master programme in european law...

Master Programme in European Law (LL.M.)

1st semester Winter term 2009/2010

Module IV: Introduction to Public International Law

Module Coordinator: Trinity College Dublin

Course title: Legal Foundations of Public International Law II

Scholar: Prof. Dr. Cedric Ryngaert, Universiteit Leuven

This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of Prof. Ryngaert and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.

READER China EU School of Law Module IV – Introduction to Public International La w Course: Legal Foundations of Public International Law II 18-20 November 2009 Prof. Dr. Cedric Ryngaert Leuven University (Belgium) [email protected] 1. Syllabus In Legal Foundations of Public International Law II, the basic public international law categories, except for the sources and the subjects, will be discussed. In this course, ample use will be made of primary documents (listed under ‘sources’). The lecturer welcomes participation by the students. The following principles and fields of public international law will be addressed:

- jurisdiction and immunities - law of the sea - state responsibility - diplomatic protection and human rights - use of force - international humanitarian law - dispute settlement - international criminal law and tribunals

The exam is an open book exam, which means that students can take every written or copied document to the exam. The written documents that are provided by the lecturer, in combination with the notes taken by the student will enable the student to pass. Students need not take other materials to the exam (although they are not prohibited from doing so). The exam will primarily consist of cases. 2. Sources

1. United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property (2004) (12 pp.), available at http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/4_1_2004.pdf

2. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) (16 pp.), available at http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961.pdf

3. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), Part II (Articles 2-33) (ca. 10 pp.), available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm

4. ILC Articles on State Responsibility (15 pp.), available at http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft%20articles/9_6_2001.pdf

5. Statute of the International Court of Justice (ca. 10 pp.), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0

6. Statute of the International Criminal Court, Articles 1-33 (ca. 20 pp.), available at http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/icc/statute/part-a.htm#1

3. Slides

1. jurisdiction and immunities (Wednesday 18 Nov. 2009, 9 am - 12 am) 2. law of the sea (Wednesday 18 Nov. 2009, 9 am - 12 am) 3. state responsibility (Thursday 19 Nov. 2009, 2 pm – 4 pm) 4. diplomatic protection and human rights (Thursday 19 Nov. 2009, 9 am – 12 am) 5. use of force (Thursday 19 Nov. 2009, 9 am – 12 am) 6. international humanitarian law (Thursday 19 Nov. 2009, 9 am – 12 am) 7. dispute settlement (Friday 20 Nov. 2009, 9 am – 12 am) 8. international criminal tribunals (Friday 20 Nov. 2009, 9 am – 12 am)

JURISDICTIONJURISDICTIONDr. Cedric Dr. Cedric RyngaertRyngaert

-- PrescriptivePrescriptive

-- AdjudicatoryAdjudicatory

-- EnforcementEnforcement

Territorial v. Territorial v. Territorial v. Territorial v. Territorial v. Territorial v. Territorial v. Territorial v.

extraterritorial jurisdictionextraterritorial jurisdictionextraterritorial jurisdictionextraterritorial jurisdictionextraterritorial jurisdictionextraterritorial jurisdictionextraterritorial jurisdictionextraterritorial jurisdiction

-- P.C.I.J., P.C.I.J., Lotus, Lotus, 19271927

-- Customary law: specific grounds of Customary law: specific grounds of jurisdiction?jurisdiction?

-- Principle of nonPrinciple of non--interventionintervention

Criminal jurisdiction (1)Criminal jurisdiction (1)Criminal jurisdiction (1)Criminal jurisdiction (1)Criminal jurisdiction (1)Criminal jurisdiction (1)Criminal jurisdiction (1)Criminal jurisdiction (1)

�� 1. territoriality principle1. territoriality principle�� objective territorialityobjective territoriality

�� subjective territorialitysubjective territoriality

�� 2. personality principle2. personality principle�� active personality active personality

* non* non--extradition nationalsextradition nationals

�� passive personalitypassive personality* controversial* controversial

Criminal jurisdiction (2)Criminal jurisdiction (2)Criminal jurisdiction (2)Criminal jurisdiction (2)Criminal jurisdiction (2)Criminal jurisdiction (2)Criminal jurisdiction (2)Criminal jurisdiction (2)

�� 3. protective principle 3. protective principle

�� 4. universality principle4. universality principle•• treatytreaty--based / customary lawbased / customary law

•• autaut dederededere autaut judicarejudicare

•• in absentiain absentia

•• U.S. v. EuropeU.S. v. Europe

ImmunitiesImmunitiesImmunitiesImmunitiesImmunitiesImmunitiesImmunitiesImmunities

�� 3 important exceptions to jurisdiction3 important exceptions to jurisdiction�� State immunityState immunity

�� Diplomatic immunityDiplomatic immunity

�� Immunity of international organizations and Immunity of international organizations and their stafftheir staff

Immunity: conceptsImmunity: conceptsImmunity: conceptsImmunity: conceptsImmunity: conceptsImmunity: conceptsImmunity: conceptsImmunity: concepts

�� 1. Immunity1. Immunity�� of jurisdictionof jurisdiction

�� of enforcementof enforcement

�� 2. Inviolability2. Inviolability�� Duty of protectionDuty of protection

�� Prohibition of enforcement measuresProhibition of enforcement measures

�� 3. Privileges3. Privileges

�� 4. Waiver of immunity4. Waiver of immunity

State immunityState immunityState immunityState immunityState immunityState immunityState immunityState immunity

�� Customary international lawCustomary international law

�� UN Convention on Jurisdictional UN Convention on Jurisdictional lmmunitieslmmunities of States (2004)of States (2004)

�� Par in Par in paremparem non non habethabet imperiumimperium

�� ActaActa jure jure imperiiimperii –– actaacta jure jure gestionisgestionis

Immunity of foreign Immunity of foreign Immunity of foreign Immunity of foreign Immunity of foreign Immunity of foreign Immunity of foreign Immunity of foreign

officialsofficialsofficialsofficialsofficialsofficialsofficialsofficials

�� Immunity Immunity rationeratione personaepersonae

�� Immunity Immunity rationeratione materiaemateriae

�� Immunities andImmunities and

international crimes international crimes

(ICJ, (ICJ, Arrest WarrantArrest Warrant) )

Diplomatic immunities (1)Diplomatic immunities (1)Diplomatic immunities (1)Diplomatic immunities (1)Diplomatic immunities (1)Diplomatic immunities (1)Diplomatic immunities (1)Diplomatic immunities (1)

�� Diplomatic relations: Vienna Convention Diplomatic relations: Vienna Convention 19611961

�� Consular relations: Vienna Convention Consular relations: Vienna Convention 19631963

�� Almost always respected Almost always respected �� ICJ,ICJ, Hostages case Hostages case 19801980

Diplomatic immunities (2)Diplomatic immunities (2)Diplomatic immunities (2)Diplomatic immunities (2)Diplomatic immunities (2)Diplomatic immunities (2)Diplomatic immunities (2)Diplomatic immunities (2)

�� Almost total immunity for diplomatsAlmost total immunity for diplomats�� Arrest/detentionArrest/detention�� Criminal jurisdictionCriminal jurisdiction�� Civil/administrative jurisdiction Civil/administrative jurisdiction …… but but

exceptionsexceptions

�� Inviolability embassy, private residence, Inviolability embassy, private residence, diplomatic bagdiplomatic bag……

�� Less immunity for consular officialsLess immunity for consular officials

Law of the Sea

International Law

“the OCEAN, that expanse of water which antiquity describes as the immense, the infinite, bounded only by the heavens, parent of all things; [..] the ocean which, although surrounding this earth, the home of the human race, with the ebb and flow of its tides, can be neither seized nor inclosed; nay, which rather possesses the earth than is by it possessed.”

- Hugo de Groot, Mare Liberum 1609

Freedom of the seas

Hugo de Groot, Mare Liberum (1609):No state can claim sovereignty over any part of the seas. Open to free and unlimited use.(Written to vindicate the claims of the Dutch East Asia Company)Exception: territorial sea (3 nautical miles)

Uses of the oceans?

Uses of the Oceans

• Fisheries• Mining Activities (oil, gas)• Surface minerals (sand,

gravel, shells)• Artificial islands,

installations and structures

• Production of energy from water, currents and wind

• Shipping• Overflight• Cables and pipelines• Marine scientific research• Military activities• Recreation• Land reclamation• Nature protection• Pollution

Piracy

Codification of the law of the sea

• UNCLOS I (1958): 4 Geneva Conventions• UNCLOS II (1960)• UNCLOS III (1973-1982): 1982 United

Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (in force 1994)

Status of ratifications UNCLOS

U.S. opposition

• Interview with Ed Meese: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5Y24goa6o4 (Part IX UNCLOS)

Jurisdictional zones

Baselines

Bron: E. Meltzer, Canada (http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fgc-cgp/index_e.htm)

Which states benefit most from EEZ?

State Area of EEZ (sq. nm)

1. USA 2,831,400

2. France 2,083,400

3. Indonesia 1,577,300

4. New Zealand 1,409,500

5. Australia 1,310,900

…

11. Kiribati 770,000

12. Papua New Guinea 690,000

All States:(Source: Churchill and Lowe, The Law of the Sea, 1999)

37,745,000

Continental shelf beyond 200 nm

Bron: V. Prescott and C. Schofield: The Maritime Political Boundaries of the World (2005)

Fisheries (1)“in a way it can be maintained that fish are exhaustible” (Grotius, 1609)

Cod in NewFoundland:

Fisheries (2)

1982 LOS Convention– TS: Artt. 2, 19(2)(i)

– EEZ: Artt. 56, 61-73

– HS: Artt. 87, 116-120

– General: Art. 192

1995 Fish Stocks Agreement– Ecosystem approach

– Precautionary approach

– Enforcement (Art. 21)

Regional Fisheries Management Organizations

Case

The Pro Choice is a Dutch ship which has a mobile clinic on board in which abortions could be performed. This ship is sent to State X, where abortion is illegal. Do you think State X could prohibit it from entering:

• its ports• its territorial sea• its contiguous zone• its exclusive economic zoneciting the protection of public order and public

health?

Air law (1)

• Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation 1944 �sovereignty over airspace

• Vertical delimitation of airspace: unclear

Air law (2)

Violations of airspace: consequences– Government aircraft

– Commercial aircraft (Art. 3bis Chicago Convention)

• Jurisdiction over aircraft (1963 Convention)– Article 3: registration

– Article 4: exceptions

Space law (1)

• Many UN resolutions

• Freedom of space

• No appropriation

• International responsibility

• Cooperation – helping astronauts

• Jurisdiction based on registration

Space law (2)

• Outer Space Treaty 1967– Same principles

– No WMD in cosmic space

– Demilitarization moon and other celestial bodies

• Agreement on the rescue and return of astronauts and space objects 1968

• Convention on International Liability 1972

1

STATE RESPONSIBILITY

� Articles on State responsibility, ILC, 2001

� Customary international law

� Elements

STATE RESPONSIBILITY: ATTRIBUTABILITY

� Organs of a State

� Persons exercising governmental authority

� Organs placed at the disposal of a State

� Direction/control

� Absence/default

� Insurrectional movement

� Acknowledgement/acceptance

STATE RESPONSIBILITY: CIRCUMSTANCES PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS

� Consent

� Self-defence

� Countermeasures

� Force majeure

� Distress

� Necessity

2

REPARATION

� Restitution

� Compensation

� Satisfaction

COUNTERMEASURES

� See Art. 49-54 ILC Articles

1

DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION

(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)

�� ILC Draft Articles 2006ILC Draft Articles 2006

�� Right of the StateRight of the State

�� No entitlement of the individualNo entitlement of the individual�� CalvoCalvo--clause clause

DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION DIPLOMATIC PROTECTION

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)

�� Nationality of the claimNationality of the claim

�� Local remedies ruleLocal remedies rule

�� Compensation Compensation �� StateState

TREATMENT OF ALIENS TREATMENT OF ALIENS TREATMENT OF ALIENS TREATMENT OF ALIENS TREATMENT OF ALIENS TREATMENT OF ALIENS TREATMENT OF ALIENS TREATMENT OF ALIENS

(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)

�� International minimum standard v. International minimum standard v. national treatmentnational treatment

�� Host States: national treatment (Host States: national treatment (CalvoCalvo))

�� Home States: international minimum Home States: international minimum standardstandard

�� Treatment of persons (human rights)Treatment of persons (human rights)

�� Treatment of property (expropriation)Treatment of property (expropriation)

2


(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)

�� Home States’ viewpoint:Home States’ viewpoint:1.1. Public purposePublic purpose

2.2. NonNon--discriminatorydiscriminatory

3.3. Prompt, adequate and effective Prompt, adequate and effective compensationcompensation

�� DeclarationDeclaration onon permanent permanent sovereigntysovereignty over over naturalnatural resources, resources, ResRes. 1803 UNGA (1962). 1803 UNGA (1962)


(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)

�� Host States’ viewpoint:Host States’ viewpoint:1. No public purpose1. No public purpose

2. “Taking into account all circumstances”2. “Taking into account all circumstances”

3. Dispute settlement by national courts3. Dispute settlement by national courts

�� Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States , Res. 3283 UNGA (1974)States , Res. 3283 UNGA (1974)


(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)

�� Nowadays:Nowadays:�� Bilateral investment treatiesBilateral investment treaties

�� Lump sum agreementsLump sum agreements

�� Special economic zonesSpecial economic zones�� E.g., E.g., IranIran

3

HUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTS

“There can be no issue of more “There can be no issue of more pressing concern to international pressing concern to international law than to protect the life of every law than to protect the life of every human being…if international law human being…if international law is unable to fulfill this then for what is unable to fulfill this then for what does it exist?” (B. does it exist?” (B. RamcharanRamcharan))

HUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTS

�� ILO, 1919ILO, 1919

�� reserved domain?reserved domain?

�� Art. 2 (7) v. art. 1 (3) UN CharterArt. 2 (7) v. art. 1 (3) UN Charter

�� Universal Declaration of Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights 19481948

HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS

TREATIES (1)TREATIES (1)TREATIES (1)TREATIES (1)TREATIES (1)TREATIES (1)TREATIES (1)TREATIES (1)

�� 1. Genocide Convention1. Genocide Convention

�� 2. Convention against Racial 2. Convention against Racial DiscriminationDiscrimination

�� 3. ICCPR3. ICCPR

�� 4. ECOSOC4. ECOSOC

�� 5. Convention against Discrimination of 5. Convention against Discrimination of WomenWomen

4

HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS

TREATIES (2)TREATIES (2)TREATIES (2)TREATIES (2)TREATIES (2)TREATIES (2)TREATIES (2)TREATIES (2)

�� 6. UN Torture Convention6. UN Torture Convention�� 7. Convention on the Rights of the Child7. Convention on the Rights of the Child�� 8. European Convention on Human 8. European Convention on Human

RightsRights�� 9. American Convention on Human 9. American Convention on Human

RightsRights�� 10. African Charter on Human and 10. African Charter on Human and

Peoples’ RightsPeoples’ Rights

RestrictionsRestrictionsRestrictionsRestrictionsRestrictionsRestrictionsRestrictionsRestrictions

�� Restrictions possibleRestrictions possible

NonNonNonNonNonNonNonNon--------derogablederogablederogablederogablederogablederogablederogablederogable human rightshuman rightshuman rightshuman rightshuman rightshuman rightshuman rightshuman rights

5

Implementation and Implementation and Implementation and Implementation and Implementation and Implementation and Implementation and Implementation and

supervisionsupervisionsupervisionsupervisionsupervisionsupervisionsupervisionsupervision

�� 1. Reporting1. Reporting

�� 2. State complaints2. State complaints

�� 3. Individual complaints3. Individual complaints

�� 4. inquiries by committees4. inquiries by committees

�� 5. Office of the High Commissioner for 5. Office of the High Commissioner for Human RightsHuman Rights

�� 6. Human Rights Council6. Human Rights Council

USE OF FORCEUSE OF FORCE

Legal sourcesLegal sources

�� Article 2(4) UN CharterArticle 2(4) UN Charter

�� Article 51 UN CharterArticle 51 UN Charter

�� GA Friendly Relations Declaration 1970GA Friendly Relations Declaration 1970

Caroline incident, 1837Caroline incident, 1837

�� Canada v. U.S.Canada v. U.S.

�� legality of prelegality of pre--emptive strikeemptive strike

Iraq 2003Iraq 2003

�� Legality of U.S./UK Legality of U.S./UK

invasion of Iraq?invasion of Iraq?

–– SC Res. 678, 687, SC Res. 678, 687,

14411441

–– PrePre--emptive use of emptive use of

forceforce

–– Humanitarian Humanitarian

interventionintervention

Iran, 2008?Iran, 2008?

Humanitarian Humanitarian

intervention (1)intervention (1)

�� Operation Provide Operation Provide

Comfort, Iraqi Comfort, Iraqi

Kurdistan 1991Kurdistan 1991

�� Operation Restore Operation Restore

Hope, Somalia 1992Hope, Somalia 1992



�� NATO, Kosovo 1999NATO, Kosovo 1999 �� Darfur ???Darfur ???



�� ““Responsibility to protectResponsibility to protect””

�� International Commission on Intervention International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, 2000and State Sovereignty, 2000--0101

�� Kofi Annan, In larger freedom, 2004:Kofi Annan, In larger freedom, 2004:

““As to genocide, ethnic cleansing and other As to genocide, ethnic cleansing and other such crimes against humanity, are they not such crimes against humanity, are they not

also threats to international peace and also threats to international peace and security, against which humanity should be security, against which humanity should be

able to look to the Security Council for able to look to the Security Council for protection?protection?”” (para. 125)(para. 125)

Regional arrangementsRegional arrangements

�� Chapter VIII UN CharterChapter VIII UN Charter

�� Sierra Leone 1997Sierra Leone 1997--98: OAS/ECOWAS 98: OAS/ECOWAS

v. UNSCv. UNSC

�� ECOWAS ECOWAS ““invasion pactinvasion pact””, 1999, 1999

Ethiopian intervention in Ethiopian intervention in

Somalia, 2006Somalia, 2006

�� Illegal use of force?Illegal use of force?

�� Consent Consent …… civil strifecivil strife

Swiss Army invading Swiss Army invading

Liechtenstein, March 1, Liechtenstein, March 1,

20072007�� 170 Swiss infantry soldiers wandering 170 Swiss infantry soldiers wandering

2 km across Liechtenstein border2 km across Liechtenstein border

�� Violation of international law?Violation of international law?

NATO, Afghanistan 2001: NATO, Afghanistan 2001:

did international law did international law

authorize the use of force?authorize the use of force?

Reprisals or Reprisals or

countermeasurescountermeasures

�� Articles 49Articles 49--54 DASR54 DASR

�� Not: use of force! (Friendly Relations Not: use of force! (Friendly Relations

Declaration, Art. 50 DASR)Declaration, Art. 50 DASR)

�� Retorsions Retorsions ……

UN Security CouncilUN Security Council

�� Chapter VI v. Chapter Chapter VI v. Chapter

VII UN CharterVII UN Charter

�� Aggression, threat to Aggression, threat to

the peace, breach of the peace, breach of

the peacethe peace…… Art. 39Art. 39

�� Measures: Art. 41 v. 42Measures: Art. 41 v. 42

�� Troops: Art. 43Troops: Art. 43

UN General AssemblyUN General Assembly

�� General Assembly, General Assembly, Uniting for Peace Uniting for Peace Resolution 1950Resolution 1950

�� Korean War 1950Korean War 1950

�� Hungary 1956Hungary 1956

�� Suez 1956Suez 1956

�� Afghanistan 1980Afghanistan 1980

�� Israeli security Israeli security fence 2003fence 2003

UN peacekeeping (1)UN peacekeeping (1)

�� CongoCongo �� EritreaEritrea

UN peacekeeping (2)UN peacekeeping (2)

�� Consent of the host State required: UN Consent of the host State required: UN and host State develop rules of and host State develop rules of engagementengagement

�� First mission: Israel 1948First mission: Israel 1948

�� ICJ, ICJ, Certain ExpensesCertain Expenses, 1949, 1949

�� Cost in fiscal year 2005Cost in fiscal year 2005--2006: 5.03 2006: 5.03 billion USDbillion USD

�� Nobel Peace Prize 1988Nobel Peace Prize 1988

UN peacekeeping failuresUN peacekeeping failures

�� Srebrenica 1995Srebrenica 1995 �� Rwanda 1994Rwanda 1994

UN peacekeeping: topUN peacekeeping: top--10 10

of contributing countriesof contributing countries

�� 1. Bangladesh1. Bangladesh 10,12610,126

�� 2. Pakistan 2. Pakistan 9,7979,797

�� 3. India3. India 9,2909,290

�� 4. Nepal4. Nepal 3,5103,510

�� 5. Jordan5. Jordan

�� 21. Poland21. Poland 707707

�� 31. United States31. United States 393393

PEACEPEACE……

�� peaceMAKINGpeaceMAKING

�� peaceKEEPINGpeaceKEEPING

�� peaceENFORCEMENTpeaceENFORCEMENT

�� peaceBUILDINGpeaceBUILDING

1

JUS IN BELLOJUS IN BELLOINTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

HUMANITARIAN LAWHUMANITARIAN LAW

‘‘HAGUE LAW’HAGUE LAW’

1899/1907 Hague Conferences and 1899/1907 Hague Conferences and ConventionsConventions

Biological Weapons Convention 1972Biological Weapons Convention 1972

Convention on Conventional Weapons Convention on Conventional Weapons 19801980

Chemical Weapons Convention 1993Chemical Weapons Convention 1993

Mine Ban Treaty 1997Mine Ban Treaty 1997

Chemical Weapons Convention (1)Chemical Weapons Convention (1)

PhasePhase ReductionReduction DeadlineDeadline

II 1 pct.1 pct. April 2000April 2000

IIII 20 pct.20 pct. April 2002April 2002

IIIIII 45 pct.45 pct. April 2004April 2004

IVIV 100 pct.100 pct. April 2007April 2007

2

Chemical Weapons Convention (2)Chemical Weapons Convention (2)

Current progress: Current progress: –– as of 1.1.2009: 3% of Class 1, at least 52% of as of 1.1.2009: 3% of Class 1, at least 52% of

Class 2 and all Class 3 declared chemicals Class 2 and all Class 3 declared chemicals had been destroyed had been destroyed

–– Forecast 100 pct. destructionForecast 100 pct. destructionRussia: 2027Russia: 2027

U.S.: 2014/2023U.S.: 2014/2023

OPCWOPCW–– VerificationVerification

Mine Ban Treaty, Ottawa 1997 (1)Mine Ban Treaty, Ottawa 1997 (1)

States Parties to the Mine Ban TreatyStates Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty

Mine Ban Treaty, Ottawa 1997 (2)Mine Ban Treaty, Ottawa 1997 (2)

Estimation May 2006: 160 million Estimation May 2006: 160 million landmineslandmines

Demining: 1Demining: 1--2 million USD per km2 million USD per km²²

3

Cluster bombsCluster bombs

cf. Convention on Cluster Munitions (2008)cf. Convention on Cluster Munitions (2008)

Nuclear weaponsNuclear weapons

NonNon--Proliferation Treaty 1968Proliferation Treaty 1968

SALT, STARTSALT, START

Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 20022002

ABM (1972ABM (1972--2002)2002)–– “Star Wars” 1980s“Star Wars” 1980s

–– U.S. withdraws in 2001U.S. withdraws in 2001

ICJ, advisory opinion ICJ, advisory opinion Nuclear Nuclear WeaponsWeapons, 1996, 1996

No international law expressly prohibiting No international law expressly prohibiting or authorizingor authorizing

Generally contrary to IL, except possibly in Generally contrary to IL, except possibly in selfself--defencedefence

4

‘‘Geneva law’Geneva law’

1949 Geneva Conventions I1949 Geneva Conventions I--IVIV

1977 Additional Protocols I1977 Additional Protocols I--IIII

Common Article 3 Geneva ConventionsCommon Article 3 Geneva Conventions

Convention for the Protection of Cultural Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property 1954Property 1954

Principles of Geneva lawPrinciples of Geneva law

1. Distinction combatants 1. Distinction combatants –– civilianscivilians

2. Principle of limited warfare (The Hague)2. Principle of limited warfare (The Hague)–– No unnecessary sufferingNo unnecessary suffering

–– Protect the environmentProtect the environment

3. Due process guarantees3. Due process guarantees

4. Rights POW’s and civilians in occupied zones4. Rights POW’s and civilians in occupied zones

5. Do not attack the enemy who surrenders5. Do not attack the enemy who surrenders

6. Protection of persons 6. Protection of persons horshors--combatcombat

7. Care for the wounded and sick7. Care for the wounded and sick

ICJ, Advisory Opinion, Construction ICJ, Advisory Opinion, Construction of a Wall in the Occupied of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 2004Palestinian Territory, 2004

5

Repression of violations of IHL: Repression of violations of IHL: individual criminal responsibilityindividual criminal responsibility

Domestic trials (Domestic trials (e.g.e.g., universal , universal jurisdiction)jurisdiction)

Nuremberg, TokyoNuremberg, Tokyo

ICTY, ICTRICTY, ICTR

ICCICC

Sierra LeoneSierra Leone

Cambodia Cambodia

1

DISPUTE SETTLEMENTDISPUTE SETTLEMENT

�� Basic principle UN Charter: Basic principle UN Charter: peacefulpeacefulsettlement of disputessettlement of disputes

–– Chapter VI UNCChapter VI UNC

–– Art. 2(4) UNCArt. 2(4) UNC

Diplomatic methods (1)Diplomatic methods (1)

�� 1. Negotiations1. Negotiations

–– North Sea Continental ShelfNorth Sea Continental Shelf: meaningful : meaningful

negotiationsnegotiations

–– Sometimes specific treaty obligations, Sometimes specific treaty obligations, egeg, , Art. 283 UNCLOSArt. 283 UNCLOS


�� 2. Good offices2. Good offices

–– Third partyThird party

–– Passive role: goPassive role: go--betweenbetween

�� 3. Mediation3. Mediation

–– More active role of third partyMore active role of third party

–– Good offices Good offices �� mediationmediation

2


4. Fact4. Fact--findingfinding

-- InquiryInquiry

-- ReportReport

-- Sometimes recommendationsSometimes recommendations

5. Conciliation5. Conciliation

-- Commission: inquiry + conciliation Commission: inquiry + conciliation

proposalproposal

Judicial methods (1)Judicial methods (1)

�� Binding!Binding!

�� 1. ARBITRATION1. ARBITRATION

–– International v. commercialInternational v. commercial

–– AdvantagesAdvantages

–– Arbitral tribunals:Arbitral tribunals:

�� Ad hoc: Iran Ad hoc: Iran –– U.S. Claims TribunalU.S. Claims Tribunal

�� Permanent Court of ArbitrationPermanent Court of Arbitration

�� ICSID 1965ICSID 1965

Judicial methods (2)Judicial methods (2)

�� 2. COURTS2. COURTS

Proliferation:Proliferation:

(a)(a) InternationalInternational

(b)(b) RegionalRegional

3

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

COURT OF JUSTICE (1)COURT OF JUSTICE (1)

ICJ (2)ICJ (2)

�� 15 judges 15 judges –– ad hoc ad hoc judgesjudges

�� No compulsory jurisdictionNo compulsory jurisdiction

–– 1. optional clause 1. optional clause

–– 2. 2. compromissorycompromissory clauseclause

–– 3. 3. compromiscompromis

–– 4. forum 4. forum prorogatumprorogatum

�� No constitutional courtNo constitutional court

ICJ (3)ICJ (3)

Procedure:Procedure:

–– Written + oralWritten + oral

–– Preliminary exceptionsPreliminary exceptions

–– Provisional measuresProvisional measures

–– Sanctions in case of nonSanctions in case of non--executionexecution

4

Exercise optional clause Exercise optional clause

�� t0: State X accepts the jurisdiction of the t0: State X accepts the jurisdiction of the ICJ without appending a ICJ without appending a reservation/conditionreservation/condition

�� t1: State Y accepts the jurisdiction of the t1: State Y accepts the jurisdiction of the ICJ, but appends a reservation: “I do not ICJ, but appends a reservation: “I do not accept the accept the ICJ’sICJ’s jurisdiction over matters jurisdiction over matters relating to the legality of the use of force.“relating to the legality of the use of force.“

�� t2: State Y seizes the ICJ and states that X t2: State Y seizes the ICJ and states that X has funded rebels who carried out attacks has funded rebels who carried out attacks on Y’s soil on Y’s soil �� does ICJ have jurisdiction?does ICJ have jurisdiction?

Repression of crimes against international humanitarian law

• Generally: States have the duty to repress IHL crimes

• Ad hoc tribunals Nuremberg/Tokyo

• Ad hoc tribunals Yugoslavia (1993) and Rwanda (1994)

International Criminal Court

� ICC• Multilateral treaty (not Ch. VII UN Security

Council)

• What crimes?

• What persons/what territory?

• Temporal limitation

• Complementarity principle

• Role of the UN Security Council

ICC practice

• ‘Self-referrals’

• DRC, Uganda, CAR, Sudan

• http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7504640.stm

• Arrest warrants

• Peace v. justice

‘Hybrid’ tribunals

• Sierra Leone

• East Timor

• Cambodia

master programme in european law...

Documents