masking languages, skinning languages: tourism, researching multilingually and the performing body
TRANSCRIPT
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Masking Languages, Skinning Languages: Tourism, Researching Multilingually and The Performing Body. Alison Phipps, University of Glasgow.
with Tawona Sitholé, Gameli Tordzro, Naa Densua Tordzro
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Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon)
“The disaster of the man of color lies in the fact that he was enslaved.The disaster and the inhumanity of the white man lie in the fact that somewhere he has killed man.” (152)
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Linguistic entanglements, emblematic codesAnd languaging in tourism
‘Languaging’Das Zwischenmenschliche (Buber) ‘quick’ of human relatedness.
‘Northern project, with northern epistemologies’
A northern sociolinguisticsborn of the monolingualisms of Europe and its invention (Gramling, forthcoming)
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Researching Multilingually at Borders
Two overarching aims:1) to research interpreting, translation and multilingual
practices in challenging contexts, and,
2) while doing so, to document, describe and evaluate appropriate research methods (traditional and arts based) and develop theoretical approaches for this type of academic exploration.
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5 Case Studies
1) Global Mental Health: Translating Sexual and Gender Based Trauma (Scotland/Sierra Leone)
2) Law: Translating vulnerability and silence in the legal process (UK/Netherlands)
3) State: Working and Researching Multilingually at State and EU borders (Bulgaria/Romania)
4) Borders: Multilingual Ecologies in American Southwest borderlands
5) Language Education: Arabic as a Foreign Language for International Learners (Gaza)
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Languages as Social Category and Social Construct
Largely overlooked in accounts of tourism
Overlooked in methodologies
Race, gender, class
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Masking Languages
From the North: Analysed through the lens of postcolonialism and market relations, critically or otherwise.
To take a view from the South:Tourist body needs to be understood within the necropolitics of the age
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(Northern) Multilingual Dialogues in Tourism
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Necropolitics: Mbembe (2003,13)
“My concern is those figures of sovereignty whose central project is not the struggle for autonomy but the generalized instrumentalization of human existence and the material destruction of human bodies and populations.”
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Unmooring Northern Epistemologies of Language
Language and Tourism as InstrumentalisedStudies of transactionStudies of discursive formationStudies of damage to language under conditions of globalisation Learning of tourist languagesCost-benefit analysis of languaging.
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Necropolitics and the TouristThe Tourist is ‘grievable’The southern host is not.(Butler)
Racism is the vehicle for the necropolitics.
Typically we separate the epistemological relationHospitality is ‘an industry’ not an entangled act in history.
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Fanon
“Both (Black and White) must turn their backs on the inhuman voices which were those of their respective ancestors in order that authentic communication be possible. Before it can adopt a positive voice, freedom requires an effort at disalienation.” (180)
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Naa Densua
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Performing and Consuming the Tourist Body
• The body is white• The body is skinned• The body is clothed• The body performs• The body is
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Cape Coast
Is language in tourism settings, through its situatedness in Colonialism and power inequalities, especially violent and gendered?
Bare feet, green batik, white skin in black hand.
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How is languaging fixed?
The Art of Making things stick (Karin Barber)
Multilingual vernaculars, translingual practice and the monolingual tourist (who may have several mono-languages)
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Has he eaten salt? Languaging in Ghana
“this is a natural conversation. we are not talking like this to please you Alison, [laughter] because of the grant uhmm or because its our national language but we are talking because the way we talk to each other when we say things like in my language we …in my culture we.. “
“In my language we….”This one is called a ….”
Repetoires built of rehearsals of scrips of behaviour and language.
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Entanglement
Sara Nutall (post-apartheid) South Africa)Concept on periphery brought centre stage (a strategy of defamiliarisation) to enable both opacity and clarity and a polyglot public space.
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Mbembe 1993/ Nutall 2003
Oppressor and oppressed do not inhabit in commensurate spheres: rather they share the same epsiteme.
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Unmooring languages
To be moored requires twin anchors.
Moored, is how languages have been associated, colonially, (Anderson, 1980) with the national state.
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UnmooredUnmooring occurs when one or both of the twin anchors are raised.
Raising both anchors means movement, a possible loss of control, a move into what may be unknown, however charted. To be unmoored suggests possibility, potential pain, insecurity, escape, freedom, hope, danger, release and a sea-ward flow.
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A Guide for the (unmoored) Traveller
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Cultural Forms
“Literature is where I went to feel more alive, and to try to penetrate the deaness all around; to know black women more than I could hope to in apartheid life” (Nutall (2003, 152)
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Researching Multilingually in Tourism
Language Learning as Oral and Material
Not primarily textual
Connections to philosophies of Vocal Expression (Caveraro)
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Enlanguaged
Told in a voice that “involves the throat, saliva, infancy, a patina of experienced life, the mind’s intentions, the pleasure of giving a personal form to sound waves.” (Cavarero 2005: 2)
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Linguistic Hospitality ‘The voice is sound not speech.
But speech constitutes its essential destination. What is therefore at stake in any inquiry into the ontology of the voice – where uniqueness and relationality come to the fore – is a rethinking of this destination’ (Caveraro)
As Dialogue
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Spoken Word and its Entanglements and Emblematic codes
Philosophy ignores the plural, reciprocal communication of voices and their elementary forms.
Phonic over sonic is the power relation.
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‘The Act of Speaking is Relational’ (cavarero)
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We move “across disciplines, searching for distubances, fluctuations, oscillations in conventional accounts.” (Nutall (2003, 13)
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Gifts are in the Feet
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Guide to a Traveller
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Calabash People
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• the resistance practices to skin and language which are performed to and for tourists in these contexts. It will examine the way performance intervenes and the tourist body is both performed and consumed in a range of sites and the ways in which languages and translation practices operate. Using artistic and ethnographic film it will consider ways in which tourism preserves and changes languages and how ritual practices form key moments in tourist encounters. In particular it will work with the poetry of Tawona Sithole which intervenes in the masking of languages and operations of tourism and travel. Working through the proverbs and poetry of the performance piece the paper will also draw on the work of Fanon to explore the relationship between skin, race and languages the paper will consider, theoretically, linguistically and aesthetically, ways in which Fanon’s concepts might also apply to the operation of languages in tourist settings.