mauricio barreto:big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

48
Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation? Mauricio L. Barreto Rio de Janeiro, Outubro 2013

Upload: flavio-codeco-coelho

Post on 13-May-2015

561 views

Category:

Education


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Talk by Maurício Barreto on the 1st Symposium of Big Data and Public Health, 2013

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Mauricio L. Barreto

Rio de Janeiro, Outubro 2013

Page 2: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Introduction

• The health conditions of a population are defined by a complex set of factors and interventions acting upon this population.

• Epidemiology is focused on the study of health determinants at population level using observational, but eventually experimental approaches.

• In recent times, it has dedicated part of its effort to study the impact on health of health and non-health related interventions.

Page 3: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Introduction

• The availability of large data bases, frequently not connected, create new possibilities to conduct large population based studies with a great deal of generalizability.

• We are going to use examples from the BCG Revac Trial and evaluations of Family Health Programme and the Bolsa Familia Programme (the Brazilian Conditional Cash Transfer Programme) to present the concept in great detail.

Page 4: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Big data: is it something new?

Ask Google to translate “Big data” from English to Portuguese:

”Grandes volumes de dados”

And from Portuguese to English:

”Large volumes of data”

Page 5: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 6: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Lessons from the BCG-REVAC: a large randomised trial

of the efficacy of BCG revaccination

Page 7: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Should we revaccinate with BCG?1995 – Many countries revaccinated but there was no substantive evidence either way

WHO recommended NOT to revaccinate!

Brazilian TB control program recommended revaccinate!

Brazilian Paediatricians and Pneumologists states disagreed!

Page 8: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

BCGREVACC TRIAL

A trial of the protection of BCG revaccination against tuberculosis

Manaus Salvador

Page 9: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Main Objective:To evaluate the impact of a BCG dose at school age on tuberculosis incidence in a population with high coverage of neonatal BCG

Secondary objectives: a- to evaluate the impact on leprosy; b- in long term, to compare the BCG effect in places environmentally different (differences in the occurrence of environmental mycobacteria?)

Page 10: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Study design • Design: Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial

• Schools randomized (in pairs) to BCG revaccination/no revaccination

• Population: school children (7-14)

• Recruitment: school records, visit, confirm ID, examine arm for BCG scar

• Cases: from tuberculosis control program, validated & linked to database

Page 11: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

36.1 (29-44)per 104

36.5 (29-44)per 104

Page 12: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 13: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Protection by BCG revaccination 9% (-16 to 29)

Brazilian government suspended recommendation of revaccination

Rodrigues et al, Lancet 2005

Page 14: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 15: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Page 16: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 17: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Page 18: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 19: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Findings

BCG revaccination does not confer additional protection

Neonatal BCG protection can last up to 20 years after vaccination (maybe 40!)

First dose at school age have a 25% effectiveness and it is cost-effective

Methodologically sound & logistically possible to do very large trials of new vaccines against tuberculosis

Page 20: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

More detailed look at methods and process used a

lessons learned

Page 21: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Linkage of cases to database

Blind to alocation group and vaccine status

Based on child‘s name, birth data and mother‘s name

Validation: Home visit of those not linked to confirm not in study population

Page 22: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Simple + validation: Follow up

Ascertainment of cases - cases diagnosed by the Tuberculosis Control Program

Weekly contact with TCP officers and visits to key health services;

Inlcude cases born a bit outside the range of dates of birth in the study study population.

Page 23: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Validation Abstracted clinical, radiological and

laboratory data from cases

Review done by 2 independents chest physicians and blinded to vaccine status and PPD result

Classification of cases in confirmed, probable (I would treat based on the information), possible, (not enough information to decide) and not tuberculosis

Third chest physician reviewed cases without agreement

Page 24: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

It is possible to do

very large simple,

relatively inexpensive

and scientifically rigorous

RCTs in Brazil relying on Cases detected by the

Health system

Page 25: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Evolução do psfEvolução do psf

1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Page 26: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 27: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Am J Public Health. 2009;99(1):87-93

Fixed-Effects Models for the Bivariate Association Between Infant Mortality Rate and Family Health Program Coverage: Brazil, 1996–2004

Page 28: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 29: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 30: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Redução da mortalidade infantil, principalmente nos municípios com menor índice de desenvolvimento humano (Macinko et al.,2007; Aquino et al.,2008).

Redução da mortalidade em menores de 5 anos, por diarreia e IRAs (Rasella et al., 2010a).

Redução dos óbitos sem assistência e melhoria das informações vitais (Rasella et al., 2010b).

Redução das internações hospitalares para causas sensíveis a atenção primaria (Macinko et al., 2010).

Redução da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares (Rasella et al, não publicado)

30

Impacto do PSF na Saúde: resumo

Page 31: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Programas de transferência condicional de renda /Programa bolsa Programa bolsa

famíliafamília

Page 32: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Programas de transferência condicional de renda (PTCC)

– PTCR fornecem uma renda para famílias pobres com a condição que cumpram algumas condicionalidades, geralmente relacionadas com a saúde e a educação dos filhos.

Implantação dos PTCR no mundo

Fonte: World Bank 2009 32

Page 33: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

33

Page 34: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Sinergia entre o PBF e PSF

O PSF e o PBF são programas federais com ampla cobertura nacional

Evolução temporal da cobertura populacional do PBF e PSF no Brasil

Fonte: MDS, 2011 MS, 2011

-

34

Page 35: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Efeitos do PBF na saúde – Estudos Prévios

Poucos estudos avaliaram o impacto do PBF sobre a saúde:

1) Número de crianças nascidas a termo 14% maior nas famílias beneficiarias (SAGI, 2010).

2) Percentual de crianças consideradas nutridas, segundo o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), 39,4% maior entre os beneficiários (SAGI, 2010).

3) Aumento de crianças vacinadas no período apropriado: na vacinação contra a Poliomielite e o Tétano, Difteria e Coqueluche (DPT) de 15 a 25% maiores nos beneficiários (SAGI, 2010).

4) Freqüência de desnutrição crônica (altura para idade) 29% menor em criança que as famílias não são beneficiarias. Desnutrição aguda (peso para altura) menor de 58% nas crianças de famílias beneficiarias (Santos et al., 2007).

5) Estudo publicado recentemente mostrou o impacto do PBF na desnutrição crônica, tendo as crianças de famílias beneficiárias 26% mais chances de ter altura para idade normal (Paes-Sousa et al., 2011).

35

Page 36: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 37: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 38: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 39: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 40: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?
Page 41: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Discussão

Os resultados mostram que o Programa Bolsa Família contribui de maneira significativa para a redução da mortalidade de menores de cinco anos (TMM5), em particular por desnutrição e doenças diarreicas.

Este efeito foi mantido mesmo após o ajuste por diversas co-variáveis socio-econômicas e o PSF e aumenta com o nível de cobertura, sendo maior quando altas coberturas são mantidas durante 4 anos ou mais.

O PBF teve um efeito de redução das internações hospitalares (em geral e por causas especificas), similar ao observado na mortalidade. Indicando um efeito do PBF na redução da ocorrência de desnutrição, diarreias e infecções respiratórias

41

Page 42: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Conclusões

Os resultados de nosso estudo fornecem evidências de que programas de transferência condicional de renda como o PBF, juntamente com uma estratégia de atenção básica eficaz, pode contribuir fortemente para a redução da mortalidade na infância, em particular por causas relacionadas à pobreza.

Uma pequena quantia de dinheiro (do bolsa família) pode modificar significativamente as chances de sobrevivência das crianças.

42

Page 43: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Development of a tool for assessment of the effects of Bolsa Família and other social programs on health, education, labor and gender relations based on population cohorts referenced in the Cadastro

Único.

Julho 2013

Proponentes : Mauricio L. Barreto, Rômulo Paes-Sousa, Gerson PennaDavide Rasella, Susan M. Pereira, Rosana Aquino Instituições proponentes: 1INCT-CITECS-Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde, 2Instituto de Saúde Coletiva/UFBa, 3Centro Rio+/PNUD, 4Escola de Governo da FIOCRUZ, 5Núcleo de Medicina Tropical/UNB e 6COPPE/UFRJ (a ser confirmada)

Page 44: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Big data: can it help epidemiological investigation and in particular evaluative studies?

Page 45: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

Yes

• Extraordinary opportunities for research• Extraordinary opportunities to improve healthCan help us move towards a “learning health

care” system where evaluation is integrated into practice and policy whenever clear evidence is lacking

Page 46: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

What is needed?

• Expertise • Novel methods and approaches• Ensuring high data quality• Confidentiality and security of dataAn expectation by patients/citizens, clinicians

and policy makers that research and evaluation is a normal - in fact a necessary - part of health care and policy

Page 47: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

That’s all for now!

Page 48: Mauricio barreto:Big data: how can it help to expand epidemiological investigation?

1

Thank you!