matriculation chemistry introduction to organic compound part 1.pdf

8/12/2019 Matriculation Chemistry Introduction to Organic Compound part 1.pdf

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Introduction To Organic

Chemistry


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Lecture 1

12.1 IntroductionLearning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to :

1. List the elements that made up organic compounds C, ,O, !, ", # and halogens.

2. #tate the ability of carbon to form $ co%alent bonds &ithother carbons or elements.

'. (ifferentiate bet&een saturated and unsaturated organic

compounds.$. )i%e e*amples of organic compounds used in medicine,

engineering, biotechnology and agriculture.


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WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds.

Organic compounds contain as &ell as C, &hile othercommon elements are O, !, the halogens, # and ".

There are many %arieties of organic compounds+ more than 1 millions---

They may e*ist as simple or comple* molecules/ as gases,li0uids or solid and coloured or colourless.


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*amples:

C$

methane +a component of natural gas

methyl salicylic acid +aspirina drug

OCOCH3

COOH


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CH2 C

O

NH

O

S

N

COOH

penicillin (an antibiotic)

Cl CH Cl

CCl3

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetane

(DDT- a pesticide component)


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All organic componds consist o! carbon atom"

#roperties o! carbon atom$

-has % &alence electrons"

-can !orm % co&alent bonds"

C C

Single bond

C C C C

Doble bond Triple bond


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Hydrocarbons

saturated unsaturated

Contains only singlebonds ( -C-C- )

Examples: alkanes,

cycloalkanes

Contains at leastone carbon-carbon

double bond (-C=C-)or triple bond (-CC-).

Examples: alkenes,

alkynes.


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Uses of organic compounds

3edicine Antibiotics are used to fightbacterial and fungalinfections

ngineering )asolineas a fuel forinternal combustionengines.

4iotechnology )enetic information li5e

(!A

Agriculture ((Tas insectisides to 5illharmful insects.


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Lecture 2:

12.2 3olecular and #tructural 6ormulae

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson the students should

be able to :(efine structural formula.

(ra& structural formula in the form of e*panded,condensed and s5eletal structures based on themolecular formula.

*plain primary +17, secondary +27, tertiary +'7 and0uaternary +$7 carbon.


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Structural formulasho's ho' the

atoms in a molecle are bonded to

each other"

3 types o! strctral !ormla$8 condensed structure

8 e*panded structure

8 s5eletal structure


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2- Dimensional formula

Condensed StructureDoes not sho' single bonds bet'een carbon andhydrogen atoms bt doble and triple bonds aresho'n"

All atoms that are attached to a carbon are'ritten immediately a!ter that carbon"

C%H

)Cl CH

3CHCH

2CH

3

(Condensed structure)


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H2C

CH2

CH2

CH2

H2C

H2C

*+amples$

ii) Cyclohexane, C6H12 iii) Aldehyde, CH3CH

CH3CH


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!x"anded Structure

*+panded strctres indicate ho' atoms are

attached to each other bt are not representations

o! the actal shapes o! the molecles"

C%H)Cl

#olecular

$ormula

!x"anded structure

C C C C

Cl


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*amples:

i Alcohol +C29O

ii Carbo*ylic acid +C'

9O

2

C

C

O

C

C

C

O

O


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Skeletal Structure

Sho's only the carbon s,eleton"Hydrogen atoms are not 'ritten"

Other atoms sch as O Cl N etc" are sho'n"

i) CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3

Cl

ii) 2C C2

2C C2


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3- Dimensional formula

% &ed'e ( dashed &ed'e ( line formula )

Describes ho' the atoms o! a molecle

are arranged in space"


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*+ample $ .romoethane

or or

ndication *-

*bonds that lie in the "lane

*bonds that lie behind the "lane

*bonds that "ro+ect out of the "lane

C

4r

C

.r

HH

H

C

H

.rH

H

C

H

H.r

H


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A carbon atom can be classified as

primary carbon(1o) bonded to 1 C

secondary carbon(2o) bonded to 2 C

tertiary carbon(3o) bonded to 3 C

quarternary carbon(4o) bonded to $ C

Classification of C atoms*


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C

CH3

H

/0 carbon/0 carbon


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C C'

CH3

CH3

30 carbon


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11

1

11H C C C CH2 C CH3

H

H

H

H H

CH3 CH3

CH3


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2

2H C C C CH2 C CH3

H

H

H

H H

CH3 CH3

CH3


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3H C C C CH2 C CH3

H

H

H

H H

CH3 CH3

CH3


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C'+C2CCl+C'2

1estion

CondensedStructure

!x"andedStructure

SeletalStructure

C

H

HH

C CH

H

H

CH3

CH3

matriculation chemistry introduction to organic compound part 1.pdf

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