0¤/z{ìXÆKã¸Z2»_·âCÙ+P]DÔz{$o-Bð

    EGEVZzÅgÐ%ìTÃ

    øy¡Zzgx]ÆâCÙ+ÔZ#z{iâyÆZ0+gg;ÔZyZÛZF,¹¶Å63

  • ÃÒDÔz{Zq-ywZOc*]»qïìT»»xaZÅðqzVÃZEwDgxì@*X»z{Ýx0HìÔ',Z',»xCgXpZÏÆBBz{Zq-á²ÔÎgâZzgzàÌìÔz{:ÜsZq-Zðë{ìT»tbÅ/'gÂVÆfg=HYg;ìÉz{ZK̈+MÆgD**]Ôª]ZzgWgizV»%/ìXµZK̈+MäZK|Ã¥xäÅ(,~i',ÃÒÅìXZ¤/pøg}0*kÓxiââVÆbZâV\VÔá²zVZzg(,}(,}ßAVÆx@Z]»Zq-Zmgñì1ëZKfZ]ÆÜsPUVÃgc*ÄnÔëZK̈yÃZkǺw~l!7nXëZkÃZµZµVÐ%YZzgt{Ìøg}ZL§hVÆaZ{Xë~ÐCÙ¿Zq-ìà(ìTÆZ0+gÐZq-**¥x|¡gìX

    |~øg~**zZ/¹~ìXz{ßvZK̈ãV»_·DÔZLW\йÐZ,ÎZÑ]DX»ÃðZ[7ìXøg~Z0+gzã*

    ÆzW´ºZ[J-**¥xX7Í/õ EGÆë{Zzg¬gèZ¡IYƯäÆn¾!*ëïYDÔF,z@*i{úÅ ( m o l e c u l e s ) ã §b6ðâzVÆ

    ÆZ0+gÆ#â}¾§bZkÛÅS:]»êDZk (Nucleus) âZ>úÐaZ@*ìÔ¾§b7Í/õ EGpZKÃ@VÐ$o-Bð

    EGEVZzgZ¡IYƤ/zV~±

    YDw4VZzgßÅHVŧbZyúVìХxY@*ìZL¤/z{Ãi0+{gpp~Z¹H»x**ìXZzgð¯zIVÆfg=z{Zq-Z,ÂxKãƯäÆ.ÞD{Zzgë{zâV@*ìXøg~æ]

    64

  • (Psychological Zzg;CzÜ (Physiological Time) PCzÜ (Duration)ÅâÎHìXëtYë$o-Bð

    EGEVÔZ¡IYÔgîGVZzgÅgÐ%X Time)

    pÅgZzgârÆgxã©]Z[J-Zq-gZi¶ñXëÃZ¡!úVÆP]»7gZ7gZDqÝ7XZgZ~¸]¾uJ-ÂxKã~p´VaZCìÔ¾§bârZ¡IYÆqÑ]ÐOW,@*ìÔ§ii0+ϽZÆ6ðâzVÔW[zZZzgPCZzgZܹF,VÆfg=¾§bKãZzgâ©S:]~gzgZV$CÙZq-ÛÃQÔp´VaZÅY$ËX

    ëtÌ7YyMheJçÔW]ZzgZ¡IYZzgâ©Zzggzqãu¤/ñVÆgxy¾nÆ©]XëZyZò[Ð**zZXů6,Z¡!ÂZiyZzgyZzgFg-VÅæZfaZCìÔë7YZܹZkÔ̧]êZzgP̀]þ

    §bF,¹~Y$ËìXf6ÔZܹZzgß5:u¤/ñVÅZ°ZÌHìÔ)1CZzgèIZkÅ¢zg]HìÔ¾nÅ̧]ÐZÑZ¹©]»¼g@*ìXZk~Ãðµ7PCZzgâ©Zò[pÙc*1Ô»x!c***»ò»³DXpët7Yz{Zò[HXëËÛÆZ0+g¡¦îg6,pÙ»8hÂî F7aZMhXZ[J-ëZkÃ7Yyn4yWòÅZyZÛZF,¹Æn¾n»âjwic*{oìÔHøg~PCZzggzqã|#пBÔZzg1Ãzg**eìÔñ{Õy~ëZK̈yÃizZw5+k,äо§bgzuMhXZy!*ÂVÆ0øg~Zð

    p»!*)̄Ô¹Ðzu}ÎZÑ]GYMhXZy»ÃðZ[7c*YYXtsªCÙìZK̈yÆ0ÓxExÅ'g]Ì**»°ìXZzgtZKfZ]Æ0

    65

  • Man the Unknown, (pp. 16-19) øgZDZ[J-ZZðqª~ìXtZ½ktªCÙäÆn»°ì¶î÷÷ZK̈yóó»DZÌJ-ZK̈yÃqÝ7ZX

    ZK̈ãzÆâ~zÆ!*g}~Âë¹¼YX1z{ZK̈yZkâ~zÃNzw@*ìZkÐëÑDXZzg¸zzìi0+ÏZ[J-øg}nZq-gZiµðìZzgZ#J-tgZi:Ai0+ÏÅ9yzúe7XZɽmøPwÅÂ[Z\ö÷÷ZK̈y**¥xóóÃgc*ÄäÅZq-4ÃÒìXZk§bÅÃlñ{iâ:~¹(,}e:6,Yg~X1Z[J-»³#ÆÎZZzg¼7X

    W`»ZK̈yZVÂhYìX',¬´̧V~W!*c*VìYìXz{ÜYÆzu}(gzVJ-^Ƶ"¯g;ìXZk§bÆDÙZgzVzZu]XÃNt

    Ck@*ìT§bZK̈yäâ~*ÐzZ/qÝàìZzgZkÃZK%èÆg;ìZϧbz{ZLW\ÃÌYyYìZzgZLç5]ÃgY ZEw _.

    ì1pøg~¥x*ÆZ0+gZk!*]ÆZág}ñëT§bâ}ÆZzsÃ¥xfeÔZϧbëZK̈yÃ7MhX

    TzÃ6ê X÷÷ZK̈yóóëÔz{6,zIöixƶñzhzVúV6,Zq-ì6,zIöixHì?z{)f~gzbZâY»_%ìTÆZ0+ggzb5+k,~Å)©à&¢ACìX{/V~z{i0+ÏÅZ»ðì1tZq-|ìT§bëâ~*ÃKÆnZk»_·DXÇZϧbë6,zIöix»_·7MhX

    z{¼TÃëZKW\VÐÙz{¼qzV»%@*ìXZ¤/

    66

  • zbzfgZùqÝVÂëZk§bÆÓx%·]Ãz~ÑMhZzgZлÌ~¹åÕ÷÷=â{½zZzg~?à 1755 MhXZÏãC6,ð̀».$ä

    äú~H÷÷0*ã (Haeckel) CzVÇ*Zkâ{о§b¯ðYCìXóóc*«Ô6ðZbZYZzgzÜAÂz{Zq-ZK̈yÅðYìXóó

    WxÆZq-ZVZzg (molecule) }0*ãÆ0¥x[ìZk»Zq-?;àgzXÆzZVÐ%@*ìXt!*Çøg}'~ìëZyuVÃZÏÚÐ50*ãÅ̂},Xc*0*ãÆ>VÃÂhz!*g{WxZzg;àgzX~ps,X1ZK̈y»çnZkÐZìÔbäz{ZbZY¥xn6,zIöix~0*ñYDZzgZyƺmÚÌgc*Ä`X1ZK̈yt7YZyZbZYÃZϺmF,KMÐ5i0+ÏaZ}X6,zIöixÆZbZñF,0ÌÆ

    gxyÚìÔÇZÏÚÐZyZbZYÃ5c*Y@*ìXpz{6,zIöix7áCf~gzbXqÑèzu}6z~%·]ZyÆZbZñF,0ÌÃZÏÚÐ5ä6,0YDXÍc*ëT§bâ~ZâY~¥sÆâ~zZu]Ãz~ÑDÔÇZϧbëZK̈yÆZz6,¥säÅg]7gnpX

    tZK̈yÆ~øg~«¬b~ìT»ZZsä6,ë6gXzu~ZkÐ(,~qtìZK̈yÆ~øgZÓx435é EGGC_·ZK̈È%{»_·ìÔZK̈yi0+{»_·äÅ&¢AëZLZ0+g7gnpXbäz{ZbZY¥xa

    6,zIöix~0*ñYDZzgZy»ºmÚÌ¥x[ìXptgc*Ä:eZyÆgxyz{ÃyϺmF,KMìTÆìgÐ6,zIöixf~gzb

    67

  • ¯gLìZzgVtF,KM~Ôf~gzb6,zIöix)f~gzbY@*ìXÍc*ZÝ~z{ºmF,KMì6,zIöix~gzbÅñÏÅf)ZgìX1ÂtìZkºmF,KMÃ!*¹gnpñ6,zIöix»täÆnÑiòîg6,ZkÅ6z~F,KMÃÂh**7,@*ìXZzgVëZ(DZkÆZ0+gÐi0+ÏgÁYCìX

    ³tìZ#Ì6,zIöix»6z~tHY@*ìÂtzzÜ@*ìZ#6,zIöixÐZkÅgzbòYCìXZ(L7Z6z~tHYg;Zzg6,zIöix~gzb

    ªgzbÅñÏ~t:HYñÇi0+ÏÅ Ô ñXZzgªCÙìZ#J-Z(:Ç|¥xäÆ!*g}~båZ0+}~gìÏX

    1øg~ÂD»7CXz{ZkйWÐYCìXÛn

  • ZzgZÏÅgzÝ~ZK̈yÅ7g~Å=ô@*ìXZzgÃðZk!*]»bì=ZzgfÃðq7XZK̈yÆZZ¡IÅÁyËZq-%/~̧]Æ;ðV~7ìÉZK̈yTz!6,ic*{ÂzêìZkÅú4§iÐYCìXZkƳ~Ãð

    ;]»tZ%sZkuJ-(,JZìu} X ÃðZY® Ô ZYgm0Y@*ìñìX Zµ °Zß (science) ÐZkzZ§»ZïgDZk**x»ÃðD

    ìÑ]ÆZkkÃNz{ÎøìZK̈ãzÆzu}{Ô§»]Ô»_·}@*zâVÆ}òÃ5ÃðgZñìÅYnXZ#ZK̈yÃz{ZkwÐ8ìÂZÐÃW@*ìZK̈yÔÂxÇÔÂxwÔÂxzgZypyz){»Zq-ù·ìXZyÂñVÅãCP6z~p=V6,ì¼6z~ZâYZzgZyÆW:Æ¿Zzgg¿Ð

    »Zq-( (metabolism) aZCìXZ(¥x@*ì»gZÂx6ð¹ìX

    Z[z{̈g@*ìÂZk³6,(ìZ#ZK̈ã»zZzgZk»ú6z~gz$+w»%y5ì¬6z~p=VÆZßßVÃZh§b¢8eXZk

    Æ%ZK̈yÆ!*g}~ÇZzg.ÞZEy¥â]:ïÃÏXZknZ[z{6Zzg435é EGG]»_·ä4ìZzgZk~Zq-/rêìX

    ZzgZVÆ_·J-áY@*ìZzgQz{ZV w 6Zzg435é EGG]»_·ZÐâáY¥x@* Ã ÆZbZñF,0ÌZ9ZyZzg6,zN*yz){»_·ÑzqêìXTÆZk

    ìg~»Ñ]',¹ØzVÆÎZZzg¼7XZk§b_·DD!*syz{].h+y~ÔEäb~Z4Y@*ìXZk§b¥â]»xí¦ bÆW

    69

  • äÆ!*zz{˳6,7(XZzg¿ZK̈yÅ|¥xäZzgZkÆâyz{Zq-Z+*~ËY@*ìÃWäÆ!*z$ç E7WCeZËe Ô zää`å

    ÆZÖp~: (Joad)÷÷].h+â{Zq-Z+"|qì;B7W$ËXtÃ,ZzgzÜÆ%»

    Zq-Z¸gÔ',¹gz»Zq-YwìXc*ZkyÅZq-ØìÙÙ+ÆZ0+gÅYC]ZÐâ{ÆOñÚzZáÆÅg»Zq-;Y@*ìXóó z ìXZÒZ

    i0+ÏÆgZiÃâ~Ex~lä»t]**uZxC@*ìi0+Ï»gZiZK̈yÆn**.Þgc*ÄìXZ[T§bZq-Fg¿Åtmzg~z{pZC´`7YÔZkÃtâ+6,6gCìZkÃZq-eZËÆ0*kY**e34/õ XGJXZϧbÂx¡]~ZK̈y»Zq-qÆn¢zg]q**ZzgQZk¢zg]ÅÆn»°&¢A:ǵZk!*]»Zág{ìZkÆnz{ZLZk}.Z»Z`ìTäZÐñ{̂~¯c*ìXT§b}.ZäZÐWx»Z`¯c*ìZzgQWx"[lZg~g}ÒZgnƤ/;~XZϧbZkäZK̈yÃi0+ÏÅ|Y+»Z`¯c*XZzgQZL1VÆfg=i0+ÏÅ|zZãÛâðX

    70

  • z§].h+»è<¬gs

    **.Þ¿ìZzgZK̈y (complete scepticism) A3½hÑõ XÆ4,q-åùÆn¼:¼o{ǵ¢zg~ìXz{qì:

    Religion of some sort is probably necessary.

    Hindustan Times, Oct. 1961

    ªË:Ën»è

  • ªb»zuZZë»xtìz{ZK̈+MÆnZq-è

  • (The W\ÃÌ$+wnóóXZyZÖpÆBz{ZKÂ[»!*[ZK̈+MÅ5yÑzq@*ìX÷÷@*gõ~«!*gbÅæÐZK̈+MZKë Remaking of Man)

    ÅW\â´0ìXW`tñµqÝìëT§bâ{6,¿ÆZkÃZK}.#Ö~ÑgìÔZϧbZzggzb6,¿ÆZkÃZKAYÆ_.eJwÃXëY+f6Ô$+ZܹZzgx̀»g~ÀñgzO7CXëZy',ZÇVÅZϧbZ&bMhT§bëFg-VÃZYDXóó

    eZËZGPwZkX6,'×h+qì:÷÷ÅzwÄäbÅZ4^Æ_.»x7HÔÉâZÅ435é EGG]ÆߦgZ]Æ_.ZK̈yÅyÅìXëÃe34/õ XGJZyuÈ-VÃÂh,ÇZâYÅS:]Zzgøg~fZ]ÆZUVÆgxyì~Xttøg~Óx

    ÅZq-ß̈»³ìÔ̄Ò5Ò3ð GG (genial idea) 6VÅf)ZgìÔ̄Ò5Ò3ð GGÆÂ6~ÃØäqzVÅZZðÌ]ÃÔZZzgziy6,ZzgXÅWãÐeöÅY$ËìÔZyU*â~Ì]ÐZµc*^Ôg8-Zzg1z){ÐmgBbZzgXÅeö7ÅY$ËXSêÐ].Zc*HìXZktÐ)©à}òaZñX

    ZK̈yÆZ0+gz{q,ÔXÅeö7ÅY$ËÔZyqzVÐic*{ZÌgBbXÅÆ(blood serum) eöÅY$ËìXÔ}ìwZzg»zZÚZëìApV**[

    86z~ÂZiâV»zZëìX¶ZzgnZâYÆgxy̧ZzgzWHZ#ekĝäZzggzbÆgxyÛt**ÑzqHXZkÆÐârÆbCÙ**.Þ

    =ô0Xâ~ZâYÃgzqãZâYÐ!*ÇZµc*HXKã|#ZzgPCìwÔ̄]ÔxyÔZzgÐÌic*{(,~| (phsysiological mechanism) §j

    ÛZg0*ñXZktÅzzÐÕyZq-Z+gZ{6,7,HVbûx!qÝð173

  • ZK̈yÝwÆ¥/ñ~¤/@*`HXZ[Çgc6,îÆnëÃe¶K>U*6ÆzgÆìÑ]ŧsgq

    ÃF,ube34/õ XGJXârÃQâ{ÆZ0+g( (dualism) ,XekĝÅ"3ð IEe$´eXgzbÃWÒ{Ð].Z7**e34/õ XGJX_.!*]ÃÌZâZÌ´eÎ

    wH]wZg]ÆâyÃ~YCìXZq-Z(Ãt&ÎwÐic*{²J-4yßÍVÆf~V6,Yc*g;Ô7g}îg6,ZkÐWiZ**¹ÂìpZ¤/Z(Yñ¯gUª]Z0zZu]gzúVÐXâ{ůE»YñÏXgc*M]Ô435é EGG]Zzg6ŧbZܹÔ)1CZzgèIZdw»_·Ì!*Ç¢zg~¥xÇÔøy¡ÆâCÙ+ÐtÎZwÇz{YVÜsKãFg-VÃgz1ŧsÂzDZzgâ©ZzgZ¡!Z%Zn»´`

    Æ (humours) Æâ]ÆBZÜo YVl7DXâCÙ+Z%ZnÃZ¡Iâ]»Ì_·**ÇZzgtY'Çâr»$o-Bð

    EGEV6,Zzg$o-Bð

    EGEV»âr6,HZW,7,@*ìX

    z){z){XóóMan the Unknown, (1961) pp. 257-63

    Zk§beZËPwÅøáÆ_.ZK̈ã)]»:Ltìâ~ExÅÂzWeä6,F,¹ðÔ1TZK̈yätHpZk»DÔY0+ZgV»DÔ!*ÇZZðqª~g{Hìzg:T§b({Zzg$+1Zg@*gÃw4+p̈gùVÅßg]~ÃW@*ìZzgßìÆ$+zäeápzg]0VÅ̂~ÃuÔZϧbZK̈yZzgZK̈ã`ÌbÅæÐ!*rz·g0H@*XZkÆZLZÖp~:

    We are the victims of the backwardness of the science of life over

    those of matter (p.39)

    74

  • ªëgZÝi0+ÏÆExÅZk:ZëÏ»Dgâ~ExÆ£¨~ZÐ: qÝìXz{qì

    ÷÷Zk¤»Zq-e´`ZKfZ]Æ!*g}~ic*{ZDìXZkn»DtKÆ.Þ¯ñÇÁ§hVÐ].h+i0+Ïøg}

    ÅgZzgøg}ÃOW,gìXZkÐëZо§bëZLW\ÃZL¤/z7Æ_.eJBZzgZ¤/âjwÃ$+Ü¢zg~¾§bëZÐ$+BXøg~zZª¡]øg~¦ZZzgZkÆZÖgƧhVÆgzÝ~WäÆtDøg~PC$zg~ZzgZܹZzgf6Fg-VÅzzCnÇXëZKKãZzggzqãu¤/ñVÆZTÞ¸Z2ÃY+Ô**Y,̂

    Ægxy×äZzgtCkäÆn (lawful) ZzgY,̂ (prohibited)ëZLìwÆ_.ZLW\ÃZzgZLâjwïä~WiZ7ÔëÃðzuZfg=7gnpXZ#].h+Õyäi0+ÏÆ¡~qÑ]Ã',!*

    Å (science of man) c*ìÔzu}ÓxExÆ£«~ZK̈ãDZ̹(,|ìXóó

    Man the Unknown, p. 39

    ZkDÃqÝäÅHßg]X÷÷CÙwëFggT$hÒ5é EG]ÔÂZzÚËÔZzgZ°ZzÑgÔZÜtz¬Z]ÔP]Ô=ô§»C6Ô86Ô;]Ô¥Ôøy¡Ô½Ô

    Ø]Ô/Z*]ÔZOc*]z){ÆâCÙ+äZLZL®~.ÞgF,¹ÅìXpnZyÆ}òª]Z0îg6,¹)ZëDX

    75

  • ZkÅ{mzztì¥â]»tzWfí{Zâ¨VZzgZÂ1V~)ZZìÔËZq-¿ÃÌZy6,gqÝ7X¢zg]ìZyÓxExÃPZÛZÆâ¨V~áWc*YñÔZÏzÜZyxExÐÃZ+{ZVc*YYìóóX

    1HteìÃðZq-¿ZyÓxExÃqÝáXHÃðÛ=ôÔP]Ô§»C6Ô;]ÔâZÅ435é EGG]ÔDZÑ%ZnZzg¥6,gqÝYìZzgZÏÆBzu}ExÐ}îg6,zZYìÕ÷÷Zkn»¾wqÝ****e7ìXóó

    Zq-¿½ãæwÆÚ_·ÆZyÓxEx~é{aZ X 'qìYìXZk§bÆZq-ÎZÛZkwÅ/~VZK̈yÅ¡]Æ_.ZK̈ãi0+ÏZzgÕyŸW,gÉðMhX

    ZkÆZK̈yÅyäÆnZ,ZZgzVÅ¢zg]ìV¡~¸Z2Æ_.ZzgârÅF,M~YCÔZyZZgzV~ZK̈yÆZUVÆExÃ5Zq-D́Å̂´ÏXZzgÌVZzg4»xäzZßVÅZq-{)®)¯ã7,}ÏXZyZZgzVÃâCÙ+SàÆ47**eÉZy

    ÅgÉðZ,ZÛZÆf)ãeÓxEx6,ggnpVXSàâCÙ+ÃÜsZq-ÀòâCÙ»æÇg**e34/õ XGJXZq-âCÙZOc*]ÔZq-âCÙ;]ÔZq-6ZVZzgZq-Y¬ÝZµZµ7Vîg6,ZK̈yÅ|Ð**zZDXZLZ],{

    ¿ÐZìÐZyÅù]6,ÃðZ±g7HYYXZkzÜgV4+ZZg}ìZzgZEx6,.Þg»xgìX17ÃÑÆnZyÅî]»°7Xgc*M]Ô435é EGG]ÔZzg6ÆEx¢zg~Â1ZyÃi0+{ÂxKãÅî]ÆnãC~ExÅwÐZEw7HYYXZy

    76

  • ÐZ,¦gZ]Åð7$ËZK̈âVÆB{mXWÒ{Ƨ»C»g.VÃZh§b¢8eZy»·Z7¡¡¦ZzgËÂñV»_·7ÉZq-i0+{

    ä(Bayliss) »z{DTÃ"5Òø EG (physiology) ÂxKã»_·ìZzgtP]gc*ÄHìÔZÝD»ÜsZq-gN*zìX

    Zy)bÆ_·ÆnbZâVÃFYVJ-ZKi0+Ͻ»xDgÅ¢zg]ÏXZkÆnøg}0*kZq-Z(ZZg{**eVÁZiÁZq-ÎwJ-Ëg»z^Æ%DZK̈ã»_·Yg~gìXñ{ÎÌ~Óxâ©»xäzZßVÃZq-%/6,¦»x**e@*ïZ()ÃãâraZ,TÆZ0+gZL

    wÃÎWZzgZkïäÅ7g~¤ÜñXZkÆZK̈ãF,¹ÆZE(264:76 Ãc*]qÝMhX),]X

    Zz6,¼HteZËPwÆZÖp~ZyßÍVÆìÑ]»ÜìÔ}.Zðè

  • Y,̂{Zk»ëY,̂{feÂ¥x@*ìZkÆZ0+gãC~{xVñXX«!*]tâ~ExZzgZK̈ãEx~ãC~ÛtìZzgÛ̧tC@*ìZK̈y 1

    Z]ÃZk§b7nÇT§bz{â{ƪCÙ~Zzsé8ìX f LÌZKßg]qwt7ìZK̈ãEx6,»x7ZXzZ§tìZK̈ãEx6,ïZzg̈gzÅ@*gõâ~ExÐ}ic*{6,ZãìX1ZkÆ!*zZk%~ZÌJ-Ãð»x!7ðZzg'ÆZÖp~ßg]qwtì:

    ÷÷Zq-â{6,ZzgZq-gzq+MIzâVÎe*³gZ[+)#(ÆZq-}Å=ô6,5YDXpZK̈ãÆ!*g}~ZyÅgZñZq-zu}Ð7

    X( 17 QXóó)mZÌJ-ËÌïätZkyaZ7Hìw~tßg]qw!*¹:

    gìXQ¾¯6,ZyàYñw~WòZKi0+ÏÆgZiÃ¥xáÇX'äZyßÍV6,WÅìâ~*Ð0¥â]ÃZK̈ã6,ðV**eTÔz{qì:

    ÷÷wH]wZg]»zuZâyªWiZ{̧]Æ;»ZßwÓ]ÅR6,»xWYìX1ZkÃ;]~ZEw7HYYXYèVÁÃÒZzgic*{WgZx»Zßw;@*ìXÄ~_.[z«Å̧]ZzgÓf~!*ƦgZ]ÐZy)b6,ÃðgzÝ77,CÅgÐmgnp

    78

  • X;CbCÙÃúVÅP]c*ÃZ#-êEH}ãÅZq]~Òy**(43 ¡ZÖpÆBoìXóó)m

    1Z#z{Hìâ~ExŧbZK̈ãExÌøg}n.Þgc*ÄÔÂz{ÆÃtà (mechanistic physiologists) ~Æ}nâCÙ+P] gZÝZÞ,

    zu~^~CÙZêìXYèZK̈yÆ!*g}~Ç¥â]qÝ$Ëz{âÎÅÔZK̈yÆâ~UÐ0ÔZk (descriptive) Üszz%

    nßvè

  • §bZq-¿Ã»xäÅ/Qìz{ËZq-%Å»ï'g]Æn**»°ìXZÏöz/~g}ExÅ'g]qÝÅYnX

    'äæwÆ_·Ãg}Ex~é{aZäÆn»°ÛZgc*ìÔtZq-ª]Z0g]ìXâg¾ÜsZOc*]»_·**eLåXZzgZk~

    wÎÔ1ZkÆ!*zZk»_·å7ZXZkîs 35 ZkäZK4+/Æ_·Æ!*zz{ZKXi{Â[)uât(ÅÜsZq-¢ÉeXQ¾ãC6,¢1H

    w»_·»°Y¨X 25 ìg}ExÅ'g]ÆnQ!*]ÜsZâ7ìXZK̈yÅ|Zâë{ìZzgz{Zq-®ÆZÖp~

    ìZ[J-Å¥â]Æ_.븪k (mixture of opposites) Z(ù·!Z¡ZMhZkÆ!*g}~Ãð)uZzgëW}gZñì**ËZK̈yÆnõwìX²zZ/Åßg]~ÂGZq-¿ÆZ0+gz{¢aZYìTÃ'

    ¥â]~ZD (1 231 ¹ìX)m (Illusive confidence) ä®ÑZOZãZzgZZqÎZÑ]tWYDZyÆgxyÂZ¬ì**ZzgÃ5ËZq-îgZñ6,)**eY@*ìX¸zzìZVÆSàfYÅgZñZÒZq-qÆ!*g}~Zq-zu}Ð!*ÇZC}zZ?

    »túòìñgzOÌ] (behaviourists) ZzgÃt!ZgÆzu}9 (Watson)Ãðq7XZK̈yýZzgâjwÆfg=ËÌ^~eJÑYYìXZkÆ

    »_·Z¹tC@*ìñgz"3ïIGGZq- (geneticists) ',@ÃØÂZzÚËÆ9ZK̈yÅë»êCìZzģñVÅ]½zF,M~7É{ZK̈ã±aZ

    ä~ìZ+qª~tªk**¹)ÇGz£ÇÃðc*PZK̈yZ,Ì80

  • MhÐêLZK̈ãÆÜgV»Sà_·,ZzgZkÆ!*zZyÆf~z{Z%Ã]gzú:VZµZµSà_·äÅßg]~ÔZZ¾mÆgxy

    aZDXX'äZk|ÃÃZ0+Zic*ìZK̈yZq-r#ZgZ{tìZzgtq 3

    ZkÃÓxâ~ZâYÐZµîìXËâ~qÆ_·ÐZ¤/Zq-!*]¥xÂëZkÃZÜMhXYèt¢ìZÏâÎÆÓxâ}Z¹qÑ]~VÂz{ÇZÏzZ§ÃCÙZNÐX1ZK̈y»çnZkÐZìXZK̈yf~ZgZ{äÅzzÐZk7ic~ìCÙWyZLW\Ã$+w}X'ÆZÖo~:

    ÷÷Yæâ}ÆDZzgi0+ÏÆD~Zq-ÐÛtìXÔ}ãZzg435é EGG]ÅãCZ,¦gZ]6,ìXÃ.e$Z"gZzgplZ|!ÆB

    ~ÒyHYYì'§»C (mathematical language) gc*MCi!*yExÅtßg]7ìXßvi0+ÏÆbCÙÅïDz{Íc*Zq-Z,±k~Z4DVg8-',8-ÆÜgg|#Úîg6,ZK(ZzgZK^$+sgTÔZzgVÐÂ_¹ØZg@*ìÔ

    zVÅÒ]ÅzzÐZyÅ=¼»x7CXZyÃz{¼ÒyÂMh(15 1z£Å̈)zZÂV~ZyÅ̈7MhXóó)m

    ¸zzìZK̈ãDÅÃðZ+=ôqÝ**6,;Ô**eìXgZÝz{tìZK̈yÆZgZ}6,10*c*YñX zg ZK̈+MÆg})b»Zq-iìZ

    @*z{ZLZgZ{ÐzäÑëeTX0*zg;k~Zq-Å!*äÐàÆg}gz×Mh1ZK̈yÆnÃðZ(ây**eì6,7Vîg6,

    81

  • **ÇYñXZK̈ypZLW\ÃZLZgZ{Ð$+mìÔÃð{gY¿ZÐps7YX

    Xt̀!ÃtÛn@*ì$+ZܹÔ$+c*ZzgZ̀ìZq-nÅâ©Zzg¡ 4÷÷Fg~óóìZzgZk»´`Ë{âV~ZϧbYìYh}õZzgi»xzgg»´`HYYìX'qì:

    ÷÷â©u¤/òŧbZܹfÌCÙÅ|#ZzgZkÆZdwÅqª6,«ìXtqÑ]øg~$o-Bð

    EGEVZzgøg}ârÅ8|#»

    ³DÔ2tZyúZïÅzzÐÌaZDzúÆiâ:~øg~Zz6,ZW,Z0+ZiDXØ©gäZL*ì÷÷Zܪ]ÅãCóó~TÃZkäÃ6hÅgZbÎÌWsb~7HåÔtgZñªCÙŶZܹZßwøg}¡]ÆZ0+gZKZkgnp

    Ôzu}ZÖo~ZK̈âV~p¾èÔZzgg3Æ_.!*]aZ(127 DXóóm

    tãCÌ!*ǽìXYèZ̀ìÅq-ÆZ¤/p¼ZzgZò[ÌD1Dîg6,z{Zò[Z°ZzgZÝ:LZK̈y»ZCêìXê6,NzwqÝG%˧bêâ:f»7ÅY$ËXt**eìZܹê}»´`ZϧbhßV~äÑT§bKã%ÉV»´`HY@*ìXYèx̀Zq-ZgZ~zZ§ìZzgFg~Zq-â~zZ§Xøg}uXâ{ÅoMhMhÔz{ZK̈ãZgZ{»W6,c7MhXZknz{ZK̈ãZgZ{6,1Ì70*MhX

    Xi0+ÏÆñçqÅëÏÅzzÐ'pt@*ìZk»DåZK̈yÅ 582

  • ,kÐ!*CÙgìÇX1ZkÆ!*zËzZªdãCÆ%tZyèñxì©8ìZK̈yZÐqÝYìXz{qì:

    ÷÷435é EGG]ÔÔ6Zzg}ãÆá0+Zg²z`Æ£¨~DZK̈ãÅNgëgøg}W!*YzZ].ZźÛÔñçqÅëÏZzgøg}ârÅ

    : {m¯z^»³ìtg»zãC~XZyÆ»äÅÃðZy7There is no hope of eliminating them

    YyÂhÃÒÆZy6,1qÝHYYìÔøg}fZ]»DÔ435é EGG]Åp̈ÏÔh+ZzgpzgCqÝ7YXz{Zò[ZkÅF,¹~qg`Dgìáh+zg7GYMhXëÃsîg6,â'e34/õ XGJZK̈y»DÓxEx~Ðic*{Â

    (23 ìXóó)mZK̈ãDÅt4,ZÓx®+tDXA3½hÑõ Xqì:

    ÷÷t**¦/k,ì}.ZƦg»{Øè

  • "̧~øg~¡]ÅözìVÅzzÐå',ÛZggìÏXóóMan in the Modern World, p. 133

    t§Ìª]Z0ìttDñZK̈ãDZK̈yÆn**.Þgc*ÄìÔëtZyDëZK̈yÅi0+ÏÆ)bÃiBÐÔZ,)bX»iZÏzÜeìZ#ZK̈ãD6,gqÝYñX¾gª]Z0!*]ìZq-Z(ñh}.ZÅgÉðŧsZág{@*ìÔzÐWòZy~&×Y@*ìX

    84

  • è

  • ªÑÅgÅá²Z:R6,&ÿELûx@{»**x9~ìXĝ ÅVwW (religion) ExZ½¦ÅZK̈ebc*Æ£!ógÆZÖp~è

  • gzbÌZÏÆB»YCìXZknz!*g{i0+Ï»¦gsV~**.ÞûìX(204 )

    ÛZgêìXZkÆ4,q-}.ZÅ (mysticism) ZɽmøPwZAxÃß5:cÄìXT§bZq-¿Kã (personal undertaking) låîg6,Zq-fZCî

    zgilÆUZyáCìXZϧbZq-¿F,u*Zzg?Æfg=gzq+MÆt~îÅX]qÝ@*ìXz{qì:

    ÷÷ZLÅgÅwÆWòZq-Z+**.Þx@{|J-îÅÃÒ@*ì|ÌìZzgâ~*Ð!*ÑF,ÌXZk§bz{ZLW\ÃZ, (immanent) Zq-û

    (,}Ã~eZmìTÅÃð¿P̀]YìXz{ËÃzÃWYìZzgËÃ-Z:Ô1Ãð¿tÎZw7Y¬gÃ:/9ìc*ßXtÃðpqìc*zëì

    Ð6,}Ãð^ìXVz{Zd|ÐY (dimension) c*gzb»øg~*ÆZïYCìXcÄWòÅZdF,+WgizVÃúîìÔZ0+gzã¸]ÔgzqãgzÝÔ}.ZðÔ"ujyÔèIz].ZyZÚÇìA)1CZk:

    Religious intuition is as real as a esthetic inspiration.

    J- (ultimate truth) â¯tZ²~ƦgÆfg=¬gsZzgá²Wy~ZÜíXóó

    Through the contemplation of superhuman beauty mystics andpoets may reach the ultimate truth.

    Man the Unknown, p. 132

    87

  • û{Zz6,ÅSzV~è

  • :¡]ìÔ:pZK̈yìÉz{ZyÆ (Absolute Reality)Z0+gDñZyÐ!*CÙìXóó

    An Historian's Approach to Religion, P. 16

    Íc*@*gõCCì*F,+iâäÐáZ[J-ZK̈yZq-|ZdÅl~u¤/ZVg;ìXHteìZq-!*ÇÛèqZk§bZK̈ã@*gõ6,YYñXH

    zu~ËZ+qŶK0+ÅY$Ëì)ÇäÆ!*zZk§bZK̈yÅ;]6,ZW,Z0+ZiCX

    XZk=ô~¡~îg6,è

  • ZAxZkÐic*{åZzgF,¹c*CíÃZìX~Zzg÷Z¶zâVZgZ2VÐZq-2wŧsYgìXÓxZK̈y|J-)eT@*z{ZKi0+Ï8©3©ï GGGGLÇÅo9LÐyÃc*èIZbÆ_.}.ZÅ%è6,Ã̂XtÓxßvZq-nÅl~^zsXZ7'ez{gzqã¸ðXZzggzZZg~ZkzÜJ-å7$ËZ#J-z{~ps:YñóóX

    An Historian's Approach to Religion, P. 251

    Zk§b)R6,}.ZƹЦgZ]0YDÔOçZK̈ebc*Ws22 ¦gZ]gc*ÄGZzg 22 ZZ#-£½ø G

    GƸ5äYR6,}.ZÆ m³³³×n³³³r³³à

    (God) ÄZy}.Z 5 ZµZµÄZ**]ÆZyÅ=ôÅìX)5±¢XZϧbZk=ôÆ{:~t]Zzg»t]"pZÖpYDXN*í 3

    !ZKèÃg{!*ÑÂ[~qì:÷÷ñgc»Ã̀ZkÐx7ì}.ZäZK̈yÆZz6,ZAxH@*

    gzqã]ÆnZK̈yÅæ}XzZôÃÒÐZK̈yÆne:@*X1ñgcZkZZðl)ÃVJ-àä~`ì

    túòHYñ}.ZŧsÐZq-ºmZzgWy~ZAxZìZkKãÂx~Îg`ÆZq-{6,Zq-³zÜ~Zq-{m¤/z{ëZìX÷÷}.ZZKt6,ZAx@*ìóóÆl)ÆZkfZC

    Z$5é EEt~ñgc-ãÑZgÂVÅ¡8ìX (self centered)YVZAxZzgºmZAx~xîg6,ÃðÑiòģ7ìXªt

    90

  • ÷÷~óóz{¿VT6,ÓxßÍVÆgxy}.Z»ZAxZìZzg÷Z(132 ZAxºmZzgWy~ìóóX)

    ~¼VÇZktÅãCpZk¦gZAx~ìñgcâyg;ìÔzg:ZÐ¥x@*ì°ZßZµZAxZzgºmZAx~ZÚÛRZzgxģìzâVÃZµ7HYYX].h+®+»${ð GOgZAxtìz{ZÏnÅZq-qìËWg

  • XZk].h+¦gÆaZä~Ëg4%zz·e$»ÌìÔT»m 5|]ñ.Åx]Ð7ÔÉz{ZyÆ}ñczV»ZCo{ìXN*í!qì:

    ÷÷g|t¦g**Âì}.ZT»fZzgT»ZgZ{7g~»Ñ]ÆÂx6,Ó#Ö@*ìz{ZknÅzbw}ÇXt.e$êZiªk!*]ìz{ÓxßÍV~Ð÷÷íóóÃZzg÷}¤/z{Ã`áZzgíÃZC9Zzg÷}FÃZC8[¤/z{

    Wò Ô ÛZg}XZkn»Ãð̦g|Ðic*{Zq-Ûd$ì (choosen people)äpZLf~aZ1ìXóó

    An Historian's Approach to Religion, P. 135

    VJ-÷÷8[¤/z{óó»mìZ¤/Zk»Èt1YñÃð¤/z{¡Zq-{m±c*Zq-{m¿Ð[äÅzzÐ8[ìÂtZq-½!*]ìXZzg¸

    ů6,¸!ígcÆf~ì1tZÝèI¦gÅ9F,)ã7ìXZÝ { ·ÆoÔ !*]tì}.ZÆZAxÅßvcz~,Ðz{}.ZÅÃ~8[ßvÛZg0*NÐ

    ZkÐsÃz{#Z±gо{0+Zy~aZñX|tìè