Master Vocabulary List HL

Chemistry compoundelement atomic number atomic mass isotope radioactivity electron energy level valence electron orbital molecule electronegativity covalent bond ionic bond ion, cation, anion hydrogen bond van der Waals interactions polar molecule non polar molecule cohesion adhesion specific heat solution solvent solute hydration shell hydrophilic hydrophobic acid base pH buffer

Biochemistry

amine groupamino acidcarbohydratecarboxyl groupcellulosecondensation reactiondenaturationdisaccharidefatty acidglycerolglycogenhydrolysishydrophilichydrophobiclipidlipid bi-layermonomermonosaccharidephospholipidpolymerpolypeptidepolysaccharideprimary structureproteinquaternary structure

R-group secondary structuresteroidtertiary structuretriglyceride

Enzymes

enzymeactive sitesubstratelock-and-key modelinduced fit modeldenaturationmetabolismanabolismcatabolismactivation energycatalystinhibitornon-competitive inhibitionATPallosteric sitemetabolic pathwayend-product inhibitionphosphorylation competitive inhibition

DNA Structure

genemRNADNARNAnitrogenous base phosphate group5’ end 3’ end base pairingnucleotide purine pyrimidineribose deoxyribosedouble helix antiparallel

Cells

binary fissioncell wallcentriolechloroplastcytoplasmcytoskeletondifferentiationeukaryoteflagellagolgi apparatushomeostasislysosome

microtubulemitochondrianuclear envelopenucleoidnucleolusnucleusorganellepilliplasma membraneprokaryoteribosome rough endoplasmic reticulumstem cell

DNA ReplicationhelicaseDNA polymerase IDNA polymerase IIDNA ligaseRNA primasecomplimentary strandssemi-conservativeRNA primerOkazaki fragmentorigin of replicationreplication fork lagging strandleading strandtemplate stranddeoxynucleoside triphophate

Cell Cycle

mitosisinterphaseprophasemetaphaseanaphasetelophasecancerchromatidspindle apparatuscytokinesismetaphase platecentromeremicrotubulechromosome

Membranes

glycoproteinintegral proteinperipheral proteincell-adhesion proteinchannel proteinprotein pumppassive transportactive transportfacilitated diffusiondiffusionosmosis

Fluid Mosaic Modelendocytosisexocytosisphagocytosispinocytosisconcentration gradient

Cellular Respiration

mitochondriacristaeinner-membraneprotonglycolysispyruvatephosphorylationNADHFADH2

chemiosmosis Kreb’s cycleATP synthasedecarboxylationacetyl-CoAlysisfermentationreductionoxidationelectron transport chainmatrixoxidative phosphorylationintermembrane space

Photosynthesis

photonchlorophyllpimentphotosystemreaction centerradiationabsorptionstromathylakoidRuBpgranalight dependent reactionaction spectrumlight independent reactionabsorption spectrumwavelengthfrequencyCalvin cyclephotolysisphotoactivationphotophosphorylation

Transcription

RNARNA polymerasemRNAelongationinitiationterminationsense strandanti-sense strand

uracilpromoterintronexon5’ cappoly -A tailmutationpost-transcriptional modification

Translation

rRNAtRNAanti-codoncodongenetic coderibosometRNA activating enzymeinitiationelongationtranslocationterminationstart codonstop codonpolysome

Biotechnology

genomerestriction enzymerestriction fragmentplasmidvectorligationRFLPsprimer annealingPCRgene therapyDNA fingerprinttransgenic recombinant DNAclonegel electrophoresisGMO

Meiosis

karyotypehomologous chromosomesallelehaploiddiploidcrossing oversynapsischiasmatafertilizationzygoteindependent assortmentgametegenetic variation

Classical Genetics

autosomecarriercodominant allelesdihybrid cross

dominant alleleF1 generationF2 generationgenomegenotypeheredityheterozygoushomozygouslinkage grouplocusmultiple allelesnon-disjunctionpedigree chartphenotypepunnett gridrecessive allelesex chromosomesex linkagetest cross

Evolution

Miller-Urey experimentreducing atmospherehydrothermal ventscoacervatesmicrospheresprotobiontsendosymbiotic theorypopulationvariationnatural selectionallele frequencygene poolHardy-Weinberg equationgeographical isolationhybrid infertilitytemporal isolationbehavioral isolationpolyploidyallopatric speciationsympatric speciationadaptive radiationconvergent evolutiondivergent evolutiongradualismpunctuated equilibriumtransient polymorphismbalanced polymorphismhomologous structuresvestigial structuresradioisotopesabsolute datingrelative datinghalf-lifedecay curve biochemical evolutionary clockcultural evolution

Classificationbinomial nomenclaturekingdomphylumclassorder

familygenusspeciesbryophytafilicinophytaconiferophytaangiospermophytaporiferacnidariaplatyhelminthesannelidamolluscaarthropodadichotomous keyphylogenycladecladisticsanalogous characteristichomologous characteristicArdipithecus ramidusAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusHomo habilisHomo erectusHomo neanderthalensisHomo sapiens

Digestive System

salivary glandvillimicrovillistomachesophagusliversphinctergall bladderanuslarge intestinesmall intestinepancreasamylaseproteaselipaseabsorptionassimilationrectum

Cardiovascular System

atriumventriclecoronary vessel (artery/vein) vena cavasemilunar valveaortaatrio-ventricular valvepulmonary arteryarteryveincapillarypacemakeradrenalinplasmaerythrocyteplatelet

leukocytelungsalveoliventilationgas exchangetracheabronchiibronchiolesdiaphragmintercostal muscles

Nervous System

brainspinal chordperipheral nervous systemcentral nervous systemsensory neuronmotor neuronrelay neuronneurondendritecell bodyaxonmyelin sheathnode of Ranviermotor end plateresting potentialaction potentialvoltage gated ion channelmembrane polarizationsynapseneurotransmitterdepolarization

Muscular System

muscle fiber myofibrilsarcomere sarcoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum motor unit acetylcholine actin myosin light/ dark bandsz-linetropomyosin troponin ligament flexor extensor tendon joint synovial fluid

Immune System

active immunityantibioticantibodyantigenB-cellclonal selectionclotting

cytotoxic T-cellfibrinfibrinogenhelper T-cellhostleucocytelymphocytemacrophagememory cellsmucous membranepassive immunitypathogenphagocytethrombinvaccinationvirus

Excretory System

ureakidneycortexmedullaureternephronglomerulusBowman’s capsuleultrafiltrationfenestrateddistal convoluted tubuleloop of Henlecollecting ductafferent arterioleefferent arterioleADHre-absorptionproximal convoluted tubule

Homeostasis

negative feedbackpositive feedbackinsulinglucagontype I diabetestype II diabetesα cellsβ cells

Reproductive System

testisseminal vesicleprostate glandsemenepididymisvas deferens (sperm duct)seminiferous tubulesinterstitial cellsbasement membranespermatogoniumprimary spermatocytes (2n)secondary spermatocytes (n)spermatids (n)spermatozoasertoli cells

acrosomeheadmid-piece tailhelical mitochondria9+2 microtubulesovaryuterusbladderurethrafallopian tube (oviduct)cervixprimary oocyte (2n)primary folliclesecondary oocyte (n)polar cellmature folliclecorpus luteumcytoplasm zona pellucidacorona radiatahaploid nucleusFollicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)testosteroneLuteinizing Hormone (LH)pituitary glandmenstrual cyclemenstruationovulationprogesteroneestrogenendometriumcopulationbindingacrosome reactionfusioncortical reactionfertilizationembryoblastocystfetusamniotic fluidamniotic sacumbilical cordplacentaplacental villiinter-villous spaceamniocentesisHCGchorionoxytocin

Plant Science

abscisic acidadhesionantherapical meristemauxillary budauxinbulbcambiumcapillary actioncarpelcohesion

cortexcotyledoncuticledicotyledonousembryo shoot (plumule)endodermisendospermepidermisevaporationfertilizationfilamentgerminationgibberellinguard cellslateral meristemleafmonocotyledonousovaryovulepalisade mesophyllpedicelphloemphototropismphotoperiodismphytochromepistilpithpollenpollen tubepollinationrootseed coat (testa)sepalsource / sinkspongy mesophyllstamenstemstem tuberstigmastomastomatastorage rootstyletendrilterminal budtranslocationtranspirationtranspiration pullvascular bundlexerophytexylem

Ecology

specieshabitatpopulationcommunityecosystemecologyautotrophhetertrophchemoautotrophconsumerproducer

detritivoresaprotrophfood chainfood webtrophic levelenergy pyramidgreenhouse effectgreenhouse gasprecautionary principlenatalityimmigrationemigrationmortalitysigmoid growth curvecarrying capacityabiotic factorsquadrat samplingtransectfundamental nicherealized nichecompetitionherbivorypredationparasitismmutualismcompetitive exclusionbiomassgross productionnet productionprimary successionsecondary successionbiomebiosphereSimpson diversity indexinvasive speciesbiomagnificationCFCsindicator speciesextinctionin situ conservationex situ conservationr-strategiesk-strategiesmaximum sustainable yield