massive star evolution convection semiconvection overshoot angular momentum transport with and...
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Massive star evolution
convection semiconvection overshoot
angular momentum transport with and without B-field torques
nucleosynthesis
presupernova models
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Supernovae Type II
Core collapse Neutrino transport B-fields and rotation Mass dependence Equation of state
Mixing and fall back
Nucleosynthesis
Light curves
Spectra
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Supernovae Type Ia
Ignition – the last 100 seconds
Flame physics and instabilities
Flame propagation – 3D with attendant turbulence and instabilities
Nucleosynthesis Light curves
Spectra
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Transients
X-ray bursts – large reaction networks
novae – dredge up and mixing
gamma-ray bursts progenitors central engine relativistic jet propagation
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Nuclear Reaction Data Base
Tabulations of experimental rates
Calculation of theoretical strong, weak, electromagnetic, and neutrino rates
Fitting and extrapolation
Archiving and disemination
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Michael Kuhlen – rotating 15 solar mass star burning hydrogen
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Rogers, Glatzmaier, and Woosley (2002)
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Semiconvection:
E.g., following hydrogen core burning, is the gradientin H and He erased by mixing processes or does it survive?
Changes the entire stellar structure and whether it burns helium as a blue staror a red star.
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note models “b” (withB-fields) and “e” (without)
Heger, Woosley, & Spruit,in prep. for ApJ
Spruit, (2001), A&A, 381, 923
- red supergiants at death. Pulsar periods 3 to 15 ms
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Burrows, Hayes,and Fryxell (1995)
Mezzacappa et a l (1998)
The current paradigm forsupernova explosion poweredby neutrino energy depositiongives ambiguous results.
Rotation could alter this by
• Providing extra energy input
• Creating ultrastrong B fields and jets
• Changing the convective flow pattern
Ostriker and Gunn 1971
LeBlanc and Wilson 1970Wheeler et al 2002
Fryer and Heger 2000
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First three-dimensional calculation of a core-collapse15 solar mass supernova.
This figure shows the iso-velocitycontours (1000 km/s) 60 ms aftercore bounce in a collapsing massivestar. Calculated by Fryer and Warrenat LANL using SPH (300,000 particles).
Resolution is poor and the neutrinoswere treated artificially (trapped orfreely streaming, no gray region), butsuch calculations will be used toguide our further code development.
The box is 1000 km across.
300,000 particles 1.15 Msun remnant 2.9 foe1,000,000 “ 1.15 “ 2.8 foe – 600,000 particles in convection zone3,000,000 “ in progress
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Or do we simply not have the correct equation of state?
Or do we need to do the multi-D neutrino transport better?
Or is new physics needed (flavor mixing?)?
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As the expanding helium core runsinto the massive, but low densityhydrogen envelope, the shock at itsboundary decelerates. The decelerationis in opposition to the radially decreasingdensity gradient of the supernova.
Rayleigh-Taylor instability occurs.
The calculation at the right (Herant andWoosley, ApJ, 1995) shows a 60 degree wedge of a 15 solar mass supernova modeledusing SPH and 20,000 particles. At 9 hours and 36 hours, the growth of thenon-linear RT instability is apparent.
Red is hydrogen, yellow is helium, greenis oxygen, and blue is iron. Radius is insolar radii.
Mixing
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with FLASH
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Fall back
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Fall back absorbs all the 56Ni
light curves without mixing - will be recalculated
30 models
Light curves
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Nuclear Reaction Data
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25 Solar Mass Supernova
15 Solar Mass Supernova
The figures at the right showthe first results of nucleosynthesiscalculations in realistic (albeit1D) models for two supernovaemodelled from the main sequencethrough explosion carrying a network of 2000 isotopes ineach of 1000 zones.
A (very sparse) matrix of 2000 x 2000 was invertedapproximately 8 million timesfor each star studied.
The plots show the log of the final abundances compared to their abundance in the sun.
Nucleosynthesis
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The ignition conditions depend weakly on the accretion rate.For lower accretion rates the ignition density is higher. Because of the difficulty with neutron-rich nucleosynthesis,lower ignition densities (high accretion rates) are favored.
*Ignition when nuclear energy generation by (highly screened) carbon fusion balances cooling by neutrino emission.
Type Ia Supernovae – White dwarf accretion
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Conditions in a ChandrasekharMass white dwarf as its center runs away – following about a century of convection.
Vertical bars denoteconvective regions
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Convection for 100 years, then formation of a thin flame sheet.
T
radius0
Note that at:
7 x 108 K the burning time and convection time become equal. Can’t maintain adiabatic gradient anymore
1.1 x 109 K, burning goes faster than sound could go a pressure scale height
Burning becomes localized
26TSnuc
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Timmes and Woosley, (1992), ApJ, 396, 649
2/1
condv
nucS
c
Laminar Flame Speed
km/s
cm
km/s000,10sound c
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Speculation
How many points and when and whereeach ignites may have dramatic consequencesfor the supernova (origin of diversity?)
2/L km 200 r P
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"Sharp-Wheeler Model"
g
Model OK, but deficient in Si, S, Ar, Ca
2SW
2SW
1.0v
05.0r
tg
tg
eff
eff
A simple toy model ...
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Igniting the star at a single point off center gives very different results than ignitingprecisely at the center orin a spherical volume.
This "single point ignition"model did not produce a supernova (pulsation would have ensued)
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Ignition at 5 pointsdid produce a successfulsupernova with 0.65 solar masses of burnedmaterial, 0.5 solar masses of which was56Ni.
Note - this was a 2D calculation.
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Reinecke et al. (2002)
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An idealized model
Assume a starting mass of1.38 solar masses, a centraldensity of 2 x 109 g cm-3
and a C/O ratio of 1::2
For a given starting density, the final composition (threevariables, plus mixing) then defines the model.
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X-Ray Bursts
ZingaleCummingWoosley et al.
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Lorentz factor DensityGRBs
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