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Massachusetts Water Resources Authority
Model-Buoy Data Comparisonand Other Continuous Monitoring
Evaluations
Wendy Leo
Outfall Monitoring Science Advisory Panel Meeting
September 23, 2014
2
Outline
• Introduction
• Ongoing NERACOOS A measurements
• NDBC 44013 results for 2013
• Can model be used to track conditions near outfall between surveys?
• Can buoy data improve accuracy of model predictions?
• Fluorescence and chlorophyll
3
Location of buoys and survey stations
NERACOOS A (2001-present)
USGS LT-A (1989-2006)
NDBC 44013 (2009-2013)
• water column monitoringstations
4
Related efforts since 2013 OMSAP meetings
• Worked with NERACOOS to secure funding for Buoy A
• Continued 44013 T, S, chl measurements through summer 2013
• Can model be used to track conditions near outfall between surveys?
• Can buoy data improve accuracy of model predictions?
• Fluorescence and chlorophyll relationship?
5
44013 oceanographic measurements 2013
6
NDBC 44013 results for 2013 surface temperature
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
NERACOOS Buoy A (1 m)
NERACOOS Buoy A (2 m)
NDBC Buoy 44013 (2.4 m, not real-time)
7
NDBC 44013 results for 2013NDBC 44013 results for 2013 surface salinity
28
29
30
31
32
33
Salin
ity (P
SU)
NERACOOS Buoy A (1 m)
NDBC Buoy 44013 (2.4 m, not real-time)
8
NDBC 44013 results for 2013NDBC 44013 results for 2013 surface chlorophyll
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Chlo
roph
yll c
once
ntra
tion
(ug/
l)
NERACOOS Buoy A (3 m)
NDBC Buoy 44013 (2.4 m, not real-time)
survey surface fluorescence near Buoy A
survey surface fluorescence near Buoy 44013
9
NDBC 44013 results for 2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
Chlo
roph
yll c
once
ntra
tion
(ug/
l)
NERACOOS Buoy A (3 m)
NDBC Buoy 44013 (0.5 or 2.4 m)
WC surveys surface fluorescence near Buoy A
WC surveys surface fluorescence near Buoy 44013
10
Short term events
• Can model be used to track conditions near outfall between surveys?
– capturing relatively brief changes in chlorophyll or changes in DO
that would be missed by ship surveys.
11
Buoy and model results – evaluations completed
Buoy name
Distance from outfall
Depth layer
Depth (m)
Parameters Comparisons to model
44013 12 km shallow 0.5-2.4 Temperature SalinityChlorophyll A
2009-20102009-20102009-2010
A01 23 km shallow 1-3 Temperature SalinityChlorophyll A
2009-20102009-20102009-2010
deep 50-51 TemperatureSalinityDissolved Oxygen
2004-05, 2009-102004-05, 2009-10
USGS(LT-A)
1.2 km deep 30 TemperatureSalinityDissolved Oxygen
2004-20052004-20052003-2005
12
Buoy and model results
Parameter Model similar to buoy? A01 similar to outfall site?
Surface Salinity Strong (except perhaps in summer)
Strong (except spring)
Bottom Salinity Strong Strong
Surface Temp Perfect Perfect
Bottom Temp Strong (with deviations) Good
Bottom DO Good Good (ignoring weekly variability)
Surface Chlorophyll Zero Weak alignment (can satellite data help?)
13
surface temperature – NDBC 44013 – 2010
Buoy and model results
0
5
10
15
20
25
1-Jan-10 2-Mar-10 1-May-10 30-Jun-10 29-Aug-10 28-Oct-10 27-Dec-10
daily
tem
p (C
)
44013 - 2010Model_ 1m - temp Buoy_1m - temp Survey_1m - temp
14
bottom temperature – NERACOOS A – 2010
Buoy and model results
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1-Jan-10 2-Mar-10 1-May-10 30-Jun-10 29-Aug-10 28-Oct-10 27-Dec-10
daily
tem
p (C
)
A01 - 2010Model_50m - temp Buoy_50m - temp Survey_50m-temp
15
Buoy and model results
surface salinity – 2009
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
1-Jan-09 2-Mar-09 1-May-09 30-Jun-09 29-Aug-09 28-Oct-09 27-Dec-09
daily
sal
init
y (P
SU)
A01 - 2009Model_ 1m - salinity Buoy_1m - salinity Survey_1m-salinity
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
1-Jan-09 2-Mar-09 1-May-09 30-Jun-09 29-Aug-09 28-Oct-09 27-Dec-09
daily
sal
init
y (P
SU)
44013 - 2009Model_ 1m - salinity Buoy_1m - salinity Survey_1m - salinity
16
Buoy and model results
surface salinity – 2010
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
1-Jan-10 2-Mar-10 1-May-10 30-Jun-10 29-Aug-10 28-Oct-10 27-Dec-10
daily
sal
init
y (P
SU)
Model_ 1m - salinity Buoy_1m - salinity Survey_1m - salinity 44013 - 2010
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
1-Jan-10 2-Mar-10 1-May-10 30-Jun-10 29-Aug-10 28-Oct-10 27-Dec-10
daily
sal
init
y (P
SU)
Model_ 1m - salinity Buoy_1m - salinity Survey_1m-salinity A01 - 2010
17
bottom dissolved oxygen –NERACOOS A
Buoy and model results
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2-Jan-10 3-Mar-10 2-May-10 1-Jul-10 30-Aug-10 29-Oct-10 28-Dec-10
3-da
y di
ssol
ved
oxyg
en (m
g/L)
A01 - 2010Model_50m - DO Buoy_50m - DO Survey_bottom - DO
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2-Jan-09 3-Mar-09 2-May-09 1-Jul-09 30-Aug-09 29-Oct-09 28-Dec-09
3-da
y di
ssol
ved
oxyg
en (m
g/L)
A01 - 2009Model_50m - DO Buoy_50m - DO Survey_bottom - DO
18
USGS LT-A and NERACOOS A, 2005
Buoy results – USGS LT-A near outfall
bottom salinity
bottom temperature
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1-Jan-05 2-Mar-05 1-May-05 30-Jun-05 29-Aug-05 28-Oct-05 27-Dec-05
daily
tem
pera
ture
(C)
2005USGS_30m_Temp A01_50m_Temp
28
29
30
31
32
33
1-Jan-05 2-Mar-05 1-May-05 30-Jun-05 29-Aug-05 28-Oct-05 27-Dec-05
daily
sal
init
y (p
pt)
2005USGS_30m_Sal A01_50m_Sal
19
buoy vs. buoy, bottom dissolved oxygenUSGS LT-A and NERACOOS A, 2005
Buoy results – USGS LT-A near outfall
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
1-Jan-05 2-Mar-05 1-May-05 30-Jun-05 29-Aug-05 28-Oct-05 27-Dec-05
daily
ave
rage
dis
solv
ed o
xyge
n (m
g/L)
2005USGS_30m A01_50m Survey_40m - USGS Survey_30m - USGS Survey_50m - A01
20
Compare two locations, data and model -bottom oxygen
Buoy and model results
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
2-Jan-05 3-Mar-05 2-May-05 1-Jul-05 30-Aug-05 29-Oct-05 28-Dec-05
3-da
y av
erag
e di
ssol
ved
oxyg
en (m
g/L)
Buoy v Buoy2005
USGS_30m A01_50m
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
2-Jan-05 3-Mar-05 2-May-05 1-Jul-05 30-Aug-05 29-Oct-05 28-Dec-05
3-da
y av
erag
e di
ssol
ved
oxyg
en (m
g/L)
Model v Model2005
USGS_30m (model) A01_50m (model)
21
Buoy and model results
surface chlorophyll –NERACOOS A
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2-Jan-10 3-Mar-10 2-May-10 1-Jul-10 30-Aug-10 29-Oct-10 28-Dec-10
3-da
y ch
loro
phyl
l-a (
ug/L
)
Model_1m - chla Buoy_1-3m - chla Survey-surf - Chla A01 - 2010
-5
0
5
10
15
20
2-Jan-09 3-Mar-09 2-May-09 1-Jul-09 30-Aug-09 29-Oct-09 28-Dec-09
3-da
y ch
loro
phyl
l-a (
ug/L
)
A01 - 2009Model_1m - chla Buoy_1-3m - chla Survey-surf - Chla
22
Buoy and model results
surface chlorophyll –NDBC 44013
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2-Jan-09 3-Mar-09 2-May-09 1-Jul-09 30-Aug-09 29-Oct-09 28-Dec-09
3-da
y ch
loro
phyl
l-a (
ug/L
)
44013 - 2009Model_1m - chla Buoy_1-3m - chla Survey_surf - Chla
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2-Jan-10 3-Mar-10 2-May-10 1-Jul-10 30-Aug-10 29-Oct-10 28-Dec-10
3-da
y ch
loro
phyl
l-a (
ug/L
)
44013 - 2010Model_1m - chla Buoy_1-3m - chla Survey_surf - Chla
23
Buoy and model and satellite results
Satellite and model chlorophyll imagery for two dates marked by green lines in the time-series chart: May 5, and Aug 30 Buoy locations are depicted with black dots in the images.
A01 and 44013 buoy and model surface chlorophyll data in 2010
Aug 30, 2010May 5, 2010(ug/L) (ug/L)
Satellite Satellite
Model Model
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2-Jan-10 3-Mar-10 2-May-10 1-Jul-10 30-Aug-10 29-Oct-10 28-Dec-10
3-da
y ch
loro
phyl
l-a (
ug/L
)
201044013 - Model (1m) 44013 - Buoy (1-3m) A01 - Model (1m) A01 - Buoy (1-3m)
24
Buoy and satellite results
A01 buoy and satellite surface chlorophyll data in 2010
44013 buoy and satellite surface chlorophyll data in 2010
Satellite imagery for 4 sample time-points labeled A,B,C,D in time-series charts
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2-Jan-10 3-Mar-10 2-May-10 1-Jul-10 30-Aug-10 29-Oct-10 28-Dec-10
3-da
y ch
loro
phyl
l-a (
ug/L
)
2010A01 - Buoy (1-3m) A01 - Satellite
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2-Jan-10 3-Mar-10 2-May-10 1-Jul-10 30-Aug-10 29-Oct-10 28-Dec-10
3-da
y ch
loro
phyl
l-a (
ug/L
)
201044013 - Buoy (1-3m) 44013 - Satellite
CB
D
C
D
A
A
B
A. Apr 19 C. Sep 4 D. Oct 8B. Apr 24
25
Buoy and model results
Parameter Model similar to buoy? A01 similar to outfall site?
Surface Salinity Strong (except perhaps in summer)
Strong (except spring)
Bottom Salinity Strong Strong
Surface Temp Perfect Perfect
Bottom Temp Strong (with deviations) Good
Bottom DO Good Good (ignoring weekly variability)
Surface Chlorophyll Zero Weak alignment (can satellite data help?)
26
Outline
• Introduction
• Ongoing NERACOOS A measurements
• NDBC 44013 results for 2013
• Can model be used to track conditions near outfall between surveys?
• Can buoy data improve accuracy of model predictions?
• Fluorescence and chlorophyll
27
Fluorescence and chlorophyll
Moored fluorescence can indicate:- Bloom timing - Bloom intensity
Not so much:- Precise concentrations- Compare locations or deployments
28
Fluorescence and chlorophyll
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Chlo
roph
yll c
once
ntra
tion
(ug/
l)
NERACOOS Buoy A (3 m)
NDBC Buoy 44013 (2.4 m, not real-time)
survey surface fluorescence near Buoy A
survey surface fluorescence near Buoy 44013
29
Fluorescence and chlorophyll
Three examples of deployment-to-deployment transitions in chlorophyll fluorescence and turbidity to assess biofouling
negligible biofouling saturated biofilm frondular biofouling
turb
idity
fluor
esce
nce
30
Fluorescence and chlorophyll
Example of extreme biological growth on the ECO FLNTU observed upon recovery of deployment 30. This type of biofouling is termed frondular.
Photo credit M. Mickelson.
31
Fluorescence and chlorophyll
Time series of hourly observations from GoMOOS buoy I in February 2009.Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) is shown in blue.Calibrated chlorophyll fluorescence is shown in red. From Roesler, C. S., and A. H. Barnard. 2013.
32
Discussion