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Matter, Atoms, and Molecules
The properties of matter are determined by the properties of atoms and
molecules
Matter: Any substance that has mass and takes up space (volume)
Atoms: Submicroscopic particles that are the fundamental building blocks of
ordinary matter
Molecules: Covalently bonded atoms that form geometrical shapes
Chemistry is the understanding the
behavior of matter through the
observation and study of atoms and
molecules
Understanding the History of Chemistry to
Enhance our Understanding Today
The Goal of Alchemists
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KDf4LaQfcU
The Development of Gun Powder
Fireworks of Yesterday and Today
Scientific Approach to Knowledge
(Scientific Method)
Make a question or identify a problem
Empirical observation and research
Form a hypotheses: If….then….
Test hypothesis through experimentation
Quantitative materials needed
Sequential procedure
Conclusion
Communicate
Beyond Testing the Hypothesis
Scientific Law (sometimes referred to as a principle) is a brief statement that
summarizes a series past observations and predicts future observations. Laws
are a generalization about how nature behaves. Law of Conservation of Mass:
matter is neither created nor destroyed.
Scientific Theory is a well established hypotheses and a model for the way
nature is and tries to explain not merely what nature does, but also why it
behaves the way it does. Atomic Theory explained the law of conservation of
mass as well as other laws and observations of the time, by proposing that
matter is composed of small, indestructible particles called atoms.
Chemistry: Microscopic to Macroscopic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Eh5BpSnBBw
Matter Matters!
All matter has mass – a measure of
the amount of matter
All matter has volume – the
amount of space that a three
dimensional object occupies
Therefore; Matter is anything that
has mass and takes up space
Density formula ρ (rho)
Units of Matter
Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are the smallest unit of an
element that maintains the chemical identity of that element.
Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler,
stable substances and is made of one type of atom
Compounds are pure substances that can be broken down into simple stable
substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more elements
that are chemically bonded
Solid Matter
Solid matter consists of atoms or molecules packed closely to each other in
fixed locations vibrating in their position and an overall fixed volume and
rigid shape.
Solid matter may be crystalline with repeating patterns of order like the NaCl
crystal lattice structure, or it may be amorphous where the atoms and
molecules do not have any long-range order as in glass or plastic.
Liquid Matter
Atoms or molecules are close like in a solid, but they are free to move
relative to each other. Liquids have a fixed volume and take the shape of the
container they are in. Water, gasoline, and alcohol are all liquid at room
temperature. Mercury (Hg) the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.
Gaseous Matter
In gaseous matter, atoms and molecules have a lot of space in between them,
and they are able to move relative to one another. Gas is compressible and
assumes the shape of the container it is in. Examples of gases at room
temperature include helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
Plasma
Plasma is a state of matter where the gas phase is heated until atomic
electrons are no longer associated with any particular atomic nucleus.
Plasmas are made up of positively charged ions and unbound electrons.
Dr. Bozeman, Bozeman Science
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEoQ6TNLJl8
Physical Properties and Physical Changes of
Matter
Physical Properties
A characteristic that can be
observed or measured without
changing the identity of the
substance
Physical Changes
A change in a substance that does
not involve a change in the identity
of a substance
Chemical Properties and Changes of Matter
Chemical Properties
A substance’s ability to undergo
changes that transform it into a
different substance
Chemical Changes
A change in which one or more
substances are converted into
different substances
Reactants – the substances that
react in a chemical change
Products – the substances that are
formed from the chemical change
Accuracy vs Precision
You know the melting point of water is
zero degrees Celsius, and you run an
experiment testing the melting point of
your water sample. You run the
experiment five times, and your results
range from 1 to 2 degrees Celsius. Are
your results accurate or precise? Why?