Teori, Prinsip, dan

Pedoman

Teori Tingkat Tinggi :

Four Level Approach to design a piece of software or system. ( Foley dan Van Dam )

ConceptualWhen a user is working on an interactive system, a mental model is often developed

Semantic When the user enters in input to the system, and the computer generates output based

on that input. The Semantic level describes the meanings between the input and output

Syntactic a set of rules to create a sentence, which will give the computer a set of instructions to

complete a particular task

Lexical deals with input device dependencies, in which the user will specify the

exact syntax

Model mental manusia dari sistem interaktifMenggambarkan arti yang disampaikan oleh

perintah yang dimasukkan pemakai dan keluaran yang dihasilkan komputer

Mendefinisikan bgmn satuan (kata) yg menyampaikan semantik dirangkai menjadi kalimat lengkap yg memerintahkan komputer melakukan tugas tertentu

Berhubungan dengan ketergantungan terhadap piranti

CONTOH : Conceptual: Provides a mental model

Example: text editor objects = characters, files, paragraphsrelationships = files contain paragraphs contain charsoperations = insert, delete, etc.

Semantic: meaning/desired function Example: move the paragraph

Syntactic: how the semantic command is formed Example: prefix vs. postfix(Edit, Highlight, Cut, Paste)

Lexical: sequence of actionsExample: how mouse and keyboard combined into menu, button, string, pick, etc.Point to edit on menu bar->click ->select option within edit menu.

GOMS Model analyzes the user complexity of interactive systems. It is used by software designers to model user behavior.

( Card, Moran, and Newell )

Goals edit dokumen (subgoals = Insert word)

Operators Tekan tombol panah atas Pindahkan tangan ke mouse Ingat nama file Pastikan kursor ada di akhir baris

Method Pindahkan kursor ke lokasi yg diinginkan dgn serentetan penekanan tombol panah

Selection RulesMenghapus dengan backspace berkali-kali vs. memblok dan menekan tombol delete

GoalEnd state trying to achieveThen decompose into subgoals

Moved sentence

Select sentence

Cut sentence

Paste sentence

Move to new spot

Place it

OperatorsBasic actions available for performing a task

(lowest level actions)

Examples: move mouse pointer, drag, press key, read dialog box, …

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MethodsSequence of operators (procedures) for

accomplishing a goal (may be multiple)

Example: Select sentenceMove mouse pointer to first wordDepress buttonDrag to last wordRelease

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Selection RulesInvoked when there is a choice of a methodGOMS attempts to predict which methods

will be used

Example: Could cut sentence either by menu pulldown or by ctrl-x

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Seven stages of action ( Norman )Bentuk GoalBentuk intentionSebutkan aksiLaksanakan aksiPerhatikan keadaan sistemInterpretasikan keadaan sistemEvaluasi keluaran

Model sintaktik & semantik dari pengetahuan pemakaiSintactic Knowledge

Sifatnya :Berbeda antara sistemTidak dapat diramalkanPenghafalan berulang-ulangMudah dilupakanStruktur tidak jelas

Semantic KnowledgeSifatnya :Terorganisasi secara hierarkisDari pelajaran/analogiTidak tergantung sintaksisStabil dalam ingatan pemakai

Semantic Knowledge dibedakan menjadi :1. Computer concepts

Computer Objects High level : Storage

information Lower Level : File Directory

Computer Actions High Level : file text edit Lower Level : open file, input

text, save file

2. Task ConceptsTask Objects :

High Level : mail Lower Lever : date, address, signature

Task Actions : High Level : writing mail Lower Level : Spelling

Tiga Jenis PemakaiNovice or first time users

Knowledgeable intermittent users

Expert frequent users

Tidak punya syntactic knowledge, semantic knowledge sedikit

Pengetahuan mengenai tugas dangkal

Punya semantic knowledge atas task concep dan computer concept

Kesulitan dengan syntactic knowledge

Kenal betul dengan aspek syntactic dan semantic

Ingin pekerjaan cepat selesai

Delapan aturan emas perancangan dialog1. Berusaha keras u/ konsisten2. Memungkinkan frequent user

menggunakan shortcut3. Umpan balik informatif4. Merancang dialog u/ menghasilkan

keadaan akhir (sukses, selesai)5. Penanganan kesalahan sederhana6. Mengizinkan pembalikan aksi (undo)7. Mendukung internal locus of control8. Mengurangi beban ingatan jangka

pendek

Mencegah kesalahanCorrect matching pairs

Tanda pembuka & penutup dalam satu aksi

Mengingatkan pemakai tanda penutup blm dipasang

Menghilangkan keharusan tanda penutup

Complete sequencesMenggabungkan aksiMelakukan aksi tergantung aksi lain secara

otomatis

Correct commandsMelengkapi kekurangan perintahMemberikan pilihan