mazhab aur science - internet archive · 2017. 8. 25. · lz}gø zg{z',q{z pìck,iq ìtzg ðz z»kz...
TRANSCRIPT
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(significant fact) ƹ©àëXZyx@Z]ÐÃðÌp&|qÝ7CXqÑè*Æ!*g}~øgZ/C@*ìz{"Ñgp&ëн~ðìX
V].h+fZL£gZ+Ñw~Zq-ZzgZ@*ìZzgz{tþþþþþz{Z+ÑwÌZq-9£gZ+ÑwìT~Z¤/pZÝ|Ã',Z{gZ3c*:H1ZkƼZ,Uøg}/~WDVXЪkHYnZ+Ãð|V0*ðYgìXVwÆîg6,Z9Zy&+Z]pZq-**.Þx@{qìXz{ZÚgN*@*ì:ÃðpgÎZÐ3$ËìZzg:ÃðF,ZizZÐÂwYìX1ZkÆ!*zbÅ*~Z¼ZyÃZq-|Y@*ìXYVÔZkÅzztìZ¤/p
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.ÞZ¬{!*]Å (effects) Z¼Zy&+Z]pÂÃ7W@*Ô1ZkƼZ,ZW,Z]^~øg}tWDXÅÂôZkÆÎZZzg¼7$ËëZ¼ZyZq-Âx»zÛn,XZ¼Zy&+Z]pZq-Gz£ì1ZkGz£ÅãCaè!*ßZô/6,ìZknbZÐtCìX
£gZ+Ñw~Zk}Z»t³ìz{p&ëøg},k~WnX»zuZ**x].h+435é EGG]c*EäbìX
(1_·äCc*tZ£gÌWy~7ìXZkÐë 4)(technical truths) ø7[DÔz{ÓxF,zXÃZq-¬Ýä}ë
¹ìZ#»Ñ]ÅzÝ}ëйWÐYCìX|tìic*{p&ëz;VÐÑzqDV}ë»{Ø@*ìXVwÆîg6,ZK̈㻧»CZzgc*C_·øg}t¹ÐëÅmìZzgµZkÆZ0+gse$ÌìX1ZkÐic*{p&|z{ìZK̈yÆW¸izZxÐ
0ì1V§»]Zzgc*]»gzZY_·øgZB7êÔZÏnZq-f!¬Ýä¹ì:
The knowable is unimportant, and the important is unknowable.
q.Þgc*Äìz{)ZëìZzgqZëìz{.Þgc*Ä7XZ[].h+f£gZ+ÑwÅz~Zq-Zzg£g»Z@*ìXZzgz{t
x@Z]z!*]ÔpZ{{Ø8bÆp~ÔZÝúòÐ',Z{gZ%1o:Ô1z{ZÝúòÆh~Y,̂ÛÜaZDVÔ2ZyÅÂôÆnÃð4¦gñ:ÂZ,Z+ÑwÃÌY,̂Zzg9Z+ÑwYñÇX
(valid criterion) tWy~£gZ+ÑwÌ].h+fÆnZq-ëw£g9
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ìZzgqZk£g6,ÛZgzZªîg6,7g~ZF,}ÔZkÃÌZq-U*"${qYñÇXZkÅzs#Æn~VzVBbeLVXZq-tZzgzu~
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GEäì÷÷c*CZg»YÆ|äÐZ[ËÃZïg7ìXÎZZyßÍVÆYIVc*ïVc*Zz;x6,4~2VXóóXâegy0*
Æ**xÐÂ1V»Zq- (Man and the Universe) Ñ$k,~)Ec*gu(äáùHìXZkÅ0*v,Â[~eZgzyÅÂØ÷÷ZÝZÑâZqóóÃ@*gõi"ÛZgïñ¹Hì:X
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qÝðìÎZkÃtÃqÝ (scientific affirmation) ¤&ðìXóó
Philosophers of Science, p. 244
qì:X (G.G. Simpson) Z%M»gZg»I¬Ý\)4jè FE÷÷eZgzy@*gõÆF,+ßÍV~ÐZq-åTäZK̈ãDÅF,¹~
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Gz£³ïÆnì1HXóóMeaning of Evolution (N. Y. 1951) P. 127.
Z}Z~gqì:X÷÷tÃtZK̈yZzgzu~f~§]ZâYÆñ{ßg]~î»Zg»ð
¿ZìÔtZ[ZãÑbÐU*"$[ìZkýã|¹YYìX (approximate certainty)
Clearer Thinking, p. 113
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qì: (R. S. Lull) Ü÷÷eZgzyÆÐÃtZg»Yy$+yic*{JqqÝ@*g;ìÔV
J-Z[ÎWZzgY+zZáßÍV~Zk!*g}~Ãðµ7g{HìtzZux§iìTÆ¿ðÅÂô$ËìZzgZkÃYYìóó
Organic Evolution, P. 15
z{'×h+qì:X÷÷ÓxbZVZzgzu}Y+zZßV~Ð9ßvÃtZg»Å
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¹Y@*ìXtÃÝCDi}6,ic*{* (fossil) n"ñXÃÃÝzg~Ô³Z**]Å9VW!*Ôz{{9ZzgZkÆ}}ic*{ë{ZzgF,¹c*C9W!*CgþþþþþþZk»ÈtìZkÅi0+ÏÅñ{9ÅàzÜz~7WNÉ{9z~WNZzgZkÆ}
}F,¹c*C9XXZkÆZq-Zzg|øg}tWCìÔz{tZ³Z**]Æ 3
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Yyâ{Ði0+ÏùaZYCìXZk~ZyÆúòÅãCÜstì435é EGGCgkgeC@*ìz{¬"Yyâ{åXQ»Ñ]~i0+ÏgÐXZkÐz{ªkfei0+Ï"Yyâ{ÐZϧbòWðìâVÆùÐÀ̂_ìXZϧbZq-âq»zu}âq~ps**&+Z]pÃð/Zzgx@{Åq7XZ(7ìËmc*{:~Z,!*]KYÃV~igZkðÃWñXÉ{gYx@Z]Ô}ZZâZq~x¹ZzgZq-±ÆFV~!*ëÛtÐtªk1HìâÑZµZµz~7WNÉCÙâqzu~âqÐ',WæC¬ìXZϧbÓ»f;-$Å̂~F,¹ä»çnìT»
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ÆÌ!*¹gìÏX(basic dogma of uWgế4-ôGGÆZÖp~Zg»Yè
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6,d|Y@*ìXZkÅzzZ}Z~gÆZÖp~tì:ìX (consistent) XtÃtÓx¥xzVÐëW} 1
XZkÃt~Zy¹ÐzZu]ÅÂôïYCìZkÆ%7 2YMhX
XzuZÃðÃtZÌJ-Z(t7Wc*zZu]ÐZkgz_grX 3(112 )tZ+ÑwÃtZg»Ã|ÛZg¶Æn£gZ+ÑwÆZ±gл°
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o Ãc*]ìaXVÌ/ZzgÃtÃq!*ë%1oCìz{Z¹Ẑ(electricity means flow ì:p/Zzgx@{XbZVÆZķw»È
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»g{äÃuYDXÍc*Tq»/HHìz{¡ Ô Y@*ìÔ6t4ìHYg;ìXZkÒpÐ (infer) Zq-{gY1ì:pz{zZ§Zk{gY1Ð!k543û GEE
bÆÓxÃc*]Zϧb¡ªÏGz2X»Z²Zxa¸£gÆì{Ãc*]Ãc*Y@*ìX
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Ð07@*X1ZkÛtÅZÌZkzÜ»YCìZ#ëZkzZ§Ã { 6,ZÝútgO/pZ{H0Zzg',Z{gZ1¾qwz{ZÝ|»ÜsZq-{gY1@*ìXz{&+Z]pZÝ|7@*ÔÜyµr#8¯yÐ
c*/Ãq { 0ì1z{pr#8¯y7ìXÍc*VÌbZVÆx@:p o ZÝ|ÐhCìz{ÜsZq-Z+qìZkÆf~ìXªẐ
x@{c*/XZÏaZq-bZVäZk±ð÷÷f6{óóÛZgc*ìXz{Hì:Theories are mental pictures that explain known laws.
Íc*Å!*äÐðÆ¢»SZ¤/ptªCÙ@*ìÅZzg¢~Ãð{mģìX1ZkbCÙ}Æ!*zZÝģ¾qw)%ðìXZzgQÌtøgZẐo
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20
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÷÷ëXqzVÆ ³³³³³³ ìXZLÒyÆ_.z{g~/zqzVÆï~̂zsg;!*g}~ÈMhëYÔZzgtøg}D»HzDìZzgHz`
(11 X 1 ìXóó) Ûc*ßYÔ Û¾Ô V»_·H ZkÑÆngËä{mîg6,eg³
(16 X 1) $4-ôGG$41¹ÿ GHÑcà Zzg §ßYÔZk_·ÆЬz{ùÆÃ̀ÃgêìXZkÆZÖp~ù;Cîg6,**eì:
Scepticism is psychologically impossible (2, p.9)
~2ìXZq-§st¶î÷÷ë7YóóÈëZk  1VZK̈yz§
21
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*~7g{MhXzu~§sZ#ëY'eTÂ¥x@*ìZkgZ{~¹Á»x!ÆZk**]:
÷÷,*F,+iâ:Ð(,}(,}ú}@*g;1Zk»qÝzu}ExÆ(13 X 3 £¨~¹ÁìXóó)
OçgËp/½ÅÃÒÆ!*zÃð±,:¯eX6,zWZÑyzeÆZÖp~',R,hgËZq-Z(ìT»ZCÃð,7: (Alan Wood)
(Betrand Russell is a philosopher without a philosophy.)
Y@*ìX1gËÆ4,q-: fg= Ågc*Ä» | yZzggc*èÃLogic and Mathematics....are the alphabet of the book of nature,not the book itself. (1, p. 277)
ªyZzggc*èÂ[¡]ÅZ³Ô[ÔÔpÂÁ7XZzg (knowledge of things) gËÆ4,q-DÅz9XqzV»D
(qzV»Dzu}ZÖp~- 46 Xm 4) (knowledge of truths) Z!V»D»DìX1-zZu]¼7ÉZyÆúÌ (sensible facts) zZu]
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(207 **eX)m (scientific inference) YìXZ%ZkóẐo (valid)XÐëẐoÆ%',Z{gZzZDÔZyà (things) z{Óxq,
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Å.gö (auditory) (visual) 6,DXy~ sensations)z){XgËHì»Ñ]Æ!*g}~øgZ³¦gìÔz{!*CjZkÆfg=
22
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ìXz{Hì: (infered world) ¥x{q7ìXÉz{ÓxF,Zq-Ẑï*People's thoughts are in their heads. (1, p.25)
Æâ̈V~XZkÐ!*CÙZy»}z7 y ªßÍVƦgZ]ÜsZìX
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(÷÷~ä0*c*½ãÓx\Vät 191 »0*È**e34/õ XGJX) (important limitations)K~tÅìz{HqìÜs/Ð!k543û GEEÅY$ËìZzgz{Hqì/
(z{qì: 194 Ð!k543û GEE7Cóó)÷÷$+¬ÐÃ~¢]Z[Zká0+Zg¢Ð71rTÐz{,,~
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0_ìXZzgZ3,YpÌZq-Z+q (energy) Z[Z3,Y (force) Z(gàìX¤ÜZkqÅ:̂¶Tà (cause) ìTÃâ{ÐZµ7HYYX:L
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gËZLÒyÆ_./½Åî]ÆWy~îg6,T³6,àìz{tìXZkÆ (valid) Ìëw (non-demonstratable inference)o **.ÞbCÙ{Ẑ
23
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(XZkÆ 204 %b»7gZÂxZzggzi%{ÅZK̈ãi0+ÏzâVD`YNÐX)zâV6, (believed world) ZzgZN~* (real world) 4,q-bÇ*
ìXZzgb~Îic*{F,¹CìÔZk~ZNc*]»b(,kY@*ìXb~ZzgZkÐZz6,ÅÓxq,³êZ] (observed facts) ¼q,Âgëx@{ÅãC6,!k543û GEEKX́ù (scientific abstractions)
z{qì: (X 206ì) Â 1́ùÃZ(g**Ì Zïg7X »(universal scepticism)ÃÔZzgZkÆBÀòîg (facts of sense) ÷÷~Zk³6,àV-ë
6,ÔbÅCðÃZq-Z+qÅwÐJwßVÆnZZðñZ»»x}7ìXtËZzgqÆ£¨~Üs (quite certain) nXZ¤/pZy»s**¬D
ìÔ:ªkÆnqÝ (higher degree of possibility) Zq-ZzZkãgz(207 ÅY$ËìXóó)
Z[ëgË»Zq-Z½kÜ,ÐTÐgËÆìÑ]Åz{¦k,åYCìëV¯**eT:
÷÷ZkÃå7HìÃ~435é EGG]¥â]îìÔz{¾gic*{êHgCì (equations) Xz{P{mãC~)zZ] (exceedingly abstract)
ZkÃZk.Þ¯Cz{zZu]ÆxeJçÃÒynÔZ#zZu]Å!*mXÃ~435é EGG] (completely unknown) !*Ç**¥x (intrinsic character) qª
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(18 CìZzg¹VÐpsCìÔZkÆ!*g}~435é EGG]{ñlìXóó)Ã (non-demonstratable inference) gËZKÂ[÷÷÷Z:Zg»YóóÆ!*[:
øDfsZÖp6,»@*ì:...there is no such claim to certainty as has too often and toouselessly, been made by rash philosophers. (1, p.207)
ªZkn»úòäÅRö7ìëÃZÜ»Dfg=¥xHì6ZÒ"ÃZ+{îg6,¢!*iDX
Zk_·Æ_.gËÆnÜszgZ5!*¹g{YDXc*Âz{ùÅC{Ç{~`YñÔc*Qè
-
MhX» (valid) Ì9 (belief) gËzZãîg6,t@*ìZ,o}:HHXgËpÌZ$fõ G÷÷Z+óóÃâ}ìXVwÆîg6,ZkÆ (experience) /
ÒyÆ_.Ôi}»*âèÔ»Ñ]ÆêF,+´ºX»]~_·HY@*ìÔz){XV~ZkÆPL}ZkÆZLZÖp~ÜzVÇ:
I commit myself to the view that there are valid processes ofinference from events to other events.........more particularly, fromevents of which I am aware without inference to events of which I have no such awareness. (p. 10)
ª~Zk!̀ûqòä»ZZs@*VẐoÆZ,ëw§jzZu]6,ẐoHY@*ìXic*{³îg6,ÔZ, } X~zZu]мzu
zZu]ÐXÐ~ËẐoÆ%!*¸VÔZ,zZu]6,XÆ!*g}~~ZknÅzZ/7grX
gËäZÏ!*]Ãzu~(ZyZÖp~¹ì:I do think that there are forms of probable inference which must beaccepted although they cannot be proved by experience. (p. 132)
~ìw@*VZ,Ûd$/¡ẐoƧjXÃtHY**e34/õ XG
JÔZ¤/pz{/ÐU*"$7KYMhXZkÜôZZsÆ_.ÔÁZiÁgËÆ4,q-Ôè
-
~ZkâÎÆẐïÑbÌñXÃz{4ẐoHìÔ1ZkÆ!*zz{.e$uu~z{»**xáZyÑbÃgêìX
V~',R,hgË»Zq-Z½kÜzVÇZkÅÂØ÷÷~|ðYV7óóÐ1Hì:
I think all the great religions of the world Buddhism, Hinduism,christianity, Islam and communism both untrue and harmful.......It is true that scholastics invented what professed to be logicalarguments proving the existence of God, and that these arguments,or other of a similar tenure, have been accepted by many eminentphilosophers, but the logic to which these traditional argumentsappealed is of an antiquated Aristotelian sort which is now rejectedby practically all logicians except such as are Catholics.
There is one of these arguments which is not purely logical. I meanthe argument from design. This argument, hawever, was destroyedby Darwin; and, in any case, could only be made logicallyrepectable at the cost of abandoning God's omnipotence.
Bertrand Russell, Why I am not a Christian, George Allen &Unwin Kd. (1959) p. xi)
à $+|ZixÔyz#ÖÔ|áÔZsxZzgñ4,x *ÆÓx(,}èZ
-
ZkÆgËqì:7ìX÷~ (purely logical) ÷÷ZyÑb~Zq-?Z+¢zgì{Øx
1eZgzyZk?Ã!*Ç»[ (argument from design) %ZìÄ»Ñ]Å?ìX
Why I am not a Christian, (P. IX)
ZkZ½kÅÐZë!*]tìÄ»Ñ]Å?ÃgËäxîg6,Zq-Y,̂tHìX1Zßàîg6,ZkÅxëqtDñ (valid argument) ?
gË»IìeZgz4,xäZkÅZ+ÑàwÃ',!*c*ìc*ÁZiÁZkÅZ̹]~ìX
gËÆZkÒy6,ëËgzs#ÐgzÝeZÜeTX0*c*Y@* (design) gËÆZk]»Ètìè
-
«!*]teZgz4,xZÌJ-Zq-)U*"${ÃtìXZ¤/ZkмU*"$ZìÂÜsti0+ÏÅZZlxàzÜz~7WNÉZZlxZz!V~0*ð
ìXªi0+ÏÅ{Zlx¬Zzgë{Zlx KM X2tZq-{m§bÅiâãF,ZkÆX1t!*]W`̬îg6,)U*"${ìic*{ë{Zzg!*pZlxgZÝ
Ôiâ:Å{Zlx§]ÅF,¹c*Cßg'â~¿Æ³~ZyÆZ0+gÐplz~WIX«!*]µx@{ÐZ~.ÅìX1tzu~!*]¬îg6,fYZg»Y»ZCGz£ìTÅãC:8©3ªî GGGGSËx@{6,ìZzg:ËÌgz~Zk
HYYìXZ#gËÆZ+Ñw»ZiZÏzu}UÆo] (demonstrate)Ã6,ņ̃sìX
ÃtZg»YÅt$zg~pZg»YIfYtDXVwÆîg6,uWgế4-ôGGä¹ì:
Evolution is unproved and unprovable. We believe it only becausethe only alternative is special creation, and that is unthinkable.
ZÏnZg»YÆXÃzZbZY~HHìXZq-ÃtZg»YÔZzgzu}:LZg»YX¹Y@*ìÃtZg»YÂDìXZ%:LZg»YZÌJ-Ñ¥xìXZkÃëic*{4îg6,ÃZg»YÔ?Zg»YÆZÖp~ÒyMhXYèZ#J-Zò[
¥x:VXZq-ÃtDùYñÇXÍc*ÃtZg»YZq-Z(ÃtìTÅ?ÂZÌgc*Ä7ð1ZkÆ!*zz{Zg»YIfYÆ4,q-U*"${ÃtÆîg6,t
1Hì''Z,$zgÃtÆjZ!ÐtIZkäè
-
ÐgË»úòU*"$7@*ÔYègËÆúòÃ9â+ÆnZkGz£Ãâ'Ì¢zg~ì}.ZÃðZ(zYìkq-Y7-âgaZc*}XZk»§&ðt7Yz{Dæ]ÆZ0+gËqÃzXqÑè:ÜstZkGz£Æ
ÔÉZkÐp}.ZÅg]hÅÔÌ7CX ñ7ì nÃðãCZK̈yåÐtâ}g;ìg|#ZzgZK̈yÃaZäzZÑgÇ}.ZìX1tx@{ZkÆZko{Ãâ²wäzZÑU*"$:eê:',k~7gZZK̈yáCìZzgg|#WS~ZzgZq-~~å@*ìX}.ZÅg]»n6,ZZyÑäÆnZkä
L¢zg~7g|#ZzgZK̈ykq-7g}g|#Zzg7g}ZK̈yÅ^~ªCÙYc*,XZϧbZ¤/WÒ{ÃðïtU*"$}i0+ÏÆbCÙZe7-*~ñ7ÔÉEZg»ð¿Ð¦/gäÆz~WñÂZk~è
-
Wy~!*]~&V',R,hgË»èÃg{!*ÑÒyZq-JÅi!*yÐè
-
»Ñ]Åz̈ZVgz,ZzgZÞ,~ÅbäZ#tgc*ÄH»Ñ]~AZzg
»Zq-ÂxìÂZkiâ:ÆJ®+äZkÃ;ðV;B1X (cause and effect) ¥wZyÆ4,q-tgc*Ä}.Z»³$+wåXZ¤/pZkâyÃgc*ÄäzZábZâVÆnZkÆtp7¸XVwÆîg6,EHä¹åt}.Z»§&»g
ìX}.ZZò[zCÆfg=»Ñ]~ZKAYêCÙ@*ìX1z{ßv³gc*:VÅgzÝ~,ÅúgìÔ̧Z,VäZkÆZ0+gZÒ»o]0*1XZzgZkÅãC6,Zq-7gZÂx¯eZÑX
Zk§bz{Ãtz~Wc*TûÑ]Åz̈¹Y@*ìX!hÐ*î Oîg6,tây1Hì»Ñ]ÆÓxzZu]Ë{gYæZìÆ%¡â~Zò[ÆzZµDZzgZk§b7g~»Ñ]Az¥wÅZq-Úiî~ÈSðìX
~àzZàZq-ZK̈ebc*ÆZÖp5± 1874 tZÞ,~{~»!hÐ*î OåXV:
÷÷8#ad~ZzgÛc*ßYÆâCÙ+¢gnpZq-:LÐå7V³',Wæ@*ìXZzgZq-Vw~Z¤/Zq-¦g»x[ÂZyÃZEyì帻x!
Æ!*g{~Ãð (law of causation) qÝÏXZkn8Ex~Z[ây&Z%s7g{HìXZk!*[~Z%sÜsâZÅ435é EGG]I~0*c*Y@*ìXóó
Chamber's Encyclopaedia (1874) v. II, p. 691
32
-
1Zy®+ÅtpÙic*{k,J-!*¹7gXYè,~ÆÑzqDbÆD~Z,¹Ðëz~Wñ˧bz̈ÃJwäÆ
KìXZkÆZ9Zy (radio-active) n»g:¸XVwÆîg6,gi+*Zq-@*gpl¡~¿ÆÚI3gTXt¥xäÆn"Ñg"G
**»xg;XW`Ì7¥xgi+*ÆZq- / Zk@*g~»:LHìX1CÙ}~Ãð{mZ9ZyZ#ZLZbÂxÐI^À_ìÂZk»:LH@*ìXZϧbVwÆîg6,ïtßìÃZK§smìXZkÅÂô~bä¹ÐÃc*]ìK1Zq-bZVZk»tDñqìE!*]tì7¥xïtYVßìÃZK§sm7õ X÷÷áh+Zkn{ÛäZkÃ
¬̧c*ìXóótÜsgi+*ZzgïtÅ!*]7ìX}täCc*ìâè~X!*ÂV
ÃËzZ§»:Lây1HåÔz{ÌZÝzZ§»¡Ò_·åX|tìËÌzZ§Æ!*g}~7¥xZ(YV@*ìXtÌ7¥xëgZ]ÃÎD
ÂYVWCìX(law of îsczIÆZ[bÅ*~t1Hìây&
ZysV~ÃðÇ|7ì6ZÞ,~~Ûn1H causation)åXD»)Ûz!*g{ß^zVHìVz{¬å·÷÷Zk*»Âx¡Z·¹îg6,
ÆâyÆ7^g;ì (cause and effect) z~WYäzZáËAz¥wÉZkÆúZq-Åg~fì!*ÑgZ{ZkÃ`g;ìXóóbÅzZ3è
-
ZÜ»Zq-Z(zZão]ìTÆËZzgo]Å¢zg]7XÔk',ÎV~Zk~"ÑgÂÁèXVëZkXÿîg
6,zZãäÅÃÒ,ÐXZßw&Æ!*g}~WÐ!*'g`z{ic*{F,ÐâpfìX (mysterious universe) u8-,ç EGE82.ç EGEEÅÂ[6,ZuZg»Ñ]
»Ñ]ÃÙЪÎZwf~W@*ìz{tZk»¯äzZÑÃyìZzgz{ÃyìZkx»g{:Ã`g;ìXÔiââV~ZK̈yt&å¹Ï)%ð¤ÐZk»Ñ]Åâ´XZq-(,}}.ZƹÐgLgL}.ZZk»ZOxgìÔZ[̹Ðßvto{gnpX1d*~¬xîg6,tÃtF,u
HY[ìXtZq-%{Ãtì:i0+{ÃtXñ{iâ:Æz{ßvZLW\ÃF,¹z{ÑuÆOñZÒÆb Ô c*CëZzgX»ìwìz{].h+zgÆZK̈y
XZy»ìwì»Ñ]Ëf~ÅgÅ»gÛâð7ìÉZq-Z·¹qX»³ìZzgZ#ÃðzZ§z~WYñÂZkÆ:Lмzu}zZu]Ìz~WYN
ÐXZk§bZò[zzZu]»Zq-MìY@*ìZzg¸!Zò[ì»Ñ]Ã`g;ìXZkÂôÅãCzqzV6,ìZ&ëG÷÷Z·tóóZzgzu}÷÷âyAóó
X(law of causation)Bw(¬»Ñ]»z7 20 tÂôCCìZ[нãzÑÄZg[wX
åÔZkzÜ:*g}¸Zzg:(g}Ô1c~â{ñåXtâ{Zkzܨð̂kâVÅ̂~7g~cYi~ N* qª~:åÔÉZLZZðfg}ª',¢/õ GGZzg6,z
7Vîg6,;ZåÔÍc*ZðgLgLfgZ]»Zq-½gåTлÑ]½~
34
-
ð¶XZkzÜâ{!*ÇÂZiyÅqª~åÔZk~ËnÅw:¶Xgc*èÆ̀ó{ÐtÂZiyZ(åZ¤/Zk~ÃðfgZÌñeZw}ÂQtì7g{YXtñ(,k`YñÇXZ¤/ZkZZðñÃâykÂZyßÍV»ìwìZkÆÆÓxzZu]Dgc*èÆfg=U*"$YDXOçZ(Zâ{ÆZk!*w~
ñzZ§ZXÃðjnÆ0*ãÃ;BeZwh}X»Ñ]Å6,jy*~tZCZ[¾äaZHÔZkÆ!*g}~¼7¥xXpñZZzgtñ(,kHXZk»³tZâ{Z»V~¦**ÑzqHX¸z{¦{â{ìTÃë*g}Ô(g}ZzgG#/õ EGëX
»Ñ]ÅtÂäbŧsÐ7ŶX1|tìtZkg1~Zzg$zgÂôìpbZâVÃÌZk6,LÑbgqÝ:eXtÂôZk|ÃtCìZÐ7¥x»Ñ]ë!*g¾äw~Ô1ZkÆ!*zZk»úòìZkä»Ñ]ÆøuZzwÃ¥x1ìZzgZkøuZzw»**xZkÆ4,q-Z·tìXÎZwtìZ#»Ñ]~Üs)Ãuâ{åÔZkÆÎZÃðqñ:¶ÂtÐz¾d$Z·t¹VÐz~WHTäg~»Ñ]Ãw}~TzZ§Æ
Zò[:â{ÆZ0+gñ¸Zzg:â{Æ!*CÙÔz{zZ§z~Wc*ÂùWc*XZkÂô»t.e$N§ìz{CÙzZ§Ð¬Zq-zZ§»ñ**¢zg~ÛZgîìêCÙäzZázZ§»:L0nÔ1ZkÂäÅZZZq-Z,zZ§ÐCìTЬZk»:Lñ7'¸z{"ãCGz£ìT~»Ñ]ÅZ·¹aZöÆÃtÅ7g~qg]9~~ìX
35
-
Qt»Ñ]Z¤/¡Z·tÐz~WðìÂHzZu]Ñiòîg6,zgcZ(gä6,6g¸Z,VäZ(gHXHZkÆÎZ¼Zzg7YåXHZ(e7å*g}W:~Zn{YNXâ{~waZYäÆHt¢zg~åt¡w:gìÉZq-Zg»ðw0YñXZzgª]Z0öÆBñ{»Ñ]Ãz~Ñäŧszh**Ñzq}XWyz{ÃyÏy¶Tä*gzVÆz~WDZyÃÑpÐÜ~.e$!*°ÏÆBQZ**Ñzqc*ÔQz{ÃyÏy¶
Tä»Ñ]ÆZq-êF,+Í~ÂxFÃzc*ÔQz{ÃyÏy¶TÐøg}{i}6,z{Ðz¾d$p´VNXÅzzÐVi0+Ï»ªxeeZzgXp=V»uZrW`J-»Ñ]Å"Ñg*V~ÐËZq-*~¥x:HYeìÔQz{ÃyÏy¶Zq-{m%³6,"Yyâ{ÐY0+ZgtaZä»:L0XHZk!*]ÅÃðëwÂôÅY$Ëìi}6,i0+Ͼ§bZzgYVz~WðZzg¾âyÆÚaZC¬YgìX
Qz{ÃyÏy¶Tä»Ñ]ÆZq-gLÐgK~ª]Z0îg6,z{Óxq,aZ,Ôøg~i0+ÏZzgøg}ÕyÆng»gÔQz{ÃyÏyìZyqÑ]Ãøg}n!*¹gÇñìXH¡Zq-Z·t»7WY**Zk!*]Å»°zz¶
tg}zZu]ZkgF,KMÆBÚ7WDYNZzgZg1Vz71VwJ-Zy»Yg~gìZzgQÌZy~ÃðÛt:Wä0*ñXHZk!*]ÅÃðzZªÂôÅY$Ëì¡Z·tÐ7WYäzZázZ§~²zxÅÚ¹VÐWZzgZãÐz¾d$§i6,ÚZg»Yä»gDyZk~¹VÐaZHX
36
-
tZkÎZw»Z[å»Ñ]ùaZðXZkÆtÎZwZVZk»`äzZÑÃyìz{ÃyìZkx»g{äÃZkg±§i6,w}g;ìXZkÂô~TûÑ]»{ÛÛZgc*HìZлÑ]»qÁ7ÛZgc*YYXtÂôÐZK|#ÆZ±gÐz}.ZeSìYèwZzwÅÂôÆnÂZ·t»**x1YYì1ZkÆÅÚwÃËqw~ÌZ·t7¹YYXZkÅÂôÆnzuZ}.Zl**7,}ÇX
7HH (principle of causation) ßw& Z ZkÂÃiäÆnT»ÈtìwZzwÆ»Ñ]~AZzg¥w»Zq-Z(ìHìZq-ÆZq-ÓxzZu]7WDYgìX!*ÇZϧba¹
ïÂZkÆÅÓxZpl¤/C ¤/Z ÏZ9~Æ)g}ÅZq-ZM¬YCXzZ§¼g~W@*ìZk»:L»Ñ]Æ!*CÙ}ñ7ìÉ**.ÞḩZ2ÆqÑ]âI»Ñiò³@*ìZzgtqÑ]ÌZLЬzZu]»Ñiò³¸XZk§b»Ñ]~AZzg¥w»Zq-ÑpÐìHìX
Tßg]~@*gõ¬Ý»W¸iZÔZkäWÒ{!zZu]»¬êc*ìXZ#ZZðßg]Zq-i³Âg]ÜsZq-§&Ð2w°J-V$˶
ßwà Z _ìXZk ³ XÍc*»Ñ]TgziaZðZkÅWÒ{@*gõÌZÏyg]»ZÏâyHg**,,~»Zq-¹(,ZzZ§åOçtq-ÑzqðÓx»Ñ]ÃZq-áU*"$HYñZÞ,~Æzu}Û~tq-ZL7g}
w âe zV»åXÅàpZé¶g]Æz b ²z`6,WXtiâ:bZVZ
37
-
ä¹å¶î÷÷ÓxgC&4ið JEV»Wy~ (Helm Holtz) ¯ñYNZkiâ:~45Ðê XGË.çHEÅ Z¤/pZkZßwÆ_.»Ñ]ÆÓxbCÙ óó ÑZLW\Ã}"5½ø EG~v¢8ì
=ôä~ZÌbZâVûx!7ð¶1Zy»¢å»Ñ]Å=ô}écZñ~$˶Xz{B¸ðh~ÏÃÒÅ¢zg]ìZzg!*syÓx¬ÝZq-
å¹ðáU*"$YñÇXßw&ÅCÙÂWZzgg]ÅCÙ Z Zy!*ÂV»ZK̈ãi0+ÏÐmsªCÙåX
ßwÓxg]6,qz~ Z Z(§ZK̈ã6,¢**õw¯c*YèZ¤/t ä »x[}é=ôìÂi0+ÏZkÐYVI$ËìXZk§iƳ~,,ZzgZVg,~Æ
Ì"Yyâ{Å (living cell) }éz~WñZ#tgc*ÄZY0+Zg3§b¡6ðCÙzVЯì¯gUÎZwaZZz{{mZbZYXÐøg}z
ßw&ÆZ],}Ð!*CÙMhXOçtáyHHÉ Z âr¶ñYðVJ-¹HEHÔ ìX (,}lÆBúòc*Hi0+ÏÌZq-{Øá
ÆârYLzZàáÐÜsëÏ (Michelangelo) Zzgâ¡Z#-CÒð GEE (Bach) !*c~ZZ̧zgZy»»xÜståÛzãø»]»åZ[,X
ßwÒ3ïGGÅZ[b7ìXÃZs Z 1bZkJZzg)5wnÆÆÂÐc*@*ìXZÞ,~ÆWy~b6,t (illusion) Zßw&ÃðÆ
zZãHå»Ñ]ƹÐbCÙÔ!*
-
Yg;åÓÅgzÝZzgÂL»¤/**Ãðá7CÙZ$ËX*bä(,}zNtÆBZ´yHåg]ÜsZq-gZ3Z(g$ËìZzwgziÐAZzg¥w
Ú/~Æ_.Z$+J-Æn¥[ìX1!*sybÃptt**7,Z Å»Ñ]»âèZkgZTÞîg6,ZkÆw»:L7ì6¬ìwHY@*åX
Z·tìD 6, ñ{¥â]ÅgzÝ~bZâVÅZq-(,~ZÒe$»Z[Zk!*]ŧsnYg;ìX (non-mechanical reality) »gc*Zq-)}é|
»Ñ]ÅaZöZzgZkÅwÆ!*g}~tzâVÃسF,¶VÆBz~WñZ̧[J-¢ÅzªÐøzxX].h+î]ZkÅãCâo7¯CÉZzg$zgîZk§bÍc*bpZkÃtÅF,h+gìÔZ[ZK̈yz!*g{ZÏ
2w6,VHìTÃghZkäZC*Ñ̂zqHåX
39
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¼5µÆzu}z$4èG÷÷çc*qÑ]Z>]óóÆ óó ´)(ãZKÂØ÷÷Z»Zà
ÄZyÆ'÷÷è
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}ZZHìÔptZ%CÙÀZ0ìÐlxZ%åÔªgzb»Zm]ÔZâxr#äZÏÃghc*Xgzb»CÙ**Ô)Kã**ÔtÛ¦ZñgX¬tU*"$**
(174 e34/õ XGJgzbÃðÙ!Ììc*7Xóó)m÷÷ZÝtìgzb»zZq-z].ZãZ% ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ ZkÆZK§sÐ
ìÔ̈gäÐ¥x@*ìZgZuz¡â{»»x7Xâ{Zq-"fX"YyZzgÑ$¨ÿ GGqìX±ìÑ]ZzgExz.yâ{ÐZx70*MhXÉÃðZzgCÙ"
tØuiDZzgZÏ»**xgzbìóó TÐ ìZkÆ:÷÷ptZ+Ñwz].ZãìX)1Z#ägzbÆZm]6,
ZágZ]~Dah~?7ÅìXpz{-**EVƬxÑbŧbÜs/V»Z¬{ ÷÷?ä¼¹Ðú}» ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ öì(Z¤/ÃðGZïg6,Wâ{Zzg¾
ìÔ?7Xeìâ{Zq-{mF,I0*Zy.RV»1X³VÐÐz¾d$wQªCÙCXZgéVÐHZzgñW,oaZDÔZy~gzb»Ãy
Åi!*yÈ7MhX¸:LåZâxr#ägzb k á
-
»%ìXÅ®ZZq-á~Zq-DÙZgZg[ÆÛd$CìXt7Í/õ EGCÙWyI^»DgTX½ZÇøg}Ænz{7Í/õ EG½CìI^Y^ÅzzÐCÙgzig»gDXÍc***xìZq-Z+qg]»71VZAVÐp¯ZzgCÙWyZKZAVÃ$+mgLXZ[Z¤/gzb»Zq-1ìÂT§bá»Zq-6,i{IUÐ7g~áOW,YCìZzg!*Z»Zq-@*gyZ[YäÐZkÅWzZi6,ZW,7,Y@*ìZϧbÆ%·]$+%c*ùäÐgzb~Ìp´VãeÂX1Z(7@*XZkÐ¥xZgzbÐZµZq-qì&+Z]pZCzgBbìXOçZq-bZVäZK̈ãÃZkÆÆ£«~Zq-Z+x!*¯Z]qÛZgc*ìÚpZ]ÆZ0+g)oqª~ZCz!*¹gBbìXZkÆ
:~ ZÖpPersonality is changelessness in change.
ZkìwÅ'×h+¤&;]ÆZkZÏsÐCìTÃÅgc*ÑÅg¹Y@*ìZzgZK̈ãf»×ic*{(,ZzìXÑÅgÆ!*g}~Z[t½ã0îg6,ây1HììÑ]ZkÆZ0+g(0*Dz{@*§]!*Ç7Vqª~!*¹gT
XÛZ[+ZLZÚ,)~Hì:÷÷yƸZ2ÉZ¡ZÆZßwÌÑÅgÆ¿6,qz~7DX#³pZ÷]Zq-zu}ÃiZbG%Zk~U/UåñgS'ÑÅg~ÃðZ+q7ÔÐx¹gBbZzgtNª]ðìÑÅgÅ*~\V»túòßY@*ìøg}Óxâ©ZdwzÜZzgÃ,ÆgxyzZµDXÑÅgÆ
42
-
Z0+gÃðZ+q7zÜƦgÐ_gBbXÑÅg~zÜƦ/gä»Ãð¶Ky7ZzgtZq-ª]Z0|ìTÆpKŧsZÌJ-\Vä7g~Âz7ÅzÜƦ/gäÐf6¿
LÑÅg (conative impulses) ~Ãðp~7CXZ,ìÑ]Ð!*CÙ7WñÔÉz{f6@*W,Z]ÌqgzuÑÅg~!*c*HÔ°ZßZµ)ÃãDZzg±VwJ-Zk§bÐôpgTÍc*ZÌÀz~WñXóó
New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis (London 1949) P. 99
ÑÅgÆ¿»zÜŤ/ÄÐWiZ**ÔªCÙ@*ìÑÅgÐZµZCÃðzgrìXYèÆ!*g}~tìz{zÜZzgÃ,Æ̧Z2»0*ÈìZzgZ¹uzÆZ0+gZkÆÓxbCÙzZµDXZ[Z¤/gzb»Zq-¼§{mCÂŧbZkÃÌÑizÜZzgÃ,Æ̧Z2»0*È**e34/õ XGJåZzgZ#/tU*"$@*ìZ(7ìÂZk»Ñiò|xtìgzbZKâÎ~ÐZZq-qìZkÐZµZCxzgBbìXÐgzb»máZzgwc*!*ZZzggZv»7
Zzg ìXYèZ¤/Z(@*ÂT§bwZzggZv6,z̧Z2áA$DáZϧbgzb6,Ì$¨45é GGGESZ¹¸Z2»F,A$@*ÆZz6,ZW, X !*Z6,áA$D
Z0+ZiDX(psychical research) zu~qT»~VjZ!beLVz{"5½1¹ÿ JGGî]
Æ}ò{÷!*CZzgx@ZCR6,ñ]Æi0+ÏÆzÃU*"$DXZk~øg}Ã̀Ð'×h+pÅ!*]ìtñ¡ÃU*"$7DÉÐZk,
43
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ÅÃU*"$DTÐëñ]ЬzZ¸XZK̈yŹÏZ+S:]&+Z]p¬ÐñÔ1Zy6,³Z0+ZiÐ̈gz7ZåÔ}pZ[9ZK̈yÅ*F,+S¤ìX1].h+zg~pZ[Æ_·Ð;Cë¥xGÔZyÐ*zgÆßv**WÙ¸XZϧbZzg¹ÐbCÙXÆ0ñ{iâ:~!*°{Z°ZzÑg¦GZzg³Z0+ZiÐZy»tHHXZk§b].h+_·Æfg=ZyzZu]Ð.e$Zë}ò',WæñXZÏ~ÐZq-"5½1¹ÿ JGGg^aì].h+;]ÅZq-ácìZzgT»Ñ
ZK̈yÅâ¯tZ°]&6V»c*C_·ìXZknÅî]ÆnЪY~Zkä,{DÙZgZ¾mÐgZìÆ 1889 Y~ZÖ~ìZZzg 1882 ZZg{
(Society for zWeä6,ZKî]Ñzq,XtZ[Ì_·;]»ZZg{Æ**xÐñìZzgZÏâÎÆzu}ZZg}zu}V Psychical Reserch)
~»xgìXZyZZgzVäZbCÙzVZzgc*]Æfg=U*"$Hì%äÆZK̈yÅ,Ë6,ZuZĝ~!*¹gSìX
,;]ƹÐfY2VäZyØZ@»)Y+$ZgZ:_·Hìz{i0+Ïñ]ÃgzZ§tä6,6gñX',PV-Eg;~,Æ6,zWÏÔZÔ
äZKÂ[Æ,,!*[~i0+Ïñ]Ʀg» (C.J. Ducasse) z»k e:Zzg;CY,̂{1ìX6,zWñßsZ¤/pè
-
÷÷¼¹fZzgf~DZÛZ2VäAwJ-.e$W~ÃдÞÂV»_·HìXz{!*syZkË6,ãÁZiÁ¼ØZ@Z,¢zgX~
ëwZzgeÃW@*ìÔZyÅÃð (survival hypothesis) Üsñgzb»ÛÄzu~Âô7ÅY$ËX
ZkÐ¥x@*ìñ]Æi0+Ï»o{TùÐßvèIîg6,â(empirical :Üst9YìÉáh+z{Zq-Z(o{ìTÃc*C?
ÐU*"$HYYìZzgZ¤/Z(ìÂsÃZkð{]Æi0+Ïñ]Å proof)âÎÆ0Z3ÿXLèZ
-
è
-
túòZ#HHÔZkzÜÌZ¤/pz{dwÐ.e$$zgåX1Z[Âpbä',Z{gZc*!*ßZôîg6,Zk!*]»ZZs1ìZkÆ0*kZkn»úòäÆnZEyjÑbñ7X
bÅz{Hgc*ĶT~ßÍVÃÃWc*Z[}.ZÅ¢zg]»ìXz{H»Ñ]¼{m¸Z2Å@*,ìX*iâä x {mîg6,tåbä¥
»ZK̈y{îg6,t&å*~¼g;ìZk»äzZÑ}.ZìX1].h+fZgùZzg].h+§iïÅgzÝ~¬HÂ¥xZCÙzZ§ÆúZq-Z(:LñìTÃ/Æ¥xHYYìX}EHÆx@}~ÃWc*WyÆÓx*g}Zzg(g}¼**.Þp̧Z2~ÈññZzgZ¹ÆwDXeZgzyÅïäZÐCc*ZK̈yË{m!¬Æz~7Wc*ÉZZðiâäÆQ}ch}¬xâ~¸Z2ÆF,¹DDZK̈y0XZϧb_·Zzg/Æi}ÐáWyJ-g}zZu]Zq-¥xÂxƪCÙD
»**xc*HXây¡]»t¿Zk (law of nature) ñÃWñTÃây¡]gzñW,åZkÆ!*g}~!̧~Y$˸X
Zkgc*Ä»ÈtåT»Ñ]ÃëB¸z;V}.ZÅ»gÛâðìÔz{¼â~Zzg435é EGGC¸Z2Å»gÛâÇVÆ@*,¶XZ#Zy̧Z2ÃZEwHHZzgZkƼ}òÌ',WæñÂZK̈y»¢Zzgic*{(,|HXð̀».$ä¹÷÷=â{½z
äúòH (Haeckel) Zzg~?ÃCzVÇ*Zkâ}о§b¯ðYCìóó«÷÷0*ãóó6z~ZbZZzgzÜAÂz{Zq-ZK̈yÅðYì÷÷&4fõ EHIäZ´yc*÷÷Z[}.Z%[ìóóZk§bt¢1HZk»Ñ]»{ÛZzgâ´Ãði0+{Zzgr#
47
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fzZgZ{7ìXÉ»Ñ]ZiZzw@*WyZq-â~»Ñ]ìX»Ñ]Åg~wQZzgZkÆÓxbCÙpZ{z{f~gzbZâ!Ð0Vc*"gzbZâ!Æ!*g}~VÔZ0+ñâ~¿ÆÎZZzg¼7XbäT*Ãgc*ÄHZk~}Zk}.ZÅ»gÛâðÃ7WC¶ÓxèZ
-
ªzZu]Z¤/¡~Zò[ÆgDÂz{â¯tZ[~Zò[ÆaZGñ7MhXZzgªCÙìZ#zZu]Æúâ¯tZ[~Zò[ñ:VÂËâ¯tZ[]Æz6,ù¢HYYìX
#5è
-
gziÅæ]7g~äzZàCìÔZkzÜZ&+}ÆZ0+g¶aÅ 21 ¥ZZ#aõ6,Zq-gKÏJªCÙCìXZkÅæÐz{ZLpwÃÂh!*CÙWY@*ìX
ZC»x7gZÆaÅaZöÆPgziplQYCìX#5è
-
Zzg*Æ (gravity-pull of moon) ZVëÃC@*ìZg¸N*g|e0+ÅæÆ:L (Geographical Configuration) «gzVZzg.ÆzVÅ'Z°zäz
Ð@*ìXbZVÆZkx@}ÃgäÅÃð¢zg]7X¹pÙÆBëZÐJwMhX1ZkÐøg}o}Å¡6,ÃðZW,77,@*Xt9ìîÃy̧]æZzgi}Å'Z°¯z^Æfg=¿@*ìX1̧]æZzg'Z°¯z^HXz{Ì}.ZÅtXz{}.ZìZyfgZùÐZC÷ZxêìX}.ZW`ÌîÃy»Ç:LìXYyzÔÆZÖp~:
This does'nt destroy belief: it is still God working through thesethings, who is responsible for the tides. John Wilson, Philosophy and Religion,(London,1816) P.37
Zϧb§»]ÆyZy~ÃZg»YÆjZáÐt!*]!*g!*gCÙZð짻C¿Z[ËâzgZñ¡]fg=ÅñÏ»»7@*Xzu}/V~i0+ÏÆZÃKÆnË!*Åg}.ZÃâ+Å¢zg]7ìXYè].h+_·tU*"$@*ìi0+ÏÜsPâ~¤!VÐpläzZÑZq-³ì{mîg6,
&Xreproduction, variation, and differential survival.
ªÂZzÚËÆfg='×h+i0+7V»aZ**ÔaZ{±ÆZÛZ~¼Û̧V»¼gZzgQZyÛzt»$o-
-
~Wð6Zg»YIfYCDX@*ëZ¤/ZkÃcây1YñZ#ÌZkÐèIo}ÆH,²w»ÎZwaZ7@*YèZâZq§]Z¤/!*ÁnZg»ð¿Æz~WðVZ#Ì7VgzÅ̧]ÆBt!*]½Y$Ëìt}.Zðð»
(mechanical §iìÔ:Z0+ñâ~¿»pl³X|tìzZg»YU*"$HYYì (creational evolution) Ã.e$WãÆB!Zg»Y evolution)
XZzgbÆjZáÐè
-
¥xä»zZu9§iìXbÆifYª]Z0îg6,ZÜZggì:Science gives us but a partial knowledge of reality
bëÃZÜ»Üsbz~DîìX³gDy~tp~Ze7-aZðìXÜsÎ',k¦/g}Z#Sw
~Z´yHåbËZK̈yÆ (Belfast address) äZL[!Ø TndalläÆn»°ìXZknÆìÑ]ZkGz£ (deal) ÓxZëç5]Ðc
(matter and ¢ÅãC6,ìG¸|ÓxÅÓxÜsâ{Zzgw6,ìX1¡]Ãâ{ZzgwÅZjV~ÒyäÅg~ÃÒ motion)
(Laplace) **»xU*"$ðZVg,~ÆWy~tÃÒZL²z`6,¶Z#Ñök~fgZ]ÆZ_Og (nebulae) ätìÅP̀]ÅZq-xgc*èZVZZðGÔ
ÃY}z{*ÆwÅ7g~@*gõÃ!CYìXZkzÜt¢1HåEH»Ãtg}ExÅJìX
EHÆÃØÅt«!*gZkzܪCÙðZ#f!ägzÝÅâ~=ôäÆo}J-á!*Ç!wZzg**.ÞÒy (ether) ÅÃÒÅXtÃÒZ¹Zp
KåX¼YVJ-tÐz¾d$o{¸g;XgzÝÅâ~̈Æh~gc*M]ÆÆ!*]ÅZá®)Æt (Maxwell) p[p[7}3ñXp!5½ið Gs
Â**.ÞgÃWäÐXYèZkЪCÙ@*ågzÝZq-',¹ïF1ìXtÜ(,kg;VJ-z{yWc*Z#fñ (electromagnetic phenomenon)
b6,zZãZEHÆÃc*]~Ãðq÷÷lkóó7ìX¹âVÆE+&+[Zzg
53
-
U*"$äÅWy~Ã@VÆ!*syðÃ**.ÞAsÁÜ (mechanical) ðÃâ~Åz~áïc*HX (irreducible elements)
tCÙZq-{Ï!*]ìX1g|t¹p&êìXEHƦg~ëüZh§b¥xåXZkÆ_.Zq-ÅSZkÅlZgâ{¶Ô¤Ü»XwÐ~WY@*åÔz){z){XZk§b¢1HåëZk¡]ÃY
(Nature) TÆ0ë¯xgìX1ðÆ_·Ð¥xZZkÅ¡]Z+ìTÆ0ë¼7YyMhXZkÃ¥xZjV~̈äÅg~Ãl**»xIXz{¼ëðÆ0Yz{Üsz{§iìTÐz{øg}eWÑ]ÃOW,CìXZ[ëMht!*]¾gZëìXZk»
Ã435é EGG]~t1HTÆ0ëZkÆ (entity) ÈtìZq-Z,zgc*MCeJÆÎZZzg¼7YX
ZkÆZkÕ6,ZknƼZzg"GZzgtây1HtÑ¥xiV̳Ãc*]Ưä~zzZZC*¥xâ{ZZ@*åXt|ÛZg0*VJ-D435é EGG]»mìÔëËqÆZ-zÃ7YyMhXÉÜsZk
ÃY+ÃÃÒMhXZ[Zd (mathematical structure) Ægc*MCeJF,+R6,tt1HìøgZtìwëZâYÃZyÅWy~ßg]~NMh¡
Æ4,q-gc*MCeJç»Dz{zZuDì (Eddington) Ûd$åX6,zWZeÐ435é EGGCb}$ËìX
÷÷)1CÔZܹZzggzqãUVÐsÃÔSâ{ÔCÙÔzÝZzgæ]z){54
-
{Ø435é EGG]ÆZ],}Åq,ªYCÔZyŪÃY'Ìøg}nz(ÂHì)â~qzVÅ|ÃY'Xñ{435é EGG]Zk7ic~7ì
z{ZyqzVÐ',Z{gZzZnXZyÅ|ZgZuÐ!*CÙìXëf6{ÃVÅæÐZ0+Zi{D1f»Ãð@Zq-Z+qÅÜ7YpfÆZ0+gñ:XZk§bZLǧ&_·ÆZ±gÐ435é EGG]Zy{g`ZiZgZu
ìøg}D (pointer reading) SV»_·7'Éz{Üs_·',W!~W@*ìXt9ìt_·¿»Ñ]ÅS:]ÃF@*ìÔ1øg~ZÝ¥â]WÑC_·Ð0:z{S:]Æ!*g}~XWÑC_·ÃZâYÅÇS:]ÐzÚì8¯yÃZk¿ÐT»z{̄yìóó
tzZ§bÜseJçÅ¥â]J-özìÔ(,~ZÌ»qïìXYèZk»Ètì|ZÌ7g}îg6,¥x{7ìXZ[t7¹YY
(objective øg}Z]c*}.ZÐZ£w»¬gÃ:/ZCÃð{gYZ[7grXt¬eìZ(ÃðZ[{g`~ñXøg}èI counterpart)
7¾YMh6 (illusory phenomenon) Zzg)1CZ]Z[¡bCÙÛd$Y@*åX5³*~èI¬gsÌZq-|Æîg6,g{YìX
The Limitations of Science, pp. 138-42
(Morton 4#aäZknÅ=%]Ñzq~XâgHzZV$ÆZÖp~,~~:fgppzZá0ZâVäZq-5kB White)»W¸ic*ìXT~z;V$Zi+ÐZzg82.ç EGEEÆ**x{mîg6,.Þf (Crusade)
55
-
÷÷ZyfY»Üôîg6,»Ñ]Åâ~̈ÅÔ@*ìX1ZyÅZÝS¤tìZ,Väp].h+435é EGG]Zzggc*M]Æ}òÆjZáÐZC!̀Ã7HìXZy~ÐCÙZq-Æ!*g}~zZÖp9âgHzZV$äzZV$Æ0:
He is a heroic thinker who tries to beard the lions of intellectualism,materialism and positivism in their own bristling den.(p.84)
The Domain of Physical Science, essay in Science, Religion andReality, The Age of Analysis,(p84)
ªz{Zq-È®ìTäâ{6,4ÆèzVÃÐZyƺ~gZ(Æ4,q-].h+¥â] 1861X1947 ìXZôm,âCÙgc*M]ZzgZÁe**gBzZV$)
tU*"$C:Nature is alive(p.84)
ª¡]"gzbâ{7ÔÉi0+{¡]ìX(äñ{bÆ_·Ðt³ 1882X1944 Zôm,âCÙ]uWgêZi+Ð)
ïÑì:The stuff of the world is mind-stuff.(146)
ª»Ñ]»â{Zq-Úf6ìX(].h+î]Å̈ZyZÖp 1877X1946 gc*MC435é EGG]»Zôm,¬Ýu8-,ç EGE82.ç EEGE)
: ~@*ìThe universe is universe of thought.(134)
ª»Ñ]Ôâ~»Ñ]7ɦgZC»Ñ]ìX
56
-
tZðR0ZâVÆìÑ]X»ÜZeÚZ+ÎCyÆZÖp~tì:
The ultimate nature of the universe is mental.(p.145)
»Ñ]ÅWy~â:fìXWy~|fìc*â{Xt:ZÖp~gZÝtÎZwì»Ñ]¡â{
ÆfZC¿Æîg6,pl0ìc*Ãð)â~ìTä!*ÑgZ{ZÐðHìËáÆ!*g}~tIz{ZLWy~"~¡ßìZzgðzw»Zq-Z·¹%ìÔÍc*tIìáЬÜsß;ZzgðzwåZzgZkäpËZ0+ñ¿Æfg=¡Z·tÐáÅßg]Z(gàìXZkÆ',@Z¤/t¹YñáZLWy~b~Zb»fìÔÂZk»ÈtÇáЬZq-fåTäâ{ÐZµZkÆem,ZíÃÎeZzg!*ÑgZ{ZлgHX
÷÷fóóÆç~Z%sÐfÃWy~|â+zZßV~Z¤/z{Mh}.ZÃâ+zZá}.ZÃâ+Æ!*zZICVÅ̂~0*ñYDX1d
_·»t³»Ñ]ÅWy~|fìÔtZKâÎÆZ±gÐè
-
The Limitations of Science,(p.138-50)
ÅÂ[ (Sir James Jeans) ',¤6ÆgâCÙ]Zzggc*èZVu8-,ç EGE82.ç EEGE÷÷6,ZuZg»Ñ]óó¸ZkUÐñ{iâ:»Ðic*{ËñZìXZkÂ[
~ñßs{سcÆfg=Zk³J-í:ÃJw (material representation) ÷÷].h+435é EGG]ÅgzÝ~»Ñ]â~=ô
(mental concept) 7CXZzgZkÅzz÷}4,q-tìZ[z{¡Zq-f6¦gg{ìXóó
The Mysterious Universe (1948)o.12382.ç EGEEÆZÖp~:
If the universe is a universe of thought, then its creation must havebeen an act of thought.(p.133-34)
ª»Ñ]Zq-¦gZC»Ñ]ìÂZkÅðÌZq-¦gZC¿ÐãeXz{Hìâ{ÃZñZ`',tÐ̈ä»].h+ÃtZK̈ãÇÆn!*Ç**.Þ
(waves of ZgZuìXOç¹Y@*ìYìtØ,¡ZkyÅØ,VX»Ãðz:XtZzgZk§bÆzu}z{Ðu8-,ç EGE82.ç EGEEZk³ probabilities)
gìXt¦g¹VzZµìXZk»Z[tì J-àì»Ñ]Å|â{7ÔɦÆf~ìXYèZk»eJç (mathematical thinker) z{Zq-xgc*MC®
Ôøg}D~W@*ìÔz{åîg6,gc*MCeJçìXV~Zq-Z½kÜzVÇX÷÷tI9ÇD»gc*ÔPßV~Zq-6gc6,&×ZìXMw¬ë
(Mechanical) ät1åëZq-Z+|ÆtZKâÎ~z
58
-
nÅìXZ(ÃW@*å»Ñ]ZÜVÆZq-Z,"F,KMZmg6,ìZ·¹îg6,ZZzgX»»xtì"ÑZzgZ0+S¤!VÆ¿ÆÃðÅg7g¼iâäÆnZq-"!-öEWg³,TÆ»ä6,¡Zq-%{»Ñ]!*¹g{YñXZk{Ø}é*~ÔèÃg{!*ÑZ0+S¤!VÆ¿ÆzgZy~Ôi0+Ï¡Z·tÐz~WX»Ñ]»Zq-¹gN*ÍÔc*ZkyÆîg6,Zk§bÆFÍÚÔ¼²áÆnZ·¹îg6,f~ÅgZzgtÌZq-"gzb*Ãgg!*ÆHyZq-gzi»YNÐXW`Z,̧~ÑbñAbÃtâ+6,6gDD
ŧs`Yg;ìX»Ñ]Zq- (non-mechanical reality) »gc*Zq-)z|Ðic*{x/¥xC (great thought) ¹(,~áÆOñZq-¹(,}ìw
Z·C¡ZbÅwÐZkâ~*~zZg7HìÔZ[ë (mind) ìXf{ÛZzgxZVÅwÐZLw Æ Zq-Z,£x6,Vgìf»¬Ýâ~
,Xtfµøg}fŧb7ìXÉZq-Z(fìTäâ~ZVÐZK̈ãârÅðÅXZzgt¼Zq-ZYÅ̂~¬ÐZkÆf~ñåX].h+DëÃ6g@*ìë*Æ!*g}~ZLZyìÑ]6,ÃU*ã,ëä¢~
(designing or ic*xZV / ~ìn¸Xëägc*Ä1ì»Ñ]Zq-µÅÞ]}gìøg}fй¼x/ìX controlling power)
_.!*]zZ]ÆZ±gÐ7ÉZk§i6,ÎWÆZ±gÐTÃëgc*MCfÆZÖp~ZZMhóó (mathematical mind)
The Mysterious Universe( pp.136-38)
59
-
bÆZ0+gdwÐZkp~Æ!*zÔtzZ§ìiîg6,Zïg}.ZÆf~Ãðúc*VÛtaZ7ZìXÉZkÆ',@Zïg}.ZÆzV66eàÐZLÑbÃF,KM¶~ÑñXZkÅzzÃðdgc*Ä7É¡ìX@*gõ"ÑgVßVн~ðì|ƪCÙYäÆ!*zZK̈yä¡ZknZkÃJw7HZkÅZYi]7êåX¸åZ#egÎ',k¬ZOÆfYäZgTÆ£«~̄Ò5Ò3ð GGÆÃbÃâ+ÐZïgc*XqÑèÅ545ë GEEYN*zgÐ
¤/äzZáÍáZkÆÃbÃW\V@|¯`¸XQ¸åZ#ägzÝÆ0 (Max Plank) ZÞ,~ÆWy~',ÞÆ6,zWâ¾ö7-
Z+=%]7X»Ñ]ÆET¦gÃßU*"$gÂzÜÆâCÙ+äZkÃt7HZzg²J-Zk»èZtZhZDgìXqÑèW`z{ÃZ#-êEH¹g~Åßg]~D435é EGG]ÆZëZßßV~ÑgHY@*ìX
ÂÔ Z¤/Ë»tìwÃzu}ßÍV~ÂYìÔ1bZâV~7@*ä¹ì: (A.V.Hills) ZkÃ~Zq-bZV»¸wc*ÑVÇXeZËe
I shoud be the last to claim that we, scientific men, are less liable
to prejudice than other educated men. Quoted by A,N. Gilkes,
Faith for Modern Man, p.109
ª~Wy~¿VÇZk!*]»úò}ë0ZVzu}½c*CßÍVÆ£¨~ÁgppzZáDX
Z[Zq-Z+*~VÅ»gÛâðÔtZyùÅY$ËìÃð¦g¡ZknJw1YñÇz{dîg6,U*"$HìX@*gõ»îs/ìZK̈yÆ
60
-
gÉZkÆ_.!*]gìÔ:ZkÅ=XZ¤/pdZzgxîg6,=ãxqÝìX1ic*{F,Z(Zì=p_.!*]ÅW!!»ggìX¹ÁZ(Zìz{_.!*]ÃZL1~mX=äå_.!*]Æh~ÑbF,ZÚXZzgZk§bZL_.!*CgztÃ[gztªCÙäÅÃÒCgìÔpZ{|zZ§ZK̈y»B:}1_.!*]Ц8gxz{ZLn¢zg~&ìXëÃc*ǵeøgZçnËáÐ
7ìÅ!*äÆÑiZkÆ_.ZCg¿ªCÙCìÔÉøgZ#¥ZK̈yìXZzgZK̈yZÏzÜË!*]Ãâ}ìZ#z{pÌâ'eìXZ¤/z{pâ':eLÂ
(Electric Ãð?¡?äÅwÐZÐb7$ËX?Ã',¹Å»ì£x7¯c*YYXZzgµZK̈ã@*gõÅtÐ(,~R,~ìX Switch)
61
-
TÃbgc*Ä:m].h+fYîs"ÆZk³6,ãT§bë"Yyâ{Æ_·
â} Yæ ~»x[ñÔZϧbëZK̈yÆ0ëÃgc*Ä7MhXÆExZzg§»CExÆgxytÛtìYæâ{Zq-³ây»0*ÈìXZ#§»CbCÙÍc*÷÷[CkVg8-',8-Æ"Ñgg|#Úîg6,ZK(ZzgZK̂$+sgTóóâ~bCÙÆ',@§»CbCÙÃz£Å̈)zZÂV~̈
Æ (descriptive science) 7HYYXZ¤/pâ~*»DÌZ[J-Üsz%D£xJ-àìg|bÅZq-Zãí^ìXYètDqzVÅZÝâÎÃ
øg}Zz6,"Õ[7@*ÔÉtZkÆPªCÙ~Zzs}ziyZzgkãZz){ÃÒy@*ì@*ëZkDÅ$+zªtZìë~Zâ (Spatial Dimensions)
¤ÜaZìWÒ{äzZázZu]Æ07ÍðÃÉZÒqÑ]~ZyÆÇÇzZµäÅ@*gõ»çÃXâ{ÅF,IZzgZkÅS:]Yyhe
ÆëÃZKfZ]Æ´z{½ãCÙZkq6,1qÝHìi}ÅR6,ñìXY0+ZgzVÆDä!*kxZzgZK̈yÆDä!*
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ZzgÛzã*ÆBZkÆ©]Ãl!ÃXZKfZ]»täÆnëÃZ/'gÂVÐæh7,CìXZzgZk§bZExлx¢8@*ìX¡~îg6,tÓxExZLˬxÑÆ0ËZq-{¦g6,7íXz{ZK̈yÐÜsZ¹qzVÅh+DZyÆ{m§hVÐqÝ$ËìZzgZyêZ]ÃZq-zu}Ð5Ìc*YñÂz{Zq-̂k|ÐÌÁËDXZyêZ]ÆÌZq-Z+fZ]!*¹gSì¹ZëCìZzgZkÃÃZ0+Zi7HYYXD=ôÔ6Ô
P]Ô;]Ôx]Ô@*gõÔØ]Ô(ÏZOc*]ZLñçqÃ7g}îg6,»7DXz{ZK̈yTÐSàâCÙ+WÙÔÇÔZK̈yйzg@*ìXz{Zq-Gz£ÆÎZZzg¼7ZGz]6,ìXZzgXÃCÙZq-DÅ/'gÂVäaZHìX
ZK̈yàzÜZq-ÑlìTÃ=ô»¬Ýo@*Mh@*ìÔz{Zq-ÅgìT»âCÙ+;]Zzg(,}(,}gzqãZE+{x@{DXz{Zq-,ìTÆZ0+gÚÐZk!*]»Ø¸ìz{ZkÅfZ]ÅZÇV~7æ{ìÔz{6ðâ{Ì
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64
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(Psychological Zzg;CzÜ (Physiological Time) PCzÜ (Duration)ÅâÎHìXëtYë$o-Bð
EGEVÔZ¡IYÔgîGVZzgÅgÐ%X Time)
pÅgZzgârÆgxã©]Z[J-Zq-gZi¶ñXëÃZ¡!úVÆP]»7gZ7gZDqÝ7XZgZ~¸]¾uJ-ÂxKã~p´VaZCìÔ¾§bârZ¡IYÆqÑ]ÐOW,@*ìÔ§ii0+ϽZÆ6ðâzVÔW[zZZzgPCZzgZܹF,VÆfg=¾§bKãZzgâ©S:]~gzgZV$CÙZq-ÛÃQÔp´VaZÅY$ËX
ëtÌ7YyMheJçÔW]ZzgZ¡IYZzgâ©Zzggzqãu¤/ñVÆgxy¾nÆ©]XëZyZò[Ð**zZXů6,Z¡!ÂZiyZzgyZzgFg-VÅæZfaZCìÔë7YZܹZkÔ̧]êZzgP̀]þ
§bF,¹~Y$ËìXf6ÔZܹZzgß5:u¤/ñVÅZ°ZÌHìÔ)1CZzgèIZkÅ¢zg]HìÔ¾nÅ̧]ÐZÑZ¹©]»¼g@*ìXZk~Ãðµ7PCZzgâ©Zò[pÙc*1Ô»x!c***»ò»³DXpët7Yz{Zò[HXëËÛÆZ0+g¡¦îg6,pÙ»8hÂî F7aZMhXZ[J-ëZkÃ7Yyn4yWòÅZyZÛZF,¹Æn¾n»âjwic*{oìÔHøg~PCZzggzqã|#пBÔZzg1Ãzg**eìÔñ{Õy~ëZK̈yÃizZw5+k,äо§bgzuMhXZy!*ÂVÆ0øg~Zð
p»!*)̄Ô¹Ðzu}ÎZÑ]GYMhXZy»ÃðZ[7c*YYXtsªCÙìZK̈yÆ0ÓxExÅ'g]Ì**»°ìXZzgtZKfZ]Æ0
65
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Man the Unknown, (pp. 16-19) øgZDZ[J-ZZðqª~ìXtZ½ktªCÙäÆn»°ì¶î÷÷ZK̈yóó»DZÌJ-ZK̈yÃqÝ7ZX
ZK̈ãzÆâ~zÆ!*g}~Âë¹¼YX1z{ZK̈yZkâ~zÃNzw@*ìZkÐëÑDXZzg¸zzìi0+ÏZ[J-øg}nZq-gZiµðìZzgZ#J-tgZi:Ai0+ÏÅ9yzúe7XZɽmøPwÅÂ[Z\ö÷÷ZK̈y**¥xóóÃgc*ÄäÅZq-4ÃÒìXZk§bÅÃlñ{iâ:~¹(,}e:6,Yg~X1Z[J-»³#ÆÎZZzg¼7X
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Ck@*ìT§bZK̈yäâ~*ÐzZ/qÝàìZzgZkÃZK%èÆg;ìZϧbz{ZLW\ÃÌYyYìZzgZLç5]ÃgY ZEw _.
ì1pøg~¥x*ÆZ0+gZk!*]ÆZág}ñëT§bâ}ÆZzsÃ¥xfeÔZϧbëZK̈yÃ7MhX
TzÃ6ê X÷÷ZK̈yóóëÔz{6,zIöixƶñzhzVúV6,Zq-ì6,zIöixHì?z{)f~gzbZâY»_%ìTÆZ0+ggzb5+k,~Å)©à&¢ACìX{/V~z{i0+ÏÅZ»ðì1tZq-|ìT§bëâ~*ÃKÆnZk»_·DXÇZϧbë6,zIöix»_·7MhX
z{¼TÃëZKW\VÐÙz{¼qzV»%@*ìXZ¤/
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äú~H÷÷0*ã (Haeckel) CzVÇ*Zkâ{о§b¯ðYCìXóóc*«Ô6ðZbZYZzgzÜAÂz{Zq-ZK̈yÅðYìXóó
WxÆZq-ZVZzg (molecule) }0*ãÆ0¥x[ìZk»Zq-?;àgzXÆzZVÐ%@*ìXt!*Çøg}'~ìëZyuVÃZÏÚÐ50*ãÅ̂},Xc*0*ãÆ>VÃÂhz!*g{WxZzg;àgzX~ps,X1ZK̈y»çnZkÐZìÔbäz{ZbZY¥xn6,zIöix~0*ñYDZzgZyƺmÚÌgc*Ä`X1ZK̈yt7YZyZbZYÃZϺmF,KMÐ5i0+ÏaZ}X6,zIöixÆZbZñF,0ÌÆ
gxyÚìÔÇZÏÚÐZyZbZYÃ5c*Y@*ìXpz{6,zIöix7áCf~gzbXqÑèzu}6z~%·]ZyÆZbZñF,0ÌÃZÏÚÐ5ä6,0YDXÍc*ëT§bâ~ZâY~¥sÆâ~zZu]Ãz~ÑDÔÇZϧbëZK̈yÆZz6,¥säÅg]7gnpX
tZK̈yÆ~øg~«¬b~ìT»ZZsä6,ë6gXzu~ZkÐ(,~qtìZK̈yÆ~øgZÓx435é EGGC_·ZK̈È%{»_·ìÔZK̈yi0+{»_·äÅ&¢AëZLZ0+g7gnpXbäz{ZbZY¥xa
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³tìZ#Ì6,zIöix»6z~tHY@*ìÂtzzÜ@*ìZ#6,zIöixÐZkÅgzbòYCìXZ(L7Z6z~tHYg;Zzg6,zIöix~gzb
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;]»tZ%sZkuJ-(,JZìu} X ÃðZY® Ô ZYgm0Y@*ìñìX Zµ °Zß (science) ÐZkzZ§»ZïgDZk**x»ÃðD
ìÑ]ÆZkkÃNz{ÎøìZK̈ãzÆzu}{Ô§»]Ô»_·}@*zâVÆ}òÃ5ÃðgZñìÅYnXZ#ZK̈yÃz{ZkwÐ8ìÂZÐÃW@*ìZK̈yÔÂxÇÔÂxwÔÂxzgZypyz){»Zq-ù·ìXZyÂñVÅãCP6z~p=V6,ì¼6z~ZâYZzgZyÆW:Æ¿Zzgg¿Ð
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Æ%ZK̈yÆ!*g}~ÇZzg.ÞZEy¥â]:ïÃÏXZknZ[z{6Zzg435é EGG]»_·ä4ìZzgZk~Zq-/rêìX
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69
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äÆ!*zz{˳6,7(XZzg¿ZK̈yÅ|¥xäZzgZkÆâyz{Zq-Z+*~ËY@*ìÃWäÆ!*z$ç E7WCeZËe Ô zää`å
ÆZÖp~: (Joad)÷÷].h+â{Zq-Z+"|qì;B7W$ËXtÃ,ZzgzÜÆ%»
Zq-Z¸gÔ',¹gz»Zq-YwìXc*ZkyÅZq-ØìÙÙ+ÆZ0+gÅYC]ZÐâ{ÆOñÚzZáÆÅg»Zq-;Y@*ìXóó z ìXZÒZ
i0+ÏÆgZiÃâ~Ex~lä»t]**uZxC@*ìi0+Ï»gZiZK̈yÆn**.Þgc*ÄìXZ[T§bZq-Fg¿Åtmzg~z{pZC´`7YÔZkÃtâ+6,6gCìZkÃZq-eZËÆ0*kY**e34/õ XGJXZϧbÂx¡]~ZK̈y»Zq-qÆn¢zg]q**ZzgQZk¢zg]ÅÆn»°&¢A:ǵZk!*]»Zág{ìZkÆnz{ZLZk}.Z»Z`ìTäZÐñ{̂~¯c*ìXT§b}.ZäZÐWx»Z`¯c*ìZzgQWx"[lZg~g}ÒZgnƤ/;~XZϧbZkäZK̈yÃi0+ÏÅ|Y+»Z`¯c*XZzgQZL1VÆfg=i0+ÏÅ|zZãÛâðX
70
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z§].h+»è<¬gs
**.Þ¿ìZzgZK̈y (complete scepticism) A3½hÑõ XÆ4,q-åùÆn¼:¼o{ǵ¢zg~ìXz{qì:
Religion of some sort is probably necessary.
Hindustan Times, Oct. 1961
ªË:Ën»è
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-
(The W\ÃÌ$+wnóóXZyZÖpÆBz{ZKÂ[»!*[ZK̈+MÅ5yÑzq@*ìX÷÷@*gõ~«!*gbÅæÐZK̈+MZKë Remaking of Man)
ÅW\â´0ìXW`tñµqÝìëT§bâ{6,¿ÆZkÃZK}.#Ö~ÑgìÔZϧbZzggzb6,¿ÆZkÃZKAYÆ_.eJwÃXëY+f6Ô$+ZܹZzgx̀»g~ÀñgzO7CXëZy',ZÇVÅZϧbZ&bMhT§bëFg-VÃZYDXóó
eZËZGPwZkX6,'×h+qì:÷÷ÅzwÄäbÅZ4^Æ_.»x7HÔÉâZÅ435é EGG]ÆߦgZ]Æ_.ZK̈yÅyÅìXëÃe34/õ XGJZyuÈ-VÃÂh,ÇZâYÅS:]Zzgøg~fZ]ÆZUVÆgxyì~Xttøg~Óx
ÅZq-ß̈»³ìÔ̄Ò5Ò3ð GG (genial idea) 6VÅf)ZgìÔ̄Ò5Ò3ð GGÆÂ6~ÃØäqzVÅZZðÌ]ÃÔZZzgziy6,ZzgXÅWãÐeöÅY$ËìÔZyU*â~Ì]ÐZµc*^Ôg8-Zzg1z){ÐmgBbZzgXÅeö7ÅY$ËXSêÐ].Zc*HìXZktÐ)©à}òaZñX
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-
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ÃF,ube34/õ XGJXârÃQâ{ÆZ0+g( (dualism) ,XekĝÅ"3ð IEe$´eXgzbÃWÒ{Ð].Z7**e34/õ XGJX_.!*]ÃÌZâZÌ´eÎ
wH]wZg]ÆâyÃ~YCìXZq-Z(Ãt&ÎwÐic*{²J-4yßÍVÆf~V6,Yc*g;Ô7g}îg6,ZkÐWiZ**¹ÂìpZ¤/Z(Yñ¯gUª]Z0zZu]gzúVÐXâ{ůE»YñÏXgc*M]Ô435é EGG]Zzg6ŧbZܹÔ)1CZzgèIZdw»_·Ì!*Ç¢zg~¥xÇÔøy¡ÆâCÙ+ÐtÎZwÇz{YVÜsKãFg-VÃgz1ŧsÂzDZzgâ©ZzgZ¡!Z%Zn»´`
Æ (humours) Æâ]ÆBZÜo YVl7DXâCÙ+Z%ZnÃZ¡Iâ]»Ì_·**ÇZzgtY'Çâr»$o-Bð
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z){z){XóóMan the Unknown, (1961) pp. 257-63
Zk§beZËPwÅøáÆ_.ZK̈ã)]»:Ltìâ~ExÅÂzWeä6,F,¹ðÔ1TZK̈yätHpZk»DÔY0+ZgV»DÔ!*ÇZZðqª~g{Hìzg:T§b({Zzg$+1Zg@*gÃw4+p̈gùVÅßg]~ÃW@*ìZzgßìÆ$+zäeápzg]0VÅ̂~ÃuÔZϧbZK̈yZzgZK̈ã`ÌbÅæÐ!*rz·g0H@*XZkÆZLZÖp~:
We are the victims of the backwardness of the science of life over
those of matter (p.39)
74
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ÅgZzgøg}ÃOW,gìXZkÐëZо§bëZLW\ÃZL¤/z7Æ_.eJBZzgZ¤/âjwÃ$+Ü¢zg~¾§bëZÐ$+BXøg~zZª¡]øg~¦ZZzgZkÆZÖgƧhVÆgzÝ~WäÆtDøg~PC$zg~ZzgZܹZzgf6Fg-VÅzzCnÇXëZKKãZzggzqãu¤/ñVÆZTÞ¸Z2ÃY+Ô**Y,̂
Ægxy×äZzgtCkäÆn (lawful) ZzgY,̂ (prohibited)ëZLìwÆ_.ZLW\ÃZzgZLâjwïä~WiZ7ÔëÃðzuZfg=7gnpXZ#].h+Õyäi0+ÏÆ¡~qÑ]Ã',!*
Å (science of man) c*ìÔzu}ÓxExÆ£«~ZK̈ãDZ̹(,|ìXóó
Man the Unknown, p. 39
ZkDÃqÝäÅHßg]X÷÷CÙwëFggT$hÒ5é EG]ÔÂZzÚËÔZzgZ°ZzÑgÔZÜtz¬Z]ÔP]Ô=ô§»C6Ô86Ô;]Ô¥Ôøy¡Ô½Ô
Ø]Ô/Z*]ÔZOc*]z){ÆâCÙ+äZLZL®~.ÞgF,¹ÅìXpnZyÆ}òª]Z0îg6,¹)ZëDX
75
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76
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zu~^~CÙZêìXYèZK̈yÆ!*g}~Ç¥â]qÝ$Ëz{âÎÅÔZK̈yÆâ~UÐ0ÔZk (descriptive) Üszz%
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@*z{ZLZgZ{ÐzäÑëeTX0*zg;k~Zq-Å!*äÐàÆg}gz×Mh1ZK̈yÆnÃðZ(ây**eì6,7Vîg6,
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Ôzu}ZÖo~ZK̈âV~p¾èÔZzgg3Æ_.!*]aZ(127 DXóóm
tãCÌ!*ǽìXYèZ̀ìÅq-ÆZ¤/p¼ZzgZò[ÌD1Dîg6,z{Zò[Z°ZzgZÝ:LZK̈y»ZCêìXê6,NzwqÝG%˧bêâ:f»7ÅY$ËXt**eìZܹê}»´`ZϧbhßV~äÑT§bKã%ÉV»´`HY@*ìXYèx̀Zq-ZgZ~zZ§ìZzgFg~Zq-â~zZ§Xøg}uXâ{ÅoMhMhÔz{ZK̈ãZgZ{»W6,c7MhXZknz{ZK̈ãZgZ{6,1Ì70*MhX
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÷÷435é EGG]ÔÔ6Zzg}ãÆá0+Zg²z`Æ£¨~DZK̈ãÅNgëgøg}W!*YzZ].ZźÛÔñçqÅëÏZzgøg}ârÅ
: {m¯z^»³ìtg»zãC~XZyÆ»äÅÃðZy7There is no hope of eliminating them
YyÂhÃÒÆZy6,1qÝHYYìÔøg}fZ]»DÔ435é EGG]Åp̈ÏÔh+ZzgpzgCqÝ7YXz{Zò[ZkÅF,¹~qg`Dgìáh+zg7GYMhXëÃsîg6,â'e34/õ XGJZK̈y»DÓxEx~Ðic*{Â
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-
"̧~øg~¡]ÅözìVÅzzÐå',ÛZggìÏXóóMan in the Modern World, p. 133
t§Ìª]Z0ìttDñZK̈ãDZK̈yÆn**.Þgc*ÄìÔëtZyDëZK̈yÅi0+ÏÆ)bÃiBÐÔZ,)bX»iZÏzÜeìZ#ZK̈ãD6,gqÝYñX¾gª]Z0!*]ìZq-Z(ñh}.ZÅgÉðŧsZág{@*ìÔzÐWòZy~&×Y@*ìX
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ÛZgêìXZkÆ4,q-}.ZÅ (mysticism) ZɽmøPwZAxÃß5:cÄìXT§bZq-¿Kã (personal undertaking) låîg6,Zq-fZCî
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÷÷ZLÅgÅwÆWòZq-Z+**.Þx@{|J-îÅÃÒ@*ì|ÌìZzgâ~*Ð!*ÑF,ÌXZk§bz{ZLW\ÃZ, (immanent) Zq-û
(,}Ã~eZmìTÅÃð¿P̀]YìXz{ËÃzÃWYìZzgËÃ-Z:Ô1Ãð¿tÎZw7Y¬gÃ:/9ìc*ßXtÃðpqìc*zëì
Ð6,}Ãð^ìXVz{Zd|ÐY (dimension) c*gzb»øg~*ÆZïYCìXcÄWòÅZdF,+WgizVÃúîìÔZ0+gzã¸]ÔgzqãgzÝÔ}.ZðÔ"ujyÔèIz].ZyZÚÇìA)1CZk:
Religious intuition is as real as a esthetic inspiration.
J- (ultimate truth) â¯tZ²~ƦgÆfg=¬gsZzgá²Wy~ZÜíXóó
Through the contemplation of superhuman beauty mystics andpoets may reach the ultimate truth.
Man the Unknown, p. 132
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An Historian's Approach to Religion, P. 16
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An Historian's Approach to Religion, P. 251
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Wò Ô ÛZg}XZkn»Ãð̦g|Ðic*{Zq-Ûd$ì (choosen people)äpZLf~aZ1ìXóó
An Historian's Approach to Religion, P. 135
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