maurer sept 27
TRANSCRIPT
7/23/2019 Maurer Sept 27
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H
i s t o r y o
f C o m p u t i n g
H
i s t o r y o f C o m p u t i n g
C S
E P 5 9 0 A ( U W
)
C S
E P 5 9 0 A ( U W
)
P P
1 9 0 / 2 9 0
P P
1 9 0 / 2 9 0 - - 3 ( U
C B )
3 ( U
C B )
C S
E 2 9 0 2 9 1 ( D
0 0 )
C S
E 2 9 0 2 9 1 ( D
0 0 )
E d L a z o w s k a , U n i v e r s i t y o f W a s h i n g t o n
S t e v e M a u r e r , U C B e r k e l e y
G e o f f V o e l k e r , U C S a n D i e g o
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V i e w p o i n t
- B e y o n d H e r o e s a n d M
y t h o l o g y
- W h
a t W o r k e
d , W h a t D
i d n ’ t , a n d W h y .
- ( F o
r B u s i n e s
s )
- F o r
P u b l i c P o l i c y
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A V e r y S i m p l e P o l i c y M o d e
l
T h e C o m m i s s a
r M o d e l : ( v – c ) > 0
C h o o
s i n g I n c e n
t i v e s t o G e t T h e r e
“ N o d o m i n
a n t i n c e n t
i v e m e c h a
n i s m . ”
V i e w p o i n t
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A H i s t o r y
o f ( v – c ) t o 1 9 7 0 :
A H i s t o r y o f “ v . ”
T e c h n o l o g
y i m p r o v e
s .
S o c i e t y u s
e s m o r e d
a t a .
I n v e n t o r s n o t i c e e x i s
t i n g u s e s .
A H i s t o r y o f “ c . ”
S p r e a d i n g
R & D c o s t s o v e r b i g g e r
m a r k
e t s .
G e a r s , v a c u u m t u b e
s
I n t e g r a t e d
c i r c u i t s a n d s o f t w a r e .
P r e v i e
w
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L e c t u r e 1 : C
o m p u t i n g t o 1 9
4 0
S t e p h e n M . M a u r e r
G o l d m a n S c h o
o l o f P u b l i c P o l i c y
s m a u r e r @ b e r k e l e y . e d u
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A n h o n e s t m a n h
a s h a r d l y n e e d t o
c o u n t m
o r e t h a n
h i s t e n f i n g e r s , o r , i n
e x t r e m e
c a s e s , h
e m a y a d d h i s t o e
s
a n d l u m
p t h e r e s
t . I s a y , l e t o u r a f f a i r s
b e a s t w
o o r t h r e
e , a n d n o
t a s a
h u n d r e d o r a t h o
u s a n d ; i n
s t e a d o f a
m i l l i o n c o u n t h a l f a d o z e n , a n d k e e
p
y o u r a c c o u n t s o n
y o u r t h u
m b n a i l . ”
- H e n r y D
a v i d T h o r e a
u
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T h e “ v ” i n ( v - c ) .
D a t a f o
r G o v e r n a n c e
- I r r i g a t i o n C u l t u r e s ( c a . 3 0 0 0 B
C )
- E g
y p t ( c a . 1 5 0 0 B C )
- R o
m a n I m p
e r i a l H o u
s e h o l d
( 1 s t C e n t u r y A D )
P r e h i s t o r y
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D a t a f o r t h e M
i l i t a r y
- M
i l i t a r y p a y b o o k s ( 1
5 0 0 B C )
- P h i l i p I I ( 3 8
2 – 2 8 6 B C )
a n d A l e x a n d e r ( 3
5 6 – 3 2 3
B C )
- P t o l e m y I ( d . 2 4 6 B C
)
P r e h i s t o r y
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D a t a
f o r R e s
e a r c h
- A r i s t o t l e ( 3 8 4 – 3 2
2 B C )
~ 4 0 0
b o o k s
- L i b r a r y o f A l e x a n d
r i a ( 2 8 3 B
C )
7 5 0 , 0 0 0 p a p y r i
P r e h i s t o r y
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C o l l a p s e :
D a r k
A g e s ( A D 4 7 6 – 1 0 0 0 )
M e d i e v a l L i f e
R e n a i s s a n c e ( 1 4 t h – 1 6 t h C e
n t u r i e s A D )
W a r f a r e &
C o m m e r c e
P r e h i s t o r y
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R
e e m e r g e n c e
C
o m m e r c e , S t a t e s , E m p i r e s
P h i l i p I I ( 1 5 2 7 – 1 5
9 8 )
1
8 h o u r w o r k
d a y s
I n b o x : 2 0 0 0 p p . / d a y
O
u t b o x : 3 0 0
m e m o s / d a y
.
T
h i r t y Y e a
r s ’ W a r ( 1 6 1 8 – 1 6 4 8 )
G
u s t a v u s A d
o l f u s
( 1 5 9 4 – 1 6 3 2
) .
P r e h i s t o r y
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A n d s o m e t h i n g n e w : B i g S c
i e n c e P r o
b l e m s
T y c h
o B r a h e ( 1 5 4 6 – 1
6 0 1 )
C o m p u t i n g T r i g F u n c t i o
n s
W i l h e l m S c h i c
k a r d ( 1 6
2 3 – 2 4 )
P r o f e s s o r o f M
a t h e m a t i c s , A s t r o n o m y a n d H e b r e w
D e s i g n e d m a c h i n e f o r K e p l e r
t h a t c o u l d a d d , s u b t r
a c t , m u l t i p l y , a n d d i v i d e .
S
o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w . g r i s . u n i - t u e b i n g e n . d
e / p r o j e c t s / s c h i c k a
r d / i n d e x . h t m l
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O r i g i n s :
1 7 t h
– 1 8 t h C e n t u r i e
s
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B l a i s e P a s c a l ( 1
6 2 3 – 6 2 )
M a
t h e m a t i c
a l P r o d i g y
W h e e l b
a r r o w
H y d r a u
l i c P r e s s
B a r o m e t e r
P r o b a b
i l i t y T h e o
r y
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E t i e n n e P
a s c a l ’ s T
a x H e a d a c h e
P r o t o t y p e
( 1 6 4 2 ) &
P a t e n t (
1 6 4 5 )
A d d i n g a n d S u b t r a c t i n g
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B u s i n e s s
P l a n
D e m o n s t r a t i o n s &
F i n a n c i n g
5 0 “ P a s c a l i n e s ” b u
i l t t h r o u g h 1 6 5 2
C o s t : 1 0 0
l i v r e s e a
c h .
S l o w , t e m
p e r a m e n
t a l .
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C o n c e p t : 1 6 7 1
D e f i n i t i v e M a c h i n e : 1 6 9 4
G o t t f r i e d L e i b n i t z ( 1 6 4 3 –
1 7 1 6 )
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G o a l : “ I t i s
u n w o r t h y o f e x c e l l e n t m
e n
t o l o s e h o u
r s l i k e s l a v e
s i n t h e l a b o r
o f c a l c u l a t i o n , w h i c h c o u l d e a s i l y b
e
p a s s e d o n
t o a n y o n e e
l s e i f m a c h i n e s w e r e u s e d . ”
I n c e n t i v e s :
A i d e t o E l e c t o r - A r c h b i s
h o p o f M a i n
t z
G o
t t f r i e d L e
i b n i t z
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W h y D i d n
’ t I t W o r k
?
T e c h
n o l o g y
G e a r s : T o l e
r a n c e s , S l a c k a n d B i n d i n g .
P e r f o r m a n c e I n a d e q u a t e ?
A C i r c u l a r A
r g u m e n t ?
E c o n
o m i c s
S p r e a d i n g R
& D C o s t s
W a s t h e M a
r k e t B i g E n o u g h ?
H o w M u c h C o m p u t i n g D i d t h e W o r l d
N e e d ?
P o l i c y
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T h o m a s d e C o l m a r
( 1 8 2 0 )
A r i t h m o m e t e r
7
f i g u r e a c c u r a c y , $ 1 5 0 e
a c h .
E n g i n e e r s a n d i n s u r a n c e
c o m p a n i e s .
R i s e o f
B i g B u s i n e s
s :
N a b i s c o ( 1 8 9 3 ) , T r a v e l e r s I n s u r a n c e
( 1 8 8 3 ) ,
F i r e m e n ’ s F u n d ( 1 8 6 3 ) , A
l c o a ( 1 8 8 8 )
D o r r E .
F e l t ( 1 8 8 7 )
K e y b o a r d
C o m p t o m e t e r
1 9 t h C e n t u r y S e q u
e l
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W i l l i a m
S . B u r r o u g h s
B u r r o u g h s
A d d i n g M a
c h i n e C o m p a n y , l a t e r U
n y s i s
P r i n t i n g c a l c u l a t o r s
S o l d t o b a n k s
a n d c l e a r i n g h o u s e s a t $ 2 2 0 e a c h .
1 , 0 0 0 m a c h i n e s / y e a r b y 1 9 0 0 .
1 3 0 , 0 0 0 m a c h
i n e s / y e a r b y 1 9 0 8 .
5 8 M o d e l s , “ O
n e B u i l t f o r E v e r y L i n e o f B u s i n e
s s ”
S u c c e s s : I m p
r o v e d t e c h n o l o g
y b a s e .
M a
r k e t p e n e t r a t i o n
i s ( r e a s o n a b l y ) f a s t .
R &
D c a n n o w b e s p
r e a d o v e r h u g e
m a r k e t s .
A R o b u s t T e c
h n o l o g y
T h e M a n h a t t a n P r o
j e c t
2 0 t h C e n t u r y S e q u
e l
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A S u c c e s
s S t o r y f o r P a t e n t s ?
D e t e r m i n i n g p r i v a
t e n e e d s .
B u t : ( v – c ) f o r v e r y e x p e n s i v e
i n v e n t i o n s .
B u t : e x a n t e v s . e x p o s t e f f i c i e n c y .
B u t : G
o v e r n m e n t
a s b u y e r ?
B u t : F
i n a n c i n g a n
d i n f o r m a t i o
n a s y m m e t r y .
P o l i c y
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1 9 t h C e n t u r y :
T h e I d e
a o f C o
m p u t e r
s
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P r e - H i s t o r y
M y t h : H a e p h e
s t u s , G o l e m ,
A l b e r t u s M a g n u s
L i b r a r y o f A l e x a n d r i a
M e d i e v a l C l o c
k s
L e o n a r d o D a V i n c i ( 1 4 5 2 - 1 5
1 9 )
J u l i a n T u r i a n n
o ( c a . 1 5 5 6 )
H a n s B u l l m a n
( c a . 1 5 4 7 )
R e n e D e s c a r t e s & “ S o u l l e s s M a c h i n e r y ”
F r o m A u t o m a t a t o W e
a v i n g
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B a s i l B
o u c h o n
P u
n c h e d C a r d
s ( 1 7 8 5 )
D e V a u c a n s o n ( 1 7 0 9 – 8
2 )
A u
t o m a t a
D i r e c t o r o f S t a
t e S i l k M i l l s
( 1 7 4 1 )
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J o s e p h M
a r i e J a c q
u a r d ( 1 7 5 2 – 1 8 3 4 )
F i s h i n g n e t m
a c h i n e – P r i z e a n d p a t e n t
P a t t e r n L o o m
( 1 8 0 6 ) – P r i z
e + R o y a l t y
L y o n s R i o t s ( 1 8 1 0 )
1 1 , 0 0 0 l o o m s
i n o p e r a t i o n b y 1 8 1 2
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P o l i c y
S
e r e n d i p i t y : P l a y t h
i n g s t u r n
o u t t o b e
u s e f u l
P a t e n t s w o n ’ t w o r k - P a t r o n a g
e a n d r e p u t a t i o n
L e a d u
s e r s ?
L
a t e S t a g e I n n o v a t i o n
P a t e n t s v s . P r i z e s
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C h a r l e s B a b b
a g e
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h a r l e s B a b b a
g e ( 1 7 9 2 – 1 8 7 1 )
B
a n k i n g / E s t a b
l i s h m e n t r o o t s
O
b s e s s i o n s : A
u t o m a t a , M i s t a k e s ,
S t r e e t M
u s i c i a n s .
O
t h e r P r o j e c t s
C h e s s P l a y e r
P e n n y P o s t
A c t u a r i a l t a b l e s
S p e e d o
m e t e r
C o w c a t
c h e r
P h y s i c s
, G e o l o g y , M a t h e m a t i c s
L u c a s i a
n P r o f e s s o r o
f M a t h e m a t i c s
( C a m b r i d g e )
A
d a , C o u n t e s s
o f L o v e l a c e ( 1 8 1 5 – 5 2 )
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D i f f e r e n c e E n g i n e
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D i f f e r e n c e E n g i n e
E r r o
r s i n T a b l e
s
F i r i n g a n d N a v i g a t i o n T a b l e s
G a s p a r d
d e P r o n y ( 1 7 5 5 - 1 8 3 9 )
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M e t h o d o f
D i f f e r e n c e
s
T h o m a s H a r r i o t ( 1 5 6 0 - 1 6 2 1 )
N u m b e r C u b e
1 s t D i f f .
2 d D i f f .
3 r d D i f f .
1
1
- -
- -
- -
2
8
7
- -
- -
3
2 7
1 9
1 2
- -
4
6 4
3 7
1 8
6
5
1 2 5
6 1
2 4
6
6
2 1 6
1 2 7
3 6
6
e t c . , e t c .
. . .
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D i f f e r e n c e E n g i n e
I d e a
( 1 8 1 2 ) a n
d P r o t o t y p
e ( 1 8 2 0 –
2 2 )
R o y a l A s t r o n o m i c a l S o c i e t y
G r a n t s ( £ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ) , N o t P a t e n t s
F o r s a i l o r s a n d s c h o l a r s –
T o l e
r a n c e s
T e r m
i n a t e d p r o j e c t i n 1 8 3 3 .
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C h r i s t o p h e r E v a
n s , T h e M a k i n g o f t h e M i c r
o : A H i s t o r y o f t h e
C o m p u t e r ( L o n d
o n 1 9 8 1 )
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G e o r g S c h e u t z ( 1 7 8 5 – 1 8 7 3 )
P r o t o t y p e ( 1 8 3 3 )
F u l l s c a l e ( P a r i s E x h i b i t i o n 1 8 5 3 ) - A s t r o n o m y
B r i t i s h c o p y ( 1 8 5 9 ) – L i f e e x p
e c t a n c y t a b
l e s
S
e q u e l
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A n a l y
t i c a l E n g
i n e
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A n a l y t i c a l E n g i n e
A S t e a m - p o w e r e d , p r o g r a m m a b l e
m a c h i n
e
M o v i n g
N u m b e r s
I n s t e a d
o f Y a r n …
1 8 3 0 - 1 9 0 6
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M u l t i p l y ( a b + c ) d = ?
N u m b e r V a r i a b l e O p e r a t i o n
A c t i o n
C a r d
C a r d
C a r d
1
P l a c e s a o n C o l u m n 1 o f S t o r e
2
P l a c e s b o n C o l u m n 2 o f S t o r e
3
P l a c e s c o n C o l u m n 3 o f S t o r e
4
P l a c e s d o n C o l u m n 4 o f S t o r e
1
B r i n g s a f r o m
S t o r e t o M i l l
2
B r i n g s b f r o m
S t o r e t o M i l l
1
D i r e c t s a x b
= p
3
T a k e s p t o c o l u m n 5 o f S t o r e
4
T a k e s p i n t o
M i l l
5
B r i n g s c i n t o
M i l l
2
D i r e c t s p + c
= q
6
T a k e s q t o C o l u m n 6 o f S t o r e
7
B r i n g s d i n t o
M i l l
8
B r i n g s q i n t o
M i l l
3
D i r e c t s d x d
q = r
1 0
T a k e s r t o p r i n t e r
s
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P o l i c y
D i f f e r e n c
e E n g i n e
T e c h
n i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s ?
A s y m
m e t r i c i n f o r m a t i o n
G o v e r n m e n t s k e p t i c i s m
P a r t i a l S o l u t i o n : T r u s t e
d i n t e r m e d i a r i e s
G r a n
t s v s . p a t e n t s
N o c o m m e r c
i a l v a l u e
A S i n g l e C u s
t o m e r , a S i n g
l e P r o b l e m
J u d g i n g U s e r N e e d
s
E x a n
t e v s . e x p o s t
A n a l y t i c a
l E n g i n e
( v – c
) < 0 ?
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H e r m a n n H o l l e r i t h & P u n c h C a r d s (
P t . 1 )
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H e r m a n n
H o l l e r i t h
T h e C
e n s u s C h
a l l e n g e
1 8 8 0 C e n s u s
T h e P o p u l i s t I m p u l s e
C o n s
u l t a n t t o C
e n s u s B u r
e a u ( 1 8 7 9
)
M I T P
r o f e s s o r ( 1 8 8 2 )
S t a r t e d w i t h p
a p e r t a p e , w h
i c h c o u l d n o t
b e s o r t e d
S t u d i e d J a c q u a r d L o o m s
E l e c t r o m e c h a
n i c a l s o l u t i o n .
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F i r s t P a t e n
t s ( 1 8 8 4 –
8 7 )
R a i s i n g C a
p i t a l
B r o t h e r i n l a w
T h e L i b r a r y B u r e a
u
B a l t i m o r e
H e a l t h D
e p t . ( 1 8 8
7 )
W a r D e p a r t m e n t , N e
w Y o r k , N e w
J e r s e y h e a l t h
r e c o r d s .
C e n s u s P r i z e C o m p e t i t i o n
a n d 1 8 8 0 C
e n s u s
1 8 9 0 C e n s u s – R e n t s M a c h i n
e s a t $ 1 0 0 0
/ y e a r +
$ 1 0 p e n a l t y
f o r d o w n t i m
e
1 9 0 0 C e n s u s – C o m p l a i n t s a b o u t “ m o n o p o l y . ”
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F
o r m s t h e
T a b u l a t i n g
C o m p
a n y
S
e l l s t o N e w Y o r k C
e n t r a l ( 1
8 9 3 - 1 8 9
5 )
F r e e 6 - m o n t h t r i a l .
4 m f r e i g h t b i l l s / y e a
r
P e r f o r m
s a d d i t i o n .
L
a t e r : T r a v e l e
r s I n s u r a n c
e ( 1 8 9 5 ) , F r e n c h C e n s u s ,
R u s s i a n C e n s u s ( 1
8 9 6 ) , U S S t e e l a n d M a
r s h a l l
F i e l d ( 1
9 0 0 ) , m o s t
r a i l w a y s ( 1 9 0 2 ) .
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P r o l i f e r a t i o n o f d e v i c e s ( 1 8 9 3 - 1 9 1
4 )
A c c
u m u l a t o r , k e y p u n c h , c a
r d s o r t e r s ,
a d d
i n g p u n c h , p r i n t e r .
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P o l i c y
S e l l i n g t o B o t h P u
b l i c a n d P
r i v a t e S e c t o r s
M a
k e s “ v ” l a r g
e e n o u g h t o
c o v e r “ c ” ?
W h o g e t s t h e b e n e f i t o f c i v i l i a n s a l e s ?
A s y m m
e t r i c I n f o r m
a t i o n
N e
w Y o r k R a i l w a y O f f e r
R e
n t i n g m a c h i n e s
I n t e r n a l F i n a n c i n g & M a r k e t I m p l i c a t i o
n s
T y p e s o
f I n n o v a t i o n
N e
w T e c h n o l o
g y v s . F i n d i n g & M e e t i n
g
U s e r N e e d s
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1 9 0 0 - 1 9 4 0
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N e w N e e d s ( P
t . 1 )
P r o g r e s s i v e G o v
e r n m e n t s
B i g B u s i n e s s
F a c t o r i e s , s t e e l m i l l s , i n s u
r a n c e
c o m p
a n i e s , e l e
c t r i c l i g h t ,
t r a c t i o n ,
p h o n
e , w h o l e s a l e c o m p a n i e s , t e x t i l e
m i l l s , a u t o m o b i l e c o m p a n
i e s , r a i l r o a
d s ,
m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , s t a t e g o v e r n m e n t s .
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P r e - W W I :
L a b o r c o s
t s , e f f i c i e n
c y r e c o r d s
,
s a l e s d i s t r i b u t i o n , i n t e r n a l r e q u
i s i t i o n s f o r
s u p p l i e s a
n d m a t e r i a
l s , p r o d u c
t i o n s t a t i s t i c s ,
d a y a n d p i e c e w o r k ,
f i r e , l i f e a n d c a s u a l t y r i s k ,
p l a n t e x p e
n d i t u r e s a
n d s a l e s o
f s e r v i c e , p u b l i c
s e r v i c e c o
r p o r a t i o n s
, d i s t r i b u t i n g s a l e s a n d
c o s t f i g u r e
s t o s a l e s m e n ; s p e c i a l r e p o r t s .
“ B a t c h P r o c e s s i n g . ”
A c o n s e q u e n c e
o f ( v - c ) ?
N e w N e e d s ( P
t . 1 )
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H o l l e r i t h C t d
…
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9 0 0
C
e n s u s
1
9 0 1
M
c K i n l e y A s s a s s i n a t i o n ,
D a v i d P o r t e r f i r e d .
1
9 0 5
C
o n g r e s s e s t a b l i s h e s $ 4
0 , 0 0 0 R & D
U n i t
1
9 0 6
C
e n s u s D e m
a n d s l o w e r
p r i c e s
E
m p l o y e e s k
e e p p a t e n t s
, g o v e r n m e
n t
r e c e i v e s f r e e
l i c e n s e .
1
9 1 0
C
e n s u s d o e s
n o t u s e H o
l l e r i t h m a c h
i n e s .
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1 9 1 1 :
J a m e s P o w e r s
e s t a b l i s h e s T h e
P o w e r s T a
b u l a t i n g
M a c h i n e C
o m p a n y
( l a t e r , R e m
i n g t o n - R a n
d ) .
H o l l e r i t h S
e l l O u t ; M e r
g e r f o r m s
C o m p u t i n g
T a b u l a t i n g
R e c o r d i n g
C o m p a n y ( C T R ) .
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W a s C o
n g r e s s R
i g h t ?
W h o b e n e f i t s f r o m c o m m e r
c i a l s a l e s ?
E x p o s t v s . e x a
n t e e f f i c i e n c y .
S c h u m p e t e r i a n C
o m p e t i t i o n
J o s e p h S c h u m p e t e r ( 1 8 8 3
– 1 9 5 0 )
I n n o v a t i o n v s . M
o n o p o l y
M o n o p o l y f
u n d s i n n o v a t i o n
M o n o p o l y i s t e m p o r a r y
T e c h n o l o g i c a l r e v o l u t i o n s .
L o n g - r u n e f f i c i e n c y .
P o
l i c y
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A n a l o g
C o m p u t e r s
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W a r f a
r e
E x a m p l e 1 : F i r i n g
T a b l e s
G r a v i t y , g r o u n d h a r d n e s s , a t m
o s p h e r i c d e n s i t y ,
C o
r i o l i s e f f e c t , d
e n s i t y c h a n g e
s w i t h a l t i t u d e
.
F i f t e e n m u l t i p l i c a t i o n s , s q u a r e
r o o t c a l c u l a t e
d
a t 0 . 1 t o 0 . 0 1 s e
c o n d i n t e r v a l s
. C h e c k f u n c t i o n
e v e r y f o u r c a l c u l a t i o n s . F i v e d a y s b y h a n d .
2 - 4 0 0 0 t r a j e c t o r i e s p e r f i r i n g t a b l e
E x a m p l e 2 : A t o m i c & H y d r o
g e n B o m b
s
N
e w N e e d s
( P t . 2 )
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B i g S c
i e n c e
( M
o s t l y a s t r o n o m y ) N
e w N e e d s
( P t . 2 )
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d x
f
f d x
J a m e s C l e
r k M a x w e l l
( 1 8 3 1 – 1 8
7 9 )
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S i r W i l l i a m T h
o m s o n ,
L o r d K e l v i n
( 1 8 2 4 –
1 9 0 7 )
2 d o
r d e r e q u a t i o n s
T i d e
t a b l e s .
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d x f
T h e T o r q u e p r o b
l e m
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V a n n e v
e r B u s h
( 1 8 9
0 – 1 9 7 4 )
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1 9 2 0 s M a c h i n e
A d d i n
g v o l t a g e s ,
E l e c t r i c m e t e r s a s i n t e g r a t o r s
1 9 3 0 s M a x w e l l M a
c h i n e s
S e r v o
m o t o r s + T o r q u e
A m p l i f i e r
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1 9 3 0 D i f f e
r e n t i a l A n a l y z e r
1 0 0 t o n s , e i g h t e e
n i n t e g r a t o r s
2 0 0 0
v a c u u m t u b
e s , 1 5 0 m o t o r s , 2 0 0 m i l e s
o f w i r i n g .
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1 9 3 5 D i f f e
r e n t i a l A n a l y z e r
$ 8 5 , 0
0 0 R o c k e f e l l e r g r a n t .
E l e c t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t s
P a p e r t a p e i n s t r u
c t i o n s
C y c l o t r o n C
u l t u r e : C o p i e s a t M o o r e S c h o o l ,
A b e r d e e n , C a m b r i d g e & L e n i n g r a d
.
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P o l i c y
G r a n t F u n d i n g
C
y c l o t r o n c u
l t u r e
N
o c i v i l i a n a p p l i c a t i o n s …
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T h e R i s
e o f
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1 9 1 4 :
T h o m a s J . W a t s o n
b e c o m e s C E O
N a t i o n a l C
a s h R e g i s t e
r E x p e r i e n c
e
C e n t r a l a d v e r t i s i n g
, t e c h s u p p o r t ,
c r e d i t , a n d i n - h o u s e R & D .
A n t i t r
u s t
1 9 2 1 :
P a t e n t W
a r s
R e m i n g t o n
- R a n d ’ s c r i s i s
J o i n t M o n o p o l y P r i c i n g
L i t i g a t i o n a
n d P u r c h a s
e s
1 9 2 4 :
C T R B e c
o m e s I B M
1 9 2 8 :
S e p a r a t e
s t a n d a r d s
C u s t o m e r
L o c k - i n .
T h o m a s J
. W a t s o n , S r .
( 1 8 7
4 - 1 9 5 6 )
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C o m p e t i t i o
n w i t h P o w e r s s p u r s
R & D .
P a r a l l e l , c o m p e t i n
g R & D t e a m
s
N e w T e c h n o l o g i e s
S u b t r a c t i n g t a b u l a
t o r ( 1 9 2 8 )
T y p e 6 0 0 m u l t i p l y
i n g p u n c h ( 1 9 3 1 )
T y p e 2 8 5 N u m e r i c P r i n t i n g T a b u l a t o r ( 1 9 3 3 )
T y p e 4 0 5 A l p h a b e t i c P r i n t i n g
T a b u l a t o r ( 1 9 3 4 ) .
R & D C o m p
e t i t i o n
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A C o m p l e
x a n d C a
p a b l e T e
c h n o l o g y
T y p e 4 0 5 E l e c t r i c
A c c o u n t i n g
M a c h i n e ( 1
9 3 0 )
5 5 , 0 0 0 m o v
i n g p a r t s
7 5 m i l e s o f w i r i n g
D o m i n a n t d a t a p r o c e s s i n g d e v i c e u
n t i l
1 9 6 2 .
1 5 0 0 / y e a r m
a n u f a c t u r e d t h r o u g h l a
t e
1 9 6 0 s
.
R & D C o m p
e t i t i o n
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N e w T e c h n o l o g i e s
c t d . …
F r o m M e c h a n i c a l t o E l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l t o
E l e c t r o n i c F = M a
M a g n e t i c c a r d , t a p e & d r u m r e s e a r c h
( 1 9 3 0 s )
R e p l a c i n g W h e e l s w i t h v a c u u
m t u b e s .
E l e c t r o n i c a d d e r (
1 9 4 0 )
E l e c t r o n i c m u l t i p l i e r c i r c u i t ( 1 9 4 1 )
R & D C o m p
e t i t i o n
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A n d N e w U s e s …
A n I B M S
p e c i a l t y .
M e t h o d s R e
s e a r c h D e p
a r t m e n t ( 1 9
3 0 s ) .
B i g G o v e r n m e n t :
S o c i a l S e c u r i t y – “ T h e W o r l d s
’ B i g g e s t
B o o k k e e p i n
g J o b ” ( 1 9 3 6 )
4 1 5 m a c h i n e s / 1 2 0 , 0 0 0
s q u a r e f o o t
b u i l d i n
g .
A l s o : E m p l o
y e r r e p o r t i n
g , p u b l i c w o
r k s
p r o j e c
t s .
I B M s a l e s g
r o w f r o m $ 2
6 m
i n 1 9 3 6 t o $
4 5 m i n 1 9 4 0 .
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A n t i t r u s t I s s u e s
I n n o v a t i o n i s n ’ t e v
e r y t h i n g
E x
a n t e v s . e x
p o s t e f f i c i e n
c y
M u l t i p l e
T i p p i n g D
y n a m i c s
I n t e r n a l f i n a n c i n g
R e p u t a t i o n
C o m p l e x p r o d u
c t s i n a s m a l l m a r k e t
P a t e n t s
B u s i n e s s c y c l e
s h o c k s
S t a
n d a r d s a n d
c u s t o m e r l o c k - i n .
R e t u r n s t o R & D
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A n
t i t r u s t I s s
u e s
R e t u r n s
t o R & D
P r i c e
Q u a n t i t y
C o s t
P r o f i t
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A n
t i t r u s t I s s
u e s
R e t u r n s
t o R & D
W
L
R e w a
r d = L x W
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A n t i t r u s t I s s u e s
C a r d s a n d
L e a s i n g
L e a s
i n g I n t e r n a l f i n a
n c i n g / i n f o r m
a t i o n a s y m
m e t r y ?
B a r r i e r t o e n t r y ?
T h r e e b n . c a r d s / y e a r .
P r i c e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
C a r d s a n d T h e D e p r e s s i o n .
C a r d s a s S t a n d a r d s
1 9 3 6
C o n s e n t D e c r e e
8 5 % S h a r e b y l a t e 1
9 3 0 s .
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A c a d e m i c I n t e r a c t i o n s
U s i n g T a b u l a t o r s t o d o c o m p
l e x s c i e n t i f i c
c a l c u l a t i o n s .
M a c h i n e - g r a d e d T e s t s ( 1 9 2 8 )
D i f f e r e n c e M e t h o d s ( 1 9 2 9 )
T h o
m a s J . W a t
s o n A s t r o n o
m i c a l C o m p u t i n g
B u r e a u ( C o l u m
b i a U . )
C a l c u l a t i o
n C o n t r o l S
w i t c h ( 1 9 3 6
)
C a m - d r i v e n s e q u e n c e o f a r i t h m e
t i c a l
o p e r a t i o n
s
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A
c a d e m i c
I n t e r a c t i o n s
H
o w a r d A i k e n ( 1 9 0 0
– 1 9 7 3 )
A t r i p t o H a r v a r d ’ s
A t t i c
A n e l e c t r o m e c h a n
i c a l m a c h i n e f o r c a l c u l a
t i n g
t r i g o n o
m e t r i c f u n c t i o n s a n d e x
p o n e n t i a l s .
$ 1 0 0 , 0
0 0 e s t i m a t e
( 1 9 3 9 )
$ 4 0 0 , 0
0 0 p r i c e t a g
( 1 9 4 3 ) .
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A
c a d e m i c
I n t e r a c t i o n s
H
a r v a r d M a r k I C o m p
u t e r
“ B a b b a g e ’ s D r e a m
C o m e T r u e ”
B
u t : N o “ i f ” b
r a n c h .
P a p e r
t a p e + 1 , 7 2 8 c o u n t e r w
h e e l s
B
u t : v a c u u m
t u b e s f o r s t o r a g e .
W h e e l s m a c h i n e d
t o 1 / 1 0 0 , 0 0
0 i n c h .
5 t o n s , 5 1 f e e t l o n g , 5 3 0 m i l e s
o f w i r i n g .
“
L i k e t h e r o a
r o f a t e x t i l e
m i l l … ”
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P o l i c
y
S c h u m p e t e r i a n C o m
p e t i t i o n
A n U n s t a b l e W o r l d ?
A c a d
e m i c E x p l o r a t i o n
E x t r a c t i n g b
e n e f i t s f r o m
I B M ’ s m o n
o p o l y ?
L e a d u s e r s ?
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T h e
W o r l d a t
1 9 4 0
( v - c )
L o o k i n g
a t v :
G o v e
r n a n c e , M i l i t a r y , S c i e n c e , C o m m e r c e .
C o m p u t e r s
f o c u s e d o n
m i l i t a r y p r o
b l e m s .
G r a n
t f u n d i n g f o r M i l i t a r y & S c i e n c e
S c h u
m p e t e r i a n d y n a m i c s f o r G o v e r n a n c e a n d
C o m m e r c e
L o o k i n g
a t c :
B e g i n n i n g t o u s e
v a c u u m t u b e s a n d r e l a
y s .
M o d e s t c o s t s a v i n g s .
M a r g i n a l c o s t i s h i g h .
A f e w
l a r g e m a c h i n e s .
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C o m
i n g A t t r a
c t i o n s
V : T e c h n o l o g y : T r u e c o m
p u t e r s , n e w
c a p a b i l i t i e s
.
N e w U s e s : F i n d i n g a
c i v i l i a n m a r k e t .
C : F a l l i n g C o s
t s : V a c u u m
t u b e s , s o f t w a r e ,
i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t s .
S c h u m p e
t e r i a n c o m
p e t i t i o n c o
n t i n u e s …
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W a r t i m e
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O v e r v i e w
V a n
n e v a r B u
s h a n d O
S R D
W o r l d W a r I E x p e r i e n c
e
O r g a n i z i n g
W o r k t h e B
i g S c i e n c e
W a y
U l t r a , B l e t c h l e y P a r k &
A l l T h a t
C o l o s s u s ( 1 5 0 0 v a c u u
m t u b e s )
S t i b
b i t z a n d E N I A C
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G e o r g e R . S
t i b i t z
B e l l L a b s ( 1 9 3 7 )
T e l e p h o n e R e l a y
s
B i n a r y A r i t h m e t i c
K - M o d e l ( 1
9 3 8 )
M o d e l 1 ( 1 9 3 9 ) - $ 2 0 , 0
0 0
M o d e l s 2 - 5
( 1 9 4 0 - 4 5 )
P a p e
r t a p e , e r r o r c h e c k i n g ,
m u l t i p l i c a t i o n t a b
l e s , &
s t o r a
g e r e g i s t e r s
.
N A C A a n d
A b e r d e e n
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E l e c t r o n i c L o
g i c
0 1
1
1
1 0
0
1
1 0
1
0
0 0
0
0
S
C
B
A
F l i p - F l o p
B i n a r y A r i t h m e t i c
H a l f - A d d e r
S = A x o r B
C = A a
n d B
S
A
B
V a c u u m
T u b e
( O r R
e l a y s o r
T
r a n s i s t o r s )
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A t a n a s o f f - B e
r r y
J o h n V i n c e n t
A t a n a s s o f
C l i f f o r d
B e r r y
“ A B C C o m
p u t e r ”
I o w a S t a t e ( 1 9 3 7 – 3 9 )
A r i t h m e t i c –
B a s e 2 L o g i c
M e m o r y – D
r u m , C o n d e n s e r s
+ “ J o
g g i n g ”
O u t p u t – C
a r d s
N o “ i f ” s t a t e
m e n t .
P r o p o s e d 3
0 0 v a c u u m
t u b e
m a c h i n e w a
s n e v e r c o m
p l e t e d .
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K o n
r a d Z u s e
Z 1
B i n a r y
A d d i t i o n ( 1
9 3 6 ) .
M e c h
a n i c a l , p u n c h e d t a p e .
Z 2
R e l a y s ( 1 9 4 0 ) .
Z 3
P r o g r a
m m a b l e ( 1 9 4 1 ) .
2 6 0 0
r e l a y s .
Z 4
R e f i n e
d Z 3 ( 1 9 4 5 )
2 0 0 0
v a c u u m t u b e s .
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E N
I A C
1 9 3 9 : F u s
e s i n s t e a d o f v a c u u m
t u b e
s .
1 9 4 1 : A n e l e c t r o n i c D
i f f e r e n t i a l
A n a
l y z e r - $ 4 8 6 , 8 0 4 . 2 2
- 2 0 0 , 0 0 0
m a n h o u r s
1 7 4 k w , 1 7
4 6 8 v a c u u m
t u b e s ,
5 0 0 , 0 0 0 s
o l d e r e d j o i n
t s , 7 0 , 0 0 0
r e s i s t o r s , 1 0 , 0 0 0 c a p a c i t o r s .
C o m p l e t e d i n t h e F a l l o
f 1 9 4 5 , u s
e d
o n “ T h e S u p e r . ”
J o h
n M a u c h l y
P
r e s p e r E c k e r t
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E N I A C
M a t h U n i t s
2 0 a c c u
m u l a t o r s
F l i p f l o p “ w h
e e l s ” + T a b
l e s
M e m o r y
P r o g r a m P l u g b o
a r d ,
c a b l e s ,
s w i t c h e
s .
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T h e S o f t w a r e C o n c e p t
T h e
m a g n e t i c d r u m / d i s k i d e
a ( 1 9 4 4 )
J o h n
v o n N e u m a n n ( 1 9 0 3 –
1 9 5 7 )
F i r s t
D r a f t o f a R
e p o r t o n t h e E D V A C ( 1
9 4 5 )
L
o o k i n g A
h e a d
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P o l i c y
T h e W a r t i m e R e s e a r c h M i r
a c l e
O S R D
, N a t i o n a l L
a b s
M o n e y
T h e R e s e a r c h B a c k l o g
+ F o c u s e d P r o j e c t s
I n d u s t r y / A c a d e m i c C o o p e r a t i o n
B i g S c i e n c e
R e s e a r c h M
o d e l
… a n d W a r t i m e E t h i c s ?
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A R o l e F o r
P a t e n t s ?
E c k e r t a n d
M a u c h l y l e a
v e T h e M o o r e
S c h o o l .
A n e s s e n t i a
l i n c e n t i v e ?
C o m m e r c i a
l v s . a c a d e m i c m a c h i n e
s .
S . R e i d W a
r r e n ( M o o r
e S c h o o l ) : “ [ T h e
S c h o o l ’ s p a
t e n t p o l i c y ]
w a s v e r y , v e r y
n a ï v e . W e
d i d n ’ t g o o u
t o f o u r w a y
t o
h e l p p e o p l e
, a n d o u r g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e
w a s , ‘ L e t ’ s m a k e i t s o i t ’ s h e l p f u l t o
t h e
h u m a n r a c e
a n d s o o n . ’ ”
P o l i c y
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T h e
W o r l d a t
1 9 4 5
( v - c )
L o o k i n g
a t v :
G o v e
r n a n c e , M i l i t a r y , S c i e n c e , C o m m e r c e .
C o m p u t e r s
f o c u s e d o n
m i l i t a r y p r o
b l e m s .
L o o k i n g
a t c :
E l e c t r o n i c s : V a c u u m t u b e s a
n d r e l a y s .
M o d e s t c o s t s a v i n g s .
M a r g i n a l c o s t i s h i g h .
A f e w
l a r g e m a c h i n e s .
W i n n e r t
a k e a l l d y
n a m i c s
S c h u
m p e t e r i a n C o m p e t i t i o n ?
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C o m
i n g A t t r a
c t i o n s
t v :
y : T r u e c o m p u t e r s , n e w c a p a b i l i t i e s .
F i n d i n g
a c i v i l i a n m
a r k e t .
t c :
t s : I n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t s a n d s o f t w a
r e .
e r i a n c o
m p e t i t i o n
c o n t i n u e s …
v e r s
r y s p e n d i n g .
u s t ( a g a i n ) .