masine,aparati i operacije

f/,p C6eUlOMUp 1.(6Uj06Uh gp Cl1060gaH Kowtap-Eyplje

gp PagMUJW 1.(6Uj06Uh

3A II, III U IVPA3PEIJ, C'l'P;Y'IHE IllKOJIE, 3A TI'OrO)J}lllllhE U 'IETBOPorOIJ,UIllIl,E

OGI'A30BAlhEY Ol>JIACrU XEMUJE U HI'EPAJ.E XI'AHE 113A'IETIlOPOrOiJ,HllllbE

OlWA30BAIbE Y O\;JIACTH HEMETAJIA

3A130J13A YUbE! !VlKE VI f-1ACTABHA CPEJ.lCTBA, 5EOrPAJl, 2000

4 C XI6e,1fCoa: flapHH KOTaa H BO,,:(CBa napa ..

3. 3aKoH npeHoca TOfl.nOTC . 3.1. flpCflOC 1'OI1JI01'C npoBol)clhCM.

3.2. flpCHOC TOflJlOTC MCUJalbCl.,.l._

3.3. flpCHOC TOllc!(ne 3p,l'lCH,eM .

3.4. Koeq:nll\HjcHT llpO}j,na TOfWOTC XII fle.moo: PacnpocTHpalhc TomlOTC .

3.5. Mepel-hc TCMnep,rrypc XllI (fe.lIcoa: l\1cpClbC TCMnepilType, 4. Pa3MCI-hIlB<l'-lH TOnJ10TC .

XIV eC:ffc6tt: Pa3\-1elhIlHa'1Il TonJ10TC

5 YKYBfI'lH

S.l. OTBOPCHH )'Kyn(l'lH . _

5.2. 3,'lTnoperm yK}'nCl'lH

5.3. BHlllecTcncllO vK)'HilHan,e

XVacllc6a: YKYlldBMhC.

G, XJliloCthC

6.1. P;ICX.:lil!OIC \laWHJ!C_

6.2. XMllH-b,I'IC !! X,:la,,\ll,aqll

HI. MAIIHH-IE If AfIAPATH 3/\ J],lN)Y3HOHE OrrEPAI~M.H:

YBO;\ y ;FHj'Y3!WHC Clnep,lIlJIj(' 2_ KpJlC"TaJfln;ll~lIiil II I'<1CTfl;lPillhC:'

2_1 PnnHClTC>l,:l P,lCl"IlOpa H CO.flIl .

2.2. Kp!!CTiUl!naTOpl1

23_ P,lCl"Bapalhe, . XVI (H':m:oa.· KPflCT'l.'TlrJn1\l!j;)

3. Bn{l)KelhC Ii CVllJClhC na:.IH\'\R .

XVll 6eJ!c{ia: B:;;l)KllOCT H;-n;\~'xa 4. Cywclbe

4.1, CymeJ-hc 'lI)jXTlfX lI-lilTcpajaJla .

4.2 Cymclhl' Tccr:1CTHX t! 'l("lImx ~1aTt~pllja}l:l

4.3. CYlIlClhC Y lJ<IKyy~ry, . 4.4. CneqlljaJlJle cyJlllllll(e

XVIll ocm:oll". C')-.'I!lUI -" 'lBpcTm- ,,1,rrcpnJa;ji! 5. JleCTW1,ll\llj;\

5.1. Paml{lTC~K<1 TC'lIIOCTlllf ll'lpC

5.2. }l,cCT)I}lal\ltnllll ypd)<ljH. XiX (/('.Jlc(ia: JJCCTJl.'l<lI\lljil

6. l'cKT1-lfjmK<lJ1.l!ja . 6.1 BIllIICCTYl1ll<l lL:lll (11paKl(11(lWl J(CCTlfn'Hlll]<-l.

6.2 PCKTllli)HKal(Hja

XX at.woo: PCKTl-lrlmK;JI\l-1j,") ..

7. A [lcnl'lll(l-1jil .

7.1. Ej!'HlH<1 CinCOpnl\lIjc_

7.2. AfI("opfieplJ XXI flc.J1C6a: ;\ flC(lprm.l-lja 0_ A!_\coplll\llja . XXfl (I('.lIcoa: Anco]'Il!!l1ja 9. EKCTpaKlll1ja

9.1. Brnl-ma CKCTjX1Kl\lljC.

9.2. EKCTP'lKTOpl1.

. .. 148 151

· . 151 · , . 154 . .. 156 · .. 157

.100 ... 166 ... 171

· . 173 .. IBIJ

· .. ISS .186 , 187

IxS .101

· . 105 1% 190

· .. 205 ... 209

209 _ .2)3

215 .. 217

.222 ... 22(i

· . 229 ny

· . 23J ..235

236 DC)

· .24k .248 25J 257 2M 2ri4

_ 266 27:1

..276 276

.. 21S 282

.287 2':Jl

· . 29.'1 295

· . 297

••.. ,'; .. ; .. : .•.• 'Ii

l

i f

1 -1

ITpenMeT MaIU_~1J:H~, -arraPflTH .. Il 6ncpaqnje npHIl3p3 rpyrrl1 Y:;Ke·.CTpy~IHI-iX [lpcgMeTU. J1'3yl.la~ Ea ee TOKOM ABC ro;r:dme, a.-carW>T(aj rrpOrpaM<l lTH

He J-I eTC-reHa 3H01-Ml H3 l\IaTeManiKe._ qm3uKc_'Ij

MaUH-:1HCKUX enCMCHaTa. J-13nO}KCna MaTcpnJa jc"paci10p~l]eHa TaJ{O' )];8

ytICI-HIK najnpe CaBJIa,p<lB8 jc,aH(iCTammjc,'a ':WTU-r..-j

CJIO}KCl-mje rpailHBo.:~T6.· 'I-ic :'H-la'lH)-1'1 'iiaCT<lFllIHK He MQ}Ke, Y ~amTCnocT1f Q;rJ; nCK}'CTBH.H'yC.TTOp':lpa

J~a, An Melba pcp,oenen""nOrn3BJha. BC)K6e cy YCKnai)elIe ca M3TCpI{jOlVl J-m KOjy. FC

O,I.(~IOCC. Aa 611 ce MOLTJe-", KopnCTHTH aUi:lpaType KOJHJI,I3 IllKO;rC paenOJT<DKY; __ <;IG-JIJ,C ana,paTYP? KOJC

cy naTe y BC}K6m.!a YOTIlUTCHY .. ty II C}l;o:p;;'Ke C8Kfo OCHOBHe cJIeMcHTc. IT pe l13Bol)el:ba- Be)J{6e. Y':IcmIK

yno3Haje l-heH ca;o.p>Kaj H I\HJh, li-"llpBT1l1eMa ce 3_d pai-~ ;ua Gn 3Hao UITa je nO'rpe6HO ,IJ,eY- ~1epll l!l11TCl he ca:maTH HCl OeI-IOBY THX .tvrepCH~a.

0133 M3Tcpnja ee InyIaUa Y lUKOJIH BHIli"e on 25 rOHuaa II eT,UTHO ce yeaBpmaBa 33XB,Ub yjyhH J-IaCTaBHOM nporpaMy Kojn npaTH nallpeJ-l.3K HayKC. 3H31.IajHa KapaKTcpucTIlRa OBor YI.I6eHIIKa .ie ns OR npml nyT 06YXBllT<l IJ,CJIORYlll-lO rpa}11lBO KaKO 61-:1 6uo YCK.'lIJtJeH ea aKTycmInM HaCTaBHHhl rrJIaHOM 11 nporpm.-1OM. 3601' Tora je Mopao 6Irf'H H30CTaR,ThCI-J 'matwjan 6poj BC)K6n KaKO YI.r6eJIJIK. H omlKO o6r-H,raIf, He OIl 6no .10m o6u"tl-unrjH. HaJ{.:l!vIO ce ;ua he y HeKOM O,lJ, c.ncneh~-lx Il3g3Jh3 oBaj np06}1eM 6UTH oo.the pcurell.

AYTOPH he pa;~o npnXBi:1THTH CBe cyrecl'uje Koje 6u ;O;Onp}IHeJIe n060_TJ~IIlmby OBor y:o:6em1Ka.

AyiIiopu

YEO)),

ITprr na)KJbI1BOM nOCMaTpaJ:bY H3pafI.C HCKOr npOH3BOi_W quja je rrpOH3BOIV-b3 y Be:m ell XCMUjCKOM pCaKl~l1joM MO)J(C ce 3arra3IfTH ,rJ:<1 ce eBe rrpOMCHC KOjC ce llpH

TOMe p;cmanajy l\1Ory no,oCJIHTl1 y J~BC rpync: XCMUjCKC H qJl13WiKC IlpOMcnc. Upn JJ,06J1jUlbY KpHCraJlHOr lIJiaBOT' KaMella Ofl.. 6UKpa 11 Cyl\UlOpHC Kl1CenHHC,

J-ta npHMCp, nOTpe611O je H3Bpilll1Tl1 o;u,pel)CHC pa~\f-be npe xeMHjcKc npOMCHC, a 11 nOCJ1C I-be: ,l\OHCT!1 6;:u;:ap (1 cyl\1fJOpHY Kl1CCJ£l1HY', rrpcnCTH 11X Y CYA Y KOMe he ce 01--111-

['paTH xct.urjcKa peaKll,Hja:

H2SO<j. + ell == CUS04 + 1--12)

O,TJ,IIOCl-lO )"(OUHTH rL'I<lmt Kal\tclI y pacTBopy. OBl1M npon:.H30J])ha jam l-mje 3anpnrCHa. JJ,a 6n ce ,o:OOHO TP;DKCUH npmnBoli - KpHcTamm flJIaBH KaMCH --- nOTlw6HO je HCKPHCT<lIlHGlTll 1'<1, O)J,1'lOjUTli 0;.\ pacmopa, OCYllil1TU, l1CI1THl1TH n npeHenI ,0,0 Me-C'ra rAe- he ce l-IYBaTH,

PaAI-Lc KOjC npeTxoi~c XC"l\ll1jCKHM npoMcHaMa, Kao n OHC Hocne lbHX, He YTIP1Y

n3 Xel\fHjcKY npnpony cnpOBHH<1 HH ILIIXOBl1X npOH3BOA3. MCH~a CC caMO IbHXOBO CPI13H11KO CTatbC, OAl-IOCIlO }~elllaBajy CC QJH3H'JKe npm,fCHC.

:Vh DB or npH!\'ICPJ BlIHll cc ga npn H3PU1J:11 XCMHjCKHX npOH3BOAa llnje )J,OBOJhHO )J;a cc o6aBIi ca!>w XCMujcKa rrpOMCTIa Hero je, Aa on: cc Ao6no npoH3BoJl )KeJhenor oom:lKa H OCo6I:IHa, OCHM OBC, nOTpcoliO IBBpillHTH 11 MHor06pojne qm3lfQKC npoMeHe. 3<:1'1'0 CC, npel\13 HajHoBlljHM CXBaT<:tlbIlMCt, pa)J.H naKlUcr npoY'taBaI-ba, [(en8 xClvmjcKa rrpo113Bor.~l-ha ACJIll Ha gBa gella: npou,ece XCMJ1jCKl" _H1-liwcrpuje Ii onepau,Hje xeMHjcKc I1H,l1ycTpnjc. DpeMa (moj n()J_~enll, OCHOBHH npo~ecH cy xeMHjo::e pcaKIU-:lje, Koje ce BpUle y uHnycTpI1jcKIHvl YCJIOI:H1Ma, a OCHOBHC onepal\uje cy Q)fJ3H'--IKc

npoMenc. KOjC cy y BC3H ca HI-IAYCTPl1jCKl-:lM JlOcTym~HMa. OBne c,:/ HagC,Il,CHH HCKH OCHOBJ-lH npOl~ecH H onepalU-Ijc:

OCl-lOGIlU UpOL(eCU

~ caropenallic,

- oKcHJ~aIWJa,

pC)J.yKlUiJU,

--- HeYTpamnail.lIja,

~ xaJIoremna11,llja, - nOJll1MepH3al~llja,

-- JJ;BOCTPYK3 pa3McHa, ~. CJICKTpOnIna,

- cjJepMeHTaI\lIja_

OCHO(-)Hr! o//epm(ujc

- npOTH1~aJ-Le Te'-IHOCTH H raCOBa, Memalhe,

~ q)k\J'lTpaI~l1ja, 11, e It T P wp Y I'll P aI--bC.

- npeHolIlclbC TOIL'lOTC,

- HcnapanaH;:.c,

- J.I,CCTHJl~ll~HJa,

'- BJIa)l(eIbC f1 cymet-be raCOBU. - cymelf,e.

8

npOll3BogILa CBaKc M3Tcrmjc, Ma KOJIMKO )l.a H3rJICp;n C1I0)1<eH3, MO)Ke ce pa

CT3BHTl1 Ha OBe OCHOBHe eJIClvIClfTe.

OBn cneMeHTH ~Il1He CaCTaBlIe )J,CJIOBC XCMl1jCKC HHJl:YCTpHje npOll3BO):\lbC y naj

IlUfPCM CMHCHY, nil, C<lMH11 TI1M, IT HH)l.yC'rpl1jcKc rrpOH3BO)J,fLC npexpa:M6cfIHX npOl1-

3BO)1,a.

IIoTpe6Ho je I-IaTIOMcuynI ua je, npn nOMCHYToj npOH3BO)J,lhH rmaRor KaMel-la, OCHOBHll.npouec HCTH IT Y JIa60paTopn,in II y (l)a6pwlKoj npOH3BO)JJhH. OCHOBHe

onepauJ:lJc. cy TaKoi)e HeTe: npOTflI~a}he CyMHOpHC KHCeJII1HC, rrpcnoc 6aKpa, KDHC'ramT3al~TIJa ITJIaBOr IGHvlcHa, 3aTHM qm':Yl'pnpm-hC, cynrC}bC, CHTl:bCI-bC 11 IIpe~oc npoH3Boga AD CKJla,tWlUTa.

170 'U'"HY ce oHga paa.,1W(yjy (Joe gee iJPOU3(Wgl-l>C? P(13J1U1W jf' Y l(()/lip-llu-(nMG.

A Y l.ICMY je Cml'IHOcr? C111'tllOClIt je y OO/oI1I1ILM oifcjJaqllja.Aw U OCl-toIJlUI.H

Dp()l~eC[r.M.(J.

J~rajrrpc hO-lO rroJ~p06HHjc pa3MoTpHTH p83JrHRC- y KO.!1WlHHaMCl..

UJI[!yciTipujCKY ilpOU3(Wgf-/.J)' rwpul(iTicpuwy (;CJUll(C K(UU'lllJ-lC AwiJleplljc ff

CI-tCp2uje. Be.TIHKC- KOJUFIHHC MaTcpuje Il3HCKyjy napOturry anap<:rrypy. Rao H Bem!

Ke 11 CH,DKI-IC MamHnc Koje 06aBJbajy oJl,ronapajyhn pal~ TIplI no6njaH-,Y TO[a npoH-

3BOp;3. UOK ce npl1 pallY Y na6op<:nopnjn pc BOJUlMUOfO P,Pl),lI<l 0 Il;cnH MaTcpnja}1('! o.u Kora_cy :lll'lH1-heHH anapllTu HJJI.i 0 e.Hcprnjn Roja ce npJ! pam-' l]lOllm, jer ce npn TOMe onpmHl BHmc rr3)Klbe xe1HiJCK0.l CTP,H-IH, .':I,OnTe je 3<1 HII)lYCTpnjy 113Y3eTHO

HTITalbe Cf-lCprHje, K30 H MaTepnjanil o;n Ko1'a ce H3p(1)yjy J\·13UIHHC 11 ana paTH.

CJTI1'~lHOCT OCHOBHHX npOl~cca 11 Onepal(Hja TaKotJe je HeOMa 3H3'lTajna. TC-K

OBaKnUJ\t parn'lJltlIbantlIbeM C'1O)KeUOr TOKa npOH3BO;rUbe Ba npou;ece 11 oITcpau,Hie MOLTTH c:y CC 3aceoHO rrpoy'fHTH H enn I-bemr ;a:enoBH, a :')(tTI-lM IT UJV'lHO HCfIHTaTl-i. 3anmKcno.ie TaKobe ilL{ OCr-toB/-le oltcjJm{uje He 3GBUCC og ()CH.OElH()Z~ ilpm(eca.

Orrepau,nja KpHCT(UlH3<:UJ,l:Ijc CJTH'-IHJ je KpnCTaJH133Iwin ITJIaBOr KaMcna. mehepa, KyxlfH~CKC COJUL BT£,\; onep<ll~Hja rrponu\al-h<1 CYMIlC;Pl-lC KHCCnIIl-Je, BohHO{, COK3, MJiC-Ka H!IH n()J~e TC\l<o'lje jc ClrWlJ--fa.

Yperyajn 3a KjlncTa.TJH3anHjy cy CJIJPTIIIL Y KpncT,ulfl3epHM(] BJla,n:ajy HCTI:f 3a

KOHli. llyl\HIC 33 Te'lHOCTIl cy CJIHtlHOr 06JIHKa jep npn np()THl~aH,y TC'UIQCTH U,-l)KC

fleTH 3i-:tKOHI-I. 3Ha'lH, u ypeoaj/l aa ofi{{(l.·1){{f-l>(' jegHc G[Jcilic oficl'al-(uj(' cy ClIPflfll.

)lOK Ct paf1l1je c:vrclTpaJ10 ll.<1 cc HCKa ollcpau,Hja MO>KC cauna;laTH H lH1Y'II-nH caMO npaKTH'lIHHM P3j\OM y3 iFlT)' MalITHny y npmnEo;'JJhlL ;rtaHaC cc OCHORHa 3HaI--ba 3(1 H,HXOB l1cnpamm paIl. CTWIY y IlfKOJIH, 3aXBaJhYlyhH npaBI1JIHO rrOCTanJheIUIM TCOpHjcI<.r1M OCHOBaI\·Ia. TIo3IIajyhn TC OCHOBe, )-nreHlu: cBoje 3H<:HbC, CTe'lJCHO y llJKOJHl,

ynoTnYJ-byjc paJ~Ol\·l 11 HCKYCTBOM Y npoH3Bo,;J.I-hH.

3H[JlIH, ga 6ll ce npoH3BoAlha UITO 60JbC BO)lHJla, Huje )WBOJhHO n03HaBJTH caMO I-beH xCMH3aM Hero ce Mopajy n03lIanaTll11 CEa Q1H311'lIKa 3611Hal-ha 11 pa.rVbe KOjc CC y npmnBO)JJ-b1-1 npHMclbyjy, a c THI\·f y BC3M II u.eJIi:l anap,nypa 1-1 ypel)aj. DpeA'iJ TOMe, ll,HJb OBor npe;'J,MeTCl jc ,.rl,a oMoryil.H Y''-IeHlill,Hl\ta,Un yno311ajy MnllIHHC IT anapaTe xeM11jcKe 11 !1pexpaM6eHe IIH)lYCTPHjC RaKO 6u CC UIT-O npe C1IalIIJIH y noraHY Ii KaKO 6u rzacHHJe Y lobeMY npamUH-IO P3)~HJ[11.

9

1I3BO)J,

ITPOI13BO;o;Hll IIOCTYlIaK Y npexpaM6enoj If xelvrnjcKoj JIH)lYCTpHjrr YOIIurfC l\.fO

)Ke ce paUJ'lJIaHMTH Ha OCHOBHC IIpou.ece (XCMHjcKe npOMeHe) H OCHOBHe OIIepaI~Hje (q:Il13WIKe rrpOMene).

ITpn rroperycIhy na60paTopHjcKe IT Iln;o;ycTpnjcKc rrpOH3BO)J:t-be 3anmKa ce cnlII..IHOCT y OCHOBHHM qJl13HtIKHM H xeMujcKHM npOMcnaMa, 3 pa3jlliKa y yrroTpe6Jbc

HUM KOJIlI'IIIHaMa Mace H eHeprl1je.

OCHOBHe onepau;uje He 3aBllce on OCHOBHor npou;eca.

Ypcl)ajH 3a 06aBn"aI--bC HCTe OCHOIme Ollepaqnjc cy CJ1WIHH.

nHTAlbA

1. Koje cc i1Be Bpcrc rrpOMCH<l 3amDKajy aKO ce np(lTH TOK rrpOH3HOJ\IhC on YJ1<lCR<l CIIpOBHIIa ;:10 KpajI-'bCT' npOJBHoga? 2. y ~lCMy .ie CJlIPHIOCT, il Y 'ICI\I)' p,n;lllKil H3~'fe1)~y JJaoopa'l'OpnjcKe 11 HU;O:yC

TpHjcRe npoH3BOnlhC? 3, lIlTa je noc:[c;O:lil~a p;llwvlar-h,uwH-,a HlI;'J:ycrpl1jcKe npOH3BOW-f,C Ba OCHOBHe

rrpouece If OCHOBIIC onepannje? 4. )J,a TIn OCHOBT-IC oncpaunjc 3,IBHCe o~_ OCHOBHHX npoueca? 3awTo? CeTH ce

HeK11X OITepal~Hja Roje ce npnMeH,yjy y p,13:nFIHTHM npOl~ecHMa. 5. Koje cn OCHOUHe npOliece 1-1 orrepaUHje 3antl3HO y q)il6pHl~n 3a npeMe npaKce? _ 6_ Koje cy OCBOBHe orrepauaje npn npOIl3HO;\1-hIl y )J:oMatUTHCTBY H lIH;~yCTPHJU: xJlc6a,

Botmor COK3, HeKOl' rOTOIlor jC:Ja? 7. Y "!eMY je pa3J1T1Ka H31vletjY npowmo;xn,e xpaJ-!e Y p;m.mhmlcTRY 11 npoJ-{3110p;H-,e y m-IJlyc

Tpnjn?

OCHOBIiC olicpali,lijc

BO;r:J;c,'Hl OCIiOUlinx onepalluja. - Y OBOj KIhH3H he ne:U1MW1HO 6HTI:I PC{IJ1 0

OCHOBHHM TeXHo.rrOIHKHM onepaHlljal\w KOjC cy 33cryn.rbcHc y npexpaM6enoj H xcMUjO::Oj HI-IJJ.ycrpnjn, a l-IajmllnC 0 l\ranmHaMa 11 anapaTHMa n01\1Ohy KOjHX ce oc

TBapyjy nojenm-Ie onerm~nje. l13)''-JaB<ULC one MClTepujc, 1(,)0 H CBaKe APyre, cHryp110 he 6111'11 omnmTano aKO

CC OCHOBHe ()nepaI.~lTie, M3IIIlUle H ana paTH Ha nO'leTRY rpyrmllly ITO HCKlTM 3aje;aHH'lIKHM KapaKTepI1CTI1KaMa. To 31Ia11H P;3 .ie nOTpe6uo YO'111'fH lIITa je 33je,UHIr'IKO 'Ii orrepau njaM3 Koje cy neh nOMcBYTe. 3ana)KCnO je na cc rpynncafbe OCHOBIIHX onepaI.(Hja naj6oJ:bc MO}Ke H3BCCTH npeMa BpCTH IIorOHCKe CHJIC KojcHvr cc oCTBapyjy rroje)):H1-IC OCHOBHe onepan:uje. Tux ITOrOHCKHX CHJJa JiIMa CHera Tp:re pa3J1UK(I DpuWU('l({J, pa3flll/W tTte"HilepaiTiypa u ]HJ3J/uK{J IWJn~ef/i1{PQL(l.lj{J·

rIa ocnony Tora ce 11 onepauI1jc Aene y TpU rpync: XUgP(HtCX{JN1.IL[KC, iTioi7;w-

iill-lC u guq)Y311()f-/C oi7cpaI{uje. . . Xugp0.MeXaHWl!{(! or7.epaI{l/ic. I1oroHcKa CUITa KOP; OBUX onepau;u.JCl JC pa3JIUKa

npWfI1CaKa. DOlliTO cc /l.ejcTBo n nOpeKJl(} rrpuTHcKa y TCt.IHOCTHMa f1 raconUMa (XIlApay.TJHT.1KU rrpwfHcaK) pa3JIHKyje 0)): npHTlicKa y t.IBpCTHM MaTcpnjaMR (MeXaHI1LlKll

npUT11caK), TO ce OSC onepaI~IIje Aene Ha:

X!lgpOgW-la.1HU'-1KC O("lcpaqllje

~. np01'lm;al-be 1'e"II-lOCTl! H raCOBa, - Melliafbe, - qmnTpnpafbe,

- U;Cl-I'rpH<:pYf'npaI-bC,

AteXW-lU'--lKC oilepa«u/e

- CHTI'bCI'bC, - npeHOC '-IBPCTC MaTepnje, - cc)aI-be,

~ rrpeCOBalbc.

MO)KC CC YO"IHTH na KOJ]. HaBCneHI1X XHAPOAMHal\'1l:J~IKiIX onepa1wja no.ua 113

CJIaBl-1He Ha cYP;Y HCTiItIe 3aTO lllTO je npHTl1GlK y cYAY Bl1UlB O,ll" aTMoccpepCKor npVl.-1'l1CKa. MI1KCep Meilia Te~lHocr JaTO rnTO :lOIltlTHl.1;e 110Tl1CKyjy TC-"IHOCT, Koja ce Kpehe H Mcrna 3a~rO.ll.lT0.ie rrpH'rH~aK Te~[HOCTH nopeI_1 J10naT1:II~C Befin nero npBTHcaK TC-"mOCTH KO.1a JC BaH lJ;O.'\-'l;U!lilP .:romtTl1IJ,a.

<PB]lTpHpalbC Kp03 ;w60paTOpl1jcKU ;[cB<11:-.: ca cfllL1TpHp-nanl1pOM Haj6p)Kt: je l-I<:1 nO'-ICTKY jep .ie !10rOlIn::;} CiEli.! (XllAPocr;:I"I"Wll<H npJ1THCaK cycnclI3Hjc Y nCI3KY)

HaiBeha.

< Dpn IB;~I3ajaILY l\-1C!-W H3 calla I-la I~Cl-rrpHC!))-TH lvWJl ce H3nBaja (Te'le) TeK Ka,Q

jc UPUTHCLlK KOjH cmapa l\ellTpHCI))T~Ul1Ul nwa ,TJ,OBOJhali ;la nt rrOKpcnc. CBC OBe OnCpalJ,Hjc c)-' YTOJIUKO 6p)KC YKOo'U-!K(l .ie Delia norOIICKa CllJra - p<n

JlllKa npHTHcaKa. CJIl-fllHO je KO;'J, MCxallll'lKI1X oncpaqI-lja. Cuc HaBC-l~Clie :-..fCXaHI1QKC oncpaU;Hjc

[Ua3HBa MeXclHH'IKJ CH.:ra, OJ~IlOC1IO l\tCXJJ1l1"!l(1l npHTHC<lK.

Toil/willf-{C Qn2pal(ufc. I10l'Ol-lCKa C!-l:ta 3a OI3C oncpau,Hje je pa:.WHKa TCMnepa·

Typa. OBp.:C CC y6pajajy:

.- 3arpCBLUbC, XJlaQCI-bC,

KJ1)Y'IalbC, KOH)l.CH3i1LI,HJ<t HT1\.

3ana)l{a ce na cc l-1HjcrVIa OA OBI-IX oncpalJ,uja He ~10)KC ocrnJ.pl-'rrn aKO HC no~ crO.lH pa3JlHK,J Y Tel'.mepaTypar-.-Ia, KilO tuTO CI: l-mjc;.v-w o;~ XHJl..p0,llI-IHaMWIKMX OITc

paUllja He MO){(c oC'l'J3apl-lTll aKO HCMa pa'3]IIIKC npHTHcaKa.

,aUrj)):\iU(}!lC (jiicpaqujc. rIofoHcKa CilJli1:J<"l OBe onep':Ul,l1j<: jc pa:~m-iKa KOHlJ,eHTpau,Tlja, aTe OlICpalJ,Hje cy:

_., BJIa)l(C1be,

cymclI,e,

- paCTBapaI-be, - KpI-JCTaJUuaqH,la HTD;,

38 OBe 01Jepal~Hic nOCl'oje npH!>Icpn I({lKO H3 CBllKO!_U-lcBIIe np(lKcc TaKO IJ 113

HH;~yC'rpHje. l:;p3HlIll OCIlOHlIIIX ollcpaunja. ~ 3a CBe TpH BpeTC onepau,Hja, 3Hal IH, HeOnxO,Il.-·

1-1<1 je nOrOHCXa c[L'la KOjOM he ce op,l'oBapajyhe onepanl1je oC'rBapHTH. 3ajenHl1"[Ka

je 11 "lHI-heHHlJ,a ;a;a jc Gp3HHa oncpatl..JIjc ynpano npOnOpr(HOmUlHa IlOrOl-ICKoj CHJIU. AmI KOJIHKa he Ta 6p311Ha 611TlT '3aBHCl-I H OJ]. OTIIOpa KO.11-1 cc cynpoTCTaBJba norOHeKO] ClUm H YMJ.lbyjy IbCHO )J.ejcTBo. Ouo ce MQ)Ke npc)J,cTaBl1nl crrc.uei'ioM 3aKOHH

TOCTH, Koja Ba)KE 3a CBe OCHOBIfe oIIepat~I-ije:

. norOHCKa cJ-ma Ep:mua OCHOBl:le Onepall,HJc:= -~-"-----'

OTrrop

11

C6W.;;a oUepat~uja UMa woiy (ivzmlCKY CUAY U cauf mTW.op:

XI1Apay~'lWIKe oIlcpau,llje -- XIlApaYJll1"IKl1 OTTIOP, MCX;Ul11"IKC oncpau;nje - ivfexaHH"IKH OTIlOP, TOIIJlOTHe orrCpaIJ;l1je - TOrIJIOTHll OTrrop, AHcpYTl-iOHe onepaU;Hje _. mrcpY3HOHII OTITOp.

KO.TfHKII fie Aa 6y,n:c OTIIOP cnpoBoi)elbY XHJJ.p0,lJ,HI-IaMWIKHX OIIcpau:uja Haj"lIe

whe 3aRRCll 0):\ gyJ/fWW 11 o6Jllu:a ilyaJa TC"ll-IOCTH liJIII raca, ilpeilpClce na nyTy n

Lue'llbuGoc1l7u TC"II-lOCTU, OnIlOCHO raca. OBe ncmFHmc yTl1'-ly I-Ia ycnopanal-bC CBHX

onepau,Hja Koje cy Bell nOMeHYTC. OTIIOP cnpoHoi)CH>:Y l\-ICXaHII"IKI-IX OI1CPaI~Hja HacTajc ycncg Mace H MeXaH1-1QKe

()TIIOPHOCTII rVlaTepnjaJT<l (Cl1Tl-bCI-bC). Ha npm"lCp, KOI\KY l11cbcpa jc JJaKO 113~~pO-6HT11 Ha CRTHl1.iC /-!J;CIl.OHe, KcU"leHH yraJb - Te)Ke, a Mcpuep - jom Te)Ke.

~TnOpl1. cnpoBoi)eI-bY TOITJrOTHl1X 11 j\I1qYy'3HHX onepau.llja 3aBl1Cl1 0):( /-lao,· J1(n~uJeJ GC/1U'/f./I-lC gogup!-lC LlO(3PWWlC I-l /,-PCfUOHdt iIiC'IHociIiu lUm raca.

OTIlOprr ce lWBchaHajy llJOJlJIl,l1jm.L (I. CM~Hbyjy cc rrOnChal-bCM nOBpWlmc ,Il.OAupa. TaKoiJe cc CM~HLyj)' )-"CJlC,il. KpeTa[-!~a TCtlllOCTll U]]Jl raca y3 rrOBpllll1HY Kp03 1Wj)' ce OCTl3tlpyje TOnJTOTUa pa3Mcna.

113BO)J

ITpcAMeT npoYQa13<111,;1 OCllOBHllX one.paIJ,Hja jccy q.m:ml.lKe. npoMcHc Koje ce oCTBapyjy Kao PC3YJITaT IlocfojalbJ TpH 13pCTe norOIICKHX CH.lla: pa3JIHKc nplnI-lcaKa, pa3J1lIKC Tct--mepaTypa n p~n;IHKe KO!-n~eHTpaU:Hja.

Ha OCI-10BY TOnt OCIlOBI-le oncpalU1je .Il,CJle ce H<i XI-tHp0l\-·teXaI-Hll.IKC, TOILlOTHC 11 JJ,HCPY3HOHC onepaI~H.ie.

q)lBWIKC npoMcHc Koje ce oCTBapyjy OCl-IOBHHl\l onepal~HjaMa jaBJbajy cc Kao

npaTHoIJ,11 xeMHjcKI-lX nporvlCI-Ia.

Ep3IUIa OCIIOBHC oIlcpaIJ,l[jc je ynpam) TIp0f10pl~110HaJIl-la norol-ICKoj CnITH, <3

06p1-1y1'o IIpOnOpL~I-:lOr-Ia:IHa OTIlOpy. DPI-l CllpOBOi)ClbY XHp,PO,rVUI.<-lMIT'-[KUX OnepaI~Hja OTIlOP '-lHHC AY)KHW1 II 06Jll!K nyTa Te'IHOCTI1 I1JlH eaea, KaO}1 1b}1XOBa Te'-UbHBOCT.

OTllOP MeXaHH'-IKHM orrepaqnjaM<1 ,Il,a.jy Maca H MCXal-IWIKa OTTIOPI-IOCT Ma'repH~

lana.

OTllOP TOnJlOTI-ll-IM H Al:-lq)Y3110HHM onCPat~l1j'll\'W noneliaBa CC 1130JlanHjOM, a

CM!:l1byjC BeJIWIlmOM IIOBpunmc AOimpa H KpeTaI-beM TCl.-ll-IOCTII HJfJ-I raca.

llHTAlbA

1. KaKo cc npCM3. nOrOUCKJI~l CHJ!aMil jte;lC OClIOB1Ie orrcpaJ.U-fje? 2. H,-\Bc;\l! rpyny KOjOj npHna;~ctjy OCI-IOBHC oncpau,uje KOjC Cll ,)-'llo:mao TOKOM

l!POH:.HlO)J,ltOL' pa;~a HJlH 11<1 HC1(OM ;WYl'0:>r ~recTy. 3. OA '[era JaBHCH 0P:lHU<t OCHOBllC oncpaql1je?

4. lllTa cy IlO['OHCKa cnna H OTHOP KO;\. CJlcp:chux orrepau,uja:

- nYlhcfbC pCClq)BOapa BO;10M H3 u,peB<l npIlKJhY'-lcHor H3. BO;:I.OBO;J)ly MpC)l(y.

- Mcwal±.C rplna HIlH Ka'ra~'laKa 3a BPCMC KYBaI±.a (TC'J:hHBOCT),

- O}1,Bajalhc BO,ll,C (ciH!JlTpnpaH,c) Oi~ MctKapOlltl nOCJJe K')-'B<Uba. - 3arpcBalhc H HcnapaBa}bC BOJ,e l-Ja CJICKTPH'-lHOM 11 raCBOM lllTCAI-b<lKY.

... xnal)elhc mlBa y paCXnJAHOM ypel)ajy, - KOHt~eH1'PllCJlhe BohHor COKa ncnapaBafucM H3 OTBopcHor cYAa, - M:leBC[-be Meca

5. 3aulTo X;ra}l;fbaU).1 H 60jnepn HMajy ,u:eoeJlc 3U)J;OBC?

..

ManHme H ana paTH

llOJl;CJl3 M3U1HH3 H anapaTa. - OCHoBHe onepaw:rje y IU:IAYCTPIljlI peamnyjy cc y anapaTHMa IT ~mIInIHaMa. MauUlHe II arrapaTH Y npexpaM6cJfOj 11 XCMHjCKOj HU,n:yCTpnjII Mory ce nogeJUITfl npeM3 OCHOBHHM onepartHja:r.m Koje Tpe6a oCTBapiiTH y fbl:IMa HJIH rroMofiy J:bHX:

AW1LlUHC LI anapafftu ao xugpo,McXaHU'Il{C Or(cpa/~uje! KOjC ofiyx(wiliajy:

M311IHHe if anapaTC 38 onepar~Hje ca Te'-lHOM l1 raCOBHTOM MaTepujoM (nYMIIe, MeIllaJlBI~e, BCHTJ1JJaTopn HT)I.),

ManHm:e H anapaTC 3(] orreparwje ea tIBIJCTOM l\WTcpnjoM (MJIJ1Horm, CIna,

TpaHcrropTepM, rrpece Inn.), MalIIHHe H anapaTC 33 pa3ABajaFhc '-mpCTC M;;ncpnje OJl, Te'-IHOCTH 11JIH raea

(ll;eH'rpucpyre. c})J-VITPH, TaJ10)l{HHl~!.1 IITn.)~

.MallflillC u m{apniTtu 3(1 iTiOlf.!IOiTifl-C oilcp(IIwic (pacx.n:a.r:o-IH ype'l)aju, rpeja<IH. KOH,ueH3~TopH, l1CnapHB;:PIH UTI-I.);

Mm({[,/HC u afiapmTlu .w gUCF)'.'iUill-/(' o(lcpaquje (cYlTn-mn,c. KpnCTrL1TL'Iqnl. CK

CTpaKTopl1 I1T,uJ.

HaMchc ce mn,HhC KaKO CC npHC'rynJ H3pann. O~~HOCHO npOH3BO,Il;IbH J-..falllImZl H anapaTa, H Kojn 3aXTeBII 1\lOpajy.6HTH HcnYI-bCHIl,u:a 6n ypetJtlj 6HO KOHCT}1yncaH

11 Aa 6ll pa.n.no Ha 3anOBOJbaBajyhn Ha'IHH,

Y CBaKOM U1Y'Wjy. Y 1-he:\"IY lvmpa W'l ce 06aBH Tpa)J(Cna onCPJl~nja. Me'bYTHM.

Ha !-"iaI-IaW}beM crencny npYIlITRCHOr pcnnoja TO fiITje r~OH();hl-lO. DpncTynajyhu H3-

pa,uu TUm naoalm,H l\laWHHa IlJIE anapclTa, Mopa ce BO,uIITH p<l'Iyna na OlII! HCTI).rI-hat'wjy CJIe]Icnc YC}IOBC: i-(GottO/CKe, /wUCiJipy,{lTilllJl-IC. erW/-{(MJe/{C Ii CClIie{uCKC. 1(ao H )],a He yrpQ)IGlBajy I-HI paJ~HHKa KOjU HX onCJ1Y)l(yje HH )!(HBOTHY CpC,IUmy y :qC.TU1IIIJ.

RaMella. - Alaull-u--lc U ailapW[lU HO.HCfbC/-l/{ cy ociIiAapU(WI-f.»)' i1oiTipe6l-1c oDe

paqllje. Dpu TOMe Tpe6a Ol\WrynHTH HajnOBOJhHl1je YC.TJOBC 3a I-bHXOB pan. OmI ycnOBl-! 3aBilce on Bperc onepau.nje, arpcraTHor CTalba Mi,lTepl1je, xeMujcKor CaCT<:1Ba,

K<10 H CPII3llQKUX oco6Fma MaTepHje ca KOjOM ce pallH. YKP<1TKO, l\laUfHlIC n anapaTII Mopajy 611TI1 CBPCI-1CXOJIJ-IJI.

3/1(I'iiljl-l(l /mpmdTicpuclllllfW "'Mfllll/lW 11 ailapaiTia./e l/JUXOf3 /{mIGquiijdii 11- eqJUf{(1cHociJI.

[(mla/~IlITicm je l((}/lU LUtlW .1wulepUlfL1fI /\'oja CC oopa[Jyje aa OgpC[Jfl-lO ApC..\IC.

K(mm~HTeT ce M())Ke npHKa3<1TH l1JIIf KOJlIPIlIJIOM YJla'H-IOT' \Jinepujao'1a (CHpomme) I:IJrH KOnH'HIHOM Jl3Jltl3HOr l\-IWrepHja..'13 (npCH13fl01W). Ha npnMCp, KanaqHTcT nehH 33 ne-'IeH~e xnc6a Onpet;eH je 6HJTO KOJIWIHHOM TeCTa Koja y !-bY yrra:m, 6n.'lo KOJHI-

1111l-l0M HJ111 6pojeM KOMa,u,a ne'--IeHor xJ1e6a Kojn cc npOH3Bcp,e 33 jCJJ:aI-l '-lac.

EqmI(aCHOCT ypel)aja MQ)KC ce op:pe;o;nn! KaWl ce lherOB Kanau,UTCT ynopC)~B ca HeKOM 3Ha'{[ajHoM KapaKTepncnrKOM ypelJaja. Ona 3Ha'-rajna KapaKTepncTHKa

ypebaja.ie Haj"-lclllnc nOTpOlUH,(:l cHeprvrje Hmf BenH'-lHHl:1 anapaTa. OgHOC KaLiau,u[TieiZla u yi1"lpoweJiC C1-tepiuje Ha3U6a ce eHepzeiUClW eqnuwcHociJ1 .

;iit' OgHOC lWUflljUWelUil U Be .• 1U"Wle alii/pawa (iiie.JlCUHe) jCc/lle lWH···.·a,

{ CiUpyKI.~UOl-ta eqmxacHociTi ypetJaja. Ari!f

nC36e.u;nOCT II 3alllT01'3 )J{IIBOTHC cpc.u;uuc. - nOTpe-OHO je JW M8IIlllHC I-:I. ana

paTH oy;w 113rpai)CHU TaKO ll,a He yrpmKaBajy 6e36eJ\HOCT pa;rnlHKa Kojn paAH y3

lbl:lX. To 3H<1'In ;o;a Tpe6a.n:a cy COJm.n:HO MCXalIl1'IKH KOHcTpYIlcaHB, cHa6;n;CBCHH 110-Tpe6HHM 3amTHTHl:Ill,lfMa 0):\ nOKpcnUIx J~CJJOBa 11 cnrypHocHHM BeHTl-IJUTM<l. TaKol)e, Tpe6a na je npc)J.RHi)eno aYTot.'JaTCKO lfCKJhy~mBaJbe HJHf npyre Mcpe KojHMa ce yHafIpe)_~ Cnpe'-IaBajy },wryhHocTH eRCTIJ!o3uje 11JIH KEapa.

I1PH rrpmI3EOW-Lll xervmjcKHx 11 npexparvr6cHHx npOH3BO)la UCTIywTajy ec HelmKe KOJ{H~IHHC pa3JTH'UITl1X (rrpOBlnrX n IlITCTHHX raeona, 3arai)yjc ce BOlFl H

0i\6anyjy BcnUKe KOJTIPJHHe '-lBpcnlx OTna]laKa. Ha Taj na 1IHfl :wrai)yjc ce )KJ1BOTJIa

cpcp,HHa. 3ap,aTaK. cmIX JhynH je Aa cc 60pc nponm 3aral)nBaIL3 )KHBOTTlC cpcp,rmc,

Kao li 3a 3,UHTHTY npnpoge yonlIne.

3Ha'Iajl-lY )'.1or:y y oCTsapelhY onora 3;:q;-lTKa HMajy !<-ramHHC Ii (lnapaTIL O}f}l Mopajy 6HTH TaKO OT\a6paHI1 II Mopajy Ta1(O 7-1;,1 pane ,<:\a CTBap<ljy IT.1'TH HcnYlIITajy

lIITO Mal~C :-mratJyjyhux cyncTaHi~ll, Kmw .ie TO nCMoryhe, Tpc6a HX nOBc3T-;-'H naj·· norO)J,HlfJHM npC\IllCTWUlMa ncrrYCHHX raCOBa II OTna;lHHX EOlIa.

Y rrpexpaMoenoj lIHflYCTpUjl1 janJha ce jOUI jc.rran BeOM3 3Ha'IajaH 3aXTCB. To ey caHHTapHo-xarnjcHcKH YCJIorH-!, Kojn ce l\-wpajy Onp)]{aBaTH HR BCOl\,ta BHCOK01\l

HI1BOy. ORM 3aXTeHIl npOlB.rra3e H3 HClMeHe rrpexpaM6cHHx npon3BOna. OCTBap)rjy ce noce6HHM KOJICTPYKIUljat.1a MaUIlIml n arrapaTJ - xepJ\ICTII'IKH},'f 3ElTUapal-h01, TeMeJbHHM npalheM 11 '(ImnteIheM, ,TyToMaTH3aI~HjoM, Ho6pHM InoopoM M,nepHj;uta 3a H3pam' HT~~. Ho H rropen cnera Tora BenHKH Ylleo y OgP)l«HHUhY OBUX yUlOn3 liMa 11 caM paflHHK.

KOHCTP)'KI~lIja. - 3aXTenH KOjH CC op,IJoce tIa KOHCTpYKqnjy IIOBC3aHH cy Cd

npojcKToB3lheM, TpancnopTOM 11 MOHT,l)l(OM :--.rannn-Ia H anapaTa. Hamvie, nOTpeo

HO .ie Aa yperyaj 6y~e CT<-lI-J;t.I<:lP,D}I30H<:ln 11 J~a cc pC3CpBHlf )wnOBH Mory :J3KO llJ6aBH

Til II MOHTHpaTH.

YpelJclj Tpc6a na fJYAC norOnaH 3a TpancrrOpTOBaI-be, pacTan.Thmhe l-J cacntB~

Th'YfbC.

I£eroBH OCHOBHr1 ,n:e.'IOBH 11 npaTehn npnoop Tpe6a l'(3 6yp.y mum 11 je):~Hoc

TaHHH 3a ync)Tpe6y. AnapclT Tpeoa )1a je ~'1enor J\H'_:.ajHa.

EKOIIOl\IlPiHOCT. Mmunne H anapaTH KOJH HcnYThJBa.1Y nClMCIICl(C II ,n;pyre nOTpconc YC'10nc ogroBapajy H CKOIJOl\KKHM 3aXTeBHMa. I1cnma. MQ)Ke cc !~CCHTH )J;3 je canpeMcHH ypel)aj CI;:YT1JhH. AJ1l1. flOUlTO .ie, 110 npaB1w)', OIlaKaB ype1)aj e(i'm

J.:<lclmjn, OlUla jc npon:mOJ1l-hfl jeqnHI-mja If cpenC'rna YJJmKeHa Y CKyn.lbH VI ecl)HKacHujn ype'i)aj pemrnlBHo 6p30 ce npaTc nYTeM 110jcqlTI1IhCH,a rrpOH3BO,D,11,e.

IVlaTclmja:uf. P<lil1ln BCK MalUHI-lt' n anapaTa y 3IIaTHOj Mepn 3aBHcn OJ!. 11360-pa MaTepnjana 33 IhHXOBY 113pany, OJVlOCHO, Kao UITO je 13Cn pe~lCI-lO, l\--f{ITcpnjan

Tpe6a )J;a 6y)~e H3<l6pmr TaKO p;a 6yne OTIlOpan H<1 MexaHH'fKe H xCMnjcKc y'nn~a.ie. AmI, y npexpaM6eJ-IOj HHlIyC'rpnjn jc nCOMa B,DKHO .o:a MaTepnja.ll o)J;ronapa 11 CaJ-IHTapHo-xunrjeHcKHM J1cYfpe6arvIa. TaKo., na rrpUMep, [UlKOXOJI np0l-i3Be.o:CH y anapaTI1Ma o,U JBmeHOr rBO)l"(1)a HMa Jlom yKyC H l\111PHC. I1pCM<1 TOMe, naKO je JlImeHO

fBO)Ki)C ;(OBOJbHO MCXaHWIKH I1 XCl\mjcKH OTIIOpnO 3a )WrOTpajaH pan 11 npOH3BOP>

Iny <1JIKOXOJI<:l, OIlO llrraK He 3aAOBOJhaBa y OHO!-.t CJly~mjy. HaI1MC, MI1HUMamla KOJUI

'-IHI-Ia cyMIIopa H3 JUmCHor rBQ)K~a npCJl<:13H y aJIKOXOJl 11 {(Bapn My yKyC IT lVmpIIc.

To 3Ha'-[ll Aa ana paT Hche 6p30 KopOAlipaTllll 61lTH oIlnellen, ami he npoH3Bog 611-Til HeynoTpe6JbllB.

Mory ce HaBeCTH cJlcl\eha njJ<lBH!Ia npn rn60py MaTepl1ja.'1a 33 MaUUiHC 11

anapaTe: nOTpeOlIO .Ie .u:a liMa JJ:0BOJhIlY MCXaI-BFJKY OTlIopnOCT 3a ,lJ;aTC YCJ10Be pana.

Kao 11 MoryfiHocT cpopl\HlpaH>a (caBl1jaH~c, 06JIHKOBal-he, pe3aI-bC, cnajaH:>C 11

pa3HC opere 3UBapHBar-ba); lvtaTepnjaJl y U.CJIHHH H CIlOjlJa MeCTa Tpc6a na 6yPS OTIlOPI-UJ l[a xCMHjcrw (Kopo3Hja) II :-'1CX8I-lH'-IKO (cpo3uja) nejC'fBO Man.~pujc KOj(l ce y l-heMY Ha-

6apa CC MtrreplIjan KOjH jc !l(tKO na6aBflTI-I U<l Tp:lKl1ll1TY: !-.laTcpHjaJl Mopa )1,<1 HcnyHl1 caJ-lI-rrapIIo-xHrlljcHcKC 3aXTCBC 6UTHC '~a npOl-l

:mo;_:(11, y.

Vl3BO)J,

Y Iv1<llilHHa1la If <lnapaTHMa ocmapyjy CC UCHOBHe oncpan,Hje, I\-iawHI-K 11 CtllapaTH 3d XHiWOivteXaHWIKC onepalJ,uje )~e.!lC cc ua TpH rpync: MarmU-IC H anap;:lTe

3a pag ca ctUYHJ1,llMa, ca 'lBpCrHl\t MaTcpnjaMa I1 ca CMclltaMy IIfOpa 6HTH XCMBj

C1(H H MeXaHH~[KH OT110paIl.

IllHAlbA

1 Llel\lY CJlY)KC MillllHHe H anapaTH XCMHjCKC II npeXpa\1()ellC llH!l.yccrplje? 2. KaKo ce i~CJlt~ HaLUllHe H <JllupaTH? 3. lILTa 3Wl'Hl ctlmKacHocT ypci)aja': 4. [liT::l CHe YTHYC 11<\ OC:.lGCJ,HOCT paJJ)lIllGl KOjH pyKyje ?l-1<lJl1HllO,\:(?

S. 0 lieMY CC :.\opa llOJl,I1Tll pWlylW !lpl! lJaGaB1JJI HOBe MtlUHIHC'?

MAIDHHE II AIIAPATII 3A XHJJ;POMEXAHHQKE OIIEPAIJ,MJE

MAmHHE H AIIAPATI13A PA)], CA (l>JIYI1)],HMA

1.1. (j)]IYl1i~11

KapaKTCpnCTJIKC cpJIYH)l.:l. - TC'II-TOCTH IT raCOEn IrMa])" ,n:OCT3 3ajC)J;mT'JKIIX

KapalnCpHCTHK3 Koje CC 33cmmajy 1I<1 {IIlH~CIfHIi.H ;W cy TetJJblme - qr1YH}ure, 3wro ce TCLlIlocnr H racDEn 3ajC):(HO nD.Jlmajy (j).:rYH,LI,J.L

Koje cy 3Ha"JajHc 3ajep:Hwn::e K<1paKTCpllCTHKC (p.'lYlI;:t:a? flpw71UC(ff{ gC.:1Y/C pa-6HO.MCpIlO y Cmt.H l7pn()ql,{Jf{l, "!Jelly cc ifo[J ),ITIU/inje..!.i jJ{I,'UIII;C I7plI/l/ucm:a, iJpy)!(t1-/y oilWop ilpll /;pc!Ti({J!»)' 3,lBHCIIO 0)\ TC'TJl,lmOCTH 11 rycnmc. DpC1Vla TOMC, (lKQ ce

)KC.TJ}j )J<! ce p<nyMc KpeT(]lhC (11.'1),0;1<1 IT /J,() cc lhllf.,-fC BJrano., 1I00rpeOHo je ynoTn<lTH lIaBCJ\CllC KapaKTCpnCTl1Kc.

Je,nyma 6nT1Ia pa3JIIIK<l H3i\.ld)y racona H TetfHOCTD .ic Y Ili.pntny npO\wfJe 11,1'1-xonc 3anpel\1JInc (rycnmc) 3aBHCHO 0;\ npo:'>fCHc npHTIIcKa.

Tacorm U (iape c)' Ciuulll/blHm n MCH>ajy 3anpeMHI-IY npH npol\-.fCnn npHTHCJGL

Am-1, YKO.111KO cc rac Kpehe He MCfbajyrm 3H(lTHO npllTI-JC<l.K, IhCronJ rycnma cc npno lvla.'IO l\ICH,(l. Y ruo.,$ c. .. ?J'lIajy 'lac IIJ1fI ('(1(' laljJrll;ITfCjJl.ltlTtUl{C uet/ie !{ao u i7Je

'a roeI-([. Te t fHoct7i1l cc .. W)?), o[(I/Tipat7i1l I/cciillllff:NH!lLM - ncra KO:rJll'IHHa TC'IlIOCTH He

MeJ-ha CHojy 3anpCl\nmy non yTHIJ,ajnl npHTIJCKCl.

Ha rrpHMep, C'l'pyjaJbC na:-::Jlyxa Y BcrrTH.nal~HOl-IO~l BOt'$' c.nJFTHO .ic crpyjaThY none y 1~eBI1Ma.

DOIIITO ce Y T-m;\),crpn:jn 'tCCTO paJ(n C;l TC'IllOCTHMa I'f raCOJ3I1M(l, TO CC ThHXO

no 10YYIaJ3al-be na OBClj IliPlHll 31JaTIlO ynpomttaBJ, a J(CnoncHhe t,lamHIW lJ anapwra GOJbC pa3)'MC.

rYCTima. - fYCTIIlI<l (p) ilc4mHllCal-l<l.ic :K(lO \-faca (m) jC;~I1I1H'mC '3:lflPC\'111IIC (\/):

p = !!!. = consl. V

rYCTfIHa CTH!lIJbl1BJIX (j)o'1YH)\a MelLa ce non. ynrW--ljeM npHTHCK3. Ha rrplfMep, KOll I1l\ea~nII.IX racon<1 rne jc je;n,ml'IHIT<l CT,H-ha:

p. V = !!2.. R . T, M

18

rYCTHHa JC:

Oi~aKJIC np0I1:-wa3R Jln je ryCJ'l-lHa raca ynpaBo rrporrOpU110HI.lJll-Ia npHTHcKy.

JCHHHHlJ,a rycnHrc je:

BnCK03110CT. - Pc'-I BHCKo:mocr BO~\H nOpeKJlO 0).1. nClTHHCKe pe'-UI visCUD), Koja

3na'-fll m::f:<lK- H 11i\ILl :.:H!'P1CfhC C:yI!PVTHO OJl. "TC'L'LHU·· Y'..'lJC, MC,lI, nUIi~epH11 llT;a:. cy

BUCKO:.lH!!JC, O)l110CHO jI,·{(lI!Je Te'i~hHBC Tt:tllJOCTlI vi.1 BOAC, aJIKOXOJia, oeH3Hua nTl~.

BUCfJ)JfWjU (j;.·7yUgu gair (Jchu uilli!.op Dpu "peillut-/J)'. TC'·/flUC1TIU c), (jLlU{03!1uic ()(] ~M. . .-

I10TpCOUO .ic lEvlaTlJ .Y m·liW ,o:a BHCKO'}llClCT CI1!fyun<1 1Cl.BllCl-1 0;1 l·bcrOBor KpC

T~uLa, O).(IlUCnO D,a ce MU>KC npOlJ,cmrru lUI-! ILH.lepHTH Cal\lO JKO Ct" (l)JIYH,[I Kpchl:. Bun:.O'JIlOCT je pe1y;rraT YHYTPi.UllIbCl' TpCH>J Y Q)!1YHJJ,\', fGJ ce H Mcpn CIL'lO/l"j

Tpl:l·ba Koja ce jaBnJa Upll KPCTi.U·bY, UlTO ce MO)I('· Bll;'l.CTll IlJ ;rapCgHor oojalIlHJCI-ba. nOCl\I'-~Tpajt>.-to ;"13<1 c.:wja cj)]lYHW1 (e'l. 1) ncmpulHllc A nil J){1CrojaIuY L je,!.(3H on

Apyrora. AIW ce ropIMI C'loj nOiJ, ,lIcjCTrI()!\1 CHJIC F nOKpche HCROM 6PClHHOM lV, llOCTttB.:-r,a ce lIHT,lll)e )1).1 JIH he ce no KpeTaTI1 U :~Oll,H C!loj no~ .QcjcTBOl'\'1 ropn,er liJIH

he OCT<:lTH Y MHpy. AKo ce 3Ll!>.-1HCJIU :Ja r'oplbH c.rJoj IlaJIC)KC HLl I1CTH TLlIWB KOjH JI(:>

)KH y npocropy HCIIO;~ tbera, OH;'(<l he, :1601' llCIIOCpCJ\lwr ,UO}J)Jpa. 11 oBa.! CpeIV-LI:I cnoj 6l1'ru ny'·rcH HCKOi\l OP31UlOM Y llCTOl\l eMepy, juor TpClba H3MCl.,y tbHX. Hcno,L( OBO!'£! Hana3n ce ,a:pyrn C!loj, [(0.111 '\U1p;,.'jC. OIl he, ':laTO lHTO ce He Kpche 360r TPCr-b<l rUl\!clyy fhl!X. KO'!1lTll. C.1IOj H·.ma;.~ ce6e. J~pyrlll\l PC"lIiM<l, CpC,ullil1 eJIoj ;~o6Hhe HCKY

GpTl1Hy K(Jj<l he GitTO M;:llb<1 O;J 0P':lJ1W: roplbcr croja, a Belia 0f~ CipclHUC ,lIOI'her C}lOja.

OBO yJajai\1l!O ,!~ejCrBO CJlojcna Mo>KC" ce npe,J,CTClBHTH IlOl\lOhy "lllIUVla" KapaTa_

Kal_Fl ce ropu.:o<.l KapT<l rrOMcpa y HCKO!>.-l CMep'j', Tan;] he ce H oC'raJlC KapTe rroMcpHTH Y HCTOM clvrepy, M<t)lCl Ill' I1oi\jei~wlKo. HajBHll1C he ce flOl\ICPHTH ropu,2i, llpBLl

KapTa, a llajt-falbc nOrna, I!OCHC;UhCl, Koja .~lC)KH Illl HCIIOKPCTllOM cro,ny. CJ:1e KapTe he, TaKO flUi\1t~-pe[-lC_ rpa:~UT!l CHOjUM 1l0npll_Umal\lLl y llPLlDlJ,)' nOMcpalLLl jC;:lllY rp(lHY napa6oJJc.

Al·;J) cc Jl(e.!tn HLl Iupa'lYH<J BC,:UI'!l-lllJ. Ul.:JC Koja Ct: Mopa Ylllrrpc6r'ITH JILl on cc

r'opl'bH CJ[oj Kperao nCKOM 6pJ!ll1Ot>-·1 It npnw ,[.(0)'1>0-1 U[ojy. jacll0 .Ie ,Ja he ona

CiHl}((I I

19

rrpBCHCTBCHO 3aBI1CHTH o,n: caMe npIIpOne q:UIYH,n:a Y KOMe ce OEft CJlOjCBll nOCMa

Tpajy_ YKOJmKO je qlJIYUIl. BJ1CK031urjil, YTOJIHKO he 6liTH IloTpc6Ha Beha oma. Ta BCm1"'-IHHa, Koja 3aBI1Cl1 0,[1 nprrpo;J;c cpnYH,ua, Ha311Ba ce .D)n-l<iMH~IK{1 BHCK03HOCT H

031ial.laBa ce en fl. OCHM BHCK03HOCTli caMor q)JlYHf~a, Ha BCJUIl.umy CHJIC YTHu;ahe II BC;H1'-lilHa IIonpllHmc CJlojcBa, K,W H 6p3MHa. YKO.l1HKO OHH 6YAY BefiH, YTOJIHKO he 6UTH IIoTpe6na 11 Beha CHna,Ua 611 ce nOCTU[JIa )KCJLCml 6p3HI-ra. 11 Haj3a{l, YKO.rIHKO

cy CJIOjcBH yp;aJbCI-mjH, 6Hhc nOTpe6Ha Maleba CH.na Jl:a 6n ce lIOCTHL'Ia ),KeJbCH<t pcJIaTHBHa 6pcHHla. 3aBl1cHocT nemp-llU-Ie cnne OJJ: no6pojaI-UfX '-II1HJ-1JJalJ,a 113P,DIG1Ba ce

cnc,Ll,Clilnvt 0lJ,I-IOCOM:

AW F ~ fl-L

JC,11,lUlltn,a BUCK031l0CTI1. - JC1H1HlUl,Zl I'J,HIWMl1'-lKC BHCK03110CTB je H3Bc;xeHa jenl1HUua H no6uja ce In npeTXOfJ.IlC je;,iHa'-IHHe:

. jC,UHlLIllJ,a (F) . jc~\HHHI~a (L) JeWiHHlJ,a (~) = T~~~;~~HIJ,a (,I\f·-J~-~i~;;"~"l~·u,a (Wf

3aMeHOM .iC)\HjJUl~a ImTerH!;ll~HOHaJmOr CHCTCMLl ,lIoul1ja ce:

je;J,lllHu~a ell) = ____ U~l . _11_', __ = 1 N 1m2·1m/s

TIorrrro je t N/m2:= 1 Pa (naCK3JI), TO Je:

je;a:mmna (p) = 1 1"a ' s.

Ha )KcUJOCT, y MHOfI1M llOCTOjchHM TaOemlMJ i~Hlf3.MH'IKa BllCKOJHOCT He 1\'10-)KC CC Hahn y OBHM, Bch y crapHM jCJ..\Hl-H1uaMa - IJ;CHTHllO(\311M<1 (cr'j. [loa3 (P) jCCTC

lnBei~eHa je;a:mnnl,a )J,ltH(\f\lll'-IKe Bl1CK03l-l0CTH Y COS CHCTCMY jC-!ll-Umqa, a u,eIITLI

n03.3 jc ero nYTa 11afha jegHlUll(<.1 O)~ rroa3a. rIpcpa'-lyu3Ew.I-l,e ce MO)KC JlaIW HJBp

lUHTH aIW ce 3ml n<l je:

COS jei.\l-1llHIW (t1):::': 1 .~.z~~s:= lP. cm-

I10U.lTO je 1 N.o..: 10-'1 dyn, a 1 m2 :::. 104 ell,2, TO .Ie:

N I

3 I'!a'tm , V 1111'rCpHa.J.~HOllaJmOM CHCTCMY je.QliHlll~a jeyww.LVf ('!/-{CI{U.J!lOCiTllI jeuue XUJbagy- [{yUia eeho jeyw{U[w oy [(CliiIiu[(OLl.30 ('raoclIa 1).

BnCKOJHOCT 33.BHCl1 O.L\ Tct.mcpaType cpJIYH,Ua. Yn,e je Uil IIHCKHl\l TeMncpaTY

paM<l ueOMa Bl1CK03HO - TelliKO ce H3JIlmU H'3 cyna. AKO ce YJbC '3arpClCta, IJOCTaje

CBe Mal·be BlICK03HO -'" noC'ralie CBe cpnYH.CIHHjc _ .. TaKO )J,a he Hct HCKHM BlllllliM TCMrrepaTypatvfa rroC'raTH nOKpCTJbllBO 1(30 BO}J,a, 0 l:.JeMy he. ce MohH mlKO YBepuTH Kil)J,

ce Y)J"e IBJIHBct 113 60u,e.

t

TaoeJIa 1. ~ 'uUnaMWfK3 BI1CK03HOCT TC'-IHOCTH (Ns/m2 . 103)

To 3HC!'TH An aKO ce rOBopn 0 BHCK03HOCTI1 HCKC IvtaTCPHJC, 1\10pa CC BO;\HTH

pa'-lyn3 11 0 TCMnep,-nypn U3 1<ojo.1 je 3arpcjana. Y Tancm-T 1 npUK83<lH<I je 3anHCHOCT HHCK03HOCTTI o~ TC\fITCpclTypc.

BHCt<03HOCT raCOBa Mellia ce i~PYKqlljc ca np0ll.·rcnoM TCl\lTICpwrypc. On<l ce nOEeliana ea rrOpaCTOl\1 TCl\mep"lTYpc. uno cc- BH)Ul In Ta6e.~c 2.

TaocJ1Ol. 2. X"~HT'IalvllF'lKa BnCK03lfOCT raCOB3 (Ns/m2 . 10')

l13BOg

Te'lHOCTH, raCOBH H nape nCl3HBfljy CC 3ajenIllI'IKI.!:V1 IIMelIO,~f lj)o'1YHi\H. }1,cne ce

ua CTT1lTlJbIlBC H HCCTlIIIJ.'hHRe c\rl)'nn:c. Haj:mCl."tlajITuj<l clm3WIK<1 cBojcnHI C1JJlYTIIW cy

rVCnHI;) II nHCK03J!TCT. DOBchmhClll npHTHCKa nOBcilaBJ ce r:ycnma CTHllJJbHnJfX

{1·;~1)'niV1. BncKo31111jn (lBYl-jl~ npy>JGI BchH OTnop KpcTaH~y Hero M(lJ-hC BHCKO'3"lH cp.:r):IlJ1. TIopacrOl\-J TeMI1CpTrype 013U>yjc CC BHCK03H()CT TCtIHUCTH, a noncfi;:ma

BHCK03HOCT raCOB3.

1. Koja je OH'fH(1 p;n.'1HK<l 1I3MCl)y TCtJHOCTI1 If l"ilCC)Ba'?

2. lbpiltlynaj ryeTi-my n<13i1yxa, 3. JJa .fm ey TC'lHOCTH Te'lJbHBlfje on: racoB<l? 4. KomHw je nyT<l BOAa BllcKo311Hja O~\ Rfl3;"(yxn (TaGe.TIe 1 H 2)?

5. YncpH cc iP p ::::: 1,2 eP 3HWIH HCTO UlTO II P :::: 1.2· 10-1 Ns/m2.

6. KaKo TeMnepaTypa YTH'IC H<1 TC'CbHBOCT (l);Iyu):ia?

21

llpnTIIC3K. - Y OKBUpy CTaTHKc tPJIyuJ\:a rrpoyqaBajy ce cpnYH)J)I Y CTaIbY MMpOB3Iba. CillaH,£, 47.flyuga KOjU ce He Kpehc ogpelJcllo.ie fbC20G(Hf. zyciliw-/oJ;f 11 ilpuiIlUCKO.A1..

ilOIIITO je 0 ryeTI-IBH Bch 6HJIO rOBopa, can a je nOTpc6HO nOJJ:po6Hl1je pa3MOTpliTH rrpHTHcaK.

npIlTHcaK npegcTaBJh3 cuny (F) no .iC,llHHlrn:U ITcmpnnme (S):

erma rrpuTHcK3 yncK iJ,CJIyje HOpl\ta.llHO H3 IlOBplll:mry. I1puTHcaK KOjBM (l).lfYH)~ l.\Cn.yjc aa 3U;aonc cyn,1 Ha:mna cc ctTtahiU'IIW ilpuiiiucaK.

CTaTH'IKB npHTHC<lJ(, KOjlf.iC PCTY.'lTaT nC.nOBaI-h<l TC)J(HnC q)..1YHiV1 nC1 UHO HTfH :.n1JlOBe CV,l1,3, f-ta3HUa CC xu()p()cilJ.({fTiu~{/{u fipuiIiJlc{fI,·.

Kac; lIITO jc Tl03Ha'I'O Tn cl1l13I1KC. xnn:pOCTZlTH'lKH rrpHTncaK (Ph) jc:

PI!:::O z· p. g,

r,u:e je ::: BHCHHa Cl)JIYU;«L a p rVCTllHCl. c"

,lla 6u ce orJ:pe.n.I:fO yKynaH CTHTTI'IKH npTITHCal( (P y ) Hi:1 ;ano HCKor cy)~a, Tpeoa

HlvtaTH y RHm-' p:a OH npC;1CT<lBJha 36np xn;wocTaTH'IKor npuTHcKCl TC~lHoern Y IbCMY (cn. 2) 11 CTaTl1'IKOr rrplITHcKZI Kojn nC.l1yjc H(I cJ106o;aHY nonpunmy TCl..IHOCTH (P,J

p.I_:::O Ph + Po'

Faa/unw ua.Mef)y y""yfiJl07 11 mYtMorrj)(;pcr{()? (ipuitiuCl.:a ,wa/_IAa ce jOlIt U Haiiiupui11ucaK.

lIcKH HHCTPYMCHTH 3('1 MCPCfbC npllTr1CKa ;::urpeKTHO MCp~- C3MO naTIJpUTJ1C3K.

L(<1 6n ce OAPCi1HO yKyntlll (anconYTlTH) npUTHcaK. TI(npeOJIO JC 3IIfITH <IT!lf()Cq1epc

KH npHTl1C3K.

JC~\JUnllW 3a MepCfbC npHTHCK3 y I11TrepnannOUaJIHOM CHerCMY jC;U:HHIUHl jc

I13BC)J,CHa jCAIUlHIJ;a:

N JPa:::o 1----::,-.

rn~

Mnorn HHCTPYMCllTH 3,:1 IVfCPCthC npHTHCKa jom cy 3anp)f(<l:rn crape O·3Jl{IKC -

TCXHWIKC (1TC'vroCQ)Cpe (al} BC33 H3Mei)), OIH1X jcnmnn\<l jC:

lal ~ 9,81 N

DOlUTO jc:

TO jc:

la[ ~ 9,8].10 4 ~ ~ 9,81·10 4 Pa ~ 9,81MPa ~ 98,lkPa. m

22

1.2.1. MEI'Elt,E flPI1TI1CKA

~1Hcrpy.l\'rCHTH 33 MepeI-bC rrpUTIICKa Ha.THBajy ce MaHOMCTpn H Mory ce norl;C-

JlllTH Y MEC rpyITe: _ ilHcrpYlvlCI-lTH 3a MepCI-be pU3JIMKe npHTlicaKa, .... HHCTpYMCllTH 3a Mcpcn,e UllCOJIYTHor npHTI1CK<:L

IInjc30MCl'apCK3 u..cn. -- To je CT3KJICHU l~eB (en. 2) J' KOjOj jc BUCHua TCYJIOCTH

(z) MCpI1JlO pa3JUlKC CTaTWIKOl' npHTl1CKLl y l~elHI (PI') H 3TMoccpepcKor npUTHCKJ (I=\J. J(opucitiu (C 3{{ ",Heperhc jH!301W{'C cLuaiIlU'-i!wZ 1/ {l1lt.AWCCjJCPCI{02 t1puiTiuC/w flte-

'l}wnTru y {.(CI)I{AW.

Y CJJOB paBHOTC)KC rrpl1TI1CKa []Jacu:

P s = 1\ + P u = Z . D . g + Po·

OgHOCHO, craTHtJK~'[ npHTHcaK KO

.ll1JVI Tet.H-lOCT J-iCo'lyjc 0/_\031-\0 jCHllaK je 3GH~ PY llPl:iTIlGlJ..;:a ()p,03fO XHJWOCT<lTIPIKO[

H aTMOccI)l~pCKOr. To ,lH(l'{U go je XllgP(}C

LumU/_I'U{L{ rJpilLltucw:; lTiC'II/Ociuu y ifujcJ(}JLCITwpCKOj LleBU .iegHLI/( .ie Ilaill(ipll

iIiuCKY i7ic'-uwciIfu Y 1-{I!.()()G09Y,

Vb HOOlCJUbe jCj~llar-ru[le npOH3JW3lr:

p.g

OBaj H3pa3 jc 3f-Ja~la.ia!-l JCP IIOKa3YJ0 )J;a CC H~rrnpHTHcaK, O)J,HOCHO pa3JutKa

rrpUTUGlK3, MO>KC ,'VICPUTH BHCltllOJ\-l eryoa OJWei)CHC TC~-[HOCTH.

He CMC ce 3auopaBHTll)J,a H ejJ./lYUg "o/u ce "pelle Kf)(J3 W'G/f IIA1.({ ((Joj iipuiUu

cal( !:l )"~a TUM npllTHCKOl\l lJ,CJlyjc na ;lH,ll,Olk u,eBH. OBaj npllTIlC<lK CC TaKOl)C Ha3aJ3i1

craTH'IKH IlpwrucaK.

U-ManOMCTUp. - To jc CTaKJleUa 11.CB, OOJll1KU JIa'rHHlPtHOr CJIOB3 U, ,n:o Ilona

HCIly"(bCfIa TC'lHomliy A, K<10 UlTO cc BH)~11 lIa Cm-II~H 3. AKO cy npHTHC[~11 c{)JlYHA3 B (raGt H,JH TC'IIl0CTIl) runa/), TCLlHOCTU A (c KOjOM ce OHa I\1Cwa 11 He pcaryje) H<:1 oGa

Kpaja lJ,CBl1 je;\lWKH, Ollll.a he 11 BHClwa m-IBoa y 06a KpaKtl U,C13U, opelvia 3aKoHY 0

cuuj'':lJl!lv! cynoBUl\t::L Cll1T!1 WI IICl'Oj Bl1CHllH. AKO cy ce npHTHCIlJ-I npOMClUJJIJ-i, na je

Pi> P2> r--lOpahe JP cc YCtlUCTaBH HOBO paBIlOTC:"KIIO crau,c. Y 11C1I01l-( KpaK)' U-D;CBH

(err. 4) TC'-IiIUCT hc, 3Gor Beller npHTIICKU, OHTll nOTl1ClI}-'T'-l ltal-[tf>Kt, ;~OK he y nc

CHOM kP,H'::Y ~lOpaTH HCTO TOJU1KO WI ce IlOilHn-re. Pa6!-1O{[ieJ{(({ HO gHy he ce ycilo

c{i/.{/uwT!u O!lga gaga 30UfJ ifpwuII-cw::a y JlC(50 . .H KpUKy 6ygc jC[J!-ulf.:a 36upy fipLllTiUC({!((l Y g~Cl-IOAi.

HPHTHC1J,H Koj1-1 JJ,CjCl'Byjy Y JIeBOM KpaKy cy:

~ cm.l-ThHH npwrHc3K, PI,

.- xHl.\pOCT<1TWIKH npHTHC<:lK cl)JIYII,[I,a B, Pv . g (1\./1 + m), - XI1i-WOCTJ.TI1'-IKH npHTl1CJK TCT·IHOCTll/\' I . P II . g. y l--\CCHOi\"l KpaKy npJ-l'I'nCaK \.f11l!e:

- CllOIJ>iiH nplITHcaK, P2\

!~ i

- Xl1;J,poC'raTwlKIf npHTUG1K tl)J!y!l).~<l B, rn . Pi! . g, _ XHI1POCT<1TWIK1J llpHT11C<lK Te'-lIlOCTH It PA . g . (l -I- f:!.h). OrJ,<1BilC npOH3jla3H jCi_lJta'Ilina 38 YClOB paBHOTC)KC:

PI +- (f.,h +- m)PH' g + /. Pll . g":-o p:, +- m· PD' g +- (/+ /~h)· P.-)· g.

AKO CC 113BpIUH Ha31-I(FICHO MIlO/KCI-bC, ):\06nja ce:

PI +- Ah . P /3 . g +- In . P!l . g +- ,. P/I . g = P2 +- In . P 13 . g +- !. P 1\ . g + L\h· PA . g

H aKO ce CBC,[I,C, noGl-ija ce na je pa3"'lI1!Gl npHTHG1Ka Y lICROM If gCCHOl\l KpaKy:

bP:::: t.h(p/\ - P'f))' g.

23

Arw cc l\1anOMCTap YBCK nyllH HCTOM TC'-II-lOllihy H m::o ce I-~nM MepH npuTlH:aK

YllCK 11CTor ClH1YH)l,<1, OII)Ja je. pa3.'ll1K<-l. rycTl-n-r<:t KOHCT3HTI-Ia, TO .leeT p!\ PI.!::: conI"!, Te he ce pa:3JIl-lK<l npHTHGlKa OAP,DJ(;-iBaTH jCiJ,IUlO KaG pa3JlllKI1 tn-10m3 lIHBOa TC'l

HOCTH ;)'h. YI-;'(UU!(() .ie pa3.:uuu.1 CipwTiucaJw (-;eha, )'lilO.;IW(() he u pa;'uw{{{ ItU(;()(i

6ui7111 (;cha.

Kocu MllnoMcTap. ~ .. AIW cc Mcpe Ma.'lC pa:Ul1lKC npl1THGtKil, OH,IJ,a he t.h 6HTH

MaJIO, na he H T3'-IHOCT '-IMTalba 6HTH TaKobe M~L'Ia. D,a 011 ce OHa nOBcha.'1a, KOpl-l~ ern cc Mi.tl-lOl\lCTap C KOCOM l~CBH (CJL 5). Ha lJ,CBH CC He "'-niTa pcUIIHK<.t BHCHlUl Y o?a KpaK<1, ncro caMO npOMella BHClHlC y ,n:eCHOM KpaKY· OBO CC rrOc"l'll~e TaKO IllTOJC

}J,aH KpaK HMa BCOMa BCJH1KY nOBp1l1HUY, TIa KOJIH'-HlH<-l TC'-IHOCTH KOP 113 Tora T.l,CJla

OJ(na3111UlH yn<13H Y )J,CCI-lH KpaK yorml're He YT:WlC OCCTHO Ha BflCHUY Hl-moa"'./ I-hCMy.

BOIllTO jc )J,CCHH KpaK MHoro Y)Kl1 , TO ce, H 3a HajMalbc npHTHCKC, HMBO Te"'-IHOCTH y I-beMY 3H<1THO Mel-ba. KaKo jc OH KOCO TIoC'raBJbCH, TO CC BllCHHa HC ~lrrra no BCP

THKaJIH (KaTCTU) Ben ITO XHI10TCHY3H, Koja je, Kao UlTo.ie II03H3TO 113 rCOMCTpH.1 C,

24

30

CiUlla! .5

,IJ,y>Ka, ITa je Ii '-[HTaThC TWII-rnje, AKO je :~anpC}'HmCKa MaC8 '[e'l!JOC-TH ne.mm:a, 011i\3

fie, Ka; IlTTO H3 np,C-TXonw_: jel~mpIHJ!e npOIBJlWHI, 3a HCT), p,U"1HKY P I ~ P 2 MopaTH

5h p,Ct oyne Mal-be. 3HWUL 3KO CC P{JHH Cet HehoM p33JIHKOJ\'1 nprnncaJG1, nOTpeGno.ie Y3CTH Te~II-:IOCTH Behe 3anpcMHnCKc J\l<lCe (nnp. )fomy) jcp ce TaKO b.h C\lathyje, ITa ce Mo)KC rvrCpUTH pa3.ilHKa npnnfC<lKa H nn hJallOl\-1CTPY M<'U1HX nY)I(HH3. 1Z;]0 TCl.H-JO

eT11 3<:1 ny!bCl-bC M<1HOMCTfKI C.1TY;'KH: aJIKOXOJ1, ROtHl, nCTpO.1ICYM, X.TfOpoq)()p]l.!, )KIIB,L

Oml CC YJl(npe6Jh8Bajy J-f<1jrIClllhc rrpn \ercpen:>y 6p3HTfC rrpOTHl1;<lT-b<l cl)]IYUI1:iL

EYPgOHOn ManOMeTap. OBaj M3HOj\·JeTap crY)KH 3a lvtepeH~e anCC)]TJ''THOr npnTHCKa n.'1H lI<1TnpHTlICKa, 3JBllCHO 0)1. TOf(1 KaKO jc OOCJIC)KCHa CKana lIil lbCMV.

AKO opOjCBH Bet CIG1JIVi nO'-THTh)' 011 nYJIc", 3Ha'IH Wl tvf<lHOMCT<lP C'lY;KH '3(1

MCpeH->e H<:lTrrpHTHCK'\.

E~ypnoHOB(1 L,eB je T,H-IK<l nJhocnaTa UIaCTJPlH<l IWB, on<lJll-lor llnH CJ1HnCC1CTor rrpeCCKi:L Ha c.:urqn 6 mCMJTCKH.ie npHlG13<1n EYP/lOHOB l\1aIIO\lCTap.

Gua rwn .ie IIaj'-lenri1e lwnyKpy>Kno CaJH1jCHtl (1), U1TO

ce JHll\II fora CJIVlIVi 6. aHa je ca jeJ-1Ile CTpal-IC umopeHa lL

l1PCKO HJBpTKC (2), l\W)Ke .n;Cl ce cnojH ca cynOJV1, Y KOMe

BJli:l):\a BHCOKH rrpunrcaK. )~pY1'H Kp!1j lI,eHH jc xepMCTWIKI1

3aTBOpeI-l11 crrojelI 3<1 nOJ1yry (3), Koja npeKo cenvfeHTI-IOl' 3yn'·HllTHKa (4) H KpY>KIIor 3YIT'fallI1TGl (5) o6phc Ka3aJbKY

(6). CenlcllTIII'1 3Yll'lmmK o6phe ce OKO CBOjC ocomnre (7). npl'lI-!l~m! Ha KO;"{C pann EYPJ\OHOIW 1l..eB.ie cnc)leftu: Kapa y IhOj 3aBJ13J_,a HeKH npWrHCaK, Ta)1;) he DB )1,cjc-rBoBRTH 11 T-l(1

CnO.fhlry mmpl1nmy H na ynyTjXl1lJl-hY nOBpIIIlIl-Iy. DOIIITO jc CnOJh!Hl.mmpunma neha 011 ynyrp,ulllhc 110npnHme, TO he CHJra KOP nOTWIe o,n; Ollor rrpHTlICIGl nO'JCTII na Hcnpamba l(CB, Tj. I-he]-] Kpaj he Te)J{JJTI-l na cc nO\1cpn y ClViCpy Kojn je C.aW:ll ()

03IW.r.ren crpCnnLl,O\L OBO he nOBJla'IHTH 33 C060M nOJlyry C~), lwja he

npcKo 3YTI'lamIK3 nOMepaTJ-I Ka3<l.ThKY (6). I1cDl1'I'HBm·beM.ie YCfaJ-JOnJbeno ila je rrYT Kojn Kpaj U,CBH npe'l)c YC11Cll pa::UTHKe npHTHcaKa npOrrOpI\Hotl<!JI(1H npHTucKy nO)1 KO.iH~1 ce l-JaJl<:l'3H YUYTpaUII-hOCT BYPJl.OHOne l~eBH. 3()oz- npOnOpl~lI()IUVll-iOciIiu U3.Me&y i7Plfl{lUcaKO 11 C.r1aCiIiLf<I/f/{X gcrjwP_1Wl{uja lVAIi u iJogow f{{f O((UI-1I je parnw.MCpfUl. Ka,ll rrpnTIicaK npCCTaI-le na nejcTByje, H.en ce, 3601' eJ!aCTwmOCTI1 I-I1vfaTepHjclJIa 0)]; K01'8 je H3pa'l)ena npab.a Y npno6HTHo CTaJ-he.

AKO cc npH ynoTpe6H MaHOMeT]Xl C BYPJ~oHonOM IWBI1 rrpei)y .lJ,03B0J1~eH.c rpaHI-me npHTTfCKa, oHga ce, Kao np13a nOCJIeiUHW, nojaBJhyje Hcnponopru-IOHaJIHOC1' Y

25

nOKa311B3JbY, Tj. 3a MaJIH nopac1' npTI1'HCK<:l )];o11a he go 3H3THO Bcher CKpeTal-b<:l Hr.IIe Hero lilTO 6n Tpe6aJlO .ua 6YAe.

. rIOllITO Ha )1:CQ)OpMHCal-he EYP,UOJ-fOBe U,CBl1 YTIFle Ii TCMnepaTypa, TIOTPCOHO

.1e CIIpe-':IlITH Aa y H"y 1'OKOM pa,11.a yl)e Bpe;1H CPJlyJI,U "lIl1jH CC rrpHTI1CaK Mepf1.

113BOI~

CTaH~e cp.nYHP;a KOjn: ce He Kpche O)J;pei)eHo je lLeI.'OBOl'vl ryc1'lIHO!\-"J 11 CTaTH-

'IKVlM npHTHcKOM. Q)}lYHg YBCK BpIIlH npuTHcaK na 3lfHOBe Cy;~3 Y KOMe ce H3JI3'm.

CflJIa KOjOM OH rt:eJ1yje Ha 3H)lOBC cyna nOCJICnUwl je CTJT1FTKOT npHTllcK8.

HaTnpiiTHcaK je P<l'J.TIHK3 yKym-roT H iYrMocqJepCKOr rrpIITHCIGl.

HHcrpYI\·ieIITII 3(1 l\·repClhe n}1JITIlCK<l MCpC CTaT1FJKlI rrpnTl-lCaK. TIHje3OJ"rCTapcK<J neB IT M'H-JO]I.-fCTap ea Te~-fJJonrhy Mcpe pa3JI1lK)' npHTHcaKR. EypnoHoB )vranOMeTap MCpH anco.'1)'TIW npWl'nC<lK HJ1l-1 P<l3.:fH-Ky MepeHor H

<lTlvrocrIJCpcKOf' rrpllTllcKa.

rll'ITAlhA

BE

! _ TlTTa jc jeTtH11Ill\<1 npnTHcKa?

2. lllTil JC J-liiTnpllTHcRX? :-1. UITa.ie l111jC30MCT'lj"lCKIl npITTIlCJK?

4. KaTt8 cc KOpneTTl (l-ManoMcT<tp. a K<t;J;il KOCll M<lnOMcTap?

5. UlTJ ce ;,Icpn EypnOllOBJHll MalloMCTpo~l?

6. P,13mma npnTHC<lK<1 BOne \OlepH CC U-hf<lUOl\·leTpo}.!. KoiTl he MCllloMcTap TTOKa-

3,lTIl Hche cKpcTan,e ~ M;moMcTap nanyn,eH :tKHBO!l.-1 nJm ilJJKOX0JIO\1?

liA

MEI'El\,E I1I'HTl1CKA

3ajJ: .. lTaK -I. noiTfj)CtJl-fO ic If.1 .. \lCPU1Ull 1-f1llTiiipuiJil-lc({g /(IC'/J-I0-c/Tll/ Y iloiTilic/-IO . .-\I I(CfH--/o_H (wrJ), /w 3agaiTio,\! AH'ClTiy. flpllliiu-

em, iTipc6a . .\fc{JwTiIl:

a) K.aga ny.Mila }Jogu, a inc'lIwc/li rr 1-1(' r:pche jep cy 6t'HITiU .. 7lI :wi/"i(j0PCl-/If, 6) /{aga jc i7)' . .Hfin )' i7o?rJl-r),. a ITic'lllOu7i (C 7.:J7chc "po:; l(('RU.

floiTipe6Ho je {]pCg.1/-IOf-hC. Yn031l,lTTl )le4H1f-Hn~H.iy II 3I-Ia~rCH-,e npnTIIcKa, K;-10 1'1

HHcTpY!l.1eHTc C1<1 MepcJ-J~e npl1THCKCl (nOLTJaBJbC 1.2 - Caiailhu((( rj7Ilyuga).

AI/(f, .. lII_;]a .1ogmTiI{(l. <P.llVlfJI KOjl1 HCnVl-baBil ll,eB BpUHI rrpl-ITI1CaK Ha 31111 I~eml.

OBaj npl-ITI1C<1K 6J.1Jlo n<l CC ~).TrYHJl.· Kpehc- lInH He, Ha"nma ce cTaTWIKH np1-lTIlC3K II M(»Ke 6wrn RllUIH Ium lHl)J(H OJI <lTJI,-wcq)epCKOr. Y nOTHCHOM BO,11.Y Kojn ce n3n(l'3H

113a lI,pnKe rrpllTl-IG1K he 6HTH RnUII1 OJ!, aTMocqJepCKor. 3I-la~·m:, npnTIlcaK Kojn he H3MCPUTH ManOl\'leTap rrp1-lKJhY"ICH n<:l 3anaTOM MeCTY nOKa3HR3he Beny npe,o;nocT 0,0; aTMoCCIJel)cKor T1pHTHcKa. OBaj npHT11caK he 6111'11 najmnllH K3g cy I3CHTJIJm 3a

'l1WpeHH, a II)'l\UIa HCToBpcMeno pagl-J. ChnapaI-beM BCHTmra H nOKpCnlI-beM qJJrYH

,o;a CTaTH'-IKH npHTHcaK qJJ1Yl-I,IW I-ra 3H,U u,eBH he cc CMi:\l-bHBaTIL

26 c:=. IIoL"TipeuJ-la Mepel-bLl u fipopa'iYIl. CTJTWIKH npliTHcaK TeqHOCTH MO)J(C ce Me

PUTH Byp~Ol-lOBl:1t\'1 h1aHO}'lCTPOM Ii IInjC:Jm.1CTapCKO.lvt U;CHH. f10l.llTO H'3a u;pllKe npnTHcaK MO)KC Aa 6YAe :HWTHO BHJlH1 0):1, <1TMOC¢epCKor, rrOTpeOHO je J.13a6paTM EypnOHOB MaHOlvreTap, jep 611 BHCHlIa TC'-IHOCTH Y lUljc30MentpCKoj ll,eBH Morna ga I-13-

HoeH H HCKomiKO 1l,ecennra MCTapa.

IIoiTipeuan apOjJWtYH. D()TpcGHO je GlMO O"IHTaTH TP(1)KeJ-IC npl1THCKe H, aKO

cy Ha MaIfoMcTpy crape jeAm-IHI~c (at), npcp;FlyuaTH fiX y je;.1Hl1uU,C YlIrrepHal~HO~ H,UII-IOr CHCTelvla.

J1apaga 3agclLTt"~U. DC)TPCOHO je npllKJhjl<IHHl EypnOJ-IOB M3HolvlcTap Ha 3a}«lTOM j\·fCCTY ,nCBHor BO)~a.

I1ynrrarbCM qpIlKC y pall YBOHH ce TC'H10CT Y lJ,CBH, a 3an'IJvl CC 3<'lT130PC BeH·

THJlIlH Ollwra cc mrnrpHTHcaK (P I)' OTl.\apalbC1Il BCllTlL'l<J YCI!OCT3BJbajy ce IJ(WOI-j

CKIT YCJ10BH H o'un;}na !lOBI! IJaTnpHTllGlK (p)} Tpl~6a CKHIJ,HpaTl:I anapclTYPY. PeJ.)-""nTiaUtu. nouno jc l\tal-lO~vlCTap rpa,riYl1GlH Y aTMoCCpCpaI\W, a n:.a.Tl<l nOl.IH

H"e OIl, UYJIC, TO ee ()tlHTaB(llbC:'l ):wouji.l:

P, ~ 2,) at.

OBaj II'-lTIlPllTJ1C(1K TpeCia p~ttlymlTH y 51 CHCTel\1 jC;_\HHHLl,(I (Hl-1J_\eTFI rtpliMe~~G) Ha Kpajy 331WTKa).

Dourro je:

1 at ~ 9.81 N/em' ~ 9,81 10' N/rn',

TO .Ie:

P, ~ 24,5 . ICY' Pa, P, ~ 15,7· 104 Fa.

OBO cy npe)J,1l0CTH H:1THpHTHcka, AIICO:IYTHI-1 npHTHc::tK jc BHlLlH Oil llUTUPU

THCKa 3a I-I3HOC '-ITMOCCPCPCKO], apUTIlCIGJ., Kojn ce O'!!1TaBa Ila 6apoMcrpy.

npuJo-fcg6u. CK<l.:Ia t,.ml.{OMCTpa MO;'1(C 1l0'lHlb<1TIi nyJlOl\f (T<1ALt MepullClTnpHTH

em::) liJIH C8 9,8] lO:' Pa (1 al) h:aWl MCpU y'KyllilU llPUT11CctJ(, :~aHcMilpyjytm npOMClll.:_

y ilTMOc(l)cpn::o~'1 npHTl1CKY.

11360p EypnoH()BOl" l\1al101\-!(:Tpa Gnu.ic ,n:06ap. ,[.\a je wmplJ.lcI-l uOKymaj MCpC~ i-b!:t HCTO[, npWrI1CK<l W!j(30)V1CTapC!«()l\t qCBll. uOTpc6na mfCHU<l t~CBll 6WI<l Go nCOMi:l

~eJll-fK3. floTpeGna 13I1CIlHa UCBH '3a npaJ30 MCPClbC MO:>l{C CC "<laKO rnp,PlYH<'tTH 113

.1 CI\Hi:l-O;II1HC:

£'--__ =_!:':l p-g

110IlJTO je n::lTllpl:!T!1.C<lK PI' - Po;;::; Pi = 24,5 . 10':) Pa, TO Bl1ClIHa TeliHOCTH 3aBlf

cn Ol-~ 3anpCl\UmCKC Mace TC'1l[OCTH. AKO jc TU BO).I,a, 'fli.faje rYCrilll<1 P = 1 000 kg/m't , TO je p . g ::::: 9 810 N/m" rra je Bl-ICHHa:

__ 24.510 4 N/m 2 _ 25

L- -:( ~- 111. 9,81 ·10N/m'

3aA31'aK 2. 113Mcpwuu uoiI1pe6HY UoZOI-lCKY Cl-L,1Y JG gfJeiriaH~e UJ.MeOy g6a aagail/a Meuua (Medilo 1 U Mecil10 2, CIl. 6a):

a) gaga U.yAHfil pagll, il iIic'u-lOctU cc He /(pcne fep cy GCHLTiUJIU 3QLU60pe/-lU,

x.5

6) Kaga ic nYMua y ilo2oH}' [( iiie'1Hocw. ce Kpehe Kpoa 1~e6U.

" 7" ,,2" ,

~ LJ Q2 /r~'

--1. ;l.h

noi71pcGl-w npQj3HuHJe. Yllo3Hanl [Jo;~CJly OClIOBHllX onepal1.HjaHCl OCHOBY 110-

rOHCKHX CIIlla, Kao H MCPClbC Ii 3HJ'-tCtbC pa3J1liKa CTaTll'-lKl-fX npHTlfG1K<1 (U-MaHo

MCTap norJIaBJbC 1.2).

AHaJIU3{/ aagaw.,,-a. [101'oHcKa Clma 3(1 oncpau,ajc ca q)JJYH;aHMa jc pa3JIHK3

npHTl1eaKa, n pCl\fa TOMC, 3a)J)1T<1K Ce cnoAn Ita MepCthC CTaTWIKHX npWI'I'rCaKa, O!J:~ HOCHO I-bllXOBe pa3JUIKe n<l 3a,u<lTilM MeCTHMa. Pa3JIUKa npHTHCaK<1 MQ)KC ce MCPl-:l

I'll I-1J1H IIoje]J,HH3"-lHHM MCPClhCM npHTHCftK:1 n l-hI1XOBHl'I-l ogY3HM<1I-beM HJIH HI-ICTpy

MCHTOM 3a p;I-lpeKTl-lO :-'-lcpelhC pa3JlHKC rrpI1THC<lKa. CB31«}KO fJ,a je lIOrOAl-tl:tjH oHaj APyrl1 nal.IliH. 3<11'0 he 6I1TH_ 113a6paI-I U-M<ll-lOlvlcTap. .

Ilmupc6Ha MCPCH-,U u upopa<lyf-t. DpOP<l'lYH ce 3<1CHllB<1 lIa IlPHMCHH je)nra

qHI-Ie:

KOP YKi13YJe Aa ce pa3JIHKCl npHTl1CaKa H3pa1-IYBi:lB3 Hi1 OCI-lOB)--' H3MCPCHC paJ.TlHKC

1U1Boa (l\/i) Y MaHOMCTp)--'. JJa 6B npopwlyn Morao,aa ce ypanH, }I(npeGHo jc 3H<'tTH

I1 rYCTIIIlC PA H Pn·

3Haqn flOTpe6ao .ic IBa6paTll l\l<lnOMCTapCKY Te'-HIoeT 1-1 HaBH )-! Ta6!IHqaMa !-beHY rycnmy (Pc')' nOTpe6no je, TaKoi)e, y Ta6m-tl~aMa J-tah.11 rycTI1H)' Te'--UIOCTH '--Il:l

jll ce npl1Tl-lCClK MCpH (PI;) 11 Koja he Ce y ManoMeTpy J-Iana3HTH kUBan ManOMCTapCKe

TC-O;IHOCTl1 (eJ1. 3 H 4).

J1Jpaga 3agmTil<u. 3aW:l'ra MeC1.'a Tpe6a nOrO,!l,HHM u,penoM npUK}LY'-IHTH 33

KpajeBc U-MaHOMeTpa (CJI. 6 a). Ha Taj Ha-O;Hfn he npHTI1CIJ;H PI H P2 611TH npCBeTH ,!l,0 ManOMeTpi:l,. KOj11 hc, 0,0,.

eTyuaH~eM HlIBoa MaHoMeTapcKc TCl.lHOCTl1 o,u, paBHOTC)I(HOr n0J10)Kajil, 03HaQl1Tli

,u,a nocTojH pa3JIHKa rrpWrl1CaKa. CIG·ru;npaTH anapaTYPY npe crrajalba II Y TORY lf3pap;e 3a,n:aTaKa.

28

I13a6paHO je Aa M3HOMCTapCKa TC"'-lHOCT 6Yl~C )K11£3. 3H3l..JH:

PA ~ 13,6.101 kg/m J

Pe3Yiliiia{i!u. I1oroncKY CHJIY, OAHOCHO pa331IiKY npliTHcaKa Tpe6a H3pa'-IYHaTB Y TOKY paga, Tj. nOA 3aAaTHM pa)J,HHM YCJTOBHM3. TIpn 3aJ];aToj 6p3IUIH KpCTaI-ba TC

"LTHOCTll, cKpcTafbc y U-M3HOMCTPY jc:

/',h ~ 0,1 0 m.

f10UTTO CC :Mcpn pa3JIHKa npHTllCKa mrrpe6Ha 33 KpenUhC y::t,3, TO jc (n3 1'3-

6JIHu,a) PB ;:;::; 800 kg/m-'. eaga je Tpa)KCT-Hl rrOf'OHCKa CH.fI(I:

P, - P, ~ 111' = 0,10 m (13 600 - 800) kg/m'· 9,8! mis' = 12 560 p" = 12,56 kPa.

Ilplt.Her;6a. D,06HjCHH pC3y,wraT 3l-Hl'IH;o.:a paJIfHK<l npHTlTOIK<I If3-:-'IC1)y rdCCTa 1 Ii 2 Tpe6a lin 113HOCI1 P = 12 560 Pa ga 6n ce YJhe KPCT,U10 ~t<lTOl\1 6P3IJHOM. Tpc6~\ 3ana:mTJI ,n:!:1 jc :3!:1 GP)l(C cTFyj(llhe y.rba flOTrCaHa H Bena TlOTOHCK<1 CH.1<.L ChBOPH BI1111C BCHTHJIa H yBepn ce y OBO.

13. CTPYJAlhE <j)]lYI1)l,A

Y 0130)'.,.j nOf"Jl3B.1l,Y 6nne pC'-1J1 0 KpCTaIbY qnyH1Vl ymnrJTc. l((]O H 0 3aKOIlHTO

CTHMa KOjc npn 1'01\'IC B'DKC.

PaHnjc. je peLIcHo )Ja craH~e (pnYHJ\a Kojn ce He Kpehe OApci)yjy l·berOB npHTIf

cal( 11 rycnJl'la, Kaga cc rp/lyUg iioI':PCHC, jalJ.t1J(/ cc joUi ieglla (lC.;1./.{'-W.H.{11wja ogpcb,vje diJ.aH.,e q)/I)'I/[Jo i"ijJlI I':pCillalbY ~ np3l1Hll ciTipyjmha.

;Ua 6n ce onpC;:H'lJIa 6p:mna cTpyjaJ-ha, nOTpe6Ho .ie npmvICHHTH "JaKOB 0 o;~p>K3fbY MaTcpHjc H(l qJJlyl1~I Kojn CC Kpehe,

13.1. CTPYJAH,E 11 3AKOB Oc'l:P)f(AlbA MATEPl1JE

fiPOTOIC _. ITpeMa 3aKony 0 O).1}1>]«(lH,), \l<lTCPHjC, 1\18C3 qJ.:1YUU3 Koja y<:I,Bll y

je;r.Vly I~CB Mopa J~a 6Y;\l:.~ jew-raKa l\.IaCH Q))lYIla3 KOj,] Tn T·bC WLlla:m,

'fpaHcrropTOHalJa l'v1(ICa cJ).,rYf·ma (m) y jC].\HHH1(f1 npelvlCHi.\ (I), U<l3HBa CC Maceno

npOTOK (q,,}

111 {jIll;;:;; .'

AKO ce 3aKOH 0 Onp>K3lhY Mace npllMeH11 Ha CJIY'Iaj C'rpyjmha npHIG13(lH H3 CJIlU~Il 7, OH)J.a jc M(lCcUH npoToK Kp03 lllHpy ll.en (qm

l) jeunaK npoToKY Kp03 pKy

(qm,):

29

a nOlllTO je MaCCHH npoToK Y cTnapn OlH-IOC Mace Ko.1a npOTCKHC II BpeMena npOTlJIJ;alba:

!?!l ;:;::; !!!l, t I t2

TO 3Ha'IH,na 3a MeTO BPCMC npOTHIJ)lIha Vi ;:;:;; 12) npOTCKHC HCTa Maca (m] ;:;:;; nil)'

w, -J

C.lI/Jlm 7

~ W 2

AKO ce IH.1Cl Y BIln), iW je npo18 ne(l)HH!II(I~jH rycTIIHe m:o:: p V oRAa ce npeTxo;1-Ha jenH3~ntH3 MO)KC nllG1TU:

e_l .. : .. .Y1 ~.~:~l. {i ! 2

.lel1,lIa-num iWIlTimYJITeTa, OAIIOC \1/1 npenCraBJh3 3(mpelvIHHY rwja npo-

TCKHC y jcwnUH\l1 npeMcna H Ha:mna CC 3anpeMHIICKH npOTOK (qJ. CaLIa ce MO)Ke

nHC3TII:

PI ' (jl'; ;;:::: P:: . (j\12

,

OBa jegHG'fUH.a r:tpcgClTi{frl . .'I,,[I On. .. 1/1l; 3{/lWH(( 0 OgP,1I{fllFY J.J.{{ce /{ U((::IIIFi(( ce jegH{{'flI.JUI /{oIilTiulI)'uiTicUI(i. AKo je c!J.:ryu,il HecnHIVhHn (p I = p J, jell.Ha (mBa KOHTII

nYHTCTa je jemIOCT3BIIHja,

qv] = Qv2,

OAHOCHO npH cTpyjalhY HeCTHIlL:bl1BOr (j'lJIYUJl.(l je)l)IaKII cy He GIMO MClccmf Bth Ii

3anpeMHHCKU npOTOl~H, Ep3HlUl cTpyjau,a. -- npOlTtm( jc I{(HII'f.IlH{{ 1) . .'1),lIg(( Koja y /Pg1lH1f11U GpC"I1.CHO

iJjJobe gp03 HelOI fWg. KO.:llPIHna (l).'1),H;a:a Koja OTJ:pe1)yje npOTOK MO>Ke;rIa ce H3pa:m

y l\·laceHH}'1 H.:JIf 3anpe~mllCKH"1 jcnmmo;aMa, Y npBOM CIY'-wjy jew1lTUlw npoToK3.ie

legis, a y npyroM m3/s. 0;0; t.lera 3aEHcn fip3mra? AKO ce :~aMHCJTn l(1UIHHnpH'IHa neB, KClO UITO je npn

Ka3iUW Ha (.T!Hqn R, 0JYHnW (l)~'lyJlJ]:<l Kojn ce KpO'3 lbY Kpehe HeKa 6YJl.e \iF (m!s), a

O'j( 4

yHyTpalllJ-bH rrpC'-IIlHK D. KOJIlfKa he 6HTll KOJlWIHH<1 ¢nyu,na Koja y jC]J;IU1I1IJ,H Bpe

MelIa HCTeKHC ll3 I\CBU? AKO ce 3aMHCJlH na qmy11)J. 113JI<ncfiu 113 qCBl1, 3agp)Kana CBOj 06JlIIK (elL 8), OH)J;a 6ll OlI llMao 06m1K BaJhKa KOMe je oenOBa yIIyTpall1H~a rro

npUllllla npeccK3 U,CBH D27t/4, a BHCI1Ha _0- rrperyeHll rryT y je,UJ:1HHll,H BpCMeHa, TO jecT

Gp3HI-Ia. IT pCMa TOMe, rrpOTOK McpeH 3anpCMliHOM:

qv = nOnpIIll1Ha x

TO jecr

AKO ce )KeJlH l\'JaceHH npoTOK:

D2 .1T q'll ::::: 3ZWPCMHHCKH llPOTOK x ryC'l'HUa ::-;: _._ .... HI· p,

4

M, ~ 'Iv . P ~ S . W . p.

OBUKO O,lwei)cHa 6p'3l1Ha H<J3HBil ce cpcg![,u 6p3ww,:Vb 0130ra npOH3J13JH i\ajc

npoToK YTOJ1HKO Behn YKOJllIKO cY Bcfiu nonpclIIlH npcceK H C5p:uIIla. fIpHMclbyjyhn jef~Ha1.n1HY KOl-ITHHYHTC'l'3 H<.t IIojc)J,HHe llpeceKe HCKor BOlla,

l\wry CC 113paLI.YHaTH 6p3HHe q)JIYHJI,() l' [bH\-t3, aKO ce 3I-Wjy Ilpe~HH[[.\.ll [[ 6p3HHa y 6UJIO KOM ,u:CJry Bona.

3arV1HCJHfMO HCKH BOn y 1(OI>.{C ce H3CTClBJhajy W~C u.elHl P83JlWUlTOr npccCK3'.)1

H S...,. HeKa Kp03 lhIiX npOTHLfe Cj)JIYH)J. (Cl. 7). AKo jc npoToK Y UIHpOj lJ,ClH1 qv, H

OAr~OBapa My 6p3UIHl TV I, UlTa he 611TH ca ctmYHAOIv\ Kaga ylJc ':i Y)KY U,CB? JJ;a Jlll 'he OH IT p,aJLe TeftH op:mnoM ~Vl lIJJH he je npoMem1TH? OgroBop Ita 0130 lUtTathC ,Il,0-6uile ce nape,uHHM pa3MIUIlJl"UbCM. Q>J1YI1}J, KOjH H3Bt)C H3 LlIllpe u,eBH rrpHM3 Y)]«l u;eB, 11 OH he )lan~c npO'J'HuaTII KPO~{ Iby. ;Qpyn1.M PCLlUM(l, npoToK UCCTHll.l.'LIllJOf

(l)11YH;o:a H Y mnpoj (qv) H Y)KOj (QV2) I.I.C1311 ~lOpa fX<l 6y.u,c jC,QllaK:

HJIH

SI' WI :::::S1' Vi/2 ·

aGO je gp}"2U OUJII.ll\; jegUll'rw-re /{oHlXiuHyu.iIic[[ia, Ua 6n ce BcnyuHo )'CJIOB jc)J,

HaKOCT11. Mopa ce npOMClHITH 6p:nma. 11~ OAIIOc.a:

~l .. ~. 52 WI

,U06Hja ce 3aMcHoM S ::: r 2n: 11 CKpaTI.UnalbeM:

:I W2

r} WI'

31

To 3Hat m Jl.a cy 6p31l1-fe oupflyilio ilpOaOp[~U01-L(lJll-le upeceKY, Tj. KBtlApaTliMH

nOv'lynpc'-IHHK<1 IWllH. npyruM pellIlMa, Gp3WW je 3[1 ucUlu flpoiiloK yi1io/l[{J(() (Jeha YKOJlW({) je Dpeceg MLI/-bU, n o6panw.

Hcnocpc/llIO MCpell,C "pOTOKa

fIpn u,pIIJbeH,y, I1pH IlpeTaKaH~y Te'-lHOCTI1 113 jeAI-lor cY)J,a Y )),pyrll, npll MCll1iUhY Ci)JJYHf,a lIJTI1 Yl\ynuBfll-bY B(l3J--I.YX<t, K30 lllIpll gpyntM CJ1WIHHM paAJbaMa ca

cpJ1YHJ~1iMa) qCCTO jc B;;m:.no IW ce :majy KOJHFIHHe qmYHp,a ca KojHMa ce npH ()]3aKBllh..f OTIep'-lI~HjaMa palH1. IlpoTOK (J1Hyuna MQ)KC ee Ol~CHHTH O}J,OK(1, nm.wily I·hcrORe 6p3HHe4, na npm.lep npCl\.ta l\.lcxypnhwvUJ raea HJlH '(IBPCTHM ~leeTl1u,aMa Koje ea e06m.l HOCH H]lH. IUK, npCM3 6p:nlHH p,H3aJJ~a, Op,HOCHO enYUlTatb3 HImoa y pe3epBoapy. Ko)~ 'leCTlJlJ,<.l .iC).\HOpO;~llHX TC1lllOCTH H raeona OBO ce He M())KC TaKO npoC'[o Ol.\ClIHTH. Al"::O CC, 1\1c1)YTlIl'.l, paN! Y HcnpoBnr.UIoj 3a'mopcHoj auap<rrypH, OHl.l.a je OEaKBa Oll,eIla w.:';vlorylia. rI,pynrt\l pC~llT\1a, 'IOBeK Oll, y OBl.lKBHM CJIY<lajcBliMa, 0('JI~ubajyhH ce Gll\lQ u{.\ cBoja Lly.aa, OlIO 6CCIIOMohaH.JJa 611 ce HITaK Ci'CKJlO ncrrpco

lIO n T;1'lHO Ci1":>WHLC () I1POTOKY ti)JIYHHa, Mopa ce npn OB<1KBHM MCPC!:bfHvW nOCJIV->KUTU flnapaTIL\I~l 3~1 MCpCfhl~ npOTOI([. OHfr ce ynli.tBl101Vl r\CJIC I-Ia ~!Be rpync: .

w.::pn.:w 3,,1 llcnoCpenlJO MCPC1bt OPOTOK<:1-

.~ ;-'1CPWla 3<t IIOCpCr~IlO lvlcpcn,e npOTOKa. MepHJl8. 3d Ilocpe;J,1l0 ;-'U:PCTbC npOTo!Glonhc npoy~lclW y c}le)~chcM nOrJI8.WhY·

AnapaTHtlta 38. HCllOCPC1..l,HU MepClbC npC)TOKa Mepn ce '3i.lnpCMHHa q:urYl:Iga

KOj(1 y ogpei)CIIO BpCt\JC nyHll cygOJ:lC mnH:lTl~ ::mnpnume. DomTo Ct 1'(11(0 OJWCiJ,H

BpeMe, a '3allpCMltllU .It: U03lIaT<1, M(})KC CC JW.KO I-Upa'lYHaTI1 llpOTdK. Kao Hajllpo

CTHjll <lIla paT OBC npcre l\H»J(C ga noc;IY)Kj[ OTBopeHIl CYP. I103HUTe 3;:mpcr.uUlC (\l). AKO je Bpel .. 1e nYI-bCl·j,i.\ cyJI,a (t), 011;:(i.\.ie npOTOIC

II qv ::.::; _.. mJ/s. I

AKO .ie In Gl1JIO KUjllX pa3JlOra TC

IllKO OJJ.PCI~I1Tll :Janpel\1JlllY cYiJ,a, OHLla cc

:-'lOX':.1: i\lCpWnJ :vtaca Te'lllOCTH Koja Y [laTO

BpcMe Hi.lllymi eYL(.

Ca'HHHI '~a I':U:OllC .. - OI..U t>lCPHJta ce cacrojc (Cl. 9) JB jelUtOr GyGu,a (i) KO,iU cc o6phe OKO XOpH30HTaJl1le QC\lI-lHIlC. Taj fiyGal-b jc IlOJ(CJhCH ua QCT!lPJ.1 J\CJIa

HapoLUlTHM yJ,L\y>KHI1M llperpa"WM:1 (2). HemTO l1'3HalJ. nOJl0BHHe je :upolbeH Y BO)J,)'. nperpaJ\c 6yGlba c')-' T3KO nop,ewe

He ita ce HIIKa;J;a He MO)KC )~CCI1TI1 ,L\a 01'

BOp 3a ym13 raca (3) je~UIe MCTe npcrpap;e

6Y).l,e I1CTOBpeMeHo J.1.31l<l,\ TCl.IHOCTH, IGtga

jc 113Han l'be H OTI30P 33 113Jta'3 raca. fac ce J.~OBOJW uKcnja;mo {(pen KpaTKy I~CB (3), na nOlllTO .ie nop; neliuM npUTHCKOM Hero

.

rae KOjH ce HaJ!a311 y caTY OKO 6y6Jb3 (BIIJ:t:n pa3J111Ky mIBoa), OU IIOKpefie 6y6alh y eMepy KJ33.lbKll I-Ia caTy. KOMopa (4) y OBOM TpCHyTKy cc nyHH, a KOMopa (5) 3apoH,aBajyhu ce rrpa3HH. amI cal'OEil cy Y CTBapH raCHll MOTopn KOjl1 pa}.1c 3601' MaJIC pa3J1l1KC npHTl1CKa raca KOjU CC H,Ula3H y KOMopaf .... t<1 H BaH l-MIX. OCOBliHa

6y6J-ba je, nOMohy 3YIT'-IJHHKa, Be3Jna 3a l-JapO'nrre }.1cxaHH3MC KOjHM3' ce perI1~ cTpyje 6poj 06pTaj3, TO jeeT KOJIlfl:Il1HJ npOTCKJIOr raca .. O!.m carOEH ce lt3pai)yjy y 3anpCMHHH on 3 11111'pa (3£1 na60paTopHjcKC 11 KyhHC !lD"rpe6e) na flO lleKOJIHKO

CTOTIUJJ .~rfTapa (33 HH.u:YCTpnjy). He)~OCTaTaK 11"1\') jc lIlTO i\wry 11J Mepe npOT~K raC()BJ KOJH ce Ham13C no,U MaJIHM npHTIlCKO;vf II UlT-Q ce y H-,IIMa l-Ia}la3IJ BOiJ)\ KOla

BJ1<DKH rae.

Vl3BO)X

CnlI-!,e (l).~))rH)l,a KOjl1 crpyjn oApetJcno .ic rycnTfIOl\i, npHTHCKOM H 6p31H-10\1. JC;aHatllH-m KOHTHl-1YI1TCT<l npe;rCT<lBJhtl OO';IHK 3<lKOH(l O;W)K(lIhJ. ]l.Tace. 3(\ Hero Bpe

Me KP(J3 CBaKl1 npeCCK nCBHor F\()T\a npOTCKHC HCTa :~1aca.

CY)KeT-hCl\i npeCCKa TIOnChaB(l CC 6p3HHCI crpyj,H:bcl q1Jl)!I1JP. EpJUIlC Y DBa npeCeK(l OJl,BOCC ce 06pnYTO nporrOpn1'1OIIaJIHO rlCmpUIlIHl:lMCI npeCCKd. flPOTOK ce MO,

)1«('. MepnTH Hcnocpc;:uw Ii nocpermo. HenOcpeJlHO l\lCPClhC npOTOIG) 3aCHvm;) CC )-I(l

McpeI-bY Mace I1J1H 3,Hlj1nlJlHe Koj;) np()TCKHC Y jeHI1HlHl,Il npeMCll3.

DHTAlhA

BE

1. llha je CPC,Il)-h;l 6p:lHlla fj1:JyH;~a n K~lK() ce OWl IT3pil'IyH<lBa?

L. Ka~l.a jt qllli = ttl",. Zl Kap:a q) I = q) )? 1. [(aMa je Ta'IHO n8 je .\'1 . WI = 51' W2'? 4. 3allITO cc CY)l{(lB<HhO.f pC'lllor KOPUTil yfip3<1Bil npOTHI(<lFf,C BO;~t:?

5. Lla .1m je .leJ1:110CT;1B1I1Ije }.·fepuTH npoToK Te'-llIOCTH ]C1l1 ]'aCOB(I H 360r 'lCr8"?

6.38 1<05e he BpcMe npoToK Bo::\e o;~ 2 kg!" HanymHll cYH 3anpcMHHe 1 [) elm}?

EA

HEHOCPElI,HO MEPEII.E HPOTOKA

3aJ,anm '1. [.13 . .HepuJiill 30flpc.MlI/lCICU U .,\1(ICCffll i7pni/iol{ nogc

y r~p(-)Or;()m' u uapa'lylwlTill cpeg/by OjJ31IHY,

[foiJJpc6uo ifpeg,1I1llfM'. Tpc6a na:/'Innl fv::cjmmlll,njy npOTOi$1

H jC,lJ.H3'IHHY KOHTHIIYl1TCTiL DOTpe61-IO .ie, TaKot)c, 31-f(lTH K(lKO

ce Hll:peKTI-IO MO)l(C MepnTH npoToK (nOf.lJaUJhC 1.3.1). AI-W.,W3(/ 3agmTilw. rIPOTOK npCACTanJbJ KO.'lWlHHY <imYHJ~a KOjU npoTcKHe y

.iCnl1HIH~aMa BpeMcHZI. npOTOK ?l.IO)l(C 6H'rVf Mac-cUB H 3(1npC~mHCKH - 3aBHCll on

Tora '-Il1Me ce Mcpn KOSHFIHna Q).l1ynna. nOTpe6HO je, 3H3'-IH, 113}'·fCPHTII jCAaH npo-

TOK, rra ce M(l)KC H'Jpa\rylIaTIl .upyru, jep je:

qlll::::: p. q\,.

ga 6n ce H3Mcpno npO'TOK. IJoTpe6HO Je O;o)IY'IHTI1 1(aKO ra Mepnrn - K(lO M3ceHl1 J1JU1 3311PCMHHCKI1 rrpOTOK (q$ OHa} 11360p he 3aBI1CI1TH 0):\ 'fora ga JIB .ic

33

naKmc y ~raTOM CJIy'-Iajy MepHTU Macy HJIJI 33npeMRHY, PelU1MO gu je JIaIGue Me1'Hi-1'11 3anpel\Umy.

IJoUipcfill(l .,1,·tCPCI-bO I-l ifpopa'lyll. 3anpeMHHCKH npoTOK je:

V qv:::;;--·

(

,Ua 611 ce J13MeprrO rrpoToK Kp03 l.l,enono)J. (qFI), nO'T'Pe6HO je Taj BCTH npoToK ocTBapHTH 1(1'0] MepHIl ypetJaj (qL~) n npI1:\IeIlIITH je;:J;Halmny KOIITIlllYlucTa (en. 9a):

GBOM jcgUa'-IHHOM TBpnI1 ce n:R 3anpel\Uma Roja npoTeKHc Kp03 u:enOBOA Ha MeeTY 1 npoTwIe.lI KPO'3 )vIeH3YPY Ha yJ1<ny (MecTo 2) H eRKyTLff,a ce y MeI-I3ypn.

DOTpe6Ho .le, '3Ha'lfl1, lT3lvfePHT11 3anpeMHuy BOTle y J'>rcn3ypn (V) H npelvlc 11()Tpc6no)l<J ce Til :iunpCMmItl C<lKyTm (f). Bpnrc ce l\1epn fIITOIlCpnnOM. PCJy.1Ti1T

je :rrOJlIlKO Ta'Tl-mjn YKommo cy BenT! J\repCHO npC\lC n 3<111pe'vlHHa. 3anpelvnn-TCKI1 rrpOTOK lqxn l\feT-13YPY je:

v

nOIllTO Je Taj npOTOK jewrmz npOTOKY Kp03 IJ;CHOBO/'1" MaceHH npOTCH< Kp03

l~eBOBOl\ onl1e:

liTO ce 1\1(»l{C ':1<1KO H'3pa 1 lylBTI1 jep je n03ITaT3 rYCTHml BO;\e.

Ha OC~OBY Ii3MCpCnOr npOTOK<l. ]v{o)Ke ce 113p<:11.IYHJTH 6p3HH3 CTPyjaJ-hJ T:loJ~e npIT\lenOM JCI\!I(l'-lHHC:

(Iv::::: .')' . \V.

i I a) 1

b)

CJ1wm 9a

TIoTpe6HO je ca1>.W OAPC,UHTH nospllUu-ry U,CBH (5' :::: D1n/4) MCPCfbCM rrpCl..£HH.Ka

IJ;CBH:

f13puga 3agafril.:f1. ITyCTHTI1 BOm.' i-l<l npOTl1'-IC VI npnupcrvU1TH l\·leIT.::!YPY H WTOUCpI1I.(Y. 3aTHl\{ nocraBHTH lv[CiHYPY TaKO Aa IJ,eo MJla3 BOgC Y lb).! ynl(lC, a I1CTOnpCMeI-IO MepuTH npcMcH3.

KaMa ce C<lK)'rrH ;o,OBWL[U 3arrpCl\Uma, npCKHAJ CC, OIlCT HCTOBPCMCHO, Mcpe

Ibe ilPl:MCH~l B C<iKywbalbc TC'-JHOCTlf.

Pe.3J·e'lfila{[iu. Y TOKY lnpaf~e 3anaTKa caKYU!hCHO jc 5,2 elm' (5,2 mrrapa) 33 L''i,S s. 3allpOlHHCKH npOTOK je:

DOWTO npOTH'IC Bo;~a (p:::: 1 000 kg/m'), Tpa:.t(clB1 MaCemJ flPOTOK je:

qllh ~-cp·qv?:::: lO'kg/!ll' ·O,:n·l0-\n:1/s ;;;:::O.3?lkg/s.

11J!\1C])cHH npe'lHl1K o,eBH .Ie D :::: 3,5 ern. f1O!:\PfllHHi.t nonpc'IHor npcccKa U,C13M .Ie:

TpmKCFra 6p3I1IHl .Ie ca).1.u:

IV;;;::: !i..l_ s

t3 ...... ~ ~ 1 0 -·2 m)2 11 ..... .... ._ ................ -.- ---- :::: 9, 6· I 0 -,j III 2

4

s 0,34 m/s.

3UiJ..UTaK 2. 113"w:puiIiu (iu[{{PO{Wli)" WCflOI U .. WAleflll/{(/.

JbpLi,T\d OBor :Hl/li1TK(l, KllO ]I c.:IWllll1X 3aWIT'.\Ki:t, CBo,o;n ce H~l IlOBC3HBalbC 11'3-

Bopa raca, Mepa'I<l llpOTOKa n f1(YrpOlll<FW raca. Y KOHKPCTllOM c.:ly'[ajy IlOTPCOUO

.ic 6YTaHcKY GOB,)! nOBC3LtTH ca r~tc!l!'lM CaTOl\l, a 3:tTHM ca WWl\lCHUKOM. Ha 'I'aj H(1-'"H1n he hWCCUH npOToll.H 6YT,UW nOC'lC 111JJaCKa HJ Gone (1]1111)' KpO:S ['(lCHH caT VIm) n ll:Wl\ICHHK (qm

3) GOTH jeHIWKO: -

AKO ce IlpHTHCaK 6YTcUta 11C MeIh<1 31{aT!!O Ilpl1 cTpyjalhY, OH).l<l.ie p :::: const, Ila

cc MO)KC llI1CaTH:

lllTO 3H<l'UI,o;a je 11 3anpeMHIlCKH npOTOK 6yraI-la Kp03 IUlaMeHl1K jCJl.HaK 3anpeMHHCKOM npOTOKY Kp03 raCHI1 CaT. [[OIIITO je:

35

HanOMena. 3a,n:JTJK ce paJ-Vi TaKO UlTO ce l1CTOBPCMCHO lllTOnCpHll,OM Meprr

npcMc, a raCHHM CJTOII/! 3anpcMIIHa Koja .ie npOTCKJIa,

1.3.2. CTPYJAIbE 113AKOH O)JP)KAIbA EHEPI'llJE

Ellcprnja q)JI)'")~a. ~ CBaKH CPJIyHA KOjH ce Kpche Ca;-,p>KH BlllUC BU,lJ;OBa CI'ICP

fH.1C. I1pno, 33JHICHO oJ~ nOJIO/Kaja, OgHOCHO OJ~ BI1Cl1He fJl.e ce HJJla3H, 3aBBcn 11

cHepn1ja, TO jeer pa).\H<l cnoco6HOCT KOjOM qJJlYH,!l. pacnOJ1a)KC. 013aj BlI,Q cHepn1je,

KOjtl cc Ha"jHBa~Ji()[uCl-{r{l.{ja.iU{(/ cucpl'llja, YTO.'lHKO je BehH YKO.HHKO je Bcha Maca clnYH,!l.a H BHCHHa. QHa je g;:rra lnpa30M F ::::: mg . h ;;;::: G . h. lXpynl BHJ~ elIeprHje jc

cHcpnlja Kpc'ralba "" "-lIftL'lTiu'/!w cllep2uja. Om! je A<lTa rnrnUOM Ek 0;;; m . V(/l/2. Tpe·· ha Tmi~ cncprnjc .Ie cfI(.'piuia iipwULlCl.:a. Gila ce MepI! pa)WM 1(oj11.ie nOTpeoaH )~a ce nCKll clmynrt 1J.TlH HCKO TCJIO (Hllp. KJIlH! nJH1. HeKI1 cjJJIYHn) 3i.mpCMHHC V ynlcHc Y nOCMa'rpaHH qJnYHJ'\ KOjl! ce nl.lJlT.Hl non npUTHCKUM P. I1ow:ro he TO TeJlO, H3Jt(1-

:,chH 1I3 Boge, },whu ga l!3BplUIl paJ-\ jep.H~\K pa).\y KojH.ie IlpH fbcrOBOM YTHcKllBan,y Y'!.!OTpeOJbCIl., 11 KOjU he 6ilTl1 YTOJIHKO Bella YKOJIIIKO cy llpWfucaK B 3anptJl.:fUlId TCJIa KOjH CC YTHCKyj:y Behu, TO ce OBa cHcprnja MO>KC lf3pa3l1TH: EI ::::: P . V. q\;[YJ.1A M(»Ke Wl Canp)KH H TOIlJlOTUY cnepnljy a':UI 0 H>Oj Y McxaHW!Kl1M OIlCpaIJ,ujaM(l Bclie

6HTH pe'IH. ApyrHM pC'lHJ\ta, CBaJ(ll cP"1yUg ,wju ce '·ULW3U y iloKpe[U}" cagp.J!W )':'LWGfWoH (ilpu (Juga e!-tep'l"ujc. npC\W TOMC, yKylllIa l'IWXi1nWIK3 cHcprnja HeKor

~!)JlYH1\a (EJ p,aTu je IBpa30M:

G. W· 1 Ii + _ .. '" .... ,.~ + P . Ii

2·g (Nm)

11m:!

m·W 2

Ell =£/' +El; +EI" =m·g·h+ +p.\/ (Nm). 2

C{W}(U 'LWI-! Y OUC uoe iegltLl'illHf! IL1l(1 glLHCU3UOllY jegwHll(Y eHepzuje (Nm ;;;:::

Joule).

:l""MCCTO yKynue CHCprl1je KUjy lIt--fa HeKli (1)JlY11)J" MI-IOro.iC :ma'lajHl1ja eHCpn1~ ja jc,!J.lm!H~C KUmPlllUC (!UYU,UCl. Y jC,fWOM npeccKy. OIla ce .Qo6I1ja HCJhelhCM rOplL.HX

:iCJI.,I!(l'nIIW TC)KUHOM (G) llJ1H MaCOM (m):

~ HOClle ).\C"'bC[b3 ca G:

- flOCne JJ,eJbClha ca m:

:::: g' h + W2 V W2 . P _·+P ::::g·h+---t---. 2 m 2 P

36 [-~~

3arra)Ka ce ,Ua CBaKM ""DIaR IIpBC je)1Hat.Ilmc liMa cpopr\.faJ1HC jC'o'IlHllu;e ,O,y:ifQUfC

(m), a l~a cy cpopMaJlI-IC jcgHHHIJ;e APyre je;:VIa"Il1HC m2/s2.

rIPEH 06mlK je;O;HR'-Hure je IJoro,nInrjll 33 pap; jep oMoryliaBa O"LIHrJIC1_\HO yrropet)lIBafhC l1oje;rfll-Il1X H3T-:lQC(l cHcprnje ca BliCI1I-IOM C'ry6a TCt.IHOCTH y rruje-

30McTapcKUM u,emfMa (F/p . g). 360r To[a be y W1JbCM 113JIaraIbY DHTIf KOPlilUhcH

oBaj 06JHIK.

I

Wa.. J

C. .. 1i11W 10

EncprCTClm .ie~lIa1uma. - 3a1\UICJ1I1MO HCIGIKan I~CBHl1 BOA C3 ll.pnKOl\f y cpe

Il,HHH, Koja, paJ~ehH, rrpcnaje. HCKj/ cncprHjy cjmYHJl.Y Kojn nm:.pche. YO'lHMO (crT. 10) !J:Ba npcccI<a Y Bony: npcCCK S npclt I~Pf!KOM H npcccK B Ina IWDKC (lKO ce nOCM,npa

caMO je)J;aH fhyTH cl:myu}.(3 H eHcprllj(l KOj)' OH caJ'(p)KlI Y npcCCW-IMt-l A II B, Y npeccKy S ca~(p)l\a.i cHcprnjc .ic:

EA =£!) +Ei, +Er =h A

y Ta~rKH B Ca~p)K<lj cncprnje jC,D;HOr KnnorpaMa cl'L'IY!iJ\<I je:

tV 2 p hH+-/J-+~JL.

2· g p. g

na JlH .ie E,1 ;::: En? -" Huje, u TO 3aTO UJTO .ie Ha eneprnjy rpJJYH;ua y Ta'IKH A r{pill<:(f CROjU.M. pago.M goga./[{{ CHCpZUjy Ed' OCHM oBora, 360r caB.rral)YlBal-ba OTllOpa

TpCH::>3 y EO)];Y ilpu r7oiTiuI(aJbY og fipeccr<G A go ripecclw B cjJ_1yUg je u.12"y6uo jegal-! geo c/-wpzujc Eg . Tel( caJJ:3 CMe;o.:a ce H3rrHlue )J,a jc:

EA + Ed - Ex::::: En,

37

AKO ce y OBOj je;o;u3 T-mHH 3aMCHC nC.T1IP-ume I10jcLlHHHX cHcprnja, Jl.0611ja ce 33 nCCTHlIlJbHB q:mYUlr

OBO .Ie eHcp2duCl{{/ jegrta'rHHa. To.ic jegaH og o6.f/UJ-W aaKOl-la 0 ogpJICmf;Y Cl-fCpluje. 113 }be CC BH,D;II Aa .ie cHeprnja KOjy CaAp>KH HCKH CHCTCM ITO'myHo OApe~eHa eaMO aKO ce Y~MY y 063HP eBB I-bCHll BHHOBI1, Kao H ry6nu;n Ii g06HI~n:.

bepny:mjcml jCJl:na·lHlla. AKO ce H3l\.fcI5Y T10CMaTpaI-IHX T(fl-laKa He wmOWT

HI1KaKBa eHeprnja If aKO cy ry6Hl\H np!lO ~m;m, OH)J,a CC M())KC clvtaTpaTII;ITa jc Ed:;::; 0 II Eg :::.~ 0, ITa CI-ICprCTCIGl jC;:U-Jat.fHnJ TJ:06nja OOJlHK:

ogaK,'Te npOWU!a3H L(a jc nOlt ORn:--J YCTJOHIlM(1 yKynaIJ Canp)Kaj eI-leprllje HCTH, a 118 ce MeH~ajy Cal\1O IhCI-IH BHJ~OBn" QHa jegl{(l'fUIiO CC /-{(/']lIrJO BCPII),JllIjCO(l jcglla'fUl-/a.

PC'-IClJO jc ga je MeTap jCJJ:mnll((l CBi:lKOr 'Ll:aua 5CPHY_l:HjcBc"jeHIf;J'IHllC. _~pyrI1M pe'IH)'vra, )tICPIi.i/O ,:w caqp.w;oj (,/{CpZ'ujc )' Bermy ... nrjccwj jcgl/rl'lUJ-lU jc .AlI!!HI aa gY.HCUJ-ly. KaKo npBl-1 'UWH npCnCT<'W.'ba cTBapuy HHCHITY, TO ce H BC.!Hl'I1JHe OC1,<UHIX "manona Ha3HBCljy Bl-1CHiI<.u,ra. T,mw jc:

h ~ BHCflHa rrOJI())Kaja,

W2/2 " g - BHCIma 6iJ3HHC.

Pip' g - BBCBHa rrpuTHcKa,

Ed ~- nHCHHa npUl\·lIhCne cBcpnljc H

Ex - BllCBH3 I:I3ry6JbCHC cI-lcpnrjc.

TIpu Kpcnlf-bY Cj)JIYH,u<l, BHCI1H(I rrpnTHcK3 ce Haj'<-Iemfie rrpcTBapa y BHCfIIIY 6p3HHC Ii BHCHHY ry6HTaIG1, 360r TPClb[l. 3aXmlJhyjyhn KBClHTHTJTHBIIOM OAHOCY

K0.111 Aajc 5epny!mjclw jcnHWIHT-I(l. 0 npcTnapaH~)-! jCJJ:H(W OOJJHKa cneprnje y p:pyrn. <-IHCTO P,F1YHCKH Mory ;~a ce pCIIJ<lf3ajy MHonl xH.!J;paynu'<-IKll npo6.rTcMH. TaKo, Mepe-hu rrpH'1'HCaK q).:Jynna Y HCKOl\-j Bony \!O)KC lW CC j\·fepn II 6p31ma npOnn~mh<l, Tt' lIa Taj ll('llIHH MQ)l{C)l;<l cc nope J~o nCJIlf'IHHC Koja Hac y rrOfOHY '<-TeCTO mrrcpccyjc, a TO .ie npOTOK cjJJ1yHJ(a KpO:~ qeRIl.

IIOCPCillIO McpCII,e IIPOTOKU

Pap: BctiHHC 0B11X )vrcpn.:ra 3acmlB,,1 cc na npHHl~nny Kojn npOI-13Jla:m I-13 EepHYJlHjeBc .ie.u:Ha~mIle, lWUl\lC JlCl ca i7.mKnalhCJI opauHc ofiliiaga LipuiTiucaK rjuyuga, 0;0.HOCHO )l;a ca onaj1<\l-f,ct-,f 6P3JlHC paCTe npHTHC3K 110KpeTlTOr qmyn;ua. Y rpyny OBIIX MCpnJT3 YJT33C:

- npHryuma ITJrotIa,

- BCl-rrypl-1-MCPHJlO.

llpnrywua fIJlO'lm. TIpnrynum ITJIO'Ia caCToju ee H3 jeP;He KPY>KHC, Haj~ICIllhe y CpCP;llHH 1136YllIene TIJlO'Ie. QHa ce YMehe Ha MeeTY rAe ce I~eBH CaCTaHJbajy. H c

jCJ'HC IT C Apyre cTpaHc OBe ITJlO're rr3na3e ce OTBOPH, KOjH cy Be3anH c KpajcBHMa

2

C'lIl1cO 1 J

!>l:1HOMCTpa co. TC'-ll-IOmhy (2). MepuJlo c npurywBoM IlJIO'IO}'1 je IIp!:1Ka::lLtHO Ila CHIUK 11, r,!le (1) IIpC;~CTa13JL(J rrOnpCQHll llpeccK H36ymcnc llJIO'IC. iJ,a on ce pa3YMeo paJ_~ OBora !>.{cpn:u, UOChIaTpajy CG JXBC '{';-P1Ke, '1'(1'-1.1(1 A H /3, jeiJ,Utl Henpe;.1 !U10lle, a APyra Ha caMor ... l OTBOpy. HJ jC:U£a'-UH-IC KOHTHIIYHTeTu llpOII3lla::Hl p:a he 6p::nma Mi!l

cpJlyn,ua y T-a'·tKH A 6HT11 l\l,-lIh<1 OJ~ 6p3HUC (PJlyH,Ua y T;:l'IKI1 8, U<lKJIC RiA < Wu, 3001' "t.ICi"a Mopa p:a 6y;o:e P A> {'fl. EI-lCprCTCIO jei~Ha'nU-la 30:\ oHaj cnY'1aj je:

w' P h A + ____ ~:l- + _!i_ ~ E J!.

2· g p' g I wl PH = lli+~'-+-~_

2·g p.g

r,n,e Eg 03Ha"!ClT3a ry6uTKe 3001' TPC!-b<l. TIOWTO lJ,CB .TIC)KI1 XOPH30HT<:L'lHQ, TO .ie

hu = hi; 11 aKO .le E,,; MalIO, l>.lO.:.Ke ce 3:1HCt\'WPHTI-L TaKO 11,a ce ,u06HjC ,n:a jc:

}t12 ___ -.3 __ , + H +_Pn _ 2, (J

-' P .g 2 .g P g

I10lliTO je FA> Pl!' TO, aKO ee ypCjW iw()uja Ce:

TO JeeT:

OAHOCHO:

FA __ J~{i ,;;:: WfL::~~/l p.g p-g 2-g

2M

P

AKO cc KopCHyjy jCAHa~lI1HC ca ncnc Ii .n:eCHC cTpaHe, f~o6Hja ce:

------------ , 2M ,,/WJ - w? ::::: I~-_

, I _\1 P

AKO je VI/A2 MaJIO Y nopebetby ca wi (a TO he 6f1TH Ka.n:a je npe~Il-U1K CY>KCl-ba

M,UbI1 on 1/5 rrpe~llmKa QeBI1). MO)f(e na ce 3;;U-lCMapa, TC ce TaKO no6Hja:

\\'_ li;;'p Ii - !-------',

\! P

a rrOlIJTO je:

M ~ Ail - g (p I - p,)_

TO ,je:

JJ,PYrl1l\.'l pe'--H1!\-W, <[HUUIIM~"H Ilh ,-{{{ ()13()o\-t .MIUUJ.Melll[J)' .AW.HCC ga ce U.JjJU'tyHU

f{()JiW(a je (ip:nmo iIict{HOC[ULl Y )'JICC),{ gory ALW3il cjUlyuga y T3'--IKH 13, !-l<J Ca!\'lOj

npHrynmoj rvlO\llI. K Il)W CC O)lPCJ-lJt 6p3lma Y Y)KeM Jl,cny M]Ia33, MO)Ke ce 0i_l.l)l.::HUTH

11 npOTOK a1(O ce 3Ha ll()BpLl_LHHa rrpeceKa 'f lhCMY, jcp je qji::-: Sfj . VVr;, r,ue: je Sn noBpllU1H3 rrpCCCKa OTRopa. McbYTl1M, aKO ce )IG:JlTI p;a ce P,=llIYU<1 ca rrOBpUlH,HOM Sfj, Mopa p;a CC MCpll H npl1TllcaK 1Ia TOMc IvH:Try, UlTO je HCMoryhBO. I1pHTHGlK ceo y CTBapH, MCpH Ha HCK()!vi ,Ll,aJhClvl Mecry r)::le .ie MJla:3 jow Y)KH 3001' Tora UITO ic cy·

>K3Balbe (KOIlTpaKunja) [\11133<1 llajBei1a TeK Ina nJJ01.Ie. IIpclvta TOMe, y oHaj t1<-lllYll Tpe6a YHCTH HCnpaB1ZY rpCIliKe Koja jc Y'LIHfbeH<l :JaMCHOM npcceKCl B upeCCKO:-'J Y T<111KI1 B. OHa HcnpaBKa lIOCTlDKC CC MllO>KCILCl\! BpC~UlOcnl rwpella nCKOM o,Lipd)enOM KOHCT(lHTO!l-! K,), T31(0 )J,a jc Kpajlb!1 o6mu;: cpopl\ly.ac:

CaJ1,<-l je :J,H1pelvH1HCKH npuTorz:

qv ~ WB - Sf!,

Ko 11M a I-mjqcmile npc;VwC'I' OKO 0,5-0,65, lilTO YBCJlHKO ::laBIlCH O,Ll, H3pa)J,c Kpy)KHe IVlOQC, Kao 11 0)::\ npC~IlIllKa oTBopa. KOUCTaHT<l Ku H3pa l l),I-13Ba ce 1.13 pC3y:rraTa McpClba HCKOJl.llKO 011111'a ca TOM !lJIWIOM, npn ~ICMy Mopa;w ce no:.maje llpOTOK. (Pa6plIKe KOjC JBpai)yjy OBe nnO'Je )~ajy KOHcnUiTY Ko-

Ao6pa cTpaHa npnrylllHe nnO'-Ie je UITO ce MO)lze Jl(1KO UWlIH-lHTH 11 YMCTHYTll

Y BOn Y KOMe CC oHPci)yje npoToK. HeraTIIBHa cTpana je lilTO npoy3pOIcyje jmca BpTJlO)f(eIb3, a OBa BcnHKe ryGl1TKe eHeprnjc rrpUTliCKa qUYH!J:a. 3aTO c.e OHC ynoTp0-

GJbaBajy caMO 3a rrpIIBpeMCHa MepCTh3, 11 TaMO f!J:C ce He n01U1 pa1.Iynu 0 Kl1HCTWIKOj eHcpfIl.lll cprrYRjJ.a. 3G()l' Tora CC npnrymHc I1JlO~1C HllKap, He YllCnpe6Jb3na,iy 3i:l Me

pel-be npOTOKa nape KOjUM ce Hanajajy napRe TypGH.UC II napHC MarllIiHe.

40

BCliTypn-Mepatl. OmI MCPJ'UI paAc Ha HCTOM npHHll;Imy MCpCI-ha Kao IT IlpU:rYUIHC IlJ1()I-1C. 3amICHO Of( 6P3I1J-IC rrpOTHnaH~a, Mcpn ce npOMCHa npHTHCK3 c jegHc

II C Apyre CTpaHC CY)KCIha, TC ce T3KO OJl,pc'l)yje 6P3IU{a, a nOJ\why lbe H npOTOK. Pa-3JUIKa H3MCt>y BCHTypH-!\·repal..J3 H rrpHryuIHc ITJlOl..IC je llITO je nCHTypH-Mcpa'Y: (en. 12) HaQHlf,CH TaKO .ua y theMY npoMcHe rrpeccKa fIllCY Haffle nero rrocTynHc. 360r Tara HajY)Kl1 AGO j\ma3a naAa HC1 HajY)KH ,n:eo npeccKa 11, IUTO je jour Ba)KI-mje, nC:;-'1<:1 upTJrora, TC ce n.zt Taj 1-!<1'-1l1H H30eraBajy 3JlaTHH ryorrIJ,H KOjU I-JacTajy KOg rrpnryuIHc ITJfO'-Ie. 360T Tora IUTO je npeccK M.iI<-na CKOPO rroTrryno oApeben J.1 BeMa BpT.TTOra y CPOp:tvfy.TJH nOJ\why Koje CC Ol-,pct)yje 6p3HI-Ia, KOI-ICTaIITa Ko Hl\1a npe;I}WCl' ORO 0,9R. To :maLfM Fl.;] ce rarl-ha CPOPMY:J<l CROPO HOKJlana CJ Ql0PMYJIOM Ao6njcnoM TCOPH

jCKHM paT!\-I,npcll-hCl'v[, filC jc /(0 ::=: 1.

Cililfa! 12

npCHl\rylKTBo BCHTypH-McprPn TIfll~ own! c npnryUTlIoJ\1 mrWJOl\l .it: llITO ce ITol\1ohy j-hl1X npllo TZl'THO Mcpa H UITO H3(13HBajy Bp.lIO MaJ1C ry6uTKc 36nr npT.;!O

)KCI-ha. HenoC'rm~l1 cy UTTO OBU l\lep,PTlI HMajy neJlllKe )UJl\fCH3uje, TC cc 3601" fhl1X,

npH nOCT<lBJhaIhY. BOllOBfl :>-IOpnjy celiu Wl 6n ce OHa yMCTHy.'Ii:l. PlnaK. BCJrrypHMepa~IH ce najIlJHpe nrmI\-lCI-hyjy npH l\·jCpeH"y rrpoTOK3 mlpe. BOne KpO:3 BO.L\OBOn:

HTJ~., a HapO'IlTTO rrpn BC.'HlKl1l\! npOTOIJ)Il\f(\.

Cncl~njHmHI Mcpatm. - Ko,], OBITX ivlCpal.Ia ne\18 I-lCKIIX OmUTJ.lX npHl-llUHI,l KOjl1

CIY>Ke 33 OI~pe9nBa}LC npOTOKn. TaKo, HZ! np1-BVlep, HCI<H Mepa'IIl C npc.nvmnMa oiWe9yjy BIfCHIlY Y TCl.lHOCTH Ba MceTY nw cc OBa npe.:uma 113 TpoyrJlacror 33C('.J(i1. Hryrrr onpet;yjy TCMTICpaTYPY ¢.nYIUl<l Kojn CC Btl jC)lTIOM MeeTY 3arpeml ncnpOMCHJhHBOM KOJITl'IIInOM Ton.nOTe: YKOJlJ-TKO je TCMllcpaTYP" Mi1JL8, 31Ia'-III p;a .ic Bclin KO.l1IPUmJ (j).l1yH;~a KOjI1 .ic Kp03 n;CB rrpOTelGlO. CJIlJl.IHHI\-I nprnrU.I1DOlvr onpel)yje ce

li rrpOTOK nOMony paCTBopCHI1X 6oja, f)W ce O.I\pci)yjc jalIHHZ! 06ojeH)a q)JJYHAa.

IloT3McTap. - HajuIHpy rrpn:McHy y norOl-I), f-HlIW1H ey pOTaMCTpl1. Onn (CJT.

13) cc cacTojc II3 BcpTHKanHe CT3KJJCHe IWBlI (1), Roja cc npcM3 BpXy TIOCTYTlHO

llJHpH. Y u;eBH ce Ha.rra3H jcgHa "II1rpa (2). KOjy q)JIYHJJ: npil npoTuu,<lfhy Kp01 n,cn BOCH n3BIIllIC. YKOJIHKO .ie 6p3HH3 q))JyuJl,a neha, YTOJTllKO he 6UTH nehn H npHTnc3K

Ha 'uIrpy Op,-03,lJ,O, Kao II TpCfb3 a H~y. "Llrrrpa, Roja CC aa nO"ICTKY McpClLa J-HUla3H y CBOM KOHYCHOM nC)JcIiIllTY (3), Ha AH)' pOTaMcTpa, yCJlc,n; AcjCrB<l 6p3lIHe H TpelLa o cpJrYl1A J~H3anc cc HamlInc. Mel)YTHM, nOUlTO ce ll,CB nOCTYilHO IlIIIpH, Ii 6p3HHa q)JJynua he nocrynHo )la ona,n;a. OHor TpcHyTKa RaJ\:3 npHTI1CaR H<l l.lHrpy IT TpClbC 0 Jby 6YIl'y jC,1J;I-IaKH Tc)KHHII tIl-frpe. OIla hc ce lla TOM MeCTY 3aYCTaBHTH, Te hc ce I-l3 ILCHOf' nOJro)J(aja, Ha ocHony pmm:jIIx 6;:DKnapCI-ba, i\wl'iu OP;pCillITI-l rrpoTOlc Ha npHJlo)KcHoj CJIHnH 'UJrpa ce :WYCTaBJha Ira rroJlo)Kajy KojH onronapa oTIIpmnm:c npoToKY or..!; 290 I/min.

Au cc llJ1rpa rrpI1 MCpeI-hY HC 611 YXW.lhHJI3 OTt ace OBe 1l,CBH 11' nplIJhy6H.'18 )'3 31lJl., H8 IheHoj roplhoj HIHlqn

I-wmnc CC KOCO ypC3aUH 3apc311 (4) Kojn je lfP11MOP(l£8-

jy A8 cc CTa.'I110 o6phe C,POTITP(J" - OTYJUI, .,poTaMeTpH") H TaRO O;J;p>IGn::a y cpenlHlH f..!;CBll. POTaMeTpHl'ITa ce o;npci)yjc rrpOTOK n racon<l H TC~lII()eTn. 3a CBaKI1

(jJ.IJYUJl rrocroj[l OApcl)eH pOTa:-"1CTZlp. OHllOCHO 'mrpa onroBapajyhc TCjKUHC. Dpn ~\,Iepelhy MOI)!1 JUl CC 06P(lTH

n3)Klba H Ha TCMnepzl'rypy. a If HZl npllT11C<lK, K{j)(a ec pa):\1-1 ca raCOBlIJ\f;:L

POT8MCTPH cy BCOMa IIorOIIlln anapaTI1 :W MepCl-I,e npOTC>Ka; 300r Tora ce ona l1anac eBe mIllIe KopnCTC Y Im;rYCTpnjn. Gnn ce Inpat)yj-y y CBl1M BC,71IPIH1IaJ\W, 3a npOTOKC O;J: 0,1 JUITpa i'W lICKOJHIKO eTOTHHa JfMTapa y MHHyTli. Mory ce j-npal)11B8TH 0;\ Hajpa3HOnpCITJ-1jer l\-IaTepHja;'l(l, TC BrnO 'TeCTO C.l1Y)KC 3a Mcpelhe rrpOTOKJ KHCCllHfIa H JW3-THX arpeCUBIIHX (jm),Hp;a. AKO ey TC'IJIOCTH HCnpOBHJ-1)re, OU!1(1 CC ITOnmKaj 'mrpe npaTH ayToMaTCKH, lvlarncTOJ\l, 3<1 KojH.ie nC3Jna Ka3aJhKa. AKO CC

11 ORO H11a Y BB!(Y, i'o.IO>J(C ce PCflH na.ie pOTa~H'.:Tap ylIH

BCp3aJUlO cpe;:tCTHO 3(1 MCIXlhC I1pOTO:Ka Q}J1YllAa. no:mam\H~e npOTOKa jc BCOl\f,\ 1Jla'wjIIo 3(\ norOIl

OH CC MCpH yl'!WmfOl\l noepC,rIHo, nCl Ocm)BY npOMCllC 6P3HHC, npOt8 rr03naTHl\'l 3aKOHaJ\J(l xHnpay.rnn(c. J.Xo-6ap ypei)aj 3(1 MCPClbC npOTOKCl TpeO(l ;1.8 npy>KH lIITO

M3fbH OTITOP rrpo KpCTnI-hY q).TIYH;\<l H J\<I.ie UITO jC.I\HOCTanHnjI1. T(l'IHOCT l\.fCPCIh(l rroneman3 e.c rrp('J\f(\ enpeH KOjOj Mcprwo CJIY)JGJ.

H3BOJ\

lit min 700

600

C.·IUI'II 13

41

Cn3Kl1 q)Jlyn,D: Kojn CC Kpchc liMa TpH BHil:<l cHcprnjc ~ nOTCHn;rrjaJIHY, KIiHC

TJFIKy H eHeprHjy npIITHCKa. C3BJI8byiyi'i11 oTIIope H3a3B,Hle CHJTOM TpeI·ha, qnYHn y TOKY KpCTaH:.a TpolIIn cHcprnjy. fIPM npOJIa3y Kp03 n;pIIIcy c}:lJIyu,n: ,n;o6uja cneprl1-jy 3a cBoje KpeTaI-bc. EcpnYJIHjcBa jeAJ-Ja'tIHna MO.IKC cc npHMCHI1Tl:J caMO KaAa ce CMe 3aHeMapHTH I13ry6JbCna II P:OBCACRa cHcprnja.

ilpHrYUll-l11u.aM3 ce npOMCHa Kl1HCTH'-lKe cncprHje (6p3HHe) MCpH npOMCl-IOM

cHcprnje rrpUTHCKa. POTOMCTap je naj'-lcrnfie KOPlUUhcHH IIOCpCJ-iHH Mcpat.I npOTO~

1m.

lIHTAILA

1. lih'a je cncprcTcKa je.,a:Ha1tHl-Ja? 2. PCK<1 Ha CBOl\I I1yry ]y611 AGO yKynHc cHcpnrje jep callJIal)yjc Tpen,e, Ko,ia ce cHcprnja TpOlllH n<l 011 ce C(1B_1.tlJI,am1 Til ry6l1UI1?

3. 3alllTO IlpnrymHo DJIO"-W nocpcHHO MCpU 6p:mHY? 4. KaKB3.ie pa3JllIK<l IDMcl)y npnryuwc l1JIO'IC n BCl:rrypH-\1CpllJra:

5. Kojy 6p"JHH).' HCpU npnrYllTmH.(J.? 6. Koja.ie je.L(HiFllHIa 3(1 MCPClbC 6jYJHHC BCHTypU-MepU510l\1:

BA

IIOCPEUHO MEI'ElhE IH'OTOKA H hP31UIE CTI'Y.!AlhA

3a!l3T3K -\ .lh6w/cgajJuiliu (ipLtzyuIJlY ilJW'iY·

IlmTipcul1(1 Lipcg,3/wlua. 3<1 lUpam: OBor ;W,:J'<.lTK~l TpeO,\ YilOj'

HaTH jC~\fJ3lI1l!ly KOi:l.TlmY.\H'CTil (1..3.1), :w cHcprcTcKY jC.'lHa

LfHHy (1.3.2), Kao H Ihell), npHMcHy na upHrytll}re flJlO'·Ie.

/iWL1U3{{ 3agmTi/{{/. fIpHI'YlllHOlV1. UJIO'lOM (CJL 1 J) H<1 nocpegaH Ha~nlH ce MQ)KC

O)J,PClVITH Gp3HHa crp;'jalb(l, a llCJI\10hy IJ,e H npOTOK. l\1epeJbC 6p31-me je IlOCpC]J,HO, jep cc Gp::nllla H3paltYHilBIJ MepcI-I,CM pa'3JllIKC npIlTHCaK3, OAlIOCIlO pa:'Ll:HKC HliBOa

y U··M3HOMCTpy:

OBa jC~Haqmra YK(nyje lJa tllfIbCIlflIJ,Y All jC~HO.i Gp'3lUUl crpyja!L3 oiJ.:foBapa CCl

lvfO jenua OApe~')cHa pcUJ1HK<:J HlH.W{1 y I\taHOMCTPY. To 3Hal..m LVl cc t-.lO)KC IwnpamrrH TaGmm,a napoBa Ah - \V.

EKcnepHMcHTa:lIlo OfWc:t)HBJlbC OBHX uapoBu npCAHOCrll UJ3flBa cc 6;.l)I.()J,ape

Ihe' (KaslHVpllC<1I-Le) npurylHlIe rUO'le, lllTU Tpe6a II ypLl,J,HTH Y OKBUpy Ollor JCl,ll,<JTKCt.

noili.pe6fw MCjJCIUI U ilpojJ{/<tyli. O\lHTJIC;.wO .Ie AJ. cc paJ;IllKe llIlBoa ;'1O:::y MCpHTl:l ;~l1pCKTHHM WIH'\'(U::l(ll-bCM H<l l\fUHUl\1CTPY. EpJHHY IlpB oa::KJ.1apclbY Tpeoa

MCrmTB 1Ia HCKll Aryl'll H<.nI1H. Hajje;J,IlOCT<1BIUljc jt MCp11T11 Op::n-HIY AllPCKTJlH1t

McpCH,eM 3anpCI\H1UCKOr npOTOKa:

Ocraje m1TalbC KOJIlIKO napOBa i3pe,D,HOCTH \V - fill Tpe6a H3MepnTlr. To Haj

npe 3allHCH Oil, lIHTcpB<:ula 6p3llHa Koje Tpc6a t.-repHTI1 UllOM t1pHrYlIUmI~OM, OAHoeHO on Tora KOJUIKO Tpe6a ;u,a H3Hocn lIajMalba n HajBeha pa3.rrHK<1 Hl-moa Ha MaHO

MeTpy. rOplba 11 ,D,Olba rpaHHI.~a Mopajy 6WfH yHanpe)~ 3a!~aTe. Epoj MepC}ba H3Meryy

43

JIO'-!CTUC H Kpajibc Bpe)l,HOCTH 3a !'ill Tpe6a ,n:a 6YAc TaKaB Aa OMoryhl1 npeu.U3HO Ol.IH'raBal-Le 6p3HHC.

Y GBOM 3aAaTKY, 3IIal.Il1, Tpe6a MCpliTH 3anpCMRHCKII rrpOTOK H ll3 Ibcra IBpa

"-TynanaTH 6p3HHY. HCTOBPCMCHO, ::Ia CBaKH rrpOTOK TpeGa ot.lIuaBaTH pa3JIl1Ky I-nI~ Boa. eRa McpClha H npOpaqyH Mory ce o6yxnanlTH CJICACfiOM TaOeJIOM.

.

!Mi=,,:;J--1 If (d~T... t (min) f· 'Iv (dm3/min) I. HI (dm/s) r--------r---t·~- -- --·--1 I, I: I , ,

: Mcpelbt ! npOptp-rYH

I~. ______ .. _ .... ~ .. ____ ~.L. __ ..... _ .... _._ ......... _

Y TatulH ey Ilh, \-" 11 f )J;HPCKTHO MepCHH, a OCraJIC BeJIH'-lHHC cy I·IaKHawro H3-

P<l l !).-'l-taBaHC.

H3pagu 3agww.:u. DpnryuIHCl Il;lO~13 KOjy TpeGa Ga>I<:1-\apUTl1 lJOCTaB.Tb3 ce y l(eBoBo;a:, {'He OH8 KacI·mje Tpe6a ;a:a llOC1})KlI 3<1 MepCILc 6p3HHC. flpurYUIHHu,il cc 3<1TlHvl nOBc3yjc 3<1 U-MaHOMCTap (CJI. 138).

OB3KO CKJIOn:beHY anapaTYPY Tpe6a CKHD:apaTI1 H nHMeU::)U01'HIGlTIl rrpeMa

331..(aT!1M BpeAHOCTHMa. IIpe"IHI1K OT130pa II3HOCH DB:c:: 0,6 cm. i'viepeJLC ce 06aBJba Ta1(O UlTO ce y ropn,y Ta6mu\y peJ\OM YJIHCyj).-' H3!llCpeHe

BpCJ~IlOCTli (Ilh, \'" II t), a 3aT111'>"{ ce npHcryna IBpaqyHanalhy. PC.JYo·1ilia([iu. LJ,06njeHH pC3YJlTanl npHKa3yjy ce Ta6eJIapno H rpa<pH'lKH. Y

CJ!CAcfioj Taoeml npmZa3<llIH cy pe3YJlTaTH KOjH C;' Jl,oGajcHH McpcrhHM3 11 npopa~[YHOI\L K,lO UlTO je w:h perreHO. nlljar-paM npliKil3yjc rpac.lJHl..IKY 3aBllcHocT 61Hfi-

A

I I ---VIA

II ~

II IiJ

8'

I • fYa I

C.!lWW J3a I j

44

He CTPyjaIf.>a 01.{ pa3JIllKe HIIBoa (en. 136), a KOHCTPYHIllC ce npeMa nOAaIUIMa Ii3 Ta6eJle.

Kao npHMep npopa'-IyI-Ia 6Hhe npllKa3aH npopa'-lyH Ko,ia ce O):\HOCH Ha HajMalhy Bpe;a:HOCT pa3JBIKe Hl1BOa, I:1h :;;;: 1,0 em.

TIPOTOK je:

v _ 0,75 dm 3 ". qv :::: - ;::;. ----.--. ::::: 2,27 dm Imm.

! O,33min

Ep31ma Koja op;ronapa OBOl\·t npoToKY je:

H Konal.IHO:

Hf{j = !Jv = _~""'"""_ SB -rcj4

2.27 dm:! /mi)1

(0,06 drn)2;/4 =RIOdm/min.

TJ _ 810 dm/min --. h B :::-; -~"~~~~-:::: 1-1.5 dm/s.

60s Imin '

JIplL\1Cg6a, HoonjeHlf pe3y.'1TJTlI ]\Hlry ce npH;"'lcHIITH 3<l McpcH,e 6p3HHe OBOI'

nCTor cl)31YH,n,a KOjHM je BpmcHo 6a)KJJapeH~e. MeTO;aHK?I 6a>I(,1~apClt.a .ic HCT8 H 3a npnryumy TIJHFly 11 3a BCl-ITypn l~eB.

Mepelhe f!POTOK8 paJ~H 6a>K)]apelba MO)Ke ce je;al-wcram-mje ypa;n:HTII aKO e.c 3<l IJ,eBHH BO,TJ, cno.1e npHrynrmn~a M pOTaMCTap nil pan, a 3(1TlIh--1 nnpCKTHO 11 HCTonpcMeuo o'IHT3najy npeJJ.:HOCTli npOTOKa VI ptl3nnKC Hl1Boa. Y '1'0]'.1 CJJytJajy 3aupeMHHV H BpClv{e IInje lIOTpe6no MCPHTl1. -

We (dm/s)

10

, 6

C. .. 1111W 136

3a,!1.3TaK 2. OgpCglli7ill lWCCPlH(lljcl-u7r UpUZyUlIllIl(C.

i .... 8

Ah (em)

AHaJ11l3l7 30gmltl{(L Ep3HHa Koja ce Mepu npJIrylllHHl~oM OAperycH3 je jeilHa'-TlIHOM:

HIli =K( 'Ii 2 ill'

V P

rp;e je f(D Koectn-n~HjCJ-l'r npnryuu-nm,c, a ~p pa3.T1HKa npwrHcaK3 KOjy perIKTpyje U~ MaHO'~1eTap.

rIoTpe6Ho.ic Hl\'JaTH y mrny ria ce npnrylllI-mu:a Mo)Ke U36[DE)J;apUTlI TaKO illTO ce cKCrrepHI\--1eHT<L'11TO O;IPC))H lLCJ-I Koccjmll,HjcHT K". 0130 onpcl)nnalhC j\1(»J(C ce II3-BeCTY! MepcfhcM p,nmTKc npHH:lCaK<t KOjy pcrncTpyje M<tHOMcTap ne3aH 3<1 npn

rYl1mnu.y 11 HCTOBpeMeIIHM MCPClhClvf 6P3HUC n<l HCI<H i~pyrI'f H[PIIIH (lV1CPOhCl\1 npo-1'OK3 H H3pa'IynamIJ-hCi\-! 6p3IIHC).

noiilpe6HO .. HCf7Cf-bO If iipOjHltlyH. AKO e.e I1CKOpnCTC McpCH~a H3 npCTXOJlIWr

33naTKa. m-ma CC l\-fOl'Y cpopl\-·mpaTH napOBH BPC,'lHOCTT1,0,h - /'jp, HallMC, y npe1'XOJ\I-loj Ta6emI -- CB3KOj BPCI_iIlOCTU 3a L\h o;:xrOBapa jC)J;H3 Bpe;:xnOCT ~~a ~p 113pal..rYHaTa no n03HaTOM 06paCII,), 3<1 U-MaT-lOMeTap:

ill' ~ ilh " (PA - plJ) "g,

HCnllVf OB11l'1-1 BPCJV-IOCTHM3 3a f::...h o;o:rOBapa jerxna Bpc;n:nOCT 6p3rme. 3Ha'IH. nOC'foje H napOBI-1 f:..P - W. KoplicTelm TC napOBC, MO)](C e.c caCTaBIHH

Ta6JUn~a:

~ ~-===~~=== -c--c=======================c=====================-==~===-==========================================================-------------------------= ---------- .

rAe je Ko cpa'-IYHaTO In:

\" P f3

]fJpagu 3ag{/ilif{a. Dm'))l:6uo je oGpaTHTH 11a)Kl-b), lW TO !w .Ie 113paHa OBOI' 33-

)])ITK<1 HCTa Rao l1 tnpa)\(! npCTXO,J,l-lOr, a ga je Cal\lO Ba'llIH 6a)K;Japel-ha, OAROCHO

!lpOpa\IyH, i..l,pYI'atmjn. I\'1aHOl\ICTapCKi.t TC\UlOCT jc )J..::ltB<1 (PA:;::: 13 600 kg/m'), a KpO:3

!J,CBOBOP: rrpOTlFIC BOHa (pf! :;::: 1 000 kg/m:i). PeJy.amai7.Zu ... HCpCIl){L Ha OCliOBY )VICpelba fJ3 llpeTXOiJHOr 3arJClTK<1 Ao6Hja ce:

PI! ~ J (JOG kg/m" PA:'" 13600 kg/mi.

r~~h(~m)~T-;p(kl',,)_~~I \Vii (m/;)~~~~~=-~"._~J 1,0 1,24 1,35 I 0,85

2,0 2,47 1,96, 0,87

3,0

4,0 4,94

5,0 6,18

2,34

2,70

3,16

0,85

0.85

0,89 I I

6,0 7,42 3,34 0,86

7.0 8,65 3,61 0,86

8,0 9,89 3,90 0,86 _ ... ___ ... _ ,., .. _J .. ______ ~. ___ ------i .... "''' ___ __ . ___ i~_· __ ·_·~_~ ... _...1

IIpHMcp l1pUpa~IYHa3aoBYTa6c;IY je OIlCT Jl,aT '3(1 Hero ~lcpelhe, Tj. 3<1!'J.h::::: 1,0 em.

Pa3JIHKa npHTI1CK<l jc:

M ~ O,Ql m (13 600 - 1 0(0) kg/m' . 9,81 m/s2 ~ 1 240 Pa.

DpopaLfyH 6~31mc ypal)cH je y 3anaTKY Gpoj .1, a Kocqmu,l1jcHT np11rywHHl..l,C H3pa"lIyHilBu ce H3 .1C;O:IIa'-Il1He:

K "'" -c1~ ... ~,?.mL~ __ = 0,85. o i2.J240Pa

~J OOi)i~~/m'

47

113 CEUX 113pa'-lynanix Bpe,rr;nocTH Ko ,u,06Hja ce cpeAlba Bpe,Ll)IOcT:

K" ~ 0,86,

3a.lJ,aT3K 3. J13.MepULuu (ipuiyun-lUL~O.M 6pauuy u iipoiIioK 6oge.

IToUipe6HlI L1pegaHaHJll. TeopMjcKa 3HaIha 3a lepa/IlY OBor 3a):laTKa MCTa cy IGIO Ii 3a rrpeTxo;lfuf 3aJI)narC

AlU.lIlLlJa .3l1gatU/{(/. ,Ua 6u npHrywHHlI,a l ... Wf"JIa )~a ce KOPHCTH, rroTpe6Ho je Aa 6y,u,e H36a>l.qapena, 'I~j.,u:a HMa cBoje rrapoBe 6.lV - D.h. Ea)K.1lapHH )J;HjarpaM (cn. 136) B,DKH 3a HCTH l.I,CBlm BO~, ci)JIYl-m Y l.I,eBlI IT MJHOMCTPY, 3a KOjC je ypaJ)erro 6a>K;aapeHJc.

lIuLTipe6uu .HCPCliJtl U LtfJujJaLl}'ll. l\1epclhc .ie OBrl,C Beor-.m jeJ\[-[ocraBlIo. O~lllTaB<.I ce pa:~LtlHKa HI1Boa y t\EtllOMCTPY Koja o!Jronapa 3a;laTlIM y'CJ10m1M<1 CTPYjafbiJ. [13 6a)KiJapHOl" AlIjarpa!\Ia O'J11TaB<l cc Cpe;J1LCl UVH1m1 crpyjau.>a. a Ha ocmmy

lhe H3pa'lYJlaBCl CC 3<1npCMlfl[CKH npOTOK:

JIJjJaya .Jagaiuf.:u. JlbpUI.lJ 3aWlTK<l CBO)J;l1 cc n<.1 OtlHTUB;lIbC pa3}lI1KC IlHBoa y IVHHf.OMCTPY Y TOK)" pa.Ja <.luap:xrype 11 GjJ'J11HC IB Ga;"K)wpUOr I\H.iarpa~ta.

FCJy~'nn(/m/{ .J1CpcIIJa. PW3JtHK3 lHmoa y MaBOlv!CTPY H3HOCIl /\11. :;::: 2,5 ern. 113 6a)1{gapllof .::J..ujarpa!\la O'lHTaua ce 11/ :;::: 2,2 m/s. IlOlllTO je npcluHlK nparYillllHqe

D :;::: 6 mm, TO.i~ 3,UlpC~1HI!CKH npOTOK:

I10lllTO npO'nfllt'. BOJ~a (p =-.:: 1 000 kg/rn '), MfJCeHH npoToK je:

(jm ::::: qj .. p ::;:: 62.,l . 10-·' kg/so

IIpLutegua. AKU jc llPlH-ylllHHi~a Ga)lq~apclIa oApei)HBaIV;1I.\ Kocq)!1r~HjcHT~1 K(1' OHi'J..tl JC:

\ . 12· I',p VI.! ::;:: J(. j--_ ....

'~ p

1:13 113MCpCW: 13pC(IllOCrU !J.h MO>KC ce H3pa'-IylwTH pa3JIllK<J llpltTHCClKa:

p ~ M· (p" - Pill· g ~ 0,025 m (13 600 - 1 0(0) kg/m'· 9,~11ll/S2 ~ 3 090 Pa.

Y npcTxo)J,HOl\l 3i11WTKY oiJ,peI)CHa je BpeJJ:HOCl' Ku ::: 0,86. Ca,u,a jc Tpa)KcI·I<\ 6p311Ha:

\\1 _ 0 "6' r~·2. 30YOP" - 7 14 /, B _. ,~ i ~~, m,s.

Ii 1000 kg

DPOTOK ce caJ\:a H3pa"-IYHaBa MeTO Kao H pannje.

48

1.3.3. KAPAKTEPI1CTI1KE CTPYJAlbA

PejnO:I!'l:COB KpUTepU.lYM. - EnrnCCKH Hayl.flrnK PCjHOJI).lC, npl1 licm1T1maH~y CTpyjaI-ba TetIHOCTli, 11a"tIIIHHO je anapaTYPY Iwja .it rrpHI03aHa Ha emU..!JI 14 . .vb BeJIHKOr pC3epnoapa (1) rrycT110 ,ie n.:a BOIHl HCTWIC Kp03 nrn:py CraKJTCHY IJ,CB (2).

C1111U1 J 4

Y OBY IJ,CB CC[aBHo.ie TaHKY l~ewIHlW (3), KOjy je lia Kpajy H3BYKan y KZlrrnJ1ap. UCWHHW jc cnojl1o ca pe3epBOapO~\1 o6ojcHe TClJHOCTH (4). OPH npoTHlJ,aJhY no)l,c Kpcn lJ,cn (2) 113 KaITH.TlapHOr 3anplDcn~a l\CWnU\C (3) llCTl1W:1JI3 .ic II 060jcHa TetIHOCT y nOKpCTHY Mac), BOAC. rVicJbajyhH fip3HH)! Bone Y IIIHpOKlIM rpaHlTua-;"ICl.

AOlliao je fW 3alfHl'vlJbUBOr 3JK.lhY'HG:l: npH \laIbHl\I Op3HH3l\Ia T8JWK M:rTW30fiojCHL' Te'IIToeTlY, Kojrr jc HCTlnpo H3 IG1ITIIJIapHC qeBH uuje ce YOTIUlTC. lvieTIJ80 ca RO;.l,Ol\J,

Hero.ie oCTajao Kao T(lHTGI o6ojeH<l HIlT Koja CC q1C';"\HHOhr neUlJ npOBJI(J'1HnCl H KpeT3JIa en nOKpCTHOl\I )vlaCOM TCt.IHOCTH. Ka)J,3 npCKop,P'IH i138eCHY 6p:nmy. TaHKH

M.na3 o6ojcnc Tc'·mOCTH ce 3<lTa.naC<I, ]'36YPKZI If pZlcnaj.1,Uc, 6ojchl1 paBfloMcpno

BO;O:y. Pa:n .. 1I1ll1JhajyhH :'l60r 'Icra cc npll M{1H~If\1 6p3lmaMa HBT y nOKpcTHoj 1T'lHO

ern Onp>K(JnZl, a IIpH BehuM pacTI?llP, Tloman je no 3aKTby~JKa ;::J;<:1 y npnoM C.:lY'lajy

TClIllOCT npoTwlc Kp03 l~eB l\.urpno - cJlojcmno, Iloll1, KaKO cc CTP),"IHO IG1>!(C ..:rarvlHH3pHO, JXOK cc Y ~~pyroM c.lytlajy ona K0MCIHCl H npTJIO)lOI, 360[" 'lGI',,) ce OBO KpeTaH~C Ha3HBa npTJTO)J(HUM mm Typfi:y.nCHTlH1M. CJTojcnuTocT KpeTalh3 TVIHOCTH Kp03 IWBl1 oKpyrJro{' npecCK3 MO>KC ce oBaKO npenCTaEHTlT «(31. 15). no nC.TJOM

06UMY lWBH oImj CHOj KOjH IJ<lJIC>l(C y3 cal'-.f 'HT,IJ; IXCBH yon lInG cc fIche KPCT3TH. CJlOj KOjU n3.TJe>1{C Ha oBaj ulOj HMahc o6m1K IllYITJi~eT" IUIJJIUI):(11t1 If HMahe Beh

HeRY ·/vIa.TTY 6P:·H1HY. YKOJTHKO ec lIJle EHIIle Ra cpe,IlUHI1, YTOJlIIKO he 6p:mn3 KonneHTpITtIIl1X CJWjCB<l 6H'I'H neha. Hajnehy 6p3HHY HMahc enoj y Cpe~J:lHH.

0130 CJIOjCBlITO KPCTaIhC e.rIOja y cnojy MO>l(C IJaj60Jbe na ce HOpGAn ea Hora

pal\Ia cpOTorpaq)cKor anapaT3 Koje cy H3'I1UbCHe 0;0, I~eB1:l YTaKHYTHX je)lH3 y ).:(pyry.

Kap:J ce nOBY'-lc CpcJ\vIIIlHa 11,CU, 3<1 lbOM cc rrOBmFIC 11 OCTane,

pa3JIWIHTHM 6p3HHaM{1. PaCIIOpcl-l 6p3HfHl IlpH OBaKBOM

KpC-TaIbY nplIKa33H .1c H3 C.TIIn~U TaHKO I13BYQCHOM

IIapa6oJ1o~. U;e.~OKYIIHa Maca Q)]JYUJl:3 Koja ce Kpehe Kp03 11,CB pa36u]CH3 JC y MHoro6pojHC npTJTOre, Kojn TC1IHOCT CHmKHO MeIIlajy. AKO ce HMajy OBC p:ne rrpC)J,craBC 0 KPCTaJ-LY

qJJ1YI1J{a, pa3YI\·lCi'ic ce 3aJJlTO y PcjnOJI)lCOBOM orJICPS npn J1JMI1HapHOM KpeTal-bY HHT 060jCHC TC'THOCTH ocrajc II '.,an,e HcnpOMCILCHa, a 3aurTo CG rrpn 1)'p6yJIeUTI-1O~f KpCT<lI-:hy

XOMorCHO 6ojI1.

JiICI1lUyjyhH nITa eRe YTJPIC H3 oBaj rrpe06pa)IGlj, Pejr-IO}1;:\C jc !lomao AU 3<lJ.:JhY'IKCl ;1.<1 17pe.oa3 /(.] ./Ul.JfWWpJ-102 l\.pelIi{{/-{,(/ Y ITi),pfiy .. '/OfiTiIlO f{pcij"i{l!M), /I oopmTtllo, 3G(;L(CII og 6pau/{c f..:peiTia!l;(I, zYClTlufle 11 (juo:oauoC/7il/ rj7,.7),lIg0, TWO If og ilPC'lIl1IK(I qC(Hr. Onc BC.:rWUllTt: cy Mcl)yco6no nOBC3ane H() cJJc.n,cim H3'THH:

r;o:e cy: D - npeql:UfK (m).

HI ... 6rmma (m/s). P - ["ycTHHa (kg/m3), p - BHCK03IlOCT (F3 . $).

P,H!'E p

OBaj 113IJa3 lIa'mBa ce Pcjno,fIncrm KpHTcpnjYM H 06CnC)KUBa ee ea R1" AKO ee nCJ1Irnmc lWjc ra tIHHC 3aJvlCl-lC I-W3HCl"tIcmTM ;:J:l1MCH311,iall..fa. 3am13uhc ce Jl,a.it Rc !-IeU.Mel/Orinll

6po], UITO rrporU}W3H H3 C}le~lehHx jcnna"tml-w:

I

II '~:::::::i==::::::;/\ II ~, i I

1''---1-~

I I I

I }J!ldl J.~

. ( \ je)lmnn~<1 (1.)) . .ie)1HI~m~a (\1-7). je;J;IIUIIIJ,<l (0)' __ m .. (.01/ .. 5.)' (kg/m:')

JCrvnu1W1 R,.) = . ."--' ........ --jCJnIInn~a eU)' Ns/rn2.

nOlUTO jc 1 N = 1 kg , m/s2. TO je 3aMCHOhl: jC;"\H1'IlHW (R(') :-.c 1. Jv1J.wro6pojHHM eKcnepmvlCHTHM<l llOKinaJlO .ic Tl.C1 tiKO je npc[jlf()ciif O(1{lI{()

gn6ujcllo? /-I{'I.WCFW{J(l/-!O? 6pnja .MWMI or; 2 300, rj;.,1)'lIg C(' .'w.HIfl./apUO r{j)clie KjJoa lieG, a m((} je (leila ng 2 300, Kpciiiafhc jc t71yp6y,,'1Cl-UTi.HO. ORa BpeJV'TOCT Oil 2 300 3a Pcjno.ngcol': 6poj H33MBa ee !(,jJwTill<{/-w AjJCg!!OCiTi, a 6p311H<1 Koja orr;ronapa ;:WTlDI YCJTOJHfMZI H(13HB<J ce K]Jlliiiu'IHa op:nma. ORa npClUIOCT B,DK\1 caMO 33 I~enH.

DOIl1TO PcjHoHlleon KpIT'rCpnjyl\.f He 3armnr calvro 0]1 6p:mHC Hcro H 0.1 npyrnx

t.IHHHJIau,a, M(1)y KojHM(I y TCXHln~H llal)(PUITY y.'lOI)' Hll,'Ja npe'IHHK l.l,CEI1, jactlo.ie p:ii HCTa 6p3HHa, caMO y ueBn:~Ia pa3.Tl1FHlTlfX llpeQlJHKa, MO>KC ,n..aTH pa3.TIWIHTC pe)KH

Me cTpyja1ba. HOl( he y u.eRHMR BenUKl1X npe'IHHKa HCK3 Op3l-lHa Jwn3TH npe;anocrn

Betie OJ!, 2 300, JJ..aKJIC Typ6yrrclIT3H PC>KHM, ;O:OTJre he BCTa 6p1HHa, CaJvfO y u,eBHlvfa Marher rrpCl 1HHK.L ].l,aB<:1TH l\falbC npc)J.HocTH PejHOJI)JcoBor KpHTcpnjYMa, OHHOCHO

50

YTlH..l,aTH 1:1<:1 eJ)OpMHpalI>C mn,fHnapIIor pC)KlIMa KpCTJlhEl cl)]lyn:fw. KaKO K<1IIlUrapHC

!~Cl~:':.Hl\~i.1.1Y B,:O~;l M'~JICT npe'llll1KC:iVt orr cc y 1-bI1Ma npOH3BCO Typ6ym:'HTIIH pe:>KHM

::l:}(:I~lbd, n?,lPet~,I10}e p,i1",,6p:mnc 0YfJ..Y HpJ!() BCJlliKe, uno cc, 360r ),THL\aja oTllopa, J elJlKO M.O>h.L lIOCfHiln. 30ur 'fora .Ie Y K<lIm;lapIUlM U,CBHJ\·ta PC)KHM crpyjJI-La VECK .na/l.HmapaH. ' •

PcjH(L'lJ~C()B KPl-ITCPHjYM HMa BC.'IHKH 3l-IJ ' laj 3<1 TCXHl1KY. TIotvtohv I-hera cc ,\10·

)1(C ;WI(Q, 6,cJ I1KaKBl1X OrJl<:'::·AJ, ca:maTH KcUG.IB je PC)KIIM KpcT;H-ba CP:I~I1;:ia V llCKOJ\'l

no,::;y. GBOJC fI(Yrpe6no 3aTo.ua 6a ce l\HJrJrc l13pa 1ly1-l3Tll BC!IH'lHllC o1:nopa"y Ihe!\fy; Ol~ PC)KH}'la KpeT~Iba QWYHJl.i1 [(P03 l~CBH 'HIBBeu IT npCHOluel-be TOfl.!lOTC ca cjJ.llYUHiJ

na nCD. ~PH TypUYJleHTHOM KfKT,HLY npl:1I0lUCI-Lt ,je MHOf'O 60Jbe nero rrpn JIaMH

napllO.\L 3ua~Hl, ltpH CDIn,! pa'IYlIJBta Y KOjW\Ia ce pa)1H ca OT110pHJvi<l npOTHl~alha

H!lH ca npCHuillCILCM TUWlOTC, l\10pa CC Hohn 0;\ PejllO)IT1COBor KPHTcPHj_y!\fa J~a on ce ;~OU1;IO f(U T~I'-lHHX pCJy.'lT<lTU.

f)p:u,ma (I-mYH;.~,-.L --- y ;1u~a~\aUlll,ll;-'j [XBJ\l,-rrpalhl1lvla U1I]l0 j(; pClUj () Gp:HHlH Cl->:IYIl;.(l, JCP cc C1;l;_l'l'PiU)O fUI JC UlJel ItO Hc.'101;! npt..'ccKY 13°11;1 jeWlaI;:a, JVfcljYTHlvl, Kct}t:J ce f'OBUPlU10 () ;WM}lllarJ!IO\\ KPCT,llbY, Bl1JJ,l':lU cc flail:, '1001' BI1CKO'3110CTll, up'31-ma llj)l.)THIJ,UU,o 'y' cpt:;\!1!ll! tlajlJCh~l II ;J,a oua;_l,a YK(UHKO ce IlLiC Ka ilCUOKPCTHHM

:_HlJ_\UlH!J\la nCBl-I, TalCO )J,a ce c'i1oj KUjll HCllUCPCi_\110 Il(lJIC)f(e VJ JH;l.UBC \,O[!WTC He

Kpchc. AKO (ill CC ouo f'pa(1)l!'lK!-1_l!pCnCT~UH-1.:10, Olli-\a Go C(; IJt.;X-OCY, Cd rZOjOM jc naP:::\"'lC31IiCl H uca nCB}l, l!al-t(yCIl.'ll~ ()~Y3I-lHC, a [-J(I y-ucy --- p(!Cruj;Hbc HOCMaTfJaBHX TiJ-

'-taKa O!J, CjJt:-;J,iilllTa nCBl-[ (cn. 16). . 3all,-DKJ~10 J_\a jc pacllupc;J, GP:HIlliJ 13eOMil IIt'yjCJ~mncll Ii, I..:aIW cy Ofne,Il)-1

;J~_H"::;L~a!ll~, l;(a CpC)J,1L~1 GpJl!ua J-lJ.UOCI1 ll()';!OIHII-IY M'-lKCl-11vtaj1!lc OJ)'JUllC:: TO jeer i+,"~d =;: 0,.') H'IIl,'X' raCJJOI_)(:I'_~ OP:lIlIIC.lC Y OU01'1'j (31)"Jajy TaKaH;W rpa~Vl paJRY'-lCHY ll<:l

paoony. I1u;J, CPC1ULC:1;J GP:_HlllU\; JlO;WaJYMClIa ce Hl~Ka 'nje,l\lH1'IKLl 6p:HlH<1 KOjOM UH ce

KpCTao CBaKU IlUjC;_\llJUl UIOJ uyu OJl.pt:I)CllOM npO'1'OK)'. 13p'3!111.:t KOjOt>1 ce pa!.IH npn

O,J.pcl)HJJ~l-LY llpOTOK(\, 11ml KO.la ce y3 J:bcra It3pa'lyIli1B::t, Y cTBapH je cpc/UCLa 6p3U

lora. y ~JCJlIO:J,,!CU[-\Y C!)OPl\ly.,'lY YHOCll CC Ti.lKoly.:: cpe,!~I-ba UpcHfHa. Ilpu ITIYP(}Y:ICllIl-i!iU.:1t I,pciliwf,)" padlopcg UjJ3WW je jJOUl-lOA-lepl-lUjLL ()ugc je

cpcgliJU UVJlIfla: fFored ::::: O,~ 1+ 11m' To ce 3;LIlCT,! H IHl;:tIl 03 paCI1upc;~a Gp3HIIa (Gl. 17) UOlllTO tote-fda BCLHKllX IXlJ.'lHKa lUlIlcljY M<-lKCHM,-Ullle 6p:HIlIC 11 ~~pynlx Gp~1lJW.l pacIlOpC!y,:lU-lX OKO OBe, 3(0) Tora, KpIma l~oja Wlj\: onuj paclJopc;_\ upc/Xcran.;ba 'Jao-

llapaCio,:l)"_

rp~mlPHm BOCi\-DTp;'ljy'hn .0,!ljarpClM pacUU;~C!lC: Gp3Ulla (1);1),11.::\8. OKO

\[E)JCTllX Te,'I~L 1l!1;~~,'lJl '-.:\10 :la v IlCIIl\~'l'\..~,'!I!oj 0!IlLlH!!!J Tel:l 0p'H!!I(l 1I0'lU!bC uar.:l0

i

--._. -_. -f--.' !

-- ...

I_L V-

W)

Cc1w;;a 16 c"WKi/ 17

(, :) \-' y

~ :) (t· '- --

)J.:1 OIla,!~a H ;o.a na caJ'lwj llOBpull-um ,llo6Ilja rpauwmy BPCL\llOCT jellHuKY lIyJH-L CJ70j (/).11 YU[Ja y r.:(HtC gW)({JU gu lin 2J102 itaga OpJIlI{( f-WaU6a ce 2jJa/-{U'-IHU c-wj (.l) (err. 1:5). !1 npn Typ6YJICHTHOM.KpcTUI-rj)-' (3) llocrojI1 Ti:lJ(i1B rpaHl-PlHH CJwj; OH CJilp)Kll, Y .1CLUIOM CBOM ]:\CJIY, CJlO.1CBC Te'-1lI0CTU KOjH ce n::lMHllapllo Kpch_y. O!:lO .1(; TaKO:W(1Il11

Jl!1MHllapIlH nO,;:iClUj. 'S/] caMY HCJBPIlllHlY '-lBpcr(H' Teml CJIUj 1Yl lHOCTH ce y'OlltLrrC

He KpLilC (2). )'1(0,;111KO jc Gp:mua ncha, )'TOJU-1KO je rpalll[lIHH CJIOj Talbll. I-bel'oDii HcOJbfHW ): l~el:H-[Ma yBHOC!-1 0)] llCKOJIHKO ):\cceTHX na i~O UCKOJIHKO CTOTl1X JiCllOBtl

~m~H1~1LTpa (na 11 MiUhC). Ma!]3.ie TaKO J'lwml, OIl HM(\ BCOM3 3HaQajuy y;101'y y TCXIl(L~IOlllK()M M;-tJJJHl-ICTHY (rpalla J'lWlllHllCKe 1'eXHHKC If TexHo.~lOrHje Koja C(: 6aBil

HCKJby~IHBO npo'y~JaB,.ubcl\'l H tUrpa;J..ll~oM l\-JalllJUW 11 unapaTa XClI-UljCKC mqycrpujc). HaHMc, aKO je nOTpeGHo Ha y HeKoj pCaKlJ,l1jH MaTcpuja npei)c H3 pacTBopa Ha IleKY

nOBpllll-lH), (KpHCTa}llU(lI~H.ia, ilgcopnu,uja, C]l(~KTpOmt3a) HJI11 ca HeKC nOBpUIl1:l-Ie y ClJ.llYl1T-\ l1,,'m pacTl~op (pacruap;H-hC, YWUL;UlaI-LC npoJAYK<lTi:t caropClElH:>i:t H ,1~P)Tl1X

xCJ'lmjcKllx pCJKl.J;Hja nTr~.), IloTpeoHo je gel MOJlCKYJIH TC ~!aTepHje IlpOl)y Kp03 rpa·

HW!.Hll CJloj KOjU CC YUCK Il"UIa3U OKO TCJJa aKO .Ie OHO y llOKPCTllOM CPJIyH!~Y, nonpWHHC TaKBor TC.aa MOf'y 11'1 6yp,y Y Typ6YJIeIl'rHo:..t q)JlyH~Y, ua n;1 CC 1I11aK IJ(l

IhHMil 06pa3)ije Ha.\-HiHapall 110nCJ1Uj, KOjll jc cramm IIpJTl1JIClll, rpaHH~!HOI' uloja. Kp03 [-hera J\-taTcpnja M())KC Aa npoi)e jCJ\HIIO p,HtPY311j0!'l1 3aTO UlTO y I-bCl\-ty uel\ta

IB-IK<lKBor Blrr;{O.il.«;IL<1, TC O'ry;~a liH MCmaI-ba. HOlll'rO je KpCTan,c YCIC)J, iJ,mi)Y3Hjc cnopo, TO he llPOJl(J:l MClTCpOjc l-l KpOJ Up.TIO TaHKe rpa!lll'lIJC CJlOjCBc Tpaj:Xnf }~OCTa ;:{yro, lUTO, Y GmapD, flOBOrU-f JJ,O ycnopan~\l-ha CBUX peaKLiuja Koje cc ocmapyjy Kpcn

rpamplUH c:w,j, OB<JKBllX peaKl~Hja lIMa '/ XCJl.llljCKoj r-lIJi1YCTpujl1 BpJlO 1\1110rU, H:J npUMCp: paCTll(lpalhe, RPJ-lcTa.'llr:Wl~aja, CKCTpaKU;L-lja, ancopfll~uja, Ul]COprnl,Hja, cy

UJCILC, BHa)KClbC, YUC:1HKO 3aBHcc o;:~ lWGJblIUC rpaHH'Il-IOr cwja ° tIClvl)' be KacllI-lj..:

6HTi1 PC'Hl. 11 JlpenOUIC\he Ton.lOTe ca ci)SIYH)J;<l Il<l nonpUJiiHC 3(\ TOflJlOTH), pa3MC

BY, H OUpaTllO, YMHOrOl\IC :;H1BHCC O~\ )J,c6n~HHe rpaH1FJHOr CJIoja. 11 OBW~, K2tO H )-'

pi:l.l-mjC;"1 CJIY~lajy, TOIl,10T,l ce YTOJIHKO JIaKIlJC npellOCH YKOJU1KO .Ie f'pal-lH'IIlJ-l C:JOj

T'HbH. fIpcl'I-'W TOMC, jC)J,aII op, BpIto B"Di(1U1X YCJIOBCl KOj11 Tpc6a Aa licnYI-lC iVJ6pI-l anapaTlI XCMUjCKc H!-1,L\ycTpnjc jccre )J,J, y OBaKBHM CJJY~lajeJH1Ma, illTO jc Moryhno

Bl1lJJe yM~lI-he ,L~e6JLI-my rpaI-lWIHOr cJloja cjJJlY111.W. To ce MO)KC noC'rHhI1110l~ctt<::\.BaI-bCM 6p3lme (l:))IYHi~a 11 crBapaU,CM UITO mrreIBl1BHHjer BpTJlO)KelLa. 3aXBaJbyjyhI1

cMal-hetbY rpamp-IHor cJloja, K,mau,HTCTI1 M<1IHHUa ce 3IIaTI-lO nOBehaBajy jep ce TaKO nOBenaBa 11 6P:HIH!! pCaKIJ;Hje. 360r T(WC\ jc jep,aH OA nJ)KHHX 3ap,aT,Hza npojeKTalIaTa xClI-mjcKc auap;rrypc na ce Gope rrpoTHB rpauH'-n-mr CJlOja TaMO fAe OH crBapa TeUIKohe l1 eMen-he.

52

113BO)J,

CrpyjaI-he q).:IYHjla M())Ke 6rITu CJIOjCBHTO - naMIB-fapHO, 11 BpTJIO)l(HO-T)'P6yJIeHTHO. Be3,DJIMCH3HOHH PejHOn;QCOn KpwreprrjYM oMoryfiana OJJ.pel)HBaH~e pe)I<HMa

cTpyjaH.a. TIpCJIa3Ha npeJl:HOCr PejHOJlJWOBor KpI1TepnjYMa je 2 300. Dpn .TIa~nmapHoM

cTpyjau-,y nocTojc Behe paJ)1HKe 6p:uma Y cpJIYH;:l,y nero rrpn npTJlo)KI-IOi'vL rpi1HHLIHH oroj 11]1.-1a BCJl11KH ynll(aj Ha 6p3WfY CBI1X OCTanHX Onepall,Hja. 110-

BchalbC 6p:-nmc cTpyjalha BO;:\.11 CMafbCl-bY TlC6JbHHC, rpmnFlHor CJloja.

1. lliT<1.it: Pejnon;IcoR KpilTepnjyMCI --, J(<1KO cc l\$))Ke YTBp;nlTll npoMeHa PC)KHMi) CTpyjall,a? 3. KaKilTl jc YTJlI~aj BlICKo'mOCTll Ha pe>Klllll CTpyjafba?

LJ. HfllLpTaj pacnope)"\ 6p31HlJ npH .1<\\Ill11apHOM II npTJlO)KlIOl\! CTpyjmbY. 5 .. 11ha _it rpallH'l!Ill ClOj?

6. KaKO ~e6"nlIHa rpaHH'-iHOr CJlOja )'Tll'lL: Ira :.fJH:py3\IjV KpO'.1 H-,era?

O)lI'£1;I!BAlhE PElIUlMA CTI'YJAH,A <!>.l!YIIUA

-BE l;"1\ 3a:lanm 1. f[oc\u717ipaililf U oilucmTtu .:W.AUUWjHfll U lTiyp6y.,u:/frTillu fum,- q7.i7YlIga,

flOiTipc6!-1o ilpegaf{(!/-hP-. YnO'1HaTU (Be Ka-paKTCpl1CTI1Ke CTpy

.1a1-b8, KOjc 06YXBaTa.iy Hapo'U1To PC)KHM c-rpyjal-h<L PCjHOJlJICOB 6poj, pacnope;"\ 6p'3HH3 Tl rpi-lHH'lHH enoj (1.3.3).

Allff/lUao 3agat7Jxa. fIpn .~JaMHnapiioM KPCTaJhY, Mo.ncKy':lH q)JIyH,QEI 113 jC]11-IOr c.:wja HC l~pe.:1(13e y CYCCJlHC C.:lOjcnc, Bell. ce Kpehy caMO y I1pam~y crpyjaJ-h3. 3aje;a

HO ca c.no.1t:I"I-\ Y KOMe CC I-1amnc. AKO jc crpyjaILc T),p6Y:!CTlTH0. OI-l;J,<t npT:lO:m BOCC \lOJIeKY,'le He C3\1O y npaB\l,y

cTpyjmbCl nell n HOPl$[lJTTIO l-I<l npanaq npyj;uh'l. To 3Hil'1H: K<l;X3 on \fOr,l();p cc npaTH

jCJ\aH \w.~Jel';:y)1 qnYJI)la Y '[OK), lhCTOBor KpeTan,a Kpcn D,en. 3artaJH.;m OIl ce na jc I-he

[OBO KPCT(lIbt. Cra.T1HO nap;:Ule!1110 ca OCOYl nenlY 3KO .ie CTpyjaJ-hf na;\lImapHCL Dpn Typ6Y,'lCHTBOl\-1 crpyjan,y Taj MOJ1CKy:rl 6n ce KpeTao He C(\J\'-ro nanpclt, y

npam\y crpyjall)(l, Beh on cc nCTOnpCMel-TO XaOTll'lHO KpeTao llOpMa~lIlO WI npanan,

cTpviaH-,cL ~ --JqJ.i;\H MOJTCKY.'l je HCTlIIJ(L Hc\fOryhllo npanITH. CI.:JH BC:IHKH 6poj o6ojemlX

\1OJleKY:Ia ]wjn Ct'- Htl.:Ia3C y oooje!lO\i M.iJa3\' OnKOJheHOM Hco6ojeHO!vl TecII-IOIuny

BCOMCl ce JJaKO M())Ke npaTJ1TH <-1KO npoTH"'le KPO:{ CT3KJ1eny, npmmJH-ly l~eB.

Mapaga ;wgmTtKO. Onaj 3arWTaK ce M(»Ke ypaf\HTH aKO ce y J-lco6ojcn TOK Te'-lHOCTH ynOJlH TaHaK MM13 HCTC o60jcHe TCtlHOCTlT H npaTU 1-henmO KpCTal-he.

nOllfl'O je pe}I(J1M KPCT,Hbt1 oApei)eH Pejno_1JJ:conHM 6pojel\r

WD·p R( = --'--~--,

p

53

jac~o je Aa Ha PC)101M C'rpyjal-La YTIf'-Ty npC'-IHHK l(CBlI, 6p3HlIa C'rpyjaH~a I1 cJ:H13H'-IKa CBOJCTBa <FJ!YI1Aa.

AKO ce KaO C!lJlYHi\ 113a6epe BO~a (p ~ I 000 kg!ml, p ~ 1,02 . 10-3 Pa· s). Koja npoTH'-IC Kp03 oApei)eHY npoBHJmy qCB CD :::: const), oH)J,a ce PejHo;rgcoB 6poj MmKe MCI-Lan1 caMO rrpoMcuoM 6p3HHC.

Donno je cTpyjaH~e JI3MHHapHo rrpll MaJIHM PejI-loJIp;COmrM 6pojcm::IlVf<1 (;10 R(,:::: 2 300), TO 3H<PfH .n;a cc npn MamIM 6p3fInaM<l CTpyj,Hha nelle 3ana3HTH KHP:3fbC

o6ojeHor MJ!':l3a. I1()RefiaJ-hC 6p3HHC cTpyiaH>a J(OBemTIe nO CTBapaff,a sppJOr<! H KJ11\aH~a MJJa:w. npOMcna PC)KITiVW crpyjan,a MO)l(e ce 3aml'311TH H TlpH c\"1aJ-helhY 6p-311HC.

BPTJ10)IGJO KPCT<11hC he npehH Y .18Mlu-mpHo aKO ceo CM3H>yje Op3HlJa. Y TOM

C1I)il.lajy he ce 3ana31-1TH ~t)OpMHparLe CJrojenJ CEI KapaKTepnCTJFnmM paCITopeJi0l'vi 6P3JH-li:l, Kao Ha cm1KaMa 15 H 16.

TIcYrpe6no je cKHlUfpaTIl anap,lTYPY (c.rr. 14) H, Y TOKY pa):(<1 na n,oj, HCKO:IHKO u)'Ta npOl\"lcnOlVl op31-me cTPyj8Jh<1 rrpm.1eIIlITlI pC'Ixm,·Y cTpyjan,(l.

I1pn npe.TTa3Y 113 npTJW)KHOl' )' ]lJl\UlH;:1j11l0 crpyian)e lIaCTajy ll<lpaOO.11C GpcmHa (ell. 16), a rrpn npcmny H3 .rra:vIHnapuor crpv.jalhf1 y npTSf(»KHO noian.T!,yjy cc 06(1-

jelUJ BpT.'103H. CKIIltHpaTH one nojane.

3a;~~rraK 2. Ogpcgw7iu 17pc.'W3J1), flprgl-lociif PCiI-lO.-'lgC()(W? opoja.

/i/-la.'w;}{/ 3({gatTi!-:~. IlO'rpc6no jc. InP.'FTYlIaTH PejI-lO:lIl,COB 6poj, npH Kojei\'! llOJU13H no IlPC:.l;13(l In ]c;J,uor pe>Ion.m crpYJf\T·r,a Y JXpyrH.

Ono ce M())KC ypailBTH aKO ce y TOK), H3pa;rc npCTxoJXI-TOf 3;maTK<'I, WHI y nOBO-

BJbenO]\-j nocTynKy. na HeKTT Ha':rHH perncTpyje 6p311Ha 1mB npOTOR llpH KOMt HacTJje npOMCH8 POKHM8 crpyjmL(l. TXa .'"In he ce penlcTponaTIl 6p:mna I1JHl npc)'roh,

3anIlCH 0):\ HHCTPYl\ICIHlTa Kojn cy HCl paClJo.;laraH~y.

llo/{lpe6,.w .Hepcroo u CrpOp{/'l)'lI. OOlUTO PC)](}tM cTpyjaH::.a 3annCll O;.~ npC'IHH

K3 ueBH, op:-mne cTpyjaH,a H rycTrme 11 BHCK03HOCTTi TC'IHOCT11, nOTpeoHo je :maTH OBe nCJIlPIHHe_ TlpBC (me cc MCVC, a Hpyre ce l-lana3C }BTa6JUTll,a.

Ep3HBH crpyjm'hCl M())I<C ce \-lepIlTJJ 1lJm Ben H36a%).wpCI-101>·1 npnrylIlllHu,Ol>J H.!IH HeKJIl'd npynlM ypei)ajelv1 3a Mepel-hC npOTOK<l (pOTaMCTap). AKO ce MepIl npoTOK, OHIHl ce 6P3I1l-Hl H3pa-':JYllllBa:

J13pago ,'jagalll/'JI. Ha anap;nypn CKmmpaI-JOj y rrpeTXOllnOM 1a;n,3TKY peTHcTpyje ce HCKO,'IHKO nyTtl (3-5) npOTO[( (mm pal!HlK<:l Hlmoa Y MaHoMeTpy) npn KOMe Jt(ma:m go npoMcne pOKlIMa crpyj(lTha_ 3aTIlM ce H3pal.lynana CpCJI.T-bt'l p,pe::l

noel' npcrroKa. Pcay..1lliarTiIf ..11CpCl-f.,a. H3 TaOJllHJ,<t ce H(jmne rycTIma H BHCK03HOCT TC"Jl-TOCTH

clUjl1 ce POKJlM crpyjal'ha ollpci)yje. TIolUTo.ie pal)eHo ca BogOM:

p = 1 aoo kg!m\ p = 1,02· 10-) Pa· s.

IlpeLIHHK I~eBH KP()3 lWjy cTpyjn BO)m:

D ~ 2,5 em.

TIPOTOK jc H3McpeH pOTaMeTpOM:

54

na.fe 6p31ma cTpyJaI-La:

W ~ 4 . q" = '1~~:75 ·1O-5 m'/s

DO" (0,02Sm)' 11

= 0,097 m/ s.

Calla je Tpa/l(CUa upcmnuJ Bpep)'!OcT PcjHOJIACOBOr 6poja:

W . D . P 0,097 2,5' J 0'2 ·1000 R,. '---.. - " .... ,- = ) 140 P 1.02·10'" "'.

ITpU.4-feyua. YKOJIJIKO CG 6p:..ll11Ja crpyjaH-,a o,Upel)yjc TaKO lUTO cc Y MCTY l(CB IlUCT'-lBli lnGaA(;~apcfJa UpHI')-.'lUUUlJ,a, Oll,ll,a ce 6e.:Ie/Kc pa3.:uIKC IlllBoa Y ManoMeTpy KOjC oJ~rc)Bapajy npolvlcHll pC)KHMa crpyjal-ha.

rIa O(11013)" CpC;_l.lbC BPC;,UlOCTH pa3;IHKa llUBoa !1::1 HCKO;lHKO .\lCPClb<1, H3 6(1)1(

iWpc1l0]' }~Hja[·p8.Ma ce O'IllTaB8. CpC).l)b3 Clp3HlI<l If U3PWIYl131W PejllOJI]J,COB 6poj Hel

Hew lla'll1ft Kau H npc. l'v1upa ce BOJ\11'1'1I pa'lyll<! ;J,~l npHryllllHill,<.l !\fepn 6p3HHY Y cy;KCUOM npeccKy (H"/3) H fla GjDBlly Y lI,CBH TpcGa !upwrylltlTH l-13 jenH;Jcnnre K;JlfTH

llYHTCTa:

14. MEIlIAIbE TE'lHOCTI1

Te~Ll-lOCTJ1 ce );leuwjy K;},'J,'-l TpeGa yup:~aTjJ j'JeKY TOlC10THY HJIH ;V1Cl}'(:H1ony ofl<:panHjy. l1PIlMclhyje cc TaKot)e II Kana TpeGa nC1llpaBHTlI XOMoreHY C11ClIlY lIBL:: TClIllOCTIi ClvIYJ13Ujy, HJlll cMcmy TC'lHOCTH !l 'IBPCTHX qecnn~a - cycnCH3l1jy.

AKO CC !vjC1UaILC OOaIL'ha C<1r-,W 3uor 6p)KCr KPCTalLJ Mace, OBO ce 1\'10)1(C

ITUCTHiUI HapO'IHTO .flaKO KO,l1 Te~H:UIX cpHyH)J,a; BHCK03HC TC'lltOCTII ce npe r.,.ICill3I-ba

'-teCTO 3arpcBajy. ~{ nCKHM CllY'IajcBl:lJ\\a J\!CIWUbC ce oCTBapyje II 3(11'0 ,r:t:a 011 ce

cnpC'-liT.:tO oGpa:lOB~Ube I~OpC, OW-TOC!lO nperpCB<:U-hC I\taCC 1l<1 rpejHHM nOBpWHlIaMa, HJIB TiUIO)1(el-be.

_fv1euJCi!-:be lJOKpCTJ!,IlBIIX TC'-l1l0CTH OOaIEh;} CC npJ10 JIaKO. TaKO gel ce TY He HojaU.'Lyjy HCKt: lWPO'll1TC TCWKOht:. YKOJIHKO jc UHCKO:JHTCT Te~ll-IOCTH BehH yTU

~mKO je hIC!ilLlIbC. ']'e)1(I.:':, Ka1(O C 063HpOJ\i Ba Ilojauy caMor Mcwalha, 'l'Cll(U H C 003H

POM Hi\ CHary 1l0TpeGuy Ja OBO. BCO,\l<J TelUKO ce I\1clUajy TCCT<tCTC, a HapU'-IllTU

)l\.JJ.:JaHl: Mace, onc Koje BI1HlC- ucrvlajy cBojema Te'llIOCTH. Y TOM CJlY'Wjy pel! je 0

rI-bCtIeI-hy,jcp cc '-leCTm~c r;:oje CC )KCJ!C H3l\IClll<ITI1 YTHCKyjy 1101-\ npnTHCJ<:OM y l\tacy.

I\1cwLlJH1ue Ce Mor:y nOjJ,C]lllTH Y ABC rpync. l'/leX<1ll!J'lKC Mc-maJU1lJ,e:

- JroffaTacTt::.,

- nponcncpCKC,

I11Ie)'i\WTCKe l\1CmaJIH!V::::

- 6Jp60T(I)KHC.

If3Gop A1CW{{J71UI,C 3a iUe'lllOcfI/.u 3a()Ucu og u6muw c)'ga. f{O.iWttuHC U fipupogc

lTiC<lliOCI"J1ll.

55

MexaHH'IKC MelllU.TJIIll,C

Hajerapu.ie MCllIaJ1Hll,e OBor TlUla UMa{r oep([hlKClJUIC iIOGplUUHC 3(1 .MCWal-bC,

Koje ce f-la/W3e ua XOjJU30lUtlaJl!-lU Lf-ociliClG.lbeHlf.H _,'l.Onai{lw~a.Ha AtCUWJlLUW. OH~ ce C::1CToje (ell. 19) 113 BCpTHKaJIHOr npaTllJla (1) 3<1 Koje cy rrpl1'-mpmftcue XOPH30H

TaJIHC JIOrraTUu;e (2). 'LleCTllll,c TC'-IHOCTl1 Koje Jl.OCIlcjy Ha JIOI1aTl-lll,C 6Hhe H3JIO)KCHC, 360r 06P'1'<1H,;1,

ll..cHTpHclJyraJll-iOj Cl1Jlil11 KpcTahe ce OfT BpaTlIJIa 1«1 ncpw1Jcpnjn. f-Ia l-hHXUllO MCCTO

Aona3e ca CTpaHC HOBe KOJIW]H}-]C TC'-lHOCTl1, Koje he, OIlC'f nO/~ p,cjCTBOM U,CH"

TpH<pyra.JIHC CflJ1C, OI1TH oau,aHc Ka nepH(1)l~pHjn. Ha Taj ce l-Ia~nUI rrOCTIDKC MCmalhC. OHO HilaK JIHje nOTuYlw, jep cc OOan;hi.l yrmUH-JUM y XOpu30HTamlOM clOjy, KOJIHKO je iUUPOKil JIOrraTHl~a, 11 M~\";10 H3H<l)l H Bellon I-be, Y OCTiUIOj ~WCH Tc'-lHUCT

CKOPO MHpyje. l~a 011 CC QBO H30CLrIO, Ha .iCiJ,HO llpan'l:lO CTan:La CC I3chH upoj JlOlla

THIJ,a, KOjC jCJ_~jia npn-1i.1 npyroj crojc yn'-lKpCHO. 3a AoGpo lvlC1ll3lbC IHyrpeGaH jc Bella upoj JIOllaTllI\cl, 360f 'wra ypebaj 3HaT

liO nOCKYWL)-'je. npll 1-1ClllLtlbY OUl1KBHl\l MClHa;{[H~aMa IHrrpcGUJ..ie Bl:.rlHKiJ CJlaUi.

M_CII.ICll-bC J~)TO Tpajc.

i\-Icwu.11lIW UI yuljJ{/(J!{{/ . .H :wFiaii"iuqu .. 11U. JIOlwTHqe O!HIX t..·WLU'-UIHL!,~l cToje IlO

,ll,Y)KlfHH ycnpaBI-10 }J oGphy ce OKO BCpTIIKtl,allOr I3jXtTI:lJl<L 3001' Tuea OEC 'J parry

iJ,ocII0Bajy CKOPO Y CBclKIt JI.CO Mace, Te CC T<JKO II MCUi~HLC BpHUi no lI,;':,'IOj !>.\aC!!, mTO

jc HapU'-lJITO IlO;\CCllO ~{a UHCK0311C_ Tl'lIlKO 1l0KpC'L1"ume TC~ll-lOCTB.

Ha CJlHlJ,H 2U npHKa3aH jc jc~l.~UI TIHI MC\l.[a.:HlIJ,~l 3[1 aYTOK.rtaBC. KoD, aYTOK.'laKl,

aapOIIHTO Kana ce ooalL'I,(I JarpCBaII,c, :::a,LIaT'-IK IvICiUa)Hn~C je ,aa CKTrw T~UlOr HJ)H

KpUCraJIC ::lKO CC HaxB,najy Cd YllyqXllUILe crpaHC cy;W. 300!" TOra cc MellJa:lIu~,c H3pa~yjy TaKO )Ja ce Kpehy IIlTO je MoryhHo GlUt/KC 3l-my, TC 300r 'fora OlIe Hl\W]y

oumtl:\: CUl"Jail O();rllKY C)'.ua.

i7"'UII-tCITiCf{(/ _ltcu/{L1w~a. AKO je 110TP(':;OIlO f-la cc Mcwa BHCKO:..lfW TCLIHOCT Y

CYJ~OBHMa nCJIHKOr Ilpe'-IH111Gl, OBf.J,<I cy XOjJlI:30liT,UUW lloca~Hl JIOrlaTlll~a npCOTITC

pcheuH, TC llpCTH OfIaCHOCT ,lta ce llonOMe. ga 6H cc MC'X<H1WIKH MO,'vlCIlLlT C:v1(llliHO,

2 1 2

Cw/{u 19 Cll1/W 2{)

56

a HeTO TaKO 11 narrpC3afbC ROCalla, 6HJIO on rroTpe6HO HIm ,n;a ce JIOn3TIU(C C'faBe

6mDKc BpaTHJIY HIlH ga ce 6poj o6pTaja CM<UbH. TaKO 6H ce ::WI1CTa H36erJIo npeoI1TcpehclbC HOC3l.Ia JIOITaTIuJ;c l:lJIH ce He 6n IIOCTHL'IO ,[(06po Mcma}bC no rrepJl(pe~ pJiljH, GAROCHO OHO 6n BPJIO Ayro Tpajano. JC.IJ;HO O,!l ,Ii06PlIX PClIlCU,3 OB(lI(BOr IIHTa

H.a nocTufHYTO je rroMohy ITJHiHCTCKIIX McruaJmu;a (eJI. 2J). One ce cacToje H3 BCpTHKa.mwr paMa (1), Kojll ce o6phe OKO r.'I3mmr Bpanma (2). Y paMY c jC,IiHC H C .apyre erpanc J-IaJl<:13e ce MaIbC TICTBpTaCTC MCllIamme (3 H 4) Koje ce 06phy y C3MOM raMY OKO CBOjHX OCOBHH3 (5 H 6). Ha nraBHOlvl npaTI-lJIy (2), Kao 11 H<l QCOmHIaMa (5 H 6) H3JIa3C ce 3ynlIamn~H (7, 8 11 9),··3)'nQ"mHK (7) je HcnoKpcTaH, Kp03 }bera nporr33H BpaTT-InO (2). KaHn rmlBHO npa)THJIO rrO'lIHC na ce o6phe, oopTahe ce ca IbHM H

paM (1). f-LeroBo OOPT,:lJ-hC npeHOCH ce H Ha 3YWIaHHKC (R H 9), 360r tIera ce nO'lHlbY J.T MJ.Jle lI..jClJ]aJm~c (3 11 4) 06p1'aTH OKO CBOjf1X OCOBHHa. ,UpyrHM pCLlHMa, IIpn OOPT31hY pa1\Ti1 (1) e3 BpaTl1JIOM (2), 3ajc;vJO ea IMHvra o6phy ce II J\lclUaJlI1l~C (3 n 4), Koje he ce uCTonpcMcno o6pTaTH n OKO CBOjHX ocomma. OBO KpeT<iH)c je ana.TIor

uo ca KpeTmhcid lIJJaHCT<l OKO CYlll~a, TC CC 3601' Tora oBaj TIm MCIlJ<1JTHTW Hi.13I1B3 HY!alICTCIGl MeIIT~LrTHlp. OHt: Bp.no J{o6po I>femajy BUCK03HC Te'IHOCTIl (yJba 3a no;rJ\fa3HB'HhC .. clmpIlHce, .TIaKOBC, ~·I<lcru) y BC,lIf"Kl1J\j CY)VJBHMa, jep npH pai\Y lIe ocratv Ml.J'l'R<l Mccra, O)1,Hocno ne;-'fil ),1CCTil y Koja TC<!HOCT lIe J{ocnena.

npoi:tC.·7cjJum .HClllaJlUl.W C"ran,Ih<l CC H(lj'fcmhe nJ AITO cY!J:a. AKO je }~HO 110· :(ec1I0 lIpoqm.'1T1GlHO, TC'IHOCT CC .:TaKO o,r:I.6nja og l-hera tlJ 6ll nner 6HTri1 npoflc.T1CPOM :iJXnahCH<l.

3601- OB~\'lTI? !npabenor JUla, TC~lHOCT ce no ~eJIoJ nonpnlHHH MClJHlJ!m~e

nOKpehe, TC na T8j TTa'IIIH 3aXB,rra H oc

TeLlIY lv1(l(')' Te~lHOCTn Koja ce Y CYilY H,UIa-

3H, He cTBapajyhn .. 1\-fpTnc yrnone". llinpm;:y npHMcny Hl"IIa II nOKpCTlra

nponCJICpCIGl l .. fCI1laml1~a (cn. 22) KOj<1 \W)Ke ~w cc npclIocH ca cyga Ha cy~\, 3a KOJH MO>Ke ga cc rrpWmpCl'H 6C3 Te~

lUKoha.

C11l1{(1 21 CJ1U!W 22

57

OHa Hajq.eIIIhe HMa ABa rrporreJIepa Ha HCfOM Bp<'l'nmy, KOjH cy TaKO YCMepetIll na rroKpehy TetIHOCT y cynpoTHI1M O-fcpoBHMa. 3602 iiioza Haczllaje cygapalf,f' ciIipyja W£'·I.HOaUU, KOjy OBH npOneJICpH cTBapajy, II HHTeH3HBHO McmalhC. DOTIlTO HeMajy JIC)KI1IJJTa Y Te,{HOCTH, nO)leCHC cy 3a MeIIIaJ-he '-IHCTllX TetHIOCTH jep .ic HC

rrpJbajy npOnYKTHMa HaCTaJ1Hi\{ npu TpeIby 0 J1C):KI1111TC. 3ajc,IJ;l-IH'IKH HCMOCT<JTaK

}-raBC1~CHHX MClU<L1Hll,3 .ic UITO HC MOr)' ,Ilo6po ,n;a Mcmajy TCLlHOCTH Bene BltCK03IIOC

TIL BUDCO.JtlC iTie'ltlociTiu cc He .Mewafy go6po amlin ull7io ciIi.pyje !cofe OHe CLTirwpajy He JI1:02Y ga ce ogp.)fCC Y f(CJWM cygy, Hero CC, 360r jaKor yllyTpauIlhcr TpClhJ, BP}JO 6p30 npnryme, HefJ,anCKo og caMe .:IOnaTHI,C.

IIueYMllTCIW MemaJlUI~C

Eap6oiTi{l)/(JW ..... {cU/a3ur~(L JCI1:ail Oj~ nel1.0CT<lT<1Kfl paHllje naBe;o.:ermx MeIIIaJUIIl,3 je JUTO je 38 IhllXOH(l 110KpCTalhC nOTjlc6an MaIM>BHUlC CTO)KCH MCXmJJI3<lM H

lllTO ce fWO I~OjH MCnta IHL'18311 y nenOCpCIl)lOl'd no)"UJpy C TC'-JJlOmi1y KOjy l\ICI.1l<1. 3a XCMHjCKH arpecmme TC l l1l0CTH, C 063HpOM ITa lnfiop \1<lTCpnja.rr3, OBO.iC np.!w B8·· )f(an l..IrnlHJ1m~. 11 eKcnn03HBlTC TC'IHOCTH ce {TCCTO Mcnrajy nOMohy 1'<lcona (mnpo· rmlI.~epmT). 3aff{o je Nfl gncma /(/ujJ(n:y {{plf .. HeN)" H{[Il/lL·1fl.MClllt7l1>(; iTic',,·/OciTiu 'ioco

auiJiu . .1-! qJ.,1YUgI.UdU, KOjC cc (/criTio lIaau(J(I napnof77I1jJoll,C, Kp03 rn6YIllClIO nopc)3I1o )JHO, r.elH KpO'3 I~CHIf. HJm. rlaK, nOl\lOhy napO'lHTIl"\ \LCICI'llH!K;]. ynoHH ce raCOBInCl

MClTcpl1ja y TC~lHOCT. 3601 KflHCTH'rKC

cHcprnjc \lcxypHha raca Kojn cc K;]O CITCI~HCPH'lHO JI8KIUH nCH>y n8BIIIllC,

McmafhC .ic lJ()1'nylw. HajjC,IIHOcnlBIlHjn

HaLIHH MCIlIa1-ba nOCTlDKC cc TaKO uno cc Ba3;n:yx YBOrm Kp03 H36ymcHc nenn, cnnpaJ1HO BJIH Il.pyra~III.ic pacIIopehcw.: Tl3TIa,1 l~Ha. AKO Kp03 1 m 2 nonpUl1mc 1m3 cYJ~a 3{) MCrn3l-hC 3(1 1 MlnryT nporyc 0,4 m3 8a3-~,\'xa" MO)KC cc o~reKHBaTH ;m he J\lCIlI31hC

6;ITI1 ora60. EYPHO )'"fCmJI+,C he HClCT(lTl1

aKO 3a MCTO BpCMt' H Kp03 flOnpfffT11ly

np(li)e 1 m~ Ra1TiYX(l.

D,ne-ra ifHTCII3nnnn l\.fCIHaIhC nOCTH

)KC CC Kaga cc Kp03 ]~CB (1), CJTHKZl 23, YiIYBaBa B33i1YX KOjH cc, 113.1J3cl'iIJ II3 IbC,

paJ6uja y MexypHhc. I1cn,yhl-l cc II<lBJIllJC,

OHH rroTHcKyjy Te~mOCT HcnpCJ.\ ccoe 1.1 ClIlI{"(123 '],/. y6p3anajy Ibcno KpcTarhc. .

IVlcmaH~c raC()B(l BOP;CllOM napOh1 I1PHMCTbY.lC cc toga OHU He pcar~J)1 ca TC"-IHOllll'iy {<ojy MClll<1jy. Hero TaKO, Tc~mOCT HC CMe 6UTH .:1;]KO HCllap.n::,HBa, .)ep 6n

cc TaKO rv6lIJla y BC.TLHKHM KOJlWlHH<1tvl<\, O;UJIa3eTIH y nHAY napc ca racmvI KO.JHM cc Mcma. BaAcHa napa He caMO na MellJ<l TetlHOCT Hero .ic HCTonpeivlCHO 11 3arpCBa H pa36rra)Kyje (aKO cy Y l1HTalhY B01-reHH paCTBopn), 0 (1eMY CC Mopa BO)J).JTH pa~IyHa.

58

H3BOL\

MCmal-beM ce xOMoremnyjy cycrrcH3Hje H CMYJl31Ije. rIpHMclbyje ce H Ka,n;a je nOTpe6Ho y6p3aTli I"pejalhc llJII1 paCTBapal-bc.

MemaJIl{l1,e ce JJ;CJIC na McxanWIKC H mrcYMaTcKc.

EHcprnja Koja cc TpOlliH H<:l MCIllaI-bC HajmllnC 3aBllcn O,U BHCK03HOCTl1 TC"t..IHO~

CTH, JJ;I1McII3uja MClllaJUILl,e 11 6p3J-iHe KpcTal-ba.

llllTAlbA

BE

1. 3awTo cc MClJJajy TC~IHOCTH? 2. 3aurt"o cy ecjJHKaCIlHie IlpOnC.TICpCKe jvteWa:IHlJ,C uero MCLLWJIlllJ,C ca JlOnaTHlJ,(lMU?

3. 3awTo OUJbC pa;~u HpOnCJlCpC}.:.a ;\lCllliU1!lJ,a Koja je llOCTtlB,"bCH<l KOCO?

4. KaKo ce ;(eJIC MCw~ulHl\e? 5. KaKo cc !\\o)KC MepHTIi y-rpomaK cl-wpruje npon,;m:pcKc I ... WUla.:llllJ;C ROjy llOKpche C:JCKTpOlvlOTOp? 6. KaKBo TpeGa ga Gy;\C ,r~H() Cy,J)1 '33. !\{CUJalLC'/

EA 3a~aTaK 1. H3 . .trCfJUl711l iJufIJ.pOHllhY CHCPllljC U CfUl2)' .Meuw

;U{l~e i7fJH Jl1Cu/'(JNJ)' flOge.

J1oiTipl'ul/o llpeg3f{(III)(L 3a 113paAY OBor :Jal--l,<1TKCl nOTpc61IO jc

yno:maTH McmamuJ,c H OOHOBltTl1 3H<1l-bC It} (!H1311KC KOjc CC Ot\l-lOCH nel CHJr:y, pa;r.\ Ii

cHary.

AlUULU30 3ugaCi1l{o. Y TOKY Mcwmba llac-rajy aKlJ,l1ja H peaKlJ,llja, 113MCi)y o6pTHOI' eJ]CMClITa MeWamllW (nponCJlcpa W!Il JlorIaTl1!~e) 11 cpJlyu;o;a Kojn CC- MenIa,

Jlomrnn~a, HJlH uponcnep, ;uenyje lIa lP!lyH~~ nCKot.,.l CHJlOM_ (aKt~Hja) cal:\JIal)yjyhH

OTHOP (pcaKl~Hja) Ilpa crpyj,UhY H McwalhY cpJlyl-wa. DPOl13BO)l CHJle (r) H Ily'Ta (L), lJa Kot-Ie ce ,llC]lyjc CllJ10t'-l, npCi--\.CTCiBJh<l H3Bp

meHH pall. (E), ();:~1I0CI-lO cHcprnjy Koja cc !lpcAajc Cl)·:lY l1liY:

E~F·L.

TIpegBld)cml nyT Y TOKY je)J,Hor 06jTraja jc L :::: J . IT, na jc n:mprnemr pap, ITO

je,uIloM 06pTCljy: E ::::0 F . d . It (Jouk/obrl)'

AKO je II Gpoj o6pTaja y jC,D,HOj CCKYHJ.\l1, OI-lJP .ie:

IT· 11 = N (Joule/s = W),

fAe je N CHaf(l KOjy OGpTllIi eJICMelrr I"I-ICwamJU,c caonurraBa cpnYHAY Y jel~IlHMll,n Bpe~ICHa:

N ~ F . d . rr . 11 (W).

1-13 0130ra CeM(»KC 3aKJbY1.Il1TlI Aa cnara rroTpe6ua 3<-1 pa,Ii je,Ll,HC oAPcl)eHC MelW1JlHlJ;C (d cc::; const, n::; COllst) 3amlCH Oil, ClEW KOjOM ce cpJryup: cynpoTCTaBJba IheIlOM

KpcTalby.

59

.. _ i7ofl1peOH.a Mepe/ba u apopatlyH. TIOlliTO MCmamul,Y nOKpefic CJICKTpOMOTOP,

TO ce CHa~'a KO]y OIl TpOIlHl MOIKC JraKO 113MCpwm. n()TpOlllJ-b8 CJlCKTpW'mc CI-mrc,

Rao liTO JC n03I-IaTO 1I3 cj:rH3IIKC, ,ieeTC:

N~ U·I, r,ll,e je U HaIIOH, a 1 ja'-IHu3 C'rpyje. 3Ha'-fH, lvrCpCI-bC ce CBOAn Ha nOBC3HHaI-bC cnCKTpoMoTopa MCmaJllU.J:C ca aMllcplvlCTPOM 11 BOllTMCTPOM H Ha Q'lHTamU-bC I-HlITOHa IT

jaT.JMllC cTpyje . .. CHara ce MQ)KC H~MepJ1TH IT nonc3HBaIhCM CJICKTPOMoTopa ca CJIeKTPH'-IHI1M

6pOJ1UIOM. DOlIlTO 6pOJHJlO l\.fCpn yTpOruCHy CJICKTpW-H-ry cHcprHjy, TO je lIOTpe6l-w 113MCpUnr npC-Me (t) H yrpOllli1K cHcprnjc, a 3a1'11M H3paQynaTIT cHary:

N~E t

/13pagu 3ugcnW::U, CKllL\HpaTH anapaTypy. HanYHlITl1 CYA BOgOlvf H nyCI'll'rn

\H.':UJamuw y pal~· O'lUTaTli C!lcKTpwu-ta MepCf-ba.

Peay,n{{e/ii/II. AKU jc e"ll~KTpO:VlOTOp nOBC:3aH n<l rpal1:CKY eJlc!crpwmy MPC)K)-'

(U:;;:; 220 V) H ()<lHTaHa j,-P1HlIa crpyjc Ha ill\1ncpt\lCTpy 1::::0 0,09 A:

N ~ U·/ = 220 V ·0,09 A = 19,8 W.

npW·(cguli. Epn MewaILY pacTIwPJ BHcKo3HHjer 0)), BOJ~e nOTpolluba cnarc fie 6HTl1 Beila, )7 OBO CC MO)!(C yBepHTH TaKO LUTO ce y CYl~ 3a McmalbC YMCCTO Eoge,

CTaBlI pacmop rnchcpa H H3MCPH IlOTpOllIH~a CHare. y OBOM c}lY~lajy je nOTpOllIl-ba Glare Bena jcp je CHlta (F), KOjOM 06PTl-IH eJIe~

t-·1CHT Mewa;Hn~e Tpe6a p;a nOTI1CKyje TetIHOCT, Bena,

YTpowcHa cHeprnja Inpa'lylILtSa cc KClO npoH3BoA CHare H BpeMelia y TOKY

KOI'<1 ce TpOIlll1 CHara: E ::0.,\1. t.

1.5. TP AHCnOPT q)JIYVlL\A

1.5.1. UPnKE

Pal-U1.ie je pe'--IeHO WI cy qp(iJ,,:c (uy.,<,t~{e) AWWWiC Kofe Cf! Kopuciri.e au i:io/{pc

i.TiUIN' qJJlYUyu ~ '!T\HIOCTll H raC\mJ, OBe MalllUHC ce, 3mFIH, lvwry nOr~CJI11TlI Ha TW" rnzc Ja TCl.JHOCTH (l~pIIKC Y Y)Ketl--t CMI1Cny pC1.!H) l1lJ,pnKC 3a raCOBC (BCl-lTlWcl'fOpe),

He nocrojl1 HUKaKB<l IIpHl-ll~lmHjCJlHa pa3JlHIG1 H3Mel)y OBl1X MallHlHa OCHM y Jta3UllY. rIpcMa TOMe, u,prrKC (ll,pnKe 3a Te1.lHOCTl1) H nCHTHJIaTOPH (u,pnKe 3a raco~ Be) page na HCnu,t rrpm-IIWl1llMa H CJlH'-!He cy KOl!CTPYKll;I1je, CmFIIll1 cy liM H 3af~all,11 - ;~a (])JIYUp: H3 jCAHor npoC'fopa, Kp03 lJ,CBOBO,L\ TpancIlopTyjy y ,11,pyrl1 npoC'fop.

I~pnKe 3a Te'1II0CTII

OB}J.C he 6HTI1 o6jawfbena KOHcTpYKD;nja H pap; Tpli Tl1I1l1 l IHC IWITKe, 11 TO:

~ IOUInHC ll,pnKC,

-- u,eHTp:ncpyraJlHC Ll,pUKe n

-- pOTcuVlOHC lJ,PUKC.

60

K.!l.uilua u,pil.Ka. HajcTapnje I1.pnKe cy KJIHfme L\PHKC. OJ-J(·~ ce cacToje 113 WI

JTHHApa, Y KOMe CC Y'-ICCTaHO nOKpche KJIHII. ;aOK ce Oll nOKpcnc y jC,!1HOM CMep),.

TC'-IHOCT ce YCHGlBa y l\lIJTHH,Ll.Jp, (] KarW ce nm:pehe y cynpOT!-IOl\-f. YCHCan<l TC~[1-l0CT

ce HCTHcKyje H3 I·hera, Ha CJIHl~lI 24 rrpUKa3aH8. .Ie jeHH<l TaI(Ba qpfIKC!. 1by IIHHe yr.;!(lBHOM c;:Jc~whll

J~C<T10mI:

I1,HJ1I1H/lap (1), ea npOUmpCl-htl\-'f Ha '-Ieolloj crpamI, Y KOIVIC ce nan:13e ]lB<l

BeI-rnma: VCHCHH (2) H IIOTHCHH (3): KJ1IHl (4) {1 KJ1TIl1H~1 nonyra (5). Koja jc RC3aHa _c~H yKpCHy r)J;my (6): nOMohy YKpcHe L'1aUe (6) 11 IIOKPCTlJC nOJlyrc (B). PC)T<1QJTOHO KPCTalhC Kp11-

naje (7). npCTBap<l CC}-' Yl{eC'rano KlxT<1l-bC K'IllTJa (4): , npnjO-1HH nennm (9) y ;n:OJ-beJ\1 ,Qe]l), YCHCHC I~CH!J 11 3<llIlTHTIICl Kopna (10) y KOjOj ce l-IaJla3H npHjcMIlH BCHTmI.

ea HI) 11 Hil 03Ha~reHa jc BHCHua YCHCaBaIha VI BHCI1Ha nOTlICKHBaJ-ba lWTmc.

BepTHKaJrira cTpcm-ma (A.D.) 03HJ'LlaBa <lTMOCq)CPCKH HJUI HeIGl npyrll npHTI1CaK

H3 nOBpuumy Te'LIHOCTH. .

IJ,pnK3 pa,n:H 1I3 cJlcgehl1 Ha'-HlH. 3aMJACJIHlvIO )J,a ce KJllilJ nJJ133H y Kpa.Jl-hC.n-'l

nenOM IIO]I(»Kajy CBora xona 11 ga ce nOKpehe YAecHo. AKO u;pnKa npc Tora HHJe

61

pa,D;I1JIa, Ol-la Hche 6J1TH HcnYlbCHa TC>-lIIowhy, Hero ntl3p:YXOM. 360r KpCTaJb3 KJIl1IHl

nO"LIclie B33p:yx y IJ;J1J1HHIJ..PY H npOlllIIpCl-by ga ce nmpn, TC he y OB01\:1 rrpocTopy HacTajaTl1 eBe Behc pc13pCbclhe. OHora TpcHyTKa K3ll:3 npHTHcaK y OROM gCJIy rrpOCTO

pa nOC-TaHe I-UDJ<H Hero liITO ,ie CTIo}hHII aTMocq)CPCKJ1 npHTHCaJC (YM3H,cI-r 3a TC)KH

Iiy cTy6a TC'-rHOCTH Y YCHCHOj qCBU), TCtIHOCT he Kp03 yellcHB BCHTHJT UO'-leTII gi:l

YJIa311 y l\HJlI1lI)J,ap Ii):\a HCITYlhaBa nrOCTOp Kojn KJIIm ocrmm,i1 3a co6o:rvL Ka;:J:a no

pc Y KpajI-hH geom nO.:ImKaj, KJIHTI hc nO'-lCTH;aa ce Kpche y.neRo. 3601' Tora he ;a,OhH

;0;0 CM3ILJIBmbJ npocfopa KO,iI1 Hcnyn,anajy ctlJJYHJlH (y nO"'-IcTKY: n33JWx H TC'-II-JOCT,

KacHHje Ca1\10 TC'IUOCT), YCHCHH BCHTHrr he ce 3601' 110BHlUCnor npHTIlCKa 3tlTBOPH

TIi JL, Kana ce rrpHTJICaK 6yge gOBO:bITO nOBlICI10. OTBOpl1he cc nOTHCIUl BeHTB.T1,

Kp03 Kojn he qmyn.Il,n 6wI'n rrOTIICKTIBmm y nOTHCHH BOg. Ono he lihH eRe ,D;on,n;c rlOK KJIHIT He crurnc :Y CBOj KpajlhH JlCBI1 ITOJIO:>Kaj. 011 Tor TpCHYTK8 nO~Iehe ;ra ce CHIDKaBa npUTHC<1K y lI.H.T1nHgpy. nOTHCHH HeHner ne ce 33TBOPilTIl 1:1 Y ogr-OBl1pajyhct..f Tpeuyn::y 1j()\Jcl1c onCT nepno)J, YCHCamlH-,a ()TBapm-hcr..f YCBCI-IOr nCJ-ITII.la. nOT( ce y nO'-JCTKY H3 BO;J,OHJ T1J~n.1HnJl.:PJ HCIIcaBa n IKTlICKyjC na:myx paJ~Ol\f l~pnKe, KaCHl1je he, on 6IITlI nOTnyno 3cll',.JeH~eH TC'THomhy Koja hc, lIOCle HCKOJIHKO OOPT(l

j8 Kpll13aje, 6aTIl C<l\l(1 YCHC(lBaI-W H nOTIlCKIUBHa nOMohy Il,pnKe.

3anpeh1Hfl<l KOjy K"lJ1TI omHlIC Y jeJ~J-l()J\I XOAY n:mocu:

v= S· L,

r;u:e .1e: S - nOnpITlIma KJITma,

L - XO)J. KJlHllCl (L"" 2/") H

r - nO.fIynre~mm;: KplIBaje.

TIOTI1CIIYT<l 3anpClI.Hma TellHOCTIL y n;IC,FfHOlll C.TI)"lajy, jC,n:H<-lK(l jc 'J;:UTPCMHHH

KOjy ICtlHfl ornnue Y XOiW nOTHCKlfBaTh<-l. AK0 je opoj oopTaja y je,n:HoM l\mITyT)! /1 CO/min), OUlI:a bc qpnKa y jennoj eeKYIli1H nOTI1CHYTH:

OBaj n:rpa3 }W::-IH ec ea 60 3aTO JICl 611 ce W)6HJf;] CCKYH1Xna 3anpclvnma. r;poj 60 lIMa ,UHJ\fCJf3Hjy s/mill. TI01-PCOIlO jc flo,mITH p<PI)'II(l n:a .ie crnapHO TlOTHCH),T(1

3anpCJ\HfIli1 3Cl 2.-1 Dalr, hl,\H,(l Oi-'l Janpnnnrc KOjy OTfmllC K-l11ll, Joor ry6uTaKa KOjU

J-lacTajy npn nO'lTTCKllHcllf,y TC'IHOCTH. 3Ha'II1 ;~a je y OBHM CJIY'WjcBH!VH] 3anpo.1IJI-lcK11 Koeq-nHwjeI-lT Kopncnor ;xcjcTBa 11\ ::::: O,9R-O,90. F6ffl\fC ce rrOMU())I(Il :-wnpoufI-HI KOjy KJIHlI DrTHllIC, iF] fill ce ,noon.'1a cTBapHo nOTHcHyra 3anpnHura,

AKO ce nOCl\JaTjXl MCXaIlll:~aM KOjll npcKo KpTmaje l10Kpefie KJIUIT (CJr. 25). BHnchc cc !Vl on IhCI-IOr npCqmIK<l 3,lBIlCJI 11 );"0,1 K'llHW_ To.ic nyT KoiM K.rrnn npeiJe

- ~.

62

> XOlJ, '! ,UECHO

8CHCABAl-bE

~~

XO)l. '! nEBO

nOH1CKIABAI-bE

JE,lJ,AH 05PT KPIABAJE

H'3MCi)y ABe MpTBC T<1l.u::e 11 n3HOCH L = 21'. gOK ce BpanlJlO jC,Ll,auuYT 06pHt, KJIHn

upei)e ,o:Ba nyTa enoj xo)l: je)~aHnYT CJICBa Y)lCCHO, a L~pyrH ny1' 3,L\CCHa YJICllO. OB<1KclB pag l(p{{!(C ic iicpuogWUIf-I, liTO 31{[\'U! i~a OHa TOKOl\{ cnor KpCTafba liC

IlOTHn:.yjc paBHOMcpno TC'lHOCT, HaHl\H:, :10K ce KJmH Kpehc CJICHa Y)J.eCllo, OOal:lJb<-l

ce C<1[\1O YCYlcaBalbC, a nOTIlCKHBalbC Ttl( KaiJ,<J. CC Km1ll Kpchc y CYJJpOTIlOM npaww,

WTO ce [m;_~H 113 IlPIlJIO)KCllOr .u.ujarp,u-ta (eJL 26). lUpaqmpaHa 1I0BPl.lU1HJ rrpe)1:" CT<lJJ.ThCl Ko.:nnHHy TC'H-iOCTl1 KOjy E!IHI! Y 1l0jCJUtlllH1 IlOJlO)KajIIMa, :.HlBHCHO 0;\ llyr;;l, nOTHcKyje. BUiJ,HMO lVI '/ 1\1PTlHiM TJ"IKJM<l He 1I0THcKYie 1-l11UlTa, a J-Ia cc l-rajB111Ut

TeLIHOCTH IlOTl1CHe Ka;o:a KJlHIl npOJIa3H Kp03 cpe,lumy CBora XO;~J nOTHCKHBJlh3.

0130 ,n;omUII OTYJW lilTO ce lCTlIH! Y CBOMe XOAY He Kpchc paBHOl\-1ePHOM 6P31HlOl\L

Ma;n:a ce KpHnaja o6phc nOTnYHo paBHOMCpI-IO 11 CTaJII-:lO, Hn<lK ce Cil fbI: Gp3HHa

npcnOCH nil KJllHl T<lIW Aa.it: 6p311lIa OBora y Kpa,il-bHM T(I'-IKJMi1 xo;~a jC;J,H<l.KJ Hym:r:

Gp':H-lHa je y cpe.Cl,HHH XO/-lJ Hajnclia.

AKO ce rrpaTH KJUm y IherOBOl\! XO;1.y, CJICna ynecHo, KJ.CI,a YCHczlBa y rrOLleTKY

.ie 6p3l--ma KJnma je,U.11aKa ny;n-1. a 3il'l'.Hl\·j CC noneliaBa, nOK J-W llOCTl10Ie Mal(CI-!z,,-raJI··

lly npe,n;I-lOCT y CpCJJ,Hl-IH xo;Ua. OA Tor TpeHyTIGl Gp3HHJ KSIHIl<1 1I0C'rynno orra,a:a na on Y i-leCHoj MPTBoj Ta'-IK11 OfilIa jem-JaKa uy:m. Te'IIJOCT Koja ce [Iam13H C JleBe

CTpaI-re K.rmll.'l, nOUJTO HHje KPY'l'O BC3aHa 3a !-bera, nchc l\lOhH .ua ra CTalIHO npaT!:1

'~Gor HHcpqrrjc cBoje "·Jace. Ha}L~lC, KaJ1,<1 KJ]IHI IlO'-IHC ACl cc Kpehc, UC)Tpd)HO je. na

CC HCTOBPCMCI-lO llOKpcnc 11 C!3a Maca 'lYLIHOCTU Y YCHCHOM nogy. YK(J:HIKO je 'raj HOi],

)lY)KH, YTOJIJ1KO he II MaCa Te~Il!Ocrll 011T11 Beha, TC he 1'1 HCIlOKpCT.fl,HBOCT, KilO no

CJIC,QHl1,'-l Hl-lCpnnjc, UI1TH Bcha. 360r Tora 111'1'0 ce TCLIIIOCT He KPCHC O,UM<lX 3<:1 KJl11-

nOM, '-{eCTO ;~OJ1a3H l1.0 paJ)1B~ljal-ba TCLlHOCn-f on KJUlIla. ')/ o;o,pebcHoM TpeT-IYTKY,

3Gor CBC Befier pa3pd)cl-ha 'y' CJl060Al-IOl\1 npoCTopy 113a KJIIma, [ro'lche 11 TC'IHOCT

;n:a ce Kpehc 3(1 KJlHnOM, 11 TO y:3 CTam-lO y6p3aIhC. Md)yn-Il\"l, K<1,ll.a KJll1lI npel)e rrOJIa

xo.n:a, IIOl..IHILC cBe CllOPHjc )la n;o,e, JWK 33 l-hHM TCl..lI-IOCT jYPH CBe BchOl\l 6P3JlHOM.

Y jCW-iOM TJ)c-HYTKY TC'lHOCT hc eycnIhn KJnIn, YAapl1TH 0 IbCnt, TC he BHlUaK CBOjC

KHHCTHLIKC CHCpn-1je TP0HYTHO UpCTHOpllTH Y Ilpl1THCaK. 360r OBora he ce npc npe

MelIa 3i.tTBOPWrlI YCHCHl1 gCHTI-1.Ji 11 OTBOPUTH nOTJ-1CHH, UlTO 31r:1TJIO Ol\l~Ta npa13H

JJaH pan U,PUKC 11 TaKO CMaI-byjC I-hCH KalIaIJ;I1TeT. C1I'W·Ula rrojana p,cwaBa CC J[ Y ll()~ THCllOM Xo,n;y; jcp, Kaga KJum no'mc enopaje p:a ce Kpchc, Te~lHOCT I1CnpCA I-bCra

HMa, 3601' HHcplJ,Hje, jolU YBCK BCJIIIKY 6p3HHY, Te ce onnaja on KnElla II ygapa y Ibcra TCK apM Kpajy xoga.

HegonTlail"i(lf{ K_1LUIl-UlX L{[JiJxu je willu UHe page ilepuogullHo u wiIio He AWZY g[lpeJ.aUHO ga ce (-:;eJfCY 30 elteKiiipOMoiTiop J-1JIH 3<1 BI1£lTHJlO TypGHHC, CBC ,n;OK CC OBH-

1 3 /

CWf((127

I J/.

2

POTOP gaje TCt-lHOCTH nC.TIHKY KHHCTH'1KY CHCprl:Ijy, 11 OHa MO)J(C, Ka)J,3 rrOCTO

.in, naKO ~a ce rrpCTBopH y cucprnjy npHTl1CKa. AKO ce Teql~OCTn nocTynno O)),Y-'311-M3 6p3HI-Ia TaKO UlTO he ce rrycTHTH Aa YTH'Je y npocTop KOJI1 ce rrocrellCHO IlIl1pII. Ol-I;n:a he ce, !.UTO cc TIM,II)1 113 EepHyJIujeBc jC)J,l-Ia'lumc, je.llaI-I ll,eo KHHCTH"Y:KC CHcprH

ie rrpCTBOpl:ITH Y cHcprnjy IIpl1THCKa. QBO O)],Y3HMalhC 6P31IHC nOCTJDJ(C ce Heh y (aMOM POTO}}y. rrOlllTO ce y lbCMY pacTojaH>C 1131\'f(1)Y cyce~HHx JIOImTI1I~a rroBei1aB3 npCMa rrepmpepHjn, na, caMHM ~ll\.I, IT llpeceK Kp03 KOJI1 TCtI!i0CT npOTI-FIC. 111.3 CJH1KC 27 Bll;ITH ce Lia POTOP He CTOJH Y oKnorry l~eITrpWIHO. Hero JC noC'raB:bel-I TaKO

p;a ce OKO l-bera nan33H npOCTOp nY)JG1CTOr 06.iII:IKU, KOjli ce IlOCfym-IO, IlPCM3 H3.n(1-

:ry, l1I11pll. HajwHprr jc rrprr H3.na3Y II3 IxpnKC. DAROCHO Hil ymi3y y nOTHCflY nCB, f}.le .ie 11 nprITHC<lK HajBefin. OBaj npOCTOp ce 3aTO ~ICCTO IW3Hna 11 rrpOCTOp npHTnc~a. Jac.no je l~a ce n<1 onai nat.llIH Te"IHOCTll ne Cl\'Je OYlY3C'TH CRa KIUfeTH'-TK3 eHcpnlJ(],

Hero jC)j CC },wpn OCT~lBHTH y TO.lIHKOj KO.:rWII1IlI1 na !>W)Ke, ca lJJTO lvIalhHl\{ ry6n· I~HMa, ria cc Kpehe Kp03 o;CBH, a n(l CC HCTcmpeMeHO nOCTJDKC- >KCJ}'eml KanaU;UTCT.

J7nope /{{/j)(lJ{lTiepHCiTlUf{(' (lA/IX qpiJf{1l cy /laTio 01{(' page }(Ol{lTiU}{Yllpmi~, lluTio cy [10 /{(J/-{ciTip)-'!':I{uju i]pociTic II II/fiio .MOl), gl.lpc,,".iTilw ga (C .(W)fCY aa CJ1e/{IIlPO.MO

m.op. One ce I\wry 113pai)HHaTH Oi! Hajpa:mOBpCI·m.Jcr I\·ErH.:pH.1'LTI'1. Hcyoc({{[((iim:: H...I1 je /Jlllio, fW{ln cy npa3f/C) He .M02y ca .. He go lIoT/ueu)' (wag)'x 1/

VCf{C{1iy iilc'lfwciTi., ncro 11M ce OHa lvropa Ha nCKH TTa'Il1H nO;J;aTIL O!l.fWCHO Bd3;IYX l1CI~p:ir~Tll (naj'-lemhe HeKOM KmmTlO~'l l~pnKO\f). Quc 1I!'..fajy HeUnG \U}hH CTenCH

HCK()rJI1nll1eH~a on K.:UWIlHX :u,pnKH.

POTatlllOlIa l~PJIKa .. - Pan pOTanT101H1X I~PIlKH 3<lClnma C~ na HCTTlCKUB,H"), TC'"-l}JOCTIl nOl\w:lw IGHlHOBa KOjU ce jcn3H npCMa ApyroMc o6pny 11 yn:nc .leiJaH y JJ.PYrll. Ha cmn~n..' 28 rrp11K83aH~1. jc 3yn'"-IaCTa pOTal~HoH8 11,p!TKa,_Koj~ cc cacTojI1 M3

!1BCl 3VD'-JaCTa pC)Tan;HOlIa KmH1a (1 111'). /(._711110(HI ((' o6p/ty y CyUpOI~/HU.M c),·rC[J00U

JHa, a' 3)'a.l~U jegHO?' IOluila YJwae u:J.kwf)y 3yfim,a gPJ·ZO?. nOCi\!(:rrpa.lMO uITa cc ne

IDaBa Y Ta''IKH G. Y TOM ,ueny l\rmKC 3ym~H IcnHlOB3 H3)la3C jcnan II3 Jl.pyrora, 300T'

l.Icra H3McIW }hHX oCTaje c}I06npJIH npocTOp. Y Taj rrpocrop y~a3n TCl.IHoeT Koja

npOTH'IC Kp03 )J.OBOJ~lly nCB (I). 06phyhB ce ca 3VYPIaUHKOM, TCl.fHOCT J(ocncml y T3-'"-IKV b,..' rne 3VlU~H no HOBO ym13c jenan y JW;Tor Hcnyib(l.B3j:'lhv. Meb~'npOCTope 113- I Mei)y 3YTPli:UHlJ(a II IlCTIICKyh' TC'lHOCT rwja --ce Kp03 0iWO.IJHY neB (11) II,a.1be nOTJICT{yjC.

OBe l.\pnKe cy nr.no DO/lCCIle: '3(1 pail. ca mICK03THlht Te'TTlOCTH\'la: IGnpmWl\l,

VThe)"vl, MnCKOM, 1ll1BO\.L H>Hxono npewvly-ttCTBO je UlTO 11M je Koeclmn;Hjcrrr Ho.::Opll j'

mhObCt 1106ap. nyro Tpajy Ii je;:J)10cTaBHO

ce 113pal)yjy. Vf3pai)yjy cc 3a npHTHCKC)],O C.f/.rt/w2fi

100 6apa.

:J 65

U:PIlKC 3U ruconc

BeHTl1naTOpn cy l.l,prm:e nOMohy Kojnx cc TpancrropTyjy raCOBlL Y u;pnKaMa 3(1 racone Hajqemhe ce TpaHCIJOpTyje m13)l;yx pa)l;H OCTBapHB3!ha BeHTHmn~Hje y p,mHHM npocTopHJaMa.

UcrlllipucjJ.vza.t1l-ll.{ 0clliJill.fl{{iJinp. Kon OBl1X u:.pnKH cTBap,ube npl1TlfCIG!, 0iUfOCHO B3KYYMa, nOCTlDKe ce l.l,elrrpnqYyra.!IHOM CIL'IOI\L t.IecnIIJ;c raea Koje )lOencHajy Me1)Y .'lOOaTlllJ;c pOTopa. HOIl, /."\ejcTBoM lleHTpHrpyra.lne CILTIe Ao6njajy H3BecIlY 6P3Iiuy Koja ce, IGIO H KO~\ u:.pnKH 3<1 TctmOCTH. npCTBapa y npl·1THG1K. 36n! Tora rnTo jc

Maca raCOBa y nope'gerhY C(\ TC'IHOCTH\.1:l Mana. TO.iC H i(CjCTBO l.l,elf'rplHi'JyrrlJIHC CH~ nc MaJIO II nopeg UeJ!HKHX fip3HH<I 06pTaIha. YjegHO . .-t1 OOpI/7HO.M 1I0.·7Y .. HO?}' re gofiufi.lu CU.MO JH{1JlC j)(13fll.ll{C lfPUi71lfC(f1{(1. 360r '-lera cc, Kan. cy IIO"rpc6nn Rchu rrpu-THCI\H, KOrmCTC BHITlCCTenelIH nCnTVIJI,:nopn Typ6oKoMnpecopn.

qewrpm})yraJIHH RClITHmrropl1 cc cacrojc H3 06pTlTOr K0.713 ca pammM (CT\. 29) llJIH, jOl1l OOJhC. eel KpHBHM KpmIHMtl Roja ce o6phy y Dy-':"K<lCTOM mel0ny. AKO cy

rqn-L13 panlla. HM3 lTX TTtlj"Jel1lnC )I.-1'L10 n lHlIpi"l cy Hero KOn }JO'rop;'l Ctl KpliBHM Kpn·

.11111'1.'13. OB<lKBll BCHHEJ<lTOpn Wl.jy 1\1,131(: IIPllTllCKC, ;tJIlI cy :.'jaTO nO],eCHll 3('] nOKpe

TClH·,e RC.111KIfX KO.llWIHH'l raCOBa. ;\KO cy HO)1CmCHU na llCTICanajy j'aCone, H<l'm:p,;ljy

ce cKcxaycropHMa. BCHTWTilTopn :-.wry ;VI JWi\ n TlIWTBCKC 6,-200 mm Bor~cHor cTy6;:L flCllITill.wiif(JjJlI ("{/ I{-Pl/(n/.M /;P'U[{J/{I ,uw.l)· I-wi'lcwli(: oc.-1IIr,·)' I~!nlllt.v o6p[TifflNI; (w .. Hofi\' 1M/X cc flnclTiwl/(Y n(' . ."/l/.f'U ilplliTiuC/(I.I. f-iajnctiH nCHTTLTrnTOpl! JiI\13jy

IGUTaI(IfTCT H I;HUJC O~\ 20 000 m 3jmin (3(1 )Jonoi)eIT~c Ba3;1YX(J Y pYJmnKC). nOIIHO cc Kp03 nellTI1:T<lTOPC rae flOKpche pa]~Ilj(j}mo, mm: ce na'')l-majy VI pa~

nnjaJ1HHM HeHTl-lJIJTOpl1Ma.

A"~CUjU.illll{ GC}{iIilUrlIiiop. nponC.Tlepo.:n ll.lH aKcHjamm BCllTlLTJ(JTOP liMa

POTOP KojH.ie y 06JHIKY nponc:Jepa. Kpcn op,aK~-lB BCHTTl.:mrop rae npomnH (lKCJ1-

jamw, y npam\?' OCOBHHC nponc.'"jcpa. Ep:mi\J 06pTmr,0111pOnenepa CC '.iaXHaTl-l B;'n

iTYX IT nOTnCKY.1C ret. f'JIaBl.HIH<J (1) OT3ClKBnx POTOPZI (CJl. 30) Inpabyic cc n,mac TtlKO 1.1[1 Y Thy MO>KC

JHi ce craBn VI C11eKTpOM01"0P Kojn npmre.TJCp nOKpel'ic. D,ci tilT J(OIlI.iJO no UITO M;]lhtT KOBlTTJf,lIh<llEI1JIYX<J 01\0 [f,e, ona ceo K(!O 11 Kpn.'Ja npoTI(;';ICP8: (2), j·npat;y.ie "y' (lepo--

iJHlla~1H'-IKO"1 UpOqJ!1JIY. nOAwhy oaLix Uel-lllll,{Jl£lIliUPO go6uju cc eHtU/(l PU,"'WW{U

ilpuii.luu(({, ~UlH ce :JaTO IlOKpchy BC.:UU'-C

KOJIWtHUC Bi1Ji\yxa. ITpone:lepCKI-I BCHTJ-1~ ,;l~rropu ~~allac ce npJIO '(ICCTO (tWO 11 LTJaB~ ~!l-ma KO.lCl HCTOBPCMCI-lO C1I),)KU Kao J<1-

lllTHTa 3a MOTOp) l!3pabyjy O)J, KCpal\-1HKC

HJHl O,'J, U;!acnFlHHX Maca, Koje cy 110C'1'O

jauc npcr.1a raCOBIL\\a KOjC HOKpchy. Cnant upnKH Ii nCIITI'I.'ll.lTOpa. I.~pn

KC 0 BCllTI,Ui.tTOIJC 'lIoK}'why CJICKTPm.W

'J'UpH Ha TaJ HallHlI tilTO (;!JCI"::TPWHlY eHCp

t'U}y llpcTBapajy y \-li~'_XalJl1)IKy eueprujy }JU'rolJa. PO'J:op C""ICKTfH)\turopa CllojCll je; ca nOj'(HlCKH\l Bp;JTJ-lJlUM llJ)!jKC HJIH IW-H-

2

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/{: -

TlL'li.rroPiJ, ~lHjH UOKPCTHH ;~CJ1UlJ!J (leU-ill. Cillkd 3U pUTUp) C\UIllJ.lT<-lUajy t:l-Jepl'Hjy (l):ly!l~\\

JloKpchy. LHc'Pi'l-lja KOjy t:.~lCI(Tp0:\1UTCl\) TPU1UH Y jL'~UHU!I--\ll BPCl\lCHil Hi:UHBd cc

Cll~lr';\ CJlt::K'rpUMoTopa.

rIPl1 !lpcTlJap~IILy C!!,I1\~ oi-! C:!!L'KTPH'JJlC HO \-1CxaUWIKC 3dI'llM npl! llpGHOCY

C!Iarl~ 0/-\ l'"'lCKTP0:>-lUTUjXl ;~o U,plJKC II If,CllllX IlOKjJCTIIlIX ,J,c::10B<I lL ROBa'-rHo, 0)1

llm.::j)CTHl-J){ ;K.'10U;l ll,pnKC- !J,o (1),'IYl!;J,Cl -- ,!.~o.rl;r3H ;~o ryCiHTKCl Cllarc.

Y CJcj\ TUra, euepraja kUjy lIPHWl cl)}lYll,'..l y je;1HIU-1ll,H UpC!lell'Ha (X) YHCK jc 1\'1a

I-La Ol~ eI-!CPLUj(; KOjy 3d U,--"j'O BpCMt.' )'"rplHUl-j r-,'l(rrop (:\} O;\IlOC OBUX ClIiJra H;-UHBCl

CC C'fI-.c\1cn KUpLtCHUr pe,icrua (-q) qpm':'L' IL'JI-l BClITlD"rfopa'

N '1 ~-

( cllcprHja caolllJn\_~!w cl}]lyr{D,y) / I ~ .. ,----.,,--- (y'l'J)() HI CJ';;~';;-c p r~j a) / f .... ~~ .. --

El-lepnrja KOjy TlwGa GIOnUlTl!Tll (l»'ly!-1!.~Y pe.!laTIlBl-lO cc JIaKU :'-10>1(( OJ~pC.ilHTU UjJl-ll\JUlO\j (,cl-JCprcTCKC j(;,~llJa'HII1C (en. lU) H3 Koje je ;wnaTH<I cIIcprIIja (Ed):

, \ flu)·g+ +E.

p

JI,a On cc ona jeilll;'!lll-lI!,l i~o6p() P'-l"JYJ\-lC.'lC'l, TpcGi.1 CL' flO;,{CcTJlTlI n:<1 f,'d rrpe,TJ;

(-J ~\UJJJa eI-1Cpn-ljy Koja Ce ;,\O,l\ajc CB::1K()!\l KWlorpa:\-IY cj))lYlHta KojH npOTeKUC KpC13

lJ,pw,-y IUHl l~ellTJI.:I,-tTOp_ Oil':] CflepJ'uja CL'- fll)'rpOtlIlI Ita llOBCha!hC llUTClllJ,llja:llll~ cllcpruje q)_llyll~a -- hJ, nOBdl,-UL',"l<HIlCTI1'tKe ClICP1'Iljl:' (Wi? '- H'(/)!2., Iluuel'iaI-he

~HcprllJe JlPI1Tl-1CKa / p ~ Pa / p) II GtfL'!<J\)HBalbt ry6HT<1K<1 Y BOi-\1l (EI).

Cl1;jj'~l nO"l'PcGu,l '3d Kper,l!bC q).:lyJ[,~a (N) ')':lBHcHl'ie U!-i Gp3l-llle KOjOl\l (1)JIYH,lJ,

aj'lOTl!'JC KpOJ IWllK)', O):\I!OCHO on H)lTonor !\-WCCHor npOTOKc\ (qlli) Ii ellcprnjc KOjy ILpnKCl ;J0130Wl cl)JlYH~~Y (Ed). Hamvlc, iWBC;JClJa ellcprujJ (Ell) UPCi_(CTa13JhCl tHcprnjy

KOjy nOGuja jC,l\'-lli KHJlOl'pa;"-f tIJ}l}-:ui-\il. 'y KOJIHKO jt: llPOTOK (1)1JYO)),(I BcIiH, YTOJlHKO

he !lImIt: CHl'pt"J-lje y jt'i-ilU-UlL~H Dpl~l\IClra qpnK:t GlOllWTllTH cIL'lYI-l;\y, na je. CHara:

N = _~:aOJl}!~~~:::_~!a ellc.enfja. ~~a5::~l_p!!.l.Hga l\1<lca qJ:lYH/J,a BPCMC

11JlI-1:

N::;:;: Ed' qm'

TIOWTO CC Maca cjJJlYI1ga y npC'rXO).lHoj peJ1al~HjlI CKpaTH, jacHo jc ,U3 N I1PCA~ CraBJba cHeprIljy C(toflulTcny clmYliAY Y jep;I1HH:u,n BpeMena, OAI-IOCI-IO cHary.

Caila jc CHanl nOTpe6HiJ. :Ja nOrOI-I u,pnKe (N!,):

113BO~

NlauHIHc 3a nOKpcnUhe qnYllALl IiCJIC CC IIil UJ:JIlKC J3 TC"IHOCTH (qpnKe) 11 ll,pnKC 3<l raCOBe (BCIlTHJWTOPl!),

Haj'lC!llilc CC KOpl!CrC J~t~!rrpHcl))-TaHHe l~pllKe jcp cy jC,Ll.I10CTaBlle H pa!--\c KOHT1myaJIIIO. :KJUlHllC H POTiJH,IlOlle l(pnKC !\-1OJ''y' ,G.a OCTBClj)C- UCmH(t'- npHTIlCKC y nUTl!

CHOI\I B0JJ:Y.

qClrrpl1cl)yra!IIlH BCllTIL'WTOPH ocmapyjy Bchc paJjUlKc' npltTl1C<\K<l Heru <l_K

CliJa;lHlI BCIITH.~I<tTOpH_

IUITAlL.A

1. KaKu ce ';:\c;lC L\pnKc? 2. HalJ,pTaj ~\Hjarp;ul IlOTIlCKl-!B'-Uh'-l 'rCtlHOCTH K:lllnHO~l U,P!lKOl-l y TOK)1 'fPI-!

oopTaja KjJHBujC 3. Ha Km-j npHl!lUmy paiW lJ,cnrpmJ),)TCl.TIHe lq)l}KC, a Hn KOM npHIlW1lIj--' lJ,el-l~

TP1Hl))TaJUHl lJC!-ITll:l<_rropH?

4. Koje cy npe;1)IOCTU L~elrrpH(I))-"raJ1l-lHx LlpnKH?

5. Ka);'-l ce KOPllCTC '.:l),ll'JaCTC l~pllKe?

6. Koju nCllTH:laTOPU llMajy Bebu KalIaU)1TCT?

7. KaKo <lKcujamH! Bl:I!TIU,_lTOP llO'l'HcKyje Bi13AYX?

BE LA

0)WE1,IIIlAlhE KAI' AKTEI'I1CHIKA UEHTI'H<b YfA;!i!i', Ul'lIKE

3a;~aTaK L 113JICjJUill// f(oct/JUL(uicfU7i r,:ujJUU-lUZ- gcjci{iO({ UP-I.

[lIPllcj)~\·2a.1UC 1~/)i{I;C.

nO[Upc(,)/{(/ iijJcg3lUllva. 3a ~upagy OEe Bt'/KOC -rpcGa OGUOBl-ITH llOf']1(lB.,h[l 1.[,

l.J.1, 1.3.2. IT 1.5.1. AIW .. 'lLI3L1 3agaLlilw. Kocq)HqHjCHT KopHCHor nejerna u.pnKc je:

tV Ed' (jIll '1~-=-~--·

Nt /v'r:

cge cy:

N -- el-wprI1ja KOjy Ao6Hja qmYHg, Y jC)1llHHl\H npcMeHa. N v - CHara CJICKTPOMoTopa,

Ed - cHcprnja KOjy IJ,pIIKa caOTIUl'rana jenmum,Il Macc, qnr - MaccnM npoTOK cjmyu;aa,

TC npCMa TOMe Tpe6a H3Mcpnnr IIOCnC)J;tbC Tpll BCJIwnme.

noiIlpe6HG J'I1.CpabG U flpOpa'1YH. CHara CJICKTPOMOTopa (N,,) MO)KC CC MCpHTH

I-Ia ABa Ha'I11Ha unpcKTHIfM O'-IHTaBaI-bCM ca C.JICKTpwIHor 6pojuJ1a Hnl1 MCPCI-hCl\l

HanOHa U ]a'-IHHC CTpyjC Koja npOJJa3H Kp03 CJICKTPOMOTOp.

AKO ce KopncTII cncKTpH'IHO 6pojJV10, rwje Mcpn lICnpOIIII-hy CHCprI1jc OH,lJ,a .ie IIOTpe6HO MCpJITH H BPCtl-JC (t) 3a Koje ce yTpOilIH eHeprI1ja OLfHTaHa Ha 6pOjIWY, fla .ie:

E

AKO ce cnara OJ1.pc'I)yje MCPCH,C;\J ja'JHUe crpyjc (I) if HUDOHa (U), OI-li-W .ic:

tV!' ;;-~ U . 1.

I\,iaccnl1 npoToK eJ)JrYH,ll,(l MO>KC ce l\WpnTlT IlJ paHHjc nOl\lcHYTC H3'tIHne. EHcprnja ROj).' u,pnKa npe;~aje tl)}TYBll:Y i\W)KC ce U3MCPHTH npllMcl-IOM cucp

rCTCKe jC1J.I!(\\IHIlC (eIl. 30a).

113paga 3agai71x{(. TIpe H3pane 3a,ui1TK<l Tpe6a Ona6paTTl TIpeCeRe (0) IT (b). TaKO Jla McpelLe AonCAcnc cneprnjc 6YAC lIITO jCAJIOCT(lBJIHjC. To 3H<PIH na upeccK

(C)

( a; --f---

C.fIIlIW 30a

(C1 )

(a) Tpe6a AS 6y,u:e Y YCHCHOM, a npeccK (h) y nOTHCHOM BOgy. TIpn TOMe Tpe6a i1a 6ygy rrOCTaBJbeHH lIITO 6JlIDKC u,pnKH. 113a6paHH npeceU;H Mopajy TaK(1)C 6UTl1 Ha MCCTHMa Ha KOjIThfa ce MO)KC MCpHTH npI1THCaK, Tj. Mopajy MM3TIi npl1KJbY'-IKC 33

MaHOMeTap.

ilPCTITOCT3Bll ce,u:a cy H3a6pm-IH npeceu,n Kao Ha cmm,lI 30a. TeK caJJa, 1100IJTO cy H3a6pmUi rrpeceu,u (a~ H (h) 11 o~lOryheHo Mepelbe 6p3HHe II rrpI:ITHCKa, MO)KC ce npHMcHHTH cHcprcTcKa .1c,UHatIIura.

KaMa ce 3aBpUIYllI36op MCPHHX MeeTa (a) 11 (h) II cKIIu;npa anapaTypa, nOTpe-6HO je l~eo cHe-reM nYCTl1TH Y pa)l 11 H3BplIlHTH MCpCfbC.

Pe3YJliTiaiTiu. I13Mcpcnc npc,UHocTH cy naTe y napC)l)lOM TCKCTY . TIoTpOnH-ha cHcprnje. ErrCKTpWIHO 6pOjll!10 je 13.5 min pa"a C}TCKTPOMOTO

pa perncTpoB,UTO rrOTpOUlJbY 0,012 Icv\! . h. 3H3'ur:

E ~ 0,012 kW· h· l GOO sih ~ 4.1,2 leW· s

I::: 5 min =: 300 s,

na Je:

N. ~ Ii ~ 43, 2 ~ 0 144 kW ~ 144 W , t 300 '

- Macc1m npOTOK. 1\-1accHH npoToK je l\-ICPCI-I npnryIlIHOivt TL'IO'IOM BCl 1'>fCCt)"

(c), rge je npctfHHK npnryunmne D, = :2,:1 cm, rmjn je KOC(1m1\HjeuT K,..::: 0,81. Tpanc .. rropTyjc ee BOi~a, a Y TOKY pan3 HpTIKC O'IHTClI-ra jc pa:mHK<l !1h = O,S cm na M,mOMCTpy ea IKHB01'vl.

Bp3MH3 Ha MeeT), (c) jeeTC:

nOJ\JI~lI 3(\ 113paclYH3BiHhC 6p3HHC cy:

K, ~ 0,81

fl.h = 0,008 m

PH = P = 1 000 kg/m'

PA = 13 600 kg/m'.

mlJe:

, 12· 0, OOBm (13600:"1000) kg/ni~8im / s 2 W. = 081 1----- = 1,14 mis.

! •. \1 1000 ku/rn" I "

l10llITO jc npc'tIJ-lHK lIpnryulI-Il1:u;e I-l<l l\-fCCTY (c) n03J-IaT (Dc = 2,5 em). TO JC npo-TOK

(0,025m)"1I -4 ' = 1,14m/s ------4--' ~ 5,64 ·10 In'/s.

Ep3Ima Ha MCCry (n) H3paqYHaBa ce 113 je):~HatmHe KOHTHHYIITcTa (Dh::: l2,5 em):

70

na .Ie MaCCHI:! npOTOlC

4m:;::::: 5,64 " 10-'·'( mJjs . t 000 kg/m-\:;::::: 0,564 kg/s.

~ EHeprHja rrpCnaT<l 4)JlYu!J.Y. TIpe/'.ta CJlHl~H 30a, JIO,lJ,aqu 3(1 113pa~IyHaBa-fbe cy:

hl!~' h(! :;::::: 0, jep cy !:f3a6paUH Ilpeccqu na Hcroj BHCHHl1,

WB :::: 0, jep cc HUl30 BOrJ,t: Y pe3epBoapy cnyulTa 3<.U1eMapJbl1BOM CiP311HOM,

IV!! :;:::: vV,-!iL = O,046m!s ua oCHony JCJ-l,Wt'lHHC KOHTHHyuTcTa. S,!

Fa P D, .ie]) je UpWI'UCdK 11<1 n013pUlHHI1 pCJcpUOapLl jc~~mlK aTMoccl)epo::Ol--l

HjJHTHcKy U\J, i\ = Po + 2,1 bar, jcp jc II<l l\'lCulOMeTpy O'Jl1T~UI Jl~ITnpI1TI1GlK o;~ 2,1 bar ","' T\, +

2,06· 10' Pa.

E~";::; O,jep cy IlpecclVl (u) 11 (b) OJl1uy LipnKe na cc ryoHu,l-J y qCB!-I!\I<.l Mory 3<:tHC\WPI-IT1L

Caga cc J<1MC!-lOl\1 y je~iJ!a'LHHll ;:(OoHja:

Ed

Ca;o:a.ic cnara Koja ce caOIlWTaBa (!).![YI1HY:

N = Ed' tfill = 206,7 J/kg . 0,564 kg/s 0;;; 1 J 6,6 J/s = ! 16 W.

K()I."~(l)!-ll~HjCllT KUpllCHOr ge.jenltl ,ic KOl-iWlHO:

tV 116,6W ··· .. ··-~O,81.

11,1 IV

152 KO:VllTPECOf'l1 H BAKYYM L(Pl1KE

KapaKTcpUC'l'Imc racona.·~ facoBH cc pa3JlllKy-'jy 0).1, Tel.IHOCrIi no TOMC WTO cy MO!JCKYJlll raCOBa H2t Be.heM pac{'oj"HhY jC,LI<1H O)J ,upyror, TC cy npUBJIi:ll.lHC CliJIC a3-l\lCi)y IbHX B~{JI\'la M,-Ule, a CJlo6oAHC nYTalbc KpeT;U-h<l peJIaTHBI-lO Bem-IKe. ')/ nopc

I)C!bY ca TC l !HOCTHlv1a, raCOBll I1Majy Many I-yenmy, paBlJOMCpBO HCIlYfbi.lBLljy CBaKU

CYi_' Y KOjU ce CTaBe, !1Majy HCllHKE KOCq:H1i1,HjCHT TOflnOTl-IOr llH-Ipen,(l 11 1\101')' ce )IaKO KOMIlp11MOBaTll. L\OK .ie, 11(1 IIPl-lMCP, IBBCCHCl KOJIlPIIU-[(l Te'IHOCTI1 wmmbHO o,n.

pcl)eH3 lhCHOM TeMIIepaTypOM 11 3,mpeMIUlOM, nOTJlC OBO HHje ,lJ,OBOJI~HO 3a raCOBe.

71

TaKo, Ha rrplTMCp, HCTY Tcr.mepaTYPY l:f BeTY :mnpCfl.nn-lY MO)l(C,Ua lIMa !1 rac Kojn je IlOA rr~HTHCKOM O,L\ 1 6ara, Kao H oHaj no,/:( npHTI1CKO!",l o~ 10 6apa, Ivwga jc Y il,pyrolvl

CJlY'IaJY Heeer nyTa netia KOJIWlIIH3 Tor Hc-ror raea, lUTO ce caMO 113 OBa [J,Wl JlO)~aT

Ka Huje MOL1lO BlilleTH. 3aTO je nOTpe6HO j~a ee, )'3 TCMnepaTYPY H 3i::UlPCMHH)', uaBe~~e jow HCK(:I BCJIJl'HlHa Koja he fIOTflYHO 0ApellIiTH Cr~H-be Toru raca. Taj Tpehn no.uanlK 3<1 raeone je llO.uaT<lK 0 npuTHcKy. 3'-WQU, c{lia/-{)c laca je agpeiyeJ-fO iIieg Or/go gaga .At}' ce 31-Wjy iJie.Hilepaiilypa, 3m7pe,ltww 1I ilpulIlUCW{.

ORa CTalha raea nOBC3<:UW cy KnancjpoHOBOJ'V1 jC,[\HatHtHOM CTalbJ:

P·V"'nRT,

r;~e jc npH'nICaK P (I\Jm2), \' 3anpellUll-lii je):I.ITOf MOlla y (m",) , TCMHcp<rrypa T y anco.:ryTlIl:IM, KC.1BHHOBHl\1 cTCneHHl\l'-l (K), R :YUlmqnamIa KOI-ICrall'ra Koja je 3a CBC

raconc HCTa, a Ii 031-la"IaBCl Gpoj MO.'l()B~L I1oMohy OB{::- je,IJ):l.<llHlIlC Iv1O)KC cc jj'JP~lqy[-],1'1'11 In HeKor llO]lIaTOr CT<:Hb<.t j"aCil, t.;'!KLlO lit.: CT,:tILe 6HTH IJO;~ U<:KJ1M HPynnl ye

.!WB!1MLl, nLl 611 Ce KmlH'lHIIe raCOBIITC \1LlTePl1ie IdOL'IC YUOP<:i_\HTH uo).why K.'UlkipoHoBe je;VJ(J'IHl!C npeJ.loJ\c ce Y llOpMa!lHe KyGIlC l\-1CTpC.

fI03JMTO,it.' ;~a je,L\,w ;"wc] raea :my:m1\ta '_wnpc\UJl!)' UJi 22,4 i ill'; lJO;J, !!Up:-'l.:_l __ 'l

HUM YC!10BlHvILL AKO CC JHi1 MtL'ICKy.:lCKLl TC>Kl1JIZI Ii !\-l:Jca r,lca, J>.-iO)Ke ~1aKU i~C! ce

O;J.pe,J,ll II IbCrOK: :wnpe\H!lla. O;WTJIC npOIL!.rrIJ3!1 1\'-1 it lWPj\·l;l!llIl-! KYOl!i1 MCTap j

CTBaplJ l\I;:Pl1;W 3a McpCILe raca. ): Tt;PMO~l,l1Hi1Mm~I-! ce y'ltll ,:1,;1 CC npH K~)MllpCCl!jH l'aCOBll 3arpeB3jy.l1aj(iuu()

fl.>ltUjU }'CoIUG f{(Ufl-:iPC<:Ujc jc /:.aga ce OWl fiociTiUJICC u30ITiep)AllO, {/l-wiIlCfi()()u/lJlwju

jc /{uga ce zoc /{().Hi7pIL·t-tyic iio aYl{j(lGwUlI. Kmw cc nO;J, TeXHWIKHM yCJlOBUM;;: HHK'-l-

,[\iJ KOMnpccHja HC BplLII! IIll no)J, jCHIlIf1>I O,Q (ma }.l;tW KpajlLCl (1)!{laja., TO CC CTBapHO

KO~1IlpCCH.ia Bpllll1 no~ YUIOBll:o.W KOjll ce H;:tmnc Hcrile lBMCl)y OBa usa. Te)KVI cc- na ce, WTU je \Wryhllo Bl!UJe, raCOLlI1 npno:uDKl!O ~nOTepl\lIlHM YCJlOIH-ilvJa KOi\-Wpeclljc TIpl-l llIHPCIbY, rClCOlJll Ct: XJwgc, nOJUTO jcnan ,1l,CO TOBJIUTC TpOlUC !fa lllHPCl:bC.

)' IlH;~ycrpHjl! CC- Bpno ~JCCTO KopIlcre raClH: ClvtCllle. ,IIa 611 cc 11 ca lLmla p;1'1)'

Il(lJlO KilO n Gl 'lHCTllM r<tCOBIltl-Ja, rt(J'rpc6no jt JW ce fl03H(!jC l\1U.'1CKY"ICKLl Maca, .I (J

CHO je ,Ll,3 CC TaKBa lvlOJICKync_Ka l\wca C.Ml'Uj~ i\lClb<J 3~U31lCllO OiJ, C(lcl'cwa raca. /\1(0

,ie, ll~U~, cacraB KOtlCT,lIlT<1H, AooHjajy ce pC3y;rnlTl'l j)<l'IJ'll<lILa lGlO r~a Ce pa;.1)1

CrIJapllO Gl XO-l!ljCKJ-! jC}~nOpO;lllllM r:lCOM

:'\'lauHHlc 'Ja npOMCIIY npltTlH.'lW, ,Ua 611 CL' q).:!yll;~ti nOLpc'TamL H(l'rpdlllo .ie

;\U y Ibl1lvW nOCl'ojll pcn)IJlK~'l U[mT1KKCl. Kai_Fl ce OlW CWl'B:Jpu, lIu)-'l-!;\l1 he ca ;,,!ccra Bcher lla MecTO Malber npllTl1CI~a" QLlU KPCT:tfhC noeTH/he ce U.rtl1 'l'(lKO

lllTU CC JJUMohy IIc{(e l\-trtWHUe (kTllapyjr.:: Behu fll __ HlTHc<tl'- (l)';lyll;'~~l HlTO alTO j<.:: 'y'

OCTU.!IOl",j r~Clly ~tace, u.;U'l T(I!(() WTO MaUllwa y jei-\!tOf;[ l\lt:CTY (j).!lYH,lltt cmapa ]\i(UhB

npHTHcaK Heru lllTO jc y OCTLlJJOj l\taCH.

DOBci1anal'[,C J-L'!1-l Cl\,icUbel-l,e npHTHcK'-! Ile C!JpKI! CLIMO :)(1 llOKpcT<tIl>(: q);IYIl,:~a J7o.iwhv -Z __ aco fiog i"(()(:lchWtuAI (lpwTil.lcl{OoH OU(l(l/bajy CC 1I([;jJ{{,j/IlI'lLliuujc ()Ilq)w-(ujc y XC.'HU/CI{U/ lUlgyuuPUju.. I-huMe cc nOKp,.;hy paJJ!c l\l:ummc, [JOMohy [hera CC Idem;:L

nOTllcKyjy ce TC'HJOCTII, cIHurrpyjc cc, pa3RHja H TaKO )J.LUJ.,C. KO:'lllpHMOBim Bi_i'Jil}X

YBOAtJ ce Y Kaqe- 3a BPCfLC f-Ia 0n ce MI1KpOOpraH1l3l\1Hl\la Jl.OBO;O:HO J1()Tpe-0;-Uf

IO.lceOHHK; on cc YAYBaBa Y IlCilll AU 6u cc IIoCioJL,lila)lO caropcBal-hc ropima II ua Taj Ha'IliH nOCTltfnC BHiliC TCMfTCpaType, IloBei1an,ubGM apHTHcKa !1 xJl.ai)C!-LClvL raco· BJ-l cc npCBO)J,e Y Te"UlO CTaI-hC n TaKO p(3)J,Bajajy, nog CHIlJ/CClllA.M l_ljJut71uo:u.M. lWlO cc 06(IG.'ldl geaTillJHlIl,uja, CytuCf-bC, cpu'/liIipupa//)c HT;D;.

JaCHO ,ie p,a ce rrpw 063UJhal-bY CBfiX OBI1X nocnOBa He MO)J(C KOPHCTI-f'I'H cal'lW je)laI-I TUJI M3lUUHa, Hero HX, 0,1:\ cfly'l:I3,ia no cnY"LIaja, Tpe63 Mel-baTH H npHJI3roryana'I'll YCJIOBHM3 paga.

fIpel'lJa CBOjOj HaMCIIH, tvlalUHHe flOMohy KOjHX ce !I,reI-La npHTHcaK raca ,u-eJIC CC Ha M3UlHUC 3a fTOBehal-hC npHTHCKa (KOMnpHMon31he) - - KOMrrpecope, 11 MalllHHe 33 CHIDKeI-Le rrpHTI1CKa - BaKYYM lWI1Ke.

KOMnpecopfl

K:nnllilf KOMupecop. - OBU KOMnpecopn (C.H. 31) Hl'IIajy I-Iaj<Jemhe yperyaj 3a

XJIa~eH,e BOAOM (1), 360r 'Yera cc OKO nnJIJUfllpa naJla3H KOlIJYJhHu,a (2) Koja OMO

ryhyje npona3aK Bone OKO I\HJlHI-1Apa. I-1 L'l<lB(l KOMJJpeCOpa Haj"fcmhe ce XJl3JiH BO

;\01\-1 (3). YK0::111KO.it: cTym1Th KOl\frrpecnjc Hchn. YTOJlHKO ie IT 3arpCB3I-bC Bene TC H

X.'lat)eTLe Mopa ;'Ja 6y;:rc HllTeU3ITBl-mjc.

Pal_I KOMnpecopa npHlG!'3<ln je H<I JUljarpa\fY H<l CIIIIV·j 32 j-[(\ ancll;ncy jc HallCT XOA KJnma K0Ivmpccopa, a ITa 0P)lUlWTY npuTHC<lK raca Y lJ,J-lnI-II-IJtp.V. Kmm cc y C!H)-;\.1 i1CPHOi\lFIHOM KPCT,lJ{,y nOKpeile 0):.\ 1l0.nmlGlj;:1 HI ~o rro)]()f(aja H2 . Kojn CY T,l'-J

KaCTO 03HZl'-ICHH. J-3l1)ilf ec J\a IC'1HJI rIpH KpCTi.!!bY Y.!TenO He ;W.lla:m iJO Kpaja I~HJ1Inmpa. Hero 1-13Meby l-hCra H '-ICJJa qHJ1HlIflpa oCTajc yncK HeurTO CJlo6ogTlor npocTopa Kojn cc y Texmn,n J-ICl3HBCl !UTGTHH npocrop (5). npaBCl liA Y KOOp;annaTHOl'll C[{CTeM), 03I-13"LlaBa 3Ti\-1OCClKpCKIJ rrpJITIIC<lK. Ka;~a cc KJlHTI Barye Y CHOM KpajIhcld n0J10)lGljy (H-:>.) H K3J\Cl no'nre)-1J ce Kpche YIicno, Taf~a ec nenpCl1 H.,cra y I(BJTIlHirpy l-JaJfCnB rae KOjI1 Tp~6a KOMnpUMOnaTJl. To CT(lIf,~ raca .ic o,r~pcJ)cno Ta~lKOl\l (2). 0JWKJre ce BBil)1 ,na .Ie rae npe nO'ICTKZI KOMrrpeClTJc ncm MaIhH)\f npHTllCKOM Hero U1To,ie JTMOC(I)cPCKH H iFI HM<l BCnlTKY '>flnpel\IlfI-l)'. npn CHOM KpeTafh~.' Y-']CBO KJlIfll he canujaTIl rae no nOJIJrrponn (1-~3) CJK ;\0 neROI' Il]lHTlIeKa (P) K01\-HJ}JecHje. TaJl(l ec oTBapa B3,lYBHH BClITlUJ (7) 11 HO\HlH,e H3lJ,yn<1B,llhc. Qno Tpaje CRe )\0 Ta'IKe 4. KaJ~a fC"1nn nODc y cno,; KpajH>H no:rrmKaj (HI)' Y lDTt:Tl-IOM npocropy, Mct)YTI,r)\'L aCTa.no je jOlll raea nop npHTHcKOM KOMllpccnjc. lllTO ::\fHPTTt JlCl he ce OIT HlHpl-ITH.

(lrrCT no nOJfInpOHll, Ka!~a ee K.;mn Kpehe YACCHO. Tel( K(1;(.1 npHTITC8K raca Tn 1TTTc-

pt 1"'<' ____ ,

l~ \

~ .. \ Ii \ \\

At: I ',~-~c~ 5 c(/ cr=~;og-==--f-"

<~/f i I~---++l /

----;.- ,,-H~I -,\~_'-'''"'L_ ______ "*: i 6 Hl H2

em ow 3] C.!lUI((( 32

I 73

THOI' npOCTOpa npn llIJilPCIbY nOCTaRC MaJ-bH 0)], 3TMoccpepCKor, OTBopnfie ce yCHC~ HH BenTUJT (6) H rro'-whe YCHC3nalbC. To he ce AeCIfTH Y Ta'-IKH (1). 0):( Tor TpcnyT

Ka HacTaje CTBapHO YCHcaBaJ-bC [aea KOj}! he y xo,n;y H3)lYBaBalb3 6ll'ra HCTHCl-IYT Y BOn 3a KOMnpl1MOBaH rae.

JaCJlO jc Il.a he xon YCI1CaBJlba 6UTH YTO .. 11IKO l\lalbH YKOJlHKO .ie lllTCTlIH rrpoc

TOp nehH H YKOJUIKO je rae Y H,eMY non fichUM npuTHcKOM. ITog BPJIO HerrOBOJhHHM

YCnOBlllvra MOIKC p;a ce n.ecn ;n,a ce T(lTIKa 1 nOl<nomI ca Ta'-IKOM 2, UITO 611 3JI<l'-mno

;\3 KOMnpecop He 6n HlHlITa lIH ycnca13<lO Te, rrpCMa TOMe, lUI 110THCKI1Bao. 3aTO ce

KOMnpccopn InpaDyjy Tmco ,ua mVf<ljy IIITO MaI-bH ilITCTl-Uf rrpOCTOp n ,lIa je y je;n-10M U;IIJUm.n,py CTenCH KOMnpCCJ.fje UlTO M'HbH. CTenCl-I KOMnpecnje MOra na 6yne 11<lJ1H

n 3aTO)J,a ce rae He 6n cymIlJle 3(1rpcj(lo TC 1'3KO JiOBCO YJLC 3a nOp;l\U1311Bal-he 1l,1I:lHl-l-

11pa AO TCpMWIKor p<lCn<1naJh<l, OnIIocno no ynaJheH,a I1 CKCnn03l1je (lKO ce papE ca

Ba3~\yxOl\I IL1H KHceOHl1KO\l.

PonllUlOua }l,~'HiehK:l. - llYH("I.:hKe cc pa3JIHKyjy OJ\ pOTaJ~HOlmx qpnKH 3a

TC<THOcr)e;,IlI-IO no TO\IC HlTO cy Bene ~l _~rro cy OJ.( H~I1X JI3KIlIC. tJa Cm:H~H 33 npn-· Kc138n<t Je JC;~l-W -r3Kp.a llyna.:j,rGl y KO,lO.l

pcWannOT-H1 K,'amOBIl Htl::l,iY on.'1l1K OCl>nI

U,C. 11 Y OHOM cny"L\ajy npHIIIl,HI1 YCHC{]]3(1-

Fha 11 HCTHCKHnalha rnca HCTTI jc Kao H KO;~

3)'lp·I;JCTBX qpnKH. ,Ua on cc oMorylino np3IHI)lilH pa)(. :~eo nOBpulIfHe jcrulOf

KJIl:Ul3 1\lo]1a ;:ra 6Yi~e CTam-w y i~OJmpy ca gCllOM TIonpuume .npyror· Kmma. To ce rrOCTIDKC TaKO UlTO cc npH 06pTaJ-t,)-' je

J~aH KJIUIl B<l.Th<-l rrpcKn Jlpyrora. TIol\why OBHX ;~yBaJhKH MO)KC- Ji<'l ce n()cnrnre npn

TucaE neTIn O;L1, jellHor napa, a nopen TOj"a

HMajy Ii BeJTHKIT K<ITI<H{HTCT. 360r Tora, nOCT<1BJbajy ce YMCCT() nCHTH.TIaTOpa, Ta-

1\.-'10 nxe Tpc6a nocTiThu Behn IIpIlTHcaR. UITO je tHlPO'TIlTO nOTpc6no npH YTlyml-B(lH.,y sa3/_I.yx8 y npyrc ,1IlapaTc H pcaKTope.

t

Cfl{/l((/33

Kmmn3 mmYy!\--fl.pmw. - KJIHTIna R<1KyyM-qprrKa .ie Y cTuapll KOl\1npeCop Kojn yCHcaB8 rae non HTDKm,-f npHTHCKOtf og an-fOccpepcKor 11 KOJ\mpnMyjc ra iW l1pn~TfCKa Kojn je HCIllTO BHIHH Ol~ (lTMocq.1Cpo;:or KaKO on !>.-wrJla 'I'aj rac H3J~yB(lTn y <lTl\-Wcq)epy. 3(\'1'0 OBe !~pHKe He npenCT3BJbajy en TeopujcKC CTpane HHl1JTCI HOBO Y OHHOCY H(l KJ1HITHC KOl\mpecopc.

EjCKTOp. -, OBC U,PlIKC HeMajy nOKpCTl-lHX JlenOBa (en. 34). KOA H~UX e.e )'

J\wa3HHK VBOPH rac HJJU Te"LIHOCT non npWrHCKOM, 360r "ICfa amI cpnyU,Il,H .Qo6upJY npJ10 BeJ1~1KY 6p3J·my. TaKO 6p3 MJIa:~ npOTWIC KP.03 cj)nYHg Kojn Tpe6a u.pnCTH.

TIOIIITO je 6p3HH8 MJla33 BemlK<:l, npHTHcaK Y MJTa3Y JC M,UTH, MHoro MaI-hH HefO JIfTO je YJIa3HH npnTHcaK q:mynAa. 360r TOf'a he qmyuA rrpO,Il,HpaTH y MJIa3, McmaTH ce

74

C.IIW{(l34

ca IUI]>'!C 11 TClKO GaTH npcw:T )1.0 APyror ;"Uli.t.Hll1KC\. fLlc Ct.:: Ci]J3HHa lJCJ1HlvH1'lH(1 ui\Y~

3H1\1<:1, a ,D,C,'IHMH'-lHO npcTBapa y llPllTl1CflK. .

DOMOfiy I-LHX ce, Ira npl1l\lCp, l-lCHGlBajy raeOlHi 1-1:3 JnapaTYpc, llpoBcTpaB,:qy llpocropllje i1 T<1KO ;~a;Le. Vt1>.iajy M'.lJlH KOC(!ml1,HJcHT HCKOpl-llJJhc.l-ba, Te c: ylllrrpcGJhclBajy caMO 3<1 nOBpC~-!CHe pa,Uouc, elC ce Befie II CKYllJ.Lt McUlJ.J-WC l-~l' 011 HCll:\a

TaJIC 360r Hel~OIH)}bHor HCKOPHl!1hCIl~'!' BlUUl'CTCIICHH C.lCKTopn mIJJY iJ,JJILlC CBe

BchH 3HZl"-Wj, fJoMohy IbHX CC, U(\ UP1B.lCP, HoGujajy HneKl'! lIPHTHCll,U J<.t yKyBaB~Uj,e

rlOj.\ BaKVYMOil-L Pa,l(HO TeJW je BOfWHa napa. fh;Tpc6l-lo .it; HMaTH Y Bt-l,L\Y Ll.a CjCKTOP ;\H»Kc ria CJIY;"Kll lJ. :m KOMllpH!l-lOnaH~C

tIJJl'y'H,Ll,J. Y TOM CJly\{aj~/ ce TaJGlB ypchaj na:mni1 HlljcKTOP H c.rrY)KH 'Ja YBo!Jclhe Te·

-'llIUCTU rn npocropa ca aT:>'Jocc11CpcKHM npl1THCKOl\i Y llpocrop Cil llOBl-!!LlClIHM UpHTJ-ICKOM. HlIjl~lcropH ce KOPHCTC Ja Hallajalhc napUl1X KOTJlOBiJ BO;qUM, a Kau P([i~HO TClO KOPllCTH ce Bop,eHa napa rro).\ UP~!TUCKm.-1 iLl HCTor KOTJta.

EjeKTOpl-! C!lY)KC H 3a l\IellJalbC tlJJlYI-l;~a y:l HCTOHPCMCllH TpallCllopT.

Vl3BOl\

y Hl-I)iycrplljclG1~j IlP01J,CC[-\jI,l;t cc Bp,'lO "lcero Kupllcrc !'aCOlm, lU1jJ-l ce, llpHTH· cal( pa3Jllu..:..yjc 0/1.\ aTMOCt!1cpn:_or 11pllTllcKa. Ilol\iOhy KOMllpceopa nOBehaB01 .c~ npHTHcaK {'(lea. BaKYYl\I-1Wm;,C Cl)';"KC J8. CHlDKelL.C UPI.-lTIICK(i l'aca. DpcJ\Ja CBOje)j

KOHcrpYKll,HjH KOWlpCCOpll l-! I:WKYYM-1WHKC nOD,cehalY na upnK~ n BeI!TILrraTopc-. Doc-roie K:IIU11111, I~Cll'rpH(l)yra:ulll H PO'["('ll\HOflH KOl\lllpeCopu. EJcKTOPH UIY;"l<e 30.

[JOCTH:~aIbe BaKYYMa, TpanCIlOl)T H MCW<'Ui,e qUyHila. CralbC raca je ()Jlpei)cllo IlpHTHCJWlvl, TeMnepaTypO\1 II JanpCMHHOM.

75

IlMTAlhA

1. HaBc/HI n~e cc CI3C KOPlfCTU KOMnpKMOB<lHH, a n~c pa3pe1)cHH rae.

2. KaKBa jc pa3JIHIG1, a KUK13<1 C.lfWlHOCT, npn llOpCi)C!:hy qCIHjJucjJynuuof BtHTHJWTOpa H KOMnpecopa?

3. 3awTo KO!vfHpecopH HMajy x.la,L\l-haK? 4. KaKo cc ;JCJIC l>iaU!IlHC 3a llj;OMeny rrpIlTHCIGI raea? 5. UITa.ie l11TCTHI1 UpOCI'Up?

6. 06jaCHl1 pa,'l. eicKTopa.

O!U'E'bIUlAlhE KAI'AKTEI'HCTI1KA BAKYYM I1YMIlE

BE riA 3a;unaK 1. J13.HCjJlI(iiu ({{eojJu-lu,'u u n7ZaajJilil (jaJ(»)'AI ejcf{({iopa.

D(lliipcuuu iipc!)3ltalUL Tpc;6a Y!10:maTl! M,HIUHlC Ja oCTnapH

Di.Ul,e uaKYYMd (15.2) H bcplrYJHljcBY .ie;~Ha'-IHI-IY (1.3.2).

/iJUUI1I3({ 3aga[UI{{{. npl!ltl~t111 palla ejL:KTOpa oojaUIJ-hCll je pmmje. f1PH TOMe je llarJli.HIICflO J~a BOJW Koja apo.'la31l KPO] [lpeCCI( -1 ltMa nemtKY 6P::HWY 11 BU3aK llpH

THeaK (PI)' )' CJ{C;l Tor lHlCKor npl1Tl1CKCl H(1CTaje 1l0KPCTUI-bC lJ YCHC(1mll-bC ['<tea In npoc

Topa y KO~le TjJc6a OCrBapllTH BUKYY1>.L 0150 crpyjal-bt:: raca H3 BaKYy!'l-Hlpocropa 1<:a cjeKTOpy Jwrai)a ce CHe ;~OK Ilocrojn pa::lJ!IIK<t npHTHcaKa H npecTajc Ka)J.ft ce 113je,nI-ra~fH npHTllcaK y HO;~C1l0M ;vI:l~ny !{POJ npcceK (1) ca npHT1JCKOM Y Ilpocropy H3 1(0-

fa ce H3BJla~1l1 UaJ,LiYX (P). BaKYYM npl:jlCTi.tUJhCl p;J'3JlUKY <JTMOCtiJCIJCKor npllTIlCKa (P (j) f{ HCKor npnTH

CTGl lUi)KCf OJ_I <lTMOCcpcpo::or (I' j):

TIpCl\la TO!\-1C. Tpc6a WICKHBaTll (CJl. 34a), ua he npWrHCaK (P) y npocfopy (V) OIlaW.lTl-l !~O HCKl~ BpCrmocru.

Ouaj llpllTHGlK npc;_~CTaBJl,a cTBapllH BaKYYM I-l l\tOJKe ce 1-J:3Mepl1TI1.

Tcopl1.jClZI-l BaK)'y!>.-l 1\10)1((' cc 113pal lYltaTH 113

CBcprCTCKC jC,lJ,ua lU1\-\(; IJ(.)CT<1BJ1JCHC 3<1 npeCCKC 1. H 2.

no(UpCUI-UI AtCPClb({ u UpOpO<l)'ll. C:rnapml 13aKyyM ce iU-fPCKTllO MCPI-I M'-I!lOl\lCTPOM KO.!l1 J\-!cpn pa-3JutKY npUTl-IGlKa.

T eopnjcKll BaK)-:y~-1 0' lupa'·ryuLlBa Vi3 CIICP-reTCKe .!t:~\Hal[HHe:

110CraBJheTJe 3;) npcccKc 1 H 2. ITpCM<l CJIHJ~H 34 a

)W6np ce: hi =: h2' jcp ejeK'rop CJ'OjH XOpl130IrranHo,

CJ1u!({l34a

76

Ed:;;;: 0, jep CC H3Mcl)y rrpeccK3 1 H 2 He P:OSOlUI cncprnja,

Eg ::;;; .0, jep cy npCCCIJ,H 1 n 2 6mey na ce ry6nqn: H3MCi)y fbHX Mory 3aHcMapHTH.

Callaje:

DOIIITO .ie npeceK 2 Ha aTMoccpepcKoM npUTHCKY, TO je P2 ::::: Po. na je BaKYYM:

1'13 OBora ce BHJ(H n3 .ie 3(;1 f13p,P1YHaB3I-bC TcopnjcKor nJKYYMa nOTpe6no H3~ MCpHTH 6p:mlle crpyj<HhCl '/ IlpeCCI.~lTMa 1 H 2.

"3pa;~a 311fl:3TH3. EjCKTOP (£) Tpc6a nOnC3{}TT1 3a BOiJ;OB0P:UY MPC)K\,. Koja he oCTBapnTH nOTpc6an npoTor< (q\'. CJl. 348). n 3<1 pOTa"H':Tap KOjUM, he ce Taj npoToK !'-WPITT1L 3<1T111\'t ia Tpc6a l1onC3RTll ca npocTopOM (V) Y ROMe Tpc6a OCTBapHTIl CHll·

)KCHH npHTHG1K (P). BaKYYJVH1POCTOP Tpe6a cnojnTH ca ]Vf3HOMCTPOM 3<1 MCpel-,bC

pa3JTHKC <lTMocq)CpCKOr (Po) 11 CIIlDKeT-IOr npllTHCK(\ (P). TI)-'CTHTTI anap[lTYPY Y PZI[.l, CLl'ICK:?lTlT Wl ce npllTHC<lK ilL! MaHOlViCTPY yC'raJIH H

O~n1TaTlT PC3YJTftIT.

3<l6C,'lDKHTH npOTOK BO;o;C Kp03 POTa:MCTap. Yhl\·lepUTH npe"tIHHKC D I II D2 H

CKHI~IIp3TH anapaT)!py.

PC3y.:uumTi.lI. VhMCpnTl1 PC3Y:ITtlTH cy:

D) :::0:: 3 111m D2 :;:, 9 mm qr;::::; OAg c1m·'/min :;;::; O,OOR . 10-; ml./s.

lJ MclHoMcTap ca )1(11130M perBC'rpyjc pa3JTUKY !':o,h = 31,.'1 em Ha OCHon), Koje ce

u3pa"tlYJIaBa CTBapHH naKYYM:

Po = P I :c., All . (PA ~ PB) . g,

OBAC jc Pn - I)'CTYfH£1 Ba3nyxa Koja.ic 3mlCM(lpJhHH(l y OIrHoeY!-Ia rycnrHY >lG1BC. 3aMCHOM 6pOjHH.X BpCAHoern:

B<1KYYM = p o ·- P I ~ 0,315111 (13600 0) kg/m' . 9,81 m/s2 = ~12 000 Pa:::o:: 42,0 kPa.

L~a 6n ce 113pa"(IYW:lO TeopnjcKH n3KYY\f, nOTpe6Ho jc lnpa'IyH3TIl 6p3I·me H3

jenHatIHHC KOHTHuynTcTa:

77

w, 4· qli ·n

Di Cap;a je TCOPHjCKlI B3KYYM:

Po -P, =~(WI2 -w,'),

II 3aMCHOM:

15.3. AM13AJIA;KA H PE3EPBOAPH 3A q'JIYHIIE

0(1, Cj)lDWIKHX II XCl'vrnjCf01x cBojcTan(J TC'THOCTlI 3(JB!::lClJ OlJ, KaKB01" he Mzrrcpff

.la.ITa 6HTI1 Ha~nnbemI cynorm Y KOjUM<l he ce OIfe JlP)IGlTH. AKO cy TC"LfHOCT0 naJw Hcn8p.rr~Ime. aKO cy 3anaJhHne HmI oTpoBIle. Mopajy ce n.fnKLlTH Y 3aTflopcHIfM cYJlOmfl\m. 0.1 XC-MUjO{(' iJpupo.cJc .~wiIiepuie 3anucu og ,wi ne cc JwiJiepuja.:U1 cygoo/.l

u3pabuMJlUu. Cy.u: IvTopa .n;a 6y,a,c H3paiJcH on l\f<ITCpHjaJIJ nocTojanor npcl\T(l Te

"tfHOCTH KOjy C(1))'1')K11, II3 llBa pa3J10ra: un Te~mocT He 6rr pearona;rw «I cYJJ:()l\·) H TaKO 1'a ourreflrmam:l H na1"pn3(lJIa H ila ce TC'IIIOCT lle 6n npJ1,3nJ OJ.~ np0;L\YKaTCl aBe peaKu,T:Ijc. KaTKalla ce 3aXTcua lla MaTcpnja!I o,n: KOf(l ce I13palyyje HCKH CYll rrnn pc-3cpBoap p:a 6yne Jl,06ap wm nom npOBOl1HIlf.:. TonnOTC.

AM6~Ula)fGl. - JvIaJ-Le KOJIWmne TCl..IHOCTH .l.~p>KC ce y ,rIHMellmvt IGlHTa},.f(l nnIi 6anOHHMfl o,n: CT3KJTa. JhIM 3a KalITe je Haj'Icmhe K,UJajuc3H lJ.T1Ii naKOH<lH, Te ee y IhCMY Mory i~p>KaTl111 TaKBC TC'lHOCTH (:yJbZl, J1CKOBH, )JGJBOTHe lWJ\mpnnu;c) Koje 6n cc y He38UTTUft.eHOl\f rn03,ll.CHOM cy.rry np.'LJnc 11 pcarOn<lJTe ea I-bHMZl. Y 6aJTOTlHM3 ce

lW)KC yrmlBJlOM KHCCTIC TC'THOCTH, KOjc 611 pearcmaJlC ea MCTaJIHMa. baJlOHB CC

3aQemhyjy Qenor.H1Ma o,n: nJrYTC, rYMC, CTaK.1a, KCpal\fHKe 1mB npyrnx ()TnOpBlTX

Maca. baJ10fTH cc MOraj), YBeK HaJW3BTlT y 3<lIlITHTHH1'vf KOpnal\W. Befie Kom·PUlHC

Tc':.r.nOCTlI (eq 200 }lIlTapO, pci)c IT iJ..0 400 mTfapa) jljDKe cc y .1llll\-fCHHM 6ypai1;1T1\W. OHa cy OKOBQna IIlHH(l.MJ Koje HX npH KOTln·"u·hY IIITHTC OJl Tmapa II X<I6mh<l. Ka;~a

cy y mlTaH~y XCl\1I1jCKH arpeCHBH.C II KTfCe.'TC TC'-IHOCTH, OHC ce AP)I(C Y HarO~IlITH1\f \1eXaIIIPIKH )10BO.ThJJO OTnoplIHM hyfJOIHJ!\1<l 0;1 KCpal\llm:c. ORe KO.!lWnmc TCT1HOCTIi

)l.I01'y ce Tl.p)l(aTH IT Y !J.PBCHHM 6ypa;lHhta OKOBaHHM CllOJha lllHH<lMa. b::'·'Pa;X 1\101"y 6UTIl J.J3nyTpa npcnY'ICWl crrCIJ,lfja.nHHl\i CMO!J(lMa, Koje nOBcilanajy TIOCrojmlocT

npe:tl·la TOj TC~lHOCTH. 06pY'IH 3a 6ypaJl cy JIaj'[unhe o;x rBO>Kl)a HJIH on. .rr.pyrux On[OpHUX _~crypa, aMory na 6Ym.' H OD: iWBCTtl.

Paf(l1 6OJbe.r 3anTl1Balh<l, MCTaJ1Ha 6ypa,ll HMajy, H8 MeCTY r;o;e jc caCT8BJhCHO ;o;HO ca OMOT<I'JClvl, Ha.i~ICI1Ihe 1"YMCHTf 3anTH13a~r, Kojn ce BpJlO 'IeCTO lIarrojn TC"(lHO

mily C KojoM.ie Y .n:o~(HVY. 360f Tora jc BP]IO TClllKO HcnpanI TaKBY 6ypa)]" a Hapo~ "(uno aKa .Ie y H~HMa npe Tara 6no 6eH31IH. I1cITnpa ce BPCJlOM HOAoM 11 BOJlenOlVI

rrapoM, y3 n:o.n;8salbC nO;n;eCHI1X XCMHKaJTllja. BpJIQ ~'ICCTO ;o;cmanajy cc Heepehe np.n rrorrpaUJbaI-bY nIX 6ypagH, napO'HITO aKO ce aYToreno 3aBapyjy. HaUMe, 6eH3HHCKe

======~==========.= ...... = ..... =~ ... ~ ... = ... ====~ -.-~-- ,-_.-.. .

_____ ----l

78

napc, aKO CC rrOnpa13JhCl 6C!BHHCKO 6ypc, oCJIo6alJajy ce rrpn 3arpeBaI'hY, p,ajyhl1 CK~ crulO31iBHC CMCI1JC nape H mnJ-wxa. 3aTo jc rroTpe6Ho npc onpaBKc CBaKO 6ypc p,o-6po HcnpanI, O)lHOCHO 1:l3AYf:laTH BOP,CHO)."l napolvL

Behe KOJTHLIHI-Ie TC'-IHOCTH, Oil HCKOJTHKO XIiJT--,aAa JlI-JTapa 1.1,0 HCKOJIHKO CTOTH

H3 HarOl-la, AP)KC cc Y 1-lapOLll1THM CYJJ,oBHMa: tUW{/{OGUM{/, KGqa.AW, peaepGOapu.Aw, nJIn y nOKpcTHlH,-t CYAoulIMa: l(uC[uejJHLuw U lTiaJlI{epLlolw.

I1e3cpnoapu Ja TetHlOCTU. - TaIIKOBl1 (UHH pC3cpBoapu K<lKO ce OOWIHO lIa3Huajy) .iccy CYHOBlI, Yr!taBl-JOM 3aT130pemr. Y KOjlIl'vt<l ce ,!~p)Ke Bchc KOJIWIHHC TC-"IHO~ ern. OHH cy HajLJeHlhc lJ,l1!mH!J,JJJ:t<lHor o()}IHKa, rlCTupTucfor UJl11 cqJepwIHor. TaH

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lLIfMJ. !.tp)K<lT1J.

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TPeUiCllOpTcpa MLiTepHFL'1 By"lC, TC ce TaKO Tape 0 lloWlOry;)W TPCI-hct J,O)l(13H yuct-~

y' JIC)KlIfllTHMa GlMOr TpLlncnopTcpa ll:lH y APyrH"11bCrOmrrv[ AC.'IOBUMLl. Jan-H) jc lJ.a jc npBH C)IY'-taj TpClh<l 0 nO,Ll,JlOI"Y HCnOBOJbHHjn, jep 3ClXTCBa uell:, CHary, TO jecT

Bellu pa!~, 36u1' '-lcr,J je OlWKBO TpanCIlopToB<tH,C IT CKylLIl.>C. 3a'1'O ee, ige 'log je Duo ,~-tolyhF{() U 2ge Je OU() et-.:()fU).1W'lI-l-O, ii/peN)(, !".-mamba 3(LHI!FIJ}je iTipel-be"H }{O(iiPfiJLUb{{ y .l-taIllWICI':U.H !]efW(J/lAUI, lIlTO YBCJlHKO nojcBTHl-hyjc npclloc. 3amicIlo o,u YCJlOBa

paJJ:3 H HplIpOAC MCrrepujaJlCl KO.iH ce npcHocH, H3pal)yjy ce pa3Hc Bpcre Tpanc· llopTcpa. I1pcllocna cpc,ucma I\fOry ,ll,<J. ce lIOJ_ie.'lC Y cJlej\ehe rpyIlc:

- TP;]IGtcru TpaIlCrrolJTcpl1,

- J!all'IaCTH TP<UiC110PTCpH. - rrYAG.lCTl1 TpallcllopTepH.

nl-lcy~l(ITH~IKH Tpallcnopn;,pu, xHiwaymlliKH TpallcllopTCpH.

TP:UWCTIi Tpam'lloIJ'l'cpn. ~- CaC'l'ojc cc OJl. (jeo;:pajHe TpaKc IT /(B<1 oyG1La OKU

KOjHX CC OWl oopbe. JC;~c-l!! ()H GY()I-bCB<1 (1), Kao lDTO jc 031-1'-1'1e.uo HEt CJlHlJ,T-l 37, no

Kpehe MOTOp. TpaKa (2) je CBOjOM I~Y>KIIHOM MCCTHMWI}{O nOJJ,YllpT<:l lvtaJlHM naJLl\H-

1\-1(\ (3) KaKO cc IrC OJ-[ I-lCTC3<1JIa no,u: Te)KHllOM TepeT<.l B conCTHCHOM TC-IKHl-lOM. Ca erpaIlc cc llajltcmhc naJr(l3C BcUhlUl (C}l. 38), TaKO p;a OIlH Aajy Tpau,l1 OJI)"laCT npeeeK K<.tKO I\-[crrqmja.:! ea 1-bC HC Gn nai-\'lO.

TpaKa jc Hajl.lcmhe f:Ja~lJllbeI-ta OJ], ry~·UlpaHor IIJI<JTHa, TeKCTH.'la, K(»l'<'C, 'ICHH

<lHor JIlfMa 11 TLtKO J.taJhC. GHa ce TOKOM BpcMcHa, 3Gor R),'lC, nCTC)Ke, a nY)t<liHa joj

cc MC[-b(l :vcrren TCl\mepaTypcKHX K(L'lCOalb<l, 1«.10 H lHIa)KJ-IOCTH B<13Ayxa. AKO TpaK;-l

3001' OBI1X YCHoua OJIa6aBIl, OIma KJIH3!1 npeKo 1l0rOHCKOI' oyoH~a 11 I-Ie MO)KC r~a ce

84

'($ o

,

Kpehe. AKO ce naK cymuue 3aTcn-lC. rrpenI onaCHOCT Oil. npCKaH,<l. 3ailio jc iloiTipenrlO ucfJpa6Ho aail1caaiIJu, OgHOCHO (}iTiI7yllalla~

(fill iIipaKy. TpalGl He CMe Y CROl'.{C paAY n:a 6Y1V:

npeOTITCpci1eHJ H rrpenYJ-heH3 .iep on y 1'0\1 cJly~mjy npn KpCT<:HbY l\l<1Tcpnja]l C8

Fbe naJ-\ao. Hnje CKOIlOI\HT'-TIfO 1-111 Kap:;1 OHa

rrpCJ-lOcn \{3I-hC MJTCpnjaJl<l Hero UlTO JE' Cl/ulw.j8

npopa'IyH<1TO. 3:::rro Tre6n BOJUITH pa'fyna 0 TalmOM T-fOPM3JfHOM nylbCl-h)" TpaKc. AKO cc HanomelhC lIB TpaKy BpIUH pylIHO, TO pam-! OOH"IHO caM pagHHK, (l aKO ce BplIIIl !v1CXaJ-UPIKH, Ta~Ia r-mpajy ,ail. nocToje napO'-BnH ype'bajn - XpaHH.1THI\C KOJC he p;opanaTH 6alli OHOJJl-fKO ;o.-1<ncpnjanJ KOJIHKO.it nOTpe6Ho.

MaTcpnjan ce HCTonapyjc 06WIHO na Kpajy TpaKe. HaHMc, 3601 HarJTC rrpol"reHC IlpaBI~a TpaKc. lVH1TepnjaJl ce 300r IIlIepI~Hjc OJmaja OJ!, 1M; H lIaJ!,a HTJ!,a.'1C.KO Of!: OKpCTHor oy6I-ba. AKO ee >Kc:m Jl.a ce MaTepH.itlJI HCTOBapn Herne Ha epeEllIl-HI Tpa

KC, nocTojn Blmle Ha'IUna n(l ee TO ypanH. HajnpOCTI1jn je Jl,J ce HenoepeI~Ho 1I31Ja,H TpaKe YKoeo noC'raBH HeKa rrpenpCKi:l (HO>K) Koja he ca lbe CKI1P)lTJ.1 lvwTcpnjaJI.

JlaJPIaCTH Tp3ncnopTcJm. - Gnn TpaHcnopTepn (CJI. 39) cy 6ecKpajHe TpaKe (1) lInH Jj(un~H 3a Koje cy rrpwmpurhene KocJ)Jn~e (2). 3H<:P-lTI, KOq)HIlC Mopaj)' yr:IaBHOJ'vf loW 3aY31vfY TaKaB I1o:1o)l(aj K(lKaB 3aY3HI'v{3 6co;:pa.iH3 Tl)aKa, OlV-IOCHO JlanaIJ...

OBI1 TpaHcnopTcpn npcnoce JvIaTepHja.rr HJ1H BCpnIK<l.TIHO HaBIIIlJe JIJIH 1weo naBHIIle f\O 60". AKO je narn6 .lorn M<1l-bH, Ollila ee Koq:nu~e HC nyne JJ:OBOJbHO, Te 0]1.1 KanalvneT HanlO onana. H3Mel)), ;:\B(\ 6y6l-bCl (3 II 3') (ropH)H cc nOKpefic ]VIOTOpOM) 3aTerHYT8 jc TpaK3 33 KOjy cy npwwpIIIficnc Koqml~e. Y iJOlhH nco TpaHcnoI)Tcpa. Kp03 ]lCB<:tK, erma cc MaTepnja.'l K0.111 T1'c6a Tp<ll-lCnOpToBinn: KotjWIlW r8 npn :woKpCT<lIhy 3(lXB<:lTajy H J-IOee ca COOOlyl. Ha ropn~eM ,'l,CIY, rna fOpll>Cr Ba:LIG1, 360r narnoT' 3aOK1'CT<1, 1\w:rcpnja.'1 yea_eg nIlcpu,njc nCIT81-l<1 II3 Koclm[~a. a OHt cc npa:mc npahajy HdflIDKC.

KoctlIn~c CJlCninOpa He nync CC YUCK jenm)KO. Ha CTcrrCll nYfbeJ-ha Kocjmnc. nopen 06-'1HKa It 6p3HHe KperaIha CJICnf:lTOpa, yTIl'lC H npCT(l MaTcpnjaJI(l Kojn cc Tp~nrcIlOpTy.ie. Y J-IapCfu-roj Ta6J11U\H HaT je CTenCH nYT-hClba Koqmuc y npOUCI-ITHMCl 3aBHCHO OLI KpyrlHohe !\WTepl1ja,na Kojn CC TpaI-IcnopTy.ie.

1---BpCT3 - --rC;;;;--'T Bpcra CTcncH

i Ma'fCpHjaJ1a i nYI-hCI-b3 (%) I l\taTcpHjaJTa nYI-bCI-h3 (%)

1~---lV-l-e-Jb-aJ-la--'T' 80-100 II YraJb (cllT-,-m-ej-I1c-)-- 60-70 '-~-II

L 3PHO i 75-90 ____ +_YraJb (KPYI1lUl_j l_')_-,-_ 40 __ -.. _5_() ___ ~.

85

H3 LUa6eJ1C cc 6ug[( ga he I1ciliu eJlcemTiop I.lMmTili aehu KaLl.G1.?llWeiiJ 30 cuiTiflU/I.( .MaWepuja.,1; flouuTio OJ-{ 60Jhe L1yJ-Ul Ko4n(l~y, Hezo aG K]JyUHl-(ju.

Ueo eJleBaTOp, 360r cnrypHOCTl1 pa,qa, HaJIa3H CC y OKJIOny. 3aTe3aH~C ce np

UlH rrOKpeTa}beM p;Ol-her naJbK3 y o,n:ronapajyheM eMepy JIC>KHlIlTa. Bp3J1I-Ia KpCTaI-ba TpaKe H3HOCH OKO 1 m/s. EneRaTopHMa ce CJ1Y)KH npn TpaHcnOpTOBaI-bY 3pHacTor I-:T M.TJeneHOr MaTepHjaJW: >KliTapHlI,a, peiliCTaCTor YJba, 6paUIHa, neeKa 11 TaKO gaJLe.

Ao6pa cBojcTBa eJIenaTOpa cy UITO npCHoce II KOCO H nCpT}IKamlO, IIlTO 3aY3HMajy Ma.TJO MeCTa H CHrypHO pane. HellOCTaTaK VIM .Ie UlTO ce Mory 33 l rernrrn aKO

C1UJ(O 39

86

I 3

" /

rn ,r 2

!

4q

npeH()(,C ,']CIL'bHH H KPYlli.lU J\ldTcpujaJl. A.K() Tp~lj(a UJla()uB1L MU>KC ;~a /--\oi)t',UU jaKHX

y,'~ap(\ K~)(I)lJl~(i (} OKJ10U, [J~lj'-!ClLlbl: H~,n!Jnajy KBap

TpauCHOrnepH. OUll Tp,HICnOj.HepH (Ul. 40) cacrojc ce 0;.\ UYi-IC

crmpane KOJi1 cc u6phe Gl XOpHJO!lT~L'UJOM ()COBlHlOM. OKO CHUP,UIC cc nClJlaJH O.l1}'E. KPO? Kojn MUTc'pflja,:1 Upo,'linu nOTllCKHB'-lU 06PT;UhCM CHHpaJlC. IvLncplJ-J<lJi ;/]w:m UJ JeJ--\iJH Kpaj, a l1CTllCKyjc cc Ila Jwynt.

. TIPl1 OBUM llpcuocy, Kao H llpH OUlJld UpL'1I0CH~'Ia 0 KojHMa heMo rOBOpWrH K<1C

IUiJC, Hc;W nU/(jJt:lTillux gC'lOG{1, :~oor ~leI'a OBH TpaHcllopTcpn J(lj'3HMajy MalLe npo~ CT~p,J, \.. .. l!llp~L'1a]C H(]'llllhcna (),l~ MUCHBTlujcr nJo)Ki);}, KOjC 1vlO)1(C flO u601~Y ;W 6YJ1.c IlU.!Ll'·EUlU. IG1KO ce lIe G11 GpJO I1'.L'Hua:lO YCIC,J, CTGJIlIOr TpCH.>Ll 0 1taTcpl-Ija.'L 110-

UJTO ~nl'lpana ClJUjUl\l pd.I~Of,l 1l0THCK)tjC l\1aT~pHja>'l y jC~IIO!\l CMCP:Y, y I-bOj 'ce y3)-l,Y;'KHO JJ.13jLLl PC<tKl1,Hja y cynpOTlJo;,,\ cMepy, Iwja TC)KH J-i<1 jc It:JGalJ,HIU UJlY'KJ.. 3m:o ce Hi) HpaTlUl), U~I!Ia:.m II je;JllU ilKcHjamw JIC)KHlllTC (4), KOjC npHMa ona :o,u,Y;'KHa olrrqJchcH>i:1. AKO je cllupa.'Ia cyBHll!t.' ,fJ,yra, tvlO)j(C ce ,J,ecllnl ;J:d 'ce OHa Ha cpe;unm HCKPHBU; CllllpaJl~! cc lIa 'raKIH1!d IvlL~CTl1J\1a npcloI!W 1:1 CJlOGop)la OCOBllIl~l ce Bema 0

J1C)KUlJlTC. C\lCP KPCT<Jlhl Ma'J'CP!1j,-L'W :J(lBHCH Ui~ cMcpa U6PT'-IIh<t nY)Ka.

Omit"l TPLlIlCllOl)TC].)lJMa cc npCHUC!1 :3pllacr ivtaTCpHjaJI H !\WTepujaJl Y Bli.J:Y

Up:lX,i, a l\10>KC H TeCTi:1CT

)XoGpc Kap:U(T-:PUCnlKC lIYAWCTIlX TP:1UClIOpTCpa cy UlTO 3ay:.HlMajy 1\.1<1':10

llj.J(:Cfupa, w-:-o Cy ';aTBopCllH J! UlTO, 110PC}--\ 'fora lliTO npCHOl'C, HCTOnpC!l.IU[O H l\lc

unJ], ~laTCpllFL'i, O~~lJOCIlO. aKU CC UJlyK OXJI'-l/J,ll, HCTOllpcl\1CHO ra x.:ra;lC, TO jcer ~arpcID.lY. Hc,rlOC'TaL(H cy 1111'0 ce IqJl;W)1l1ClbC o0~uJ.;l>a TPClbCl\-I, TC je' mrrpcGuu BCJ1Hl-~(l u-wru, (l MujKC iJ,<! IJ<lCT<1He It ;wuGJLt'JhC MaT(:,pHjaJI~\ aKO cr: 'J~\r.!l'-mll JiJMd)y cua·

paJlt' H OJI'y'Ka, a [!lJCY lJO,::(CCHH 3<1 TpaIlCllOpTOB<llbC ua Belle }.!;a:hlTlIC,

thpabyjy ce H rsqnIH,-a;llUi, UYjJWCTU TpaUCliopTepH. Jl;J !\l(lTCPHj,-UJ He on Cd CTIXlllC, LUi\-IC9Y ClHlpa.'lC" 11 ·.1H,Lia) upona;~a{), ()[-IH ce lJPJIO npCl~I13110 113palyviy, TalCO

!-l,Ll jc :::a:;\op IU"'-1d)y' IbHX Bp.'JO lvl,-UUL )1,a G11 CC OlJO MOrJlO KOHCTPYKTHBHO ()'crBaplJ

'1'11, BpaTIJJlO ClIHP;:L'IC lIujc lIo;u,ynpTo c nOlbe crpaue (UITU 6u MOL'lO ;:{<1 1_\OBCiJ,C ;0,0

KPI1B.!bClLa), Hero je C.'loGowJO OGCWCllO 0 roplbc (Bueche) JlC)KHlllTC, TC TaKO 3av-

3Hil,-1a H,!J,ca!l<!H lH:PT!'IK~LU-lH llOJ!O:-KUj H )KCJhCHY l~eI-rrpWHlOcT. "'

HueY1HanpUUf TpaHcnopTcp. - ilpl1 UPCHOU1ClhY OBJH\{ TpaHCnOp'f'CpI1M[l JUll(

~t~lTepHiaJi, y BHgy 3pU<1 IUU! npax<l, cycncllHyje ce y 6p3Y CTpyjy B;nnyxa KOj:n 1'3

87

2

\/ 1(1)03 IT,CBlt HOCll Cil co()m,l. Uen vpcljaj ,,11) c(JC'roju cc In M<1111HIIC 3<1 nOKpCTC1H.C

u;3.uyxa (1), U.CBB 3([ cnp(mOhC1-J~<': cycncll3Hje (2), caGl1plHIKCl (3) Ii OL\Baj,Fia npaUJHHe (4).

On gY>KI1HC BO:l,a, Kanau,l-!'reTa TpancrropT3, rycTHilc MLt'repnjaJI3 11 HCKHX .upy~ I"I1X ~lHmL~all,a, 3D.BHCH KClK<lB he ypcl)aj 3<1 KpeT~Ube na:-;,fJ,)-'xa JJ,a ce HOCH1BH. To cy

J-Iaj'-Iemhc BeHTHHaTopH, a t\wry 6HTl-l H B<lKYY!-.Hl,PIIKC. I-hnxoBHM pal-\OM C'mapa ce

pa3pet)Cl-Le mUAyxa y I~CJlOj anupaTypIl, lwja Mopa oaTH xepMCTWIKH :::<lTBOPCH(t, KaKO OH ce 118 Kpajy YUlCHC U;CJJH, KpOJ HapO'IHTO YCHCHO CTomdO (5), 300r Ilacra

Jlc pa3Jll1Ke npllTl1CKa, YCHcanao n<l3iWX, a ea f-b}UvlC II MarcpHjU-i1_ Kojn cc llLL'la'JHO

OKO YCHcHor CTomU!a, 3Gor BeJlHKe Gp3lUll,j KpCT(Uhll BaJAyxa, H CllT<1H l\laTcplIjaJ! ce H>HMC Kpche eBC AO ca6ufJlU1Ka, r.uc ce oAnaja lIBpCTtl l\Icrrcpuja 0f~ racomrrc Ma .. Tcpnjc. To cc nOCTH./K.l' y' l!apWIHTH)I.-1 cynOB!1M<l (Im.uH ,,1~IlKJlUII", (PliJlTPU 'Ja Ba3-nyx) rAe ce npeccK llctI'JlO nOBehal}(l. :Joor ~JCra ce Op3lUW B~nnyxa Haf310 o.wlbyje,

Tl,j TU]l.IC 11 IbcrOBa cnocoGHucT uornCI-ba cycnel-IAoBam-lx 'reCTm~a. 3601' Turn 11.(.'; ce

y 01301\.1 C\'iJ,Y CLtKynJb<lTlJ eBa TOKa 3pH<l II u<t,aaTIJ Y KOllYCHO AIlO, OP;3K;lC ce npecn

ita nCl MCCTO nIt.' je TO HO'rpeOllO. (Vlll-lltja nparJl!1Ha Cl~ He MmKe 11:3.1-\BOjHT1'1 y OB~lKBlIt>.-i Ca611pUHlJ,111\{(J l-lCl'O ;lGT11 H ,L\;UbC ca mn;.!;yxOi\! flO O~lB~\ja'Ja npaUJI:lHC (KOjU MO"

)Ke 6HTH it Tuna "L~1ll~"10H·'). TeK OBaKO OCJlOOOi)CH o!.\ upalllllllC B(13)lYX ce nytLrra

Y ll,pnKy Koja he ra 1I:J-6ULl,HTU y <1TMOCCPCPY·

IlJ-tev .. \Wl(W'IKIi Ui[JW-lCl7..opificpu f(),lugJHf cy af1 UPCHUWC!hC "W1WZ- U cu(iilf02 J1atTtcpui~uw; cfiiPYZIJL-dW-U:, .HUli7.iapill~(/, pC3aJ-U1l~a 0[1 peilc, I(ao u .HwTiepu;a,:w !{oju cc l-/ey:Z-(~gHO If oit(/ui-O Lipawli. Oln] cc BpJIO 'teCTO ynoTpeOJbClBajy y CHJlOCl{l\-1(l 33

HCTonapalhC narOH3 H UlJICIIomL Bp:Hm3 KpCTal-ba ntl3Jwxa jc )1.0 25 mis, a nurpoUJlba B33Ayxa 3-6 \11:' Ha 1 kg M<tTCpI1jaJl<l. I.J;cB 3a cnpoBo~clhC MO>KC 6lrrn .u,yra HC

KOJ1UKO CTOTllHa 1\'t12'I'apa,

ITpcl1MyheTBo OBHX TpallcnopTcpa MO)Ke 6l1Tl1 Y TOMC lllTO ey IJ;CBH 3a cupoHoi)eI-bC naKO nOKpCTJbHBC Te ce ea I:-hl1Ma MO)Ke Aocne:rn rAe rOl'!; ee )J(enli 6C3 IIKa-

88

KBHX TCmKofta. JIpu iipCH01IlCH,Y .MmlJepuja/1 cc unTto8pe.MCflO U oiT1I7pauryje If XJlagU. Oun Tpm-lCIIOpTCpn ffMajy nCSIHKH KamrU;UTCT.

HeW>CTall,J.1 rmCYManPIKHX TpaHCllopTcpa cy lllTO 11M je nOTpc6H<l nCrrHlGI

CHarn rr liTO lIM ce MaIlIMHCKH /lCJIOBH Mopajy 6pIDKJhl1BO j-ICf'OBanJ. AKO cy 6p31IHC

KpC'raH~a neJIHKe, Mo)KC}1,a Jl,ol)e go CHTI-hCH,i:1 Ii OI1JTChCI-ha MaTcpHja.:I3 ()lmTapl1l~e). I1nCYMaTHtIKC MaUlJ:lHC KOjC pane Wi OBOM npHlIlJ;I1ny npcnoce Mincpl1jaJ!

ca6upl-w: ea YI_~aJbeHHX MeeTa cKYU]1)ajy. YCHcanajy MaTcpnjan Ha jCJVlO MeCTO. AKa ce MeCTO MaIlIHHC 3a npoH3BoryCl-bC naKYYMa Y CHCTCM craBe KOMnpecopn, T<l;a,<l ce

MaTcpnja.TT ca lvfccra palW UCIH:il'vICl pa3110CH Ha MeCTa ,naJb<l O,D; OBora. Y OBOM eny

l:wjy je nOTpe6na l-WpOllHTa xpalllUH1Il,a Koja he MiwcpnjaJI y6aWlB3TH Y BOJlOBe. OBaKaB CI1CTCM CC, n8. npHlvrep, npm."rClh)'je 38 J!())KeH~e BHmc KOTnOB(l yr.ihClfOlvl npa!IlHHOM HJ nCTora CrrpCMHJIlT<l.

XHi~pa:\i.;nplim TpmicnolHCp, - Kao udlio CC oHaiTicpuja.,? .AiOJ/U' iipcJ/ocrdllll ({(l3g.VX())d, iTi.aJ{() ucfi/a .H{))/{(' CC i""ipcIIOCIllIIU fl i!iC'rl-iOCiflll.wr, 0W'IOClTO BOilOM. JaeBO

je )1,a, y OBOM CJT)/~['ljy, MaTcpHj~LfJ HC ClvfC gd cc pacrnapll HHTH p,:a PC<IT'yje, ca IhOlv1

AKO CC pal!)! ca CIiTIlOl\'J, cycncnlwnanoM M<lTCpnjOlq, (1Tl)~,l ce OH<1 npOJlOl.\Il Kp03 [1,C

HE, a nOKpche cc l~errTpH(lryr'l.111lH"vl Iq:nll<<tM<l (napOTIHTO noja'JiUTHl1l 11(1 YUYTP,HlJlLliM HonplIlHHaMa 360r ep03HHlIor ncjcTBa OBilKI1C cycncn-m.ic).

Be"hu: KOMHUH (mehepll<1 peIla, KpO\mnp) 'TCCTO CC T:llWbc rrpcHOcc BO]'TOl\L

npfl 'IeMY ce I1CTOBPCMCHO BfHJ.IH IT I1Cnnpm-hc. ")/ OHOl\1 UT)"Jajy cc npClIomclhe Bp

illH oownw Kp03 OCTOHCKC K'IH;:l.)1C Kojn Hl\Wjy H3BCCT<1n n<1,IJ, (1 :100): OIl jc lW :,WO,

KpCTHM<1 jOLIJ Hchu 3601' CaBJTal)l1BJII)a nonchmlOr TPClh;·1.

T1300P TpancnopTcpa 3aBBCD OJi o6mma IT KonWlHHC MaTcpHje, [(ao n on np(lnqa KPCTnIh<l. Encprnja cc TpOIUH na GlOnurranaH~C KHHCTIl'lKC H nOTcHqHjannc cHcpruje Mi.rrepHja.'TY, Rao II n(l G1B.rral)n:B<llhC' TPClh<J Y JJC>KHIIlTHMa TpaHcTTOpTep(\.

Tp<1HCnOpTcpH uory ornn Tpm,acTIf, n(lWJ(1CrH, nY>KaCTH. ITneYMaTll'IKH H e,TJCB(I

TOrn. KopncTc ce 3(1 TpaHcnopT 3pn<lCTOf, lWManaCTor H IT<IKOnanor M<lTCPHj::lJ1(L

HHTAlhA

1. FIa UJTa cc TpOlTfn pail npn llPCHOllJClhY \I<lTCpJljC?

2. 3aurro ce npnJC.HO})" \[CI),(l HY;'Kml<l TpilKe II lZ3KBC cy nOCnC)1,l1TlC Te'

npC)\lClle?

3. KojJ jc 611THa llpC':~l!OCT lllIC-Y",-IIlTCKOT' TpalIcnopTd !Ja;J. OCTiWlI\l11n 'IHllJIMil

opelloca?

4. 06jaCIlHTe, K,n;:o ce RpmIl TlCTOnap Ul TpaK3cTor TP;lHcnOlyrepi1? 5. KojJ .ie 3ajemHf'lKll KapZlKTcpncTHKa nY)KaCTIlX, 1111CYl>!ZlTlP1RIlX II :mnpay

JUPIKHX TpnlIcrropTcpa ~

89

2.2. CI1TlhElhE

Teopnja cnTH~eIM! .. _" nHJI, CHTThefba.ie CMaJf,CH,C. ncnwm:nc KOlvra;.,a HCKC Ma

Tepnje. MaTCpl1ja cc CHTHH H3 mnue pa3JIOra: ga fiu ce JU/}(Ule UpC1WCUJW U 3::;-Og/-lUjC

yiUo6apU(-)(wa; ga 6u ce oC.flonogllJw gpyZl.lX Maiiiepuja a,w cy ca H)O.M cpaCflC; ga fiu, .3602 Bclie l1oBPUIu/-lc, 6pJICC rjnt3lttiKil (pacTBapmhc, Tano)J<clbC) U/lU xCJ.wjClal

peazo(w.fl{f (caropCBflIt>C, npKcH~c, XH)l,pnCaH"c H T<1KO l,an;.c).

Aa oM ce 113BPUIIL'lO CHTH;.ClhC, nOTpc6HO jc yrpolllHTH pan lZOjHM he ce caUJIa

naTE npHBJ13'IHC Koxe~:HIOHC ClUfe KOjc ;~P)KC I10BC3aHC "reCTTlD;C MaTcpnje. TaTW }J:O-

6njcnH M~llI>l'l KOMa;rt:H Hl\.13jy HOBe n013pnnme npCnOMrl. YKYOH<1 rrOHpllnma "rCCTHu:a

npc CHTlhClha Malha.ic on yKymle mmpnnmc tICCTlHl)l nOCJle CHTlbClh,L Dpcll..fa TCO

PH.1H HCly'nmK;) PHTHHrepa, pag I{oju rTipd)a ga ce U.](ijHlfU frpu Clfi7f'bClbY HC1{o?- ,,1tntTicjJuju.w l7P0l(0pl\lIollaJ1(ff{ jc UO(HUf flonpUllIlw/vl{/ ;{Oje hpu IT WAH' NonTia/.v.

3H(!tTH, YKO.'HlKO cy 3pn<t KOj(l cc npo CHTIhelhY Oop83yjy olTHnj8., YTO}I1TKO he f\.'10-

paTH l~a CC ),W)TPCOH neon paTl. ];rro cc CHTlhClhC BrUHl ((11\10 no mnpefine \itpe Btl CBaKO cHTllIlje '1rmo Hero lTfTO Tpcoa )'T]10I.llH ce lIcnoTpc6no cHcpnlja, ,1 '!TL\,1C

H HOn<-lIf,.

CHTlhen,C l\W>KC 11)1 ce lf3nprnTl!Ttl HCKomlKO 1f~!\nnTr'l K80 UJTO jc l1pm<cna[!() ml

CJml~D 42 ;lOK ce npHT11cl<OM H ynapm,\ C.1y>KTJ npn CHTIhCI-l,Y TBPP;Of' U KpTor iVl,lTCpn··

jaJl(l, HOTne ce IlCTllpaH,C]I,j [! CC'ICIlA_',M cwrnii )Kl1Jlafl, C.TT<lCTlPIaH, ll}JeICTJ1'JaTl WfIJ

MeK Ivl;ncpHj;lIl.

OW-lOC rrpC'lTllIKJ KOM;l;J:;! ITpC CnnhCI/)(j rrpo.1() npC'IHlTKy lIajnchnx KOMa;l:;:l

nOCIe CHTl·f,Clbfl ll<1JHl1a ce CTenCll CHTlhClhtl (pem'T":I\njc):

n ;:::;;J).!d,

r;xe cy: D - CpCJUhH npC'IHHK najncl'iHx KOMa)J;<:l nrc CHTIheT-ha,

d· CPC)Uhl1 npe'HfHK na.)nehn:x KOi>Ian,] noe.ITt CllTlbCjh'l.

AKO je l\I(\TcpHja.1 TUpn, 01111:(1 CC CnTlhCILC BplIm nocrynno, 360[ 'Iefa ce crcneB penYKHnje Y jcnnoj ,\jclIlrnllB Kpchc OM 2-··6, urro 3H~I'IH n3 cy HCIlTlhCHH KOM;qH 2~6 nyT(l U(1]hB 0;..1. rJo'renmx. 3a I\.ftlTCpnja]1 CpC;UhC TBPJlolic crenc.H PCilYKUHjC. jc

!1;;:: 5--10, a 321 lvleK n;:::;; 10-50, na II BHll.lC O,L( TonL

TipeAff) G('.;1U'UIf-lU f<o)"tagrr ,,·ojll ("e nOC.llC !JjJOO/bClr,(f .11((",1(, go6uiTill) (Uf(lfhCf/)(

ilA·/({ Hel{().i7UT{"O ciucfiellll, H TO:

rpyoo IIj)o6JbCH>C, npn 'ICMY CG Ko;-.ra,nH (TITHe 100---150 mlTI,

- cpep,:Ihc Ilpo6,rbCJhC lJaje KOMt1n:e nC]III'IHIlC 30 ~40 m111,

- CHTHO 1(p06.n~CI-hC no :) mn1,

- MllCHClhC najc 3pHa Tl,O 0,01111111 !J.

- KOJJOl1ilHO jvClCBCH~e najc \fccm.u;c IT po O,0001111lTI. JaCflO jc na CBl! Onf.I CTCnCI-lH CIITJhClh3 He l"Iwry ycrrCUI1-10 Jl(l CC nocmnry cal\W

y je,lJ)mj BpCTH M,l[I[Hl-I<l 3a CHTfhCl-I.e. 3<1 cnaRY Be!Jwrrnry ~~pHa 11 3a cBaJ..:Y Bpc-ry 1\.13-

TcpHja nocToje 33 ORO HC1jnolXecHHje M3nnmc. HanO"l\UnbCMO jom n TO !~a. ilpu caa-1(()J\1 Cl.llIil-beT-hY HaClTlajy ucil""i06PCA'ICI-IO 1I CBC 6CilU'IUHC l/cuilirbCH02 "ltOljiepuja,..1.~, caMO y paal-lU.M OgHOC[[}d(L Mannmc 3<1 CI1TlheIf,C ;o;enc ce rrpeM3 BC.'UPIHHH 3pIW KOJC

Ta MmUIma !J.aje Y HajBchoj l\·fepn npCl\fa OCTanHM ncmFIHHaJ\.W.

• _____ --'---_....L. ___ ._<.

90 L[ __

= t

d1 ~ ~

nPIHI-lCAK ~nAP !.1CTVlPAI-bE

CEYEI-bE

ClJm:u,ll 0/--\ ~1,-U11HI-!a Koje CJI),)Kt' 3a CHTI-bel-bC KUpltCTc cc CJIC)lehll THIlOB_H:

,n,P06HJIHlJ,C:

- !~pOGHJJHlJ,l' Ha BLl1hKC,

-- ;--\CJl111TCrpJ.TUplI;

MJlInJOJ.H1:

- l\-WIIllOBH C ~Ll!H1CKI1}'1 KaMelheM,

- r.L~mllOBH lla B~LTbKC,

- 1\1.:[1-11101$1-1 C KYrJl2lMa;

KOJJOl1j--\1ll1 MJIHJIOUH:

- YiWPIlll (I1,'1aYJOllUEm) MJlHHOBH,

CelJ,KaJIHIJ,C.

J~pOOIi;mll,e 'l3 rpyoo JlPOOJI.CII.C

lfc.iIJYCIlC gp06[UlUL~C cy y oomlK)-! \ICJLYCTU H Y Il,Hl\Ia CC BpUHl HPoGJLCI-Le. Ol-Ie

ce" CJIH'lHO 'leJl,YTTl1Mt1 )l~HBOTHlhC, caC'l'Ojc H:.-I jCWlor ncnOKpCTllor 11 je,L\uor IIO'

KpCTllor l-lCJICl. nOKpeTHll J-leo nOBpUlliIJa -:~a J-lPOOJhC1hC - JWKpchc CC OKO 3rJlO"

6a, TaKO Aa ce upu pany MC-lLa paCl'OjaHA: H3Md)), I1>C H m)BpWltHC UCllOKpCTlWr ,ll.C

JII.L Ka,ll.'-l ce IlOKpCTua I10B}JllUllJa IlpHMU'lt' nCIIOKpe'rllOj, l\1TrerHja~l KOjI1 ce J.I3·

IIf0t>y I-LHX Ha!la~m, iJ,POOl1 ce :::oor npHTHCK(l, a KaMa cc y;~a;hyjc nOKpeTl-l<1 nOBp

UllUIa, CHTIlHjIl M<'l'rCpu,ia:l IlpllIla;w 11 TaKU W:lJla3U H] MPo6HJllIUg. Ha C'1HLjJ1 43 npE"

K~naHa jc )lP06ltJlHll,a nUla "b,:lCK". HcnOKpCTl!(J (l) u nOKpcTI-la (2) "-lCJbYCT cy 01--\

BpJ10 ()'r!lopuor JUlB<l, a H3H)-''Tpa cy, paJ],l1 LUTO M;-Hhcr xa6alba, OOJ1(»lWHC TBpJJ,HM

ll~llO'la:..-!a 0)\ t\-l(lHraHOBor 'lCmllGI. (3) nm:,pcTlla n,'lO'ra ce Ut)!(pclie OKO cBOjC XOpH-

30HT<-lmIC OCOBHlIC (4) OKO Koje OClJ,l1Jlyje YJJC130 11 YIJ,CCllO. :3LlMajaIJ, (5) je npeKo

BpaTl1JICl (6) Be3aH 3a CKCHCIlTap (7). llpeKo CKCL(errrpa Kpehc ce npCTCllClCTH

06py'-l 3<1 KojH je BC3all<l nY'JIla HOJI)Ta (t)). Ha J\OH,Cl\l11,CJIY By'-1H~ IlOJIyrc, C.TICDe 11

'3rJ,C-ClIC crpaJJl:. 3rJJaBKaCTO cy IlpwmplllhcHC IlJlO'-IC (9 H 10). JICHa pacllona IlJlWIa

3fJl3.BKaCTO ~~OJ_U1pyjc nOKpcTuy '-lCJbYCT. Menta ILIO'{;l cc 3rJWBlGlCTO ocmU-bJ 0 no

KpCTI:ly naU1"lY (11) Koja MmKC, npCMa IH)TPCOH, I_~a ce nOKpch.c no KOCOj nOBp

llUIHH (12) nOMohy :.!aBpTlLa (15). )J;a 6n nOKpcTlia lJeJLYCT 611)1(1 YBCK npl:!THcHYT3

y3 l1JlO'-l1', OHa cc npcKO lliHIIKC (J 3) nOMohy oIIpyrc (14) npnTe)l(C y3 I-hy.

9 13 10 14

Fay </C/bYCl-tC ypU61L1Ul(C

15

12

11

J 91

3601' o6pTalba 3alltaju,a 11 HPiJTlUW IItl KOjcM ce OIl JIaJlu::m, oophe ce H eKCI\eI-\

Tap. npeKO npcreaa Kojl1 no f-bClIlY KJlJ.13H UPCHOCH ce y~lCCTaI-lO KpeTalbC HUBHwe

11 HaHI{)E_e 11 nJ nylll-ry llOJI}Ty (R) Koja.ic C Ih-lll\ta Y Be3~L 3601' Tora hc cc KpCTaTl1 H KpajcBH pacnolH!x IlJ[OLla Kojn cy ca BYLlllOlvf nO.'lyroM 301<1BK3C'1'O liOBC3aHH. ,[(lHaIhCM BY'II-lC IlOJlyre MJnahe ce 11 pacllOl-Ia HJlOlW II rrpHTHcKHBUTH nOKpcTuy tleJhycT

C Jwyrc crpallc 3L1aBlG1CTOf ne)KHUJTil. nOil TH!lt npHTHcKOM IloKpcTahc ce '-lCJLYCT

YJJCBO 11 TaKO npI1TlICKlIIlaTH, OIUlOC!lO, APo6I1Tl1 MaTt~pHjaJl KOjH ce McnpcM lhC

ltaJW3H. BpB npahau,y nY'--lHC nOJ1Y!T Hal-tRIKe, cnyurrajy ce H Kpajcm-l paCHOIlUX

I1JiO'13 KOjll cy ca ILOl\tc y HOJIHPY, lUTO he oMoryhHTH lloKpcnlOj IlcJLYCTH iJ.i.l ce y3 nOMoh onpyrc (14) gpaTH. Y ouoj (J)WHt CJ:l.TI-lHjH l\l~lTepHjaJl HCJ1<lAa J-TJ np()Gll,;I1Jl~C, a KpYDlmju KflH3t1 naHlDKt' y npoC'wp H3MciW '-fCJbYCTH 11.a OH y CJlCjwl-ioj (1)<1311 Ciuo apHTHcKllBCla 11 MpOUJbCH.

Or~ JWiKHIIC X01--\<1 UOKPCTIIC llC.!b)JCTU 3~UHICH CTenCll YCH'I"l-bCI!OCTH. )-"KU.:lHKO

jt XO;_, HYiKH, yro:lllKo .ic MTrepnjetJl YCHTlLCr-mju. Ko)]; tIeJLyCItHX np06HJlkl!--\a XOil cc llO,lJ,ellHma nOKpcTiUbCM n<lllY<IC (11) lIaBHl.l.lC l-lJIH naHlDKe 1Ia CTPMOj p<1B1H1 (12).

Y CJly~rajJ.' J.~a H3MeiW 'lC,l>YCTH yna,n,l1c TBP!l npc]J,McT KOjH Matmma He l\1{))Ke

3MpoCiwnr, JlPCTll onaClIOCT,n,3 cc llcmTO IIa caMoj I\WWHHH CJIOMH HHH nOKBapH, 6u

JIO OCOBlIl-la tJCII>1'CTI1, OHJIO pac[JoliLC l1JlO'IC HJJH HCIllTO !--\pyro. JJa 611 y OB'-lKBHlvl

cJI\HrajcBHM::t UITeTC 6HJre IllTO Mal-bC, caCT,-LBJh<1 cc jCMl-l<1 pacnolla tlJlOll<1. OH<:t l:lMtl

,UB~l H~Jla rzojH c1' cnojcHH KJIHHOBHMa (16) TaKO npopatlyuaTHM, Aa cy 01111 Y aBut.,,!

M_cxal-II13MY HajcIa6Ilje T(1LIKC HJ KojJ.1Ma he npHo iwhH J~O ny1\a1ba IIpn Ikl-~03BOJbCHOM OIlTcpchcI-bY. ')1 TOM CJlytIajy, noc.ne naCTanor KHapa, nOTpe6HO jc npOMeUH

TH cal\-lO KJIl:1HOBe na paM I-H1C'rallliTH 6e3 HKaKBe Behe H TC)J(C mTCTe.

92

1..1e.TbycHc 1~po6HJnu~c H3pal)yjy ce y pa3HHM BeJIWlI1IIaMa ea Kan31~nTeTOM 0;0: 0,5 go 500 TOlla H3,TI,po6Jhenor M3TepnjaJIa Ha '-laC.

,Uo6pe OC06HlH: OBHX np06HJTJ1I.(a cy jennocTaBHocT KOHCTpYKlJ,Hje. JIaKa 3aMCH3 p;CJlona, JJaKO pcrymrcalbc Kpym-lOhe iWOOJhClba. HC{I,OCTall,H cy y TOMe lllTO

gpo6e, nonpCMcno, caMO upn l1pVlMHIJ;albY '-leJb~CTIL 3aTO .n:OJIJ3V1. ll,O 110TpeCa Y

TeMeJbHM<1 II no c.na6or HCKopHlUhanalbJ CJlCprH,lc. LJeJbycTI1 ce J-Ia)TnIlUe nOKpehy 6am TaMO r,n,:e J-13na3e HajcHTHHjH MJTepHjaJIH, uno ce TaKoi)c CM<1Tpa nCHOCTCl

TIWM. 3601 Tora MaTepnjaJJ l-TI1je paBHoMepHo H3APo6JbCH, LIlTO 3a MIl ore ycnoBc npepap;c TUlje nOROJhHO. JJD 6n cc oBaj lIC)WCTilT<1K lT36crao. ,n:aH<lC cc IBpaJ))',jy H T(l

KBC ):\l106Hmn~e n<l Ko,iHMa)e OCOBHH3 o6pTaJha I~a )J;OT-heJl,-I ;:teny '-IeJhycTH. 360r Tora I-hHXOB rOpFhH nco HM<l n3.lJl,Y)KH xon. a JJ;OI-bH naJI':pahn:. TIoKa3ano ce. MetY),Tl1J',.l, na

5mpano Ha nOH,CM OTBOpy 1l,OJ1LHIf ;10 3ilr]WTLThlm,Uh{l MaTcpnjaJIa. 360r HCi\OCTaTaKi:l Koje Hl\--fajy 'leTf-.ycHC }l,po61J,:nmc npCIllJTO cc nil npnMcny

;Xjlo6mmne HOBHX KOTlCTpYKqHj<\ KOjC hc, npe CBcrCl, ol\wryrurrn KOIlTHHya.flJll pill'i. rJlaBllH npc,ncramlHIlH OHora T11113 np06n.ilHW1 cy KOllycne ,upo6n.nuue.

nj)O()Wlfll(fJ CfI fWJh/(U.MO cacTojH cc 11'.\ 1U1<l H<lJhI~a (J)_,Ii (~'), KO}H ~:c ntl nOJ(eCHOl\1 P;1CTOjalhY o6ph).'.,iCI1TH npc:-'l<l n:pyrwvl (en. 44). Mau{{pIlJ{/.,'? I{Oll! Yll(lWf(; ua.Hc!5y IhlfX, 30(;? iTipcf-I>({ hurl(] 3(L'rrwfjrll If yn)"lcll U.'UICQy (ia/MIl,a. 11]71/ '/('.+1_1' aoo? o611'II{u.Y i']7uI7iucm;:a gO.'W3U go gjlo6.ihc}{,a. Jla 6n ce pacroj;lH,c lTTf\fCt)y B'I.:j-.{J1(<l

]I.10L10 Mel-haTH, a TH\·fC H crenell Cl1Tl-hClb<l, MoryhlTo je je~~(lH 13'-1)1><1],;; C"l -'fOKTllllTClI.j

nOKJ1CTilTH y XOPlf]OlF;I:mOl\l npnBllY. TlOKrCTTTO }IC)J\l111nc (2) l\{mKe na l"mnH no

paM)' '~ilXB<\'1,y.iyhIl KJ1ln;l'IY 0). PacToja1he, IT'~l\lcl)y B(l]htlX<l nO;f(Cmtlnd ce Y\lCT;)

TheM rrOKpCTIIHX lVIO'Ta (4) rBMel»)' !lOCTO.l1,:1 JCJ\llor n npyror B<UhIGL AKO \le-l)y

B(lJh!(e vnan:m:: l·ICCa}lOM.Tl,HB KO\la;rx, nOKpenro nC)T,:\lllfTC he cc nOl\WpHTlT yHJ'5<1J\ 11

nponYCTHTH ra. nOllTTO jc OliO en ;\j1)'rC CT1"'<:\1(''; npnTCfI-IYTO npJlo jaK1-~,\'l onpyrflM3 0'1) MOTOPO\.l ce \i())KC 110KPCT<lTIl caMO JerUlH R,Ll,aK, a l\rory If ooa. Ep311HC oop

TaIba nan"aKCl Tpe6a J\a. fiYJlY ,iCIH-li'l\(C, IG1KO He fiH J-/(lcrano HCTHpmhl: l\JaTCPHJ,l;W KOjll CC H3Mc15), IhllX n<1.na:m. .

Hoopa CTpana OHHX JlPOOn.:lTIIV1 je nITa ]l:<l.iy Y.ienHa~lCHo HCHTlhelll\-18TeplIF171 IT nITa cv jenIlocrarme KOHcrp),KqHjc, ]c;J:au Oil 036IIJhI-IHX I-Te,[lOCT<.1TalGl )J;p06HJTHlV'l

Ha Ba.TJ:T~c ie uno He MOl'Y rw 3axnaTC nelle KOMan:c, Jlf} HX yRyKy H3:>feryy cc6e n nC11-TJ-IC. n<l Gj'T )\Ol!lJIO no HPo6.ThClha, npc~nmK KOll.l<l,'li1 Kojn ce ,up06H Tpcoa na ic 01(0

20 nyra l\1<lJ-hll OJl npe'ITlHKtl n;L'1,aKa.

C.i/ {{f{(l 44

JKp6H.,e(l/(. )KPBl-bCBII cy TCUIKH Ba~ JhI..~H Kojn ce nJJbajy npCRO M3Tcpnja.rra If TaKQ fa Apnoc. KOHCTpyKI~Hj8 )KpmhCB<l 3aBHCH Ofl TC)I<HHC BaJT~IG:l n 6p3HHC o6p'farha. ;:~OK ce BtJlHKB H TCUllm nJ}bIW B8-

Ihajy y MeeTy. a i'lI<ncpnjaJl KojH ce CHTHH 1~oBOIJ)1 nog IbI1X IiJ nOKpCT{IOj ITJTO'lH,

JJ;OTJle ce nJKH Bi:W"IV1 na.rhajy 6KO cnojJIX XOpH30HTaJIHI1X OCOBHlT<l H o6poy ce lie TospcMeHo OKO 3ajeJumlJKC BCpTHK(lm-lC

OCOBIlHC, a M<lTcpnj<lJ1 en n.flO'TO;vl crnjn y Mccry.

no KOTfCTP),KItHjH cy l\HIOrO TfpOCTH~ ju )KPBlhCBTI e(1 nOKpCTITHM lW;L1UIl\'W (eJf 4.'1). OT-TH ce, BaJhajyhn, HCTOBPC!\ICHO

oophy Iii OKO BCjlTJ-TK:UHIC ocommc (1). YKO:THKO je 1\1(111),1 TC;J(I-11la n;n,tlK8, )'1'0-

.'1I1KO ('Me l~fl 0Y;K Beh;1 6p3rfJI<l 06pTnThi-l,

1I(1 !W Hl1aK He ,f1,ohc J(O onaCIIHX Il8npC"3(1~ I-ba 160r qCfnpml)),Til.'lJlC cnne. TrHdC ce MO>KC orrp;l1WaTll Tl nocfCljaJ'he OO<l TfHW

)l(pmheBa: nehn B(l:hI~n ce 06pl:y ll(l \fC.CT)'

93

, ,

( (1/1/((/ 45

I_\OK M3H,1I pOTrtp<lJY II OKO CBOJC ncpTm:;,ume OCOHlllIC. Xoynnmrra.'1I1c ocomme (2) K01I, OOPTI-lHX g,UbaKa 3r:fJaflXdCTO (3) c)' BC3;lJ\t ')<1 Bcpn·JK,VIllO npanvTo, na 011

B(Uhr~IL 1<:<)IFl nanly)' lTD. Hche rOl'lilLl1C, OC~ lmapCl l'IlOl',!lIl npehn nper:o thl1X.

C11Tl-bC1-he KO~\ :lKpnr-hcBil jc C.TlO)J(eHO: OWl clIITille .. \4{!1Titj)flj(l/! II am7fo i{/rTw za

ilpwTiuC/(yjy C(JOjoA-f me.HalI-Wll'!, U ,'1{/1l10 [{Illin 30n? ()6jJlTiafid/, nruo (;({Jl7(I1,"{{ nrL1fJ

rl.f10'fC. go.,w:m go ciTIa . .-we ilpo ... weJ'IC Dprml(ll. 170 iillLHC If go UCllfUj){lll,(1 . .-iwmCjJlljeU{f ,IXa 6n rlOIll.HO )]:0 jOlU JIHTCH31IBIlHjer HCT11p<!Il>a, H B(L'hTm~1il 11 rrJIOtm najc ce C(l)(:';

paB OOJIHK, !liTO nOBchaRa nonpnHmy JlOJlHpa nOKpL:THHX nC.10B(1, na THl'vfC 11 ccjle-1((1'1' HCrIrpalha. OIWKBH )Kpm-r,CBH CTV/l~C llCTOHJh:l\·rClfO f1 3<.1 CHTIhClhe. KilO Ii 3<1

;'vlCmaIbC, T'}-bCYIClhC II XOl\-10rCHH:wn('!l-he.

Bchn j1t1,:r,nn cy IU'HUhe!TlT O,I{ xeMlljcKB OTnopnor 11 TRjVl,Or K<!;-'TClTil, (1 l\-f<lTT,li

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lta3't1n;1 n "t--1elli" Gu' ct: f)l'lCJ(!, 11ct UPUMCll, !~;l HCK(l CHTl/ Hh1'.l Hi fvLUlld,

3Ha~IHjltJ Gli ~l,1 ifa jC!l.HUlUl.)-" IW)KHlll~ J~UJj,-Uli 16 (crl'BOpn) OK<1tW. C;'\ivF)

UBI-1M uo,uaTKUJ\j C!IT!.) jOll! uujc ,'J,OB()JbllO o/.\p,_'ljl'Ho: JJaHlvlC, IU

:"1O)1<C ;;a 6j--',lW HCTIl Cipuj UKi."lW', ;'1 ,D)\ lhllXOBC BC:IWHllic' He _!C;'W;JKC-. AKO je

)KHl~a JJ,e6:b;i OJ.!. Kojc CC CItTO npaBH, OTlJOPll ht.: OUTH McUhll, n '-lEU F ")",H-I>Q, UTBOl-)!-)

hc Gwru BertH. 31W'·1l1, ilupcg Gpu/a oil1(!ojJu LTiPC{)U!fO jc (UO'IlW ogpcbcl/(I II ,,,,u",,,, f-W JICU1\C, llJ. gJ CC )lOOHjC O~pcI)eHJ. B(:}U-l'lllUd OTBopa 118. Ci-iTy. OU1M Tora, ClKO je

Onpd)Cll(! OCllOHIl<! BCJlH'-IHHQ OTBOP~\ j-li.\ CWf"y. 'rp<.:Ga JIii.lT!i nplly ~\·faH,y U !IjJn)" ,

BeJlwumy OTBopa _1l<l UIT)'. BUTjX'OIlO je, ,Uaj~)!C, ycrallOlll1Tll lICKU PC;), 00 KU!YlC he

ct UC:ll:lCllm<1 OTBopa MCILaT1:l UJf\1Ci)y IlOjqlUllHX ClITa, ()lTi1 KOJi Kojux C.Y BC.:W'lllU(·

oTBOpa, Lau l1 pt:Jl. KO.illJl.-i Cl' Te. Bcml'lHIW l\-ielbajy, o;~ CHTa )--\0 CnT;) O;l,pd)CHH, l-la'_~jJjnajy ce ciTiallgapYIl(! cuiTia. ·.Y nlCT~:/ g<lUilC lIOC.:TUjc: lvllJOrIl CHCTCtvlH _ CTi_\ll~\ap;\i!"Ja!~I1-ie Cl1'r(l. Mn hel\·w H<lnCCTH ilKl: TajJlCpOH CI) lei) CHCTCM H CBc'TCM K(.-'.l11 JC UpC,J,-

-~li"beH DIN'IlOPI\WM:L' .

Taj.'lepOll Cl--iCTet,j C!ITa Bp.'lO lUUPOKO ec npI-L\H:U>Y.ll: Y ~U!L'IOl:;}LCUHCKH)I;( 3elvL1Ji\l\1~L Y OHUi'd Cl-lCTCl\lY OCl!UL',;W BCJU1'-llHEI OTBopa ria cwry je 2()(J \-{l'lllil U;i 1 iJ)')KliUY lJ,O:l~1 mrn), T(i lI~j.icl-nHi!jli VrB0PU un;.!. OEDra CliCTCM:_l. C'll:)\~_'_h~l nC.i1WIHH<l CHTd Hi'll'-i. UKl~J. 'IllF' ltUlIPU.lI-lllCl ;~BLl Jly'l"o Bella U)\ nUHpUil1H~~ lljk r:--: )1\ HOT" CUT,-L To cy CllT~, 0)1 150 I\lCilJU_ l1pga BL~nlJ'lUH,-! CHTil iJocnc: U\HlX OTBUP;'L

OKJ.W m"lajy O!\CT gBa 11.'J-"T;} llUBjJl1!HlI.y, jt'cre CBTU 0).\, 1 (JU Ml'lll'-:, li~j_ :~~lTWd u;l.

65 ;V!CUlLL [[,1 4S :-lCW:\ H T~IK(! ~F_\)LG. To cy OClWG!{(I CU{[W 3,-\ [-j,EX Y I·;apaicrqm··

C'l'!-l'UlO ~V:t C;!C;J..Ck:l UOBpiWlll'-1 CliTii. liMa J,H<l U)'Ta Bclly nOBplllHUY OKl\;., ll), rq_H:;T

XOI~l!Or,-L Tlpyru1l,j pt~lJ[jMa, 0.KO c_c ca S! n S2 03W.l L !e {lOnpUlllllC a ca UI H ii;~ CT}Jai\,:

KBa!-;paTi.I ()K;-Il.1,i1 TUX CHTLl, ~wGu.ia cc:

!.UTO :ma'rH Wl jc crpaua CB<1KOr Beher oTBopa OCIlOBHur CUTa :-:Ia 1,41 Beha 0[\

crpallc OKna llPCTXO)J)IOr. Epoj 1,41 :y OBOM CJIY~lajy Ha:mlJa ce MOJ;Y.JIOlv.l OCl-lOlHIor

CHTa TajJICpOBOr CHCTeMil. Oemvl OCllOBHllX C11'1'a, 'J OllOM CI1CTClvlY IH.)~TOJ(; H J_\uuyJi

eRa orra ca lW)-Tl1.M MOml]lOlVL TaKO crrra on 170 11 115 Merna np1111aJ\a.1Y, loW nplU-H'::p, JwnYHCKHM CI1THM<l TajJl(:pcJBO{" CHCTCI\-W (BliilH TaOCJly).

100

Y EBPOIIH ce yrJH1BHOM KOpnCl'C crITa Roja cy npep;mlryelIa DIN~HopMaMa. opoj OBHX cnTa 03Ha'IaBJ KOJIHKO oKau,a lIMa Ha jep,1lOM JJ;CHTJiIMCTPY_ O,!J,HOCHO oBaj

6poj nH KBaJJ;paT ;n;aje 6poj OKaI\3 Ha jCJ],HOM KualwaTHoM U:CHTHMCTpy. Onaj CTaH

,n;ap.n 3a CUTa YCBojcn.ie H Y I-ramoj 3CJ\:lJbJ1 If o;~roBapa HOpl\1al'vIa Jye-a. OCHM OBHX CHeTOIa CHTa, y EI-rrnccKoj Ii AMepvfl~n rroCToje jow a n.pyra CUTa

Koja HMajy CBOjC MO}WnC 11 BcnWIIfnc OTRopa, 0 tler-IY ce, npn pagy ca CHTIIM3, 360r O,1J.pci)I1B<:Hha rpmiYJIOMCTpnjcKor C[lCT'lB3. Mopa BO)lHTH pallyna.

CI1CTEMI1 CHTA

'jF npH.TlO>Kcnoj TaOC)fJl }vrra cy neK<l CHT;) lwja nprmanajy Taj.J1CpOBOM 11 DT!,\CHCTel'vry CHT'!. Y j eJl.l1 oj p~yfipm\n J;ne c:y II ll.Co.rhHllC )KHlW Koje TIn"i CMTHM<l OlIr\)

napajy 11 H3 Kojnx ce BlInH il<1 ce none J\'1Cfbajy eel nCJTH'-Umm,j OTBOj1<:1. Tajm:pOBO\j

cncTOIIY oJ.~I'onapa CHCTCl\f "lCpa y ll,O.TfOBlIl\W ;10K DIN HopMaMil OnroH<ll1<1 MCTapcKH

CHCTCl\.j,

TajJJ(:p

Me!ll umopll

JaOfO je na cc OBI1M ,cH'rmvra HC cnY)IUl Y npOH3BO)-FbH, nero na OH<1 HCKJhY'lHBO

CJIY)Ke 3a aIlam-ny npocc.1aBJH,CM,

101

MallIlfliC 33 npocejanall,e

AaI-laC ce 'IaK HU Y }Ia6opaTopnjH BHlllC He npoccjana pyl.IHO. OCUM Tora UITO

je OBO HiHlopaH H Hc':m.pan nocao (36or npJnllme). pyl.JHHM rrpocejanaJ-hCM ce HJ-fK(Jl~a He rrOCTIDKY HeTn nOKpCTH, rIa TUMe lm yeJIOEH npoeejarHHh(l, UlTO jc 33 rpany

JlOMCTpnjcKo o;apei)HB<H-he caeTana lIeCTO HCo611'fHO na)KHO. AKO cy Y TIHT<:H-hY nehe

KOJlI11.IHHe jI,.j<:lTCpnjaJ13 KojI1 Tpc6a npoccjanL omra CC 3<1 npoccjaB3fbe HCKThY'THnO

CJrY)Kli MOTOPl-TOM CH<lrOJ'vl.

Clna ':la HHHYCTPl1jCKY ynoTpc6y J\cnc ce Y TpH nemTKC rpylIC: -- 06pTna, - OC1~HJIal\HOHa II

- - BHopaUHona owa.

OopiTiuo ('uiIio. OOPTHO CHTO ~lJum Il3JiY)1(Cl-l rro6om mI1l i\lHOroyraona npl!3-MR KOj;! ce o6phe OKO cBoie Y3nY:;'!(fIe oce. n,\ OU tv1aTCpITja<~1 l\lOnW «I'M ;n CC Kpchc K])03 CIITO. oeD o6rrran,(].Jc KOCO nOCTatU,CIl<l (c,<1. 53), l'viaTC'-pHja.l cc Y ClfTO ynOJJll KpOJ ."ICBm, KOjli je lW BIl!lJCM Kpajy ClITa (1). :36or 06PT<lJ-htl cwra H l-IanlOa, l\fJTC

pnjwl cnopo K~;lIrnl npCKO nOB]11fHlHl1 CHT<l 11 '~1croHpe:'feHo cc npcnphc, TC ce TaT,;(\

CHCTCl\.filTCKI1 npoccjana_ no mmpnnmH )I000UW l\.iOry JW 6yJl.Y jC)\lI(H~H OTBOr:nl

(nnp. y l\UTHHC1Wj HHf(yTTpnjn) H':i!I ce, nak, G1CTojn I'n mInIe nojaccnd 11 na CB;)KOM

cy pa3J11PlHTC- BCl1l'lHliC OTnopa. HajelfrImjn OTBOPH CC ll<1.T]i13C Y JIlljmnnCl>l nojac:;/.

Ha cmU~Ii ,ic npnK,UillIO ,iCHIlO TaJ{BO C!-ITO (O)lHocnO pClIlCTO), ca 'lCTHpn T10jaGL

r1oMohy ]-hcra J~()6H.i3 cc- neT ne.llWnm8 '3pna: 'lCTnpn KO,],] TlPO.:la:1C Kp03 CJ.f'ra na Hoj3cenH:-"1Il n nCTO KOjC n3.'1,l:jn C 'I cOlle )lOIf,e CTpanc noooma. nOUTTO 3601' BC.'1n· lIl-1UC- 3p[l(l IlHCY MorJ!e )1<! npotJY liB KPC)] jeJ!.<1H OTBOP na )].o6omy. "').1 M.:TlHlCKOj IilI

nycrpnjn Yl\.,feCTO BIlJhlGICTIlX J\o6oma ynoTf)(:6:",<majy cc npu3M;lTW1KH (mmJcyfClOHe TIprY~Me) npcKo K()jnx je p;:nanCI"-l TKimmla - TH.;] c~a npoccjaB(l}-hC, )J,n cc C1JHHHja CllTll He 6n 6p:-I0 3C:l'TCIIH.!T3 H TaKO CM'lH~l-i'.~ra RaIlaI\HTCT, y3 Ca1\10 CHTO e(l

cnO.lbHC crpanc nOKpehc CC qCTKa Koja ]ar:ran.TheTl<1 3ptn~a IIO;vlOhy rl1HHIIX ;:VI<1TlrrI1,8

lICTlIfCKVic 113 m;:aIFI.

OC~_UU/(7LI,U()I/o CUiUO (C/1. 54) G1CTojn ce H3 XOPIT3PHT8J1IIOf pannor (1) CHT<1 ("mralFmxTcp"), Kojc jc pa3rlTICTO na jaK f'B(3))CfITT pC:liI! (2) lIa'fHlheu OIl yr8onor rno:>Ki)a l-Em npnCTcl. C1l'rn je y] ll(l~j H.nn '1(lJ1CTOB;-1HO mlH npllTcfllYTO nfl\lnhy

CUI/d! 54

,

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(.IIll:U 55

iliJpO'u-nOI' OKUJ!p~\ l1mL,!\lUIH'i!lO IlOKpCTiJlJ/::: (HTa BPWI1 cc y XOP1UOllT{1.:1110l;J

H1X\nlr,y '3Gor n.: :u,crrrp" HOMOIiy ll~).riyrc Be<),.~Il Ja pa~L nil ClH Moral) iJ,Ct

>.:c OGCIL\CU je I) TaLllf!il.\Y HUMOhy C:J!<!CTH'llUlX ,IJ,PHCJlitX OJ!1l '1c.J1l·!'IH1·D:

UllUlL.H (5). AEU jc UHJiU In KUl' p~n:jUl'a Cl1TU T(;llH":'(j 06,:nlTll. UllO Ci; CTctBJi,;j nC'l e;w(. j"!i'lUC JlJHllK('; c~:/ Uj.JH'JBIHUhcllC Ja HOg.

/\FJ,) jc UJdmp P~\;\ta '3ilTHUpCfl C<I. CBHX (TpaU<l, OllAJ ce npocejaBLuLc l.vlVpa C

EjJC]v)clW na HpCJ\iC HPCKlli-\L1TlJ. it" ;)H U; YL'!UllHU ll<.lK)'WLUlJ.l !\!aTcpHja,)l KOjH 11l1je

i1.iY)IH;'W KpCJ'3 (liTe. AKO jc pal\i C 'lCOIIC CTpalll; OTBOPCH, uiij.\i.t caB IlCllpOCGjauH Ma·

HCll,t)i,;1 ca CHT<'(, UlTU or..fOfyliyic KOHTll!lyilmHl npoccjaBi.llbC. JaCHO.iC)W cc

Gl::tTCpUjelJl Ha OE~uwa CH'J'<'l ll<lGaL~]ijc ca cynpoTllc CTP:1llC u JUI Olla Tpc6,.i ;ta 6y,o,y ~JY)K8". ARC) ce CHTu Cy'llUlUC uJ]']\;pcn.1, UflU CC Ha CpCr~Hl-Hl Y~WGll, 3Gur llcra CC~

Y ClUj);, Wi CPCi~lJ!lH CK)ill ',,~L WTO uTC>KaBJ UOKpC !'<lIbC 'JPHLl., Ita

TBi\-lC li HpuccjaB~llI,c. iJu6,r)(IL{U(}/W ndii(i, BHGpau,HOllU C111'O 55) CJC'rojH cc TaKoly: 0rJ, CliTa KOjc

,ic p~UaJlCTO ELl. pal\\ 1). }Lcn)Jla CPC[J,lUlLl BCJallJ .Ie npc-ho HllUIKc (3) :n j(:~rpu C,11Cl:TPOivWI"HCTil. lluurru Cc C"'l(~KTPOM~U'IlCTy Clp:w iJOBOilB H IIpCKl1Aa CTPYF1, y

}),'..-')'I'l\' cc U<Jll'.lt\'j(:llll'lllO j~UJJU1 l\lan!CTllO nOJj~C, kujC jc:,wjJu Yll!la'Hl H HCllYUlTd lU

K~jH"i-JW, Ouu KpCT~UhC ce JJO!\lOb.y IUUllKC UPCllOCH Y BH;l.)' BJJG'paL~Hia Ha ilOlJPllHlHY

C,D'1()l"il ClJTi.L ~ T~H';.,f)bL~ mtGpHpa H T(lKU H'jJ:JHBiJ UllTCH'.HIBllO Iq)Cr:llbc l\1i.lTCPH-

rl.lhO

L:q.<U.-':'TC[Jl1CTliKd dUIL\ CHTiJ jc unu It:1 IbHt.li.l lIeM~\ 110KPCTlIUX gUWHU

u~ /.i,uir.HWilTiL !:" ,T]UUl;'l ic UlTO CC, '.lOUI' ),'I'..:CT"U!llX lHjUpal.~Hia, MaTcpHjaJl

J~L\J.d'p~l U !lPCk"i H l1rfO cy OC!\1UI<.UW]C CllTa Y CP"':~iIIHH !!ajmnTlL:UlBHuje,

J~UL '_y ilPCJ\'l,( llU!ill,;lrvD CBt' QBO C~\'l'lILy'jC K::ll1;Ill,lH'(,;T CllTLL

flo.tlwh)' CllT"l 0 KO,ilIM<I CIvlD ':Wca,J,a I"OBOpHml

cc )~.UC jCiJ,HiJ Kuja .lt" llPOW)l;.l KpOJ CllTO 11 ,'J.pyra Koja jt 0C'I"(I;1<.\

H'.v;,"ralr OJ,; oBorajc ;.I.OCiOlliHO CUTe ca BHlllC HojaCClJa), tv1d)YTHM, 'leero

.Ie ~\a CC l.!,uGllje lUTO BHUlC cl)paKll,Hja. )~a GII CC TO U:WC:JJU, nOTpcGllO .ic. pa;\HTH ca BULLk' CHT<.t. Og TOra K;:lKO he ce CIUD TOKOM npocejanClH,a U01:H:::mm.lTli, H

Ku~HU(O he HX 6HTH, 3aUHCJ:l 11 KO:1HKO he ,u,a Gygt npocejauHx clJpaKLlJIja, Kao 11 Ka

K"W he i~i:.l p,-I;~ U.eJlOKyuuc KOMGHIlal~l1je C!l'ra, YrJt'tJ.HlmA ce UOgCWaBa TaKO na

ce lla UO'!CTKY K0}.tCiJili<H~l1j(~ 1l~UlcI'3l' Hujlq)).'IlHuja Cl1'ra, 'IHlv]C ce pa:JJ.\BaJajy rpyGe c[JpaK.lJ,Hje, Tt: ce TahO 'lyllajy (llllmlja U OCCTJ!~HBI1Fl CBTU.

103

113BOJl

CI·na cy nOBf)lIJ11IlC aa KOjIH,W ce WIJra3C OTBOPI1 11C1'e neJUPIHUt.';. Cr<1Hnap1-1.HO

CHTO.iC of~pcIY;l-IO He:Il1'-IHHOM OTBOpa 11 ,!~eGJLHHOM )KHl~e. lVlo!~yJl CT<1UHapAHOr cnc

TCMa Cl1Ta je oAnoe n.yA<HH<1 C'rpalla ,L~Ba cyce;UIa OCHOBH<1 CI11'<1. fpanYJIOMCTpHjeKoM allaJ1II30M ce YTBpi)yjy ucnWlHHa H KO.'IlfllllHl:l IlOjCi-~HflJ1X cppaKl~l'~ja 3pHaCfor

M,neplljam! tiJIH npaxa. YUCK HMa jc,ul-W qJpaKl\Hja HHUlC OA Gpoja C}ITa, Kojl1Ma ce BpUIH upocejamubc

HI1TAlhA

1. llha jc crau~tap;~aH CllCTet.i cllTa? 2. KaKo Ce U6a)3Jl,J rpalfY:lo~1CTpHil'Ka i.lWlll!t:la'J

:\. lllTa je MU,'J,),c'llleKur CliCTC~l(l Clrn/?

4. K<::u"o Cf: HOIlC:lyjy Cl1T~1 ):\3 Oll CC ~lO(iuu Bchu Cip()j (l)p~IKu,HjLl ,-, 5. Ko;nlKU q)paKIJ)lja .~J,ajl~ Ct'~(DI (IITn'! 6. 3:mrI\) cy O(iPTIW una nantY'!';'I'?

Ja)l,aTOll( 1. l1JGpUluti1u 2JH.IlIy.:w..IteiupujcKj' (ifULIlI3Y (ipUC(!"

jaGall,,('J./ lUI Ci{WlIgupgll().M cLinTicuy cUL71a.

J1OlTipcuJ/.o fipcg.JiWfL,C, 3a I'lJP<U\)' OBor JaD",nXiJ TpcGa umJU'

BHTH IlP~TXOi.lHO nOLllaUJbe,

AHlUI,1I3{1 :)({gaiIi,~'a, npH OlT!l,efbY llCKC IVlaTcpllje }.~()61l.iajy ce 'Jj)ua pa:mHx BCJIH'llma. 1-1a npm'v1cp, npH MJlCUCILY )KI1T(:t ;.(06Hja cc uajilJ:UlK 'leCTllLln Olle:

BC.TlH'LHue IIpCMa K.OjOj .it: llOi~CHleH pag l\L'IUlla. Amt HCTOBI)l'MCIlO he ce y 1UIllB;

)~OGUTll II IH.::lie IT II.1Ll!b(: 'ICCTIILlC. JJa Gll ce: OU,,:'lllIO KB"\.'litTC'f 1\VUIBa, lIOTpC(JHU jc

YTBpiJHTli Kojnx Be.'lH'lHIW '-lccTllqa lll ... W, Kau H KOJlHKO. aBO HCHllT1HEUhC cr: UpUJli

TaKO lUTO ct.' MtlTCpHja}] npoccjaua KpCrJ Clll: l''y'lllh(1 [j rYlllha CUT]. riOCJ1C u.pou..:jaBalt.{l Ir3MCPlI Cl' KO!IH'llHW !\{<:nepujc Koja CC 3J;~iYA«.Ula lid Cn<1KO:-'l nITy.

nOLllpCUII{I AiCpCl/..dl /.I il!)UjJWIj'n, fpaUYJIOMCTpHjcKa "UIiUUJ<.t palm cc llP()(\:> jaB~l!bl'l\'l HCHHTl1B311C l\laTCpl1j\.' Ira CTaHJ~i.lpl'.1)"lll;'1 CUTll.~J.'l. IVI<.rrepHji.U Cl' 11,ponYllTL.i

HajIlpc Kp03 CUTO ca llajBt.'hH~j OK1J,1·1l\1;:(, a 3:.\'1'11\\ Kp(n CBt.' cjmlluja ClIT~L I'vfaC(l

CC :W;W)KH Ha CBaKOivt CHTY l\..fCpU CC Ii Ca'Ullb~lB(l ce Ta().'tH.Ll,a.

3u<l'lajall nO)J,aTaK J<1 i,lIlaJIllJY npOCCBJ jc KOm1'lHtW rvlLlTcpujLUl(\ KOP CHi ce Ji.l.p,p)K<J.,;ra aa IlOCM<.rrpaJ!OJ'vl CUTY )~~j lIll.je GlL'W npcTxu;lUHX CHT;'t. OIlH l(uJUl'HilW

!\WTcpHjaml lJa~HBa cc .:IfJUj1!1.(.f i{.()fUl'/WW, a IJ[J01.(~JJTh -- 3UUjJIIII iijJIJl;Cl(ii{u .

36npna [(om''1~Ilt(\ '3<'l GWfO Kujc CllTU jc Y CTBapH KOJUFlHlla lwja 60 Cl.: -.;a;lp

>IW]lLl IOiW 6.1:1 ce lVl(1TepHjaJI cejao Hajllpc 1W l'hCl\fY, a :~aTHM Kj)(13 (.l)Hlll1ja COTei.

/1apaga 3agaLll{W, f1(rrpeOllO je 113MCPHTH )'KylIUy 1\'tacy Mfrrepoj;:Lfta KOjH he ce ccjaTl1 11 npocejaTI1 l\taTt~pHjaJI Hajnpc Kp0:3 najBclic CHTO. Ccjan,e jc 3aBpmcno Haj~lcUlhe Y '['OK), nCTuaecr MHUYTcL 3aniM ce K.IMCpH KOJIWrHHa Koja ce 3aHp';'K~Ula 113 rrpROM eM'!'y. ORa KOJllT'lYlIIa nrC,lJ.CTJSJba npBy q)paKL~Hj:/. nOCJ1C cejan,(i ml eM> JwnCM Clrry )loGl1ja ce Maca ApyTC (i)paK1J,ujc. CaGHpalbcM .lvWCC npBC 11 APyre q)paK-

% 1 100

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L.~, ~~::o, -~,._"'~"'r"'::::rU_"'~"'_;::'_~:""""""'T-.-.. 2,~~-,---@-_...,.. 0,20 0,40 G60 0,80 100 120 d(mm}

I\uje )1noHja CG Maca Koja fiB ce 3<:l1~p)Ka.l1a 11a n,pyr01'vf ClITY :.xa nnje OH.'TO npBor cwra. Taj 30Ur npCI\CT<:lRJh<l 36HPHY Macy 3(1 Apyro ClITO,

Ha DCIwny H3M:epeHliX Maca npOl\eHTB CC 113P,l'fVI-tan<ljy n ynncyjy y Ta6c.:ry. Y CJIC;\Cnoj Ta6cJTH je !laTa rpanynoMcTpnjcKa an3.ITlna 100 g: neCKa.

Pe.7YJlillaiTiu, D,oonjcna TaOC!}J npeJJ:cTelBIh<1 pe3y:wf(lT rpaHy."IOMcTjlnjn:c <:lll(lJfH3C. Y-OOWlajCHO je .IV! ce onn pC3Y,1T:::1TH npHKa3~iY II qXHlm'IKH. H<l )1nj,1rpaM\'

55~ gaTlf cy nojegHHR'H-lJ.I (a) 11 36apHH (h) npo:ueHTH noje;o;uHHx .n;o6ujennx qJ}-1aK

I~llJa 3annCIiO OM BeJIWlHHe OTBopa Ha CMTHMa.

2.4, MEllIAlhE elBPCTOr 11 TECTACTOr MATEPJ1JAJIA

Mernan,e 'lBpcTor MUTepnja.'Iu. - Mana H3[)lena na je mlKO n31vleIW1Tn HCHTT-beHY MaTepnjy, neh rrpn rrpBOM TIOIcymajy YBIl1)£l ce n3 ce npHnHKOlvr ORe orrepaUHje HaI1JIJ3I:t Bel Tell1TWTIC: .Mai'ilcpuja.rw y cwgy :JPH{J u ilprn:a Haj'lcud'rc ce Fipu A.fC

waH,), ripawe, i7p()cI.I[fajv ua CygOR{J, aeCualY Hcua.MCIII(fUIf y .HprTlmLH yl.flO(!IIA/{I,

'-Ie J-[('wa})-' cc go6po y (>epiTiul{f/.n-lw,.j.f (jpo

fH(}I. I~a on ce nOCTHr.na ;106pa XOMore·· HOCT. 110'rpcol-Jo je yTpownTH lvtHOrO Cl-\,Ire H npo·leHa. :3,1'1'0 I1nC'roje ll<lPO'IHTC

l\·remamUle. 'ElK T-l 3;1 lvfeUl(IH~e l\1,L1T1X

IW.'HFfHHcl \<J(ITepnja,1)(l \' TIlL'ty rrpaxa. To cy 3JTBOpemr cy}~()Bn KOjli ce oophy TZlKO ;1)\

ce !v1<lTCpHja.T! Kojn jc y ll,JfMi) 111'1'0 OO.;hC l\lellla. Kao cYWmn '"1(1 TaKBO \1CW<lILf 'TtCTO

ce YIJ()Tpe6.fJ,an<:-ljy KOlI).;-aCTC KYTlljc (CJlHK<l :>6). OBC ce 061"hy OKO ;J;ujanma.Tfc, ca:'lC

KOnKe. npn 06JlT<llhY TaKO TlOC'Tan.:--bCllC KOI\r<e, MaTcpnj,L'l y;wpa 0 theBe Koce c1'pane

11 MCIIla e.e e.a MaTepnja.llO\-i Kojn e.e O;l,6Hj;:1 0 cynpoTHc, TflKOi)C Koee crpaHC:. H~ Cmlll,l1 57 npI·n:rnJnc cy nreMe OCT<lJiHX TIHJOH<I Mcma.rrnlJ,Cl 3a "mpcTc

M<lTCpnJ<lJJe.

fly,lfranTir .. HCI{l(7 .. 1rIl-V (CSI. 57a) ncnmper.rcHo oCTnapy.iY J;fem<HhC 11 Tpal1C110p'1' M,:l'l'CpnjaJ1(l, JTOHi1Tl-HV' Mem3.nnqe (1) no CHO/vIe TlO.:lO)!((\jy H o6mlIcy npe;1CTa13 .'h(ljy ;~C.fTOBC CfmpaJme lloBpllIrme 1<o.1a ce I1iUJa3e y ny>K8CTHJ\'f TpflHcnOpTCp!TM(L 38X

iw.Tf~Y.iyhIf P<H\1.1K\" ']OI1;1TllHiL _\wTcpni,ul ce HllTClr'11l!1110 \lCl11<l 11 TpancnopTyi e .

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'-fr 2

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r)

--------------,_._. -~.-...

UlupoKY rrpl1MCHY Y npcxpaMCicHoj HlIl(ycrpnjH HMajy rrYJKacre IvwLUamiu,e (en, 57G) ca BCpniKJJlHOM oopnfOn-'i OCOM (1), Behn 6poj OB<1KBUX MeWaJlHna, y-'-IBPWi'iCl-!HX 11a IIoKpeTHoM paMy (2), KopHcTe ce '~a MCUl3J-be UIaAa. Y TOKY MClllan,(l

paM ce nOMcpa, TaKO ,u:a 3aXUaT£t CBe )J:C:[OBe npoeTopHjc IW lHijCM CC !lOiW UaJJaJl1

Cflag KOjU ee, :1001' oGpTalb<t MCWaJllIIW, [!oKpd1e H3BHUJC.

MCI.lf[Ullll{C c(/ gOOOIllO,H (ell. 57u) oCTuapyjy ~-1elllaH,e MclTCpl-ljaJI3 oGpT<tlheM ):ioGoIlla (1) KOj1:1 ca ynyTpaU!lhC errant liMa :lOnaTlIl~C (2). -YToBap H HCTOB<1P M<1-

TepajaJIa OOaUJb<1 ce lloMohy nyx;:a (3), Ka~\a cc ny)K o6phe 'Ii jCWlUM CMCpy, M<1TC

pl1ja.rr cc yGau,yjc (4). ITPH 06pT'-HLY' UY)K<l Y CyllpOTlJOl\1 cMep)' HJ~1CIllaHH MaTcpHjeUl ce H:1Gau,yje (5) WI MCllJi.UlHl~e.

A1euwJ1111~a eLl i{aJl1Il~{{.Ha (eL 57r) oCfBapyjc Mcill(j1i,C 06pTLlIGCM !\HCKOB<l (1 11

2) na KOjH~ta cc Halla1!.: lTaJll1Uc (3). JlncKoBli cc oGphy y c:ynpoTlHIl\'i CJ\'lCpOBlU\'ta, a

xpalLelLc ce Oc5aUJhcl KpU'3. oTlmp (4). l\1aTcpnja.'I ':('taJIJ JKcHja;Utu Kpln OTBOP iJ.11-cC.it (1) IL 3601' uCllTpml))T;uU!c nL'!l', G;ll1,~\ <..:c lli1 !1~Ullll~C H nUTltn:.yj(: !Gl llCpwl)CPUjH. f1UC}lL: HHTClCHHHlOr J\H':,!l!~llt,(L, i\laTl:puja.', CC llCTOU'-lp:yje: KPC)J CHUUP (S).

!\'1e.!nmM.~ TCCTaCTor ~taTC!mja:m. -- OBaJd3U .\1U1I;111,C HjJUr-lut.yje Ce flPll upon 3BUfJ,lbll x.!Il'Ga, r-.--taKapoll~J, JJUC:!:JCTlIU/1 UTi]" 1'1 UCialUb(] CC Y :illallJllllaf\l~\ KOjc CC 1-ta311-

uajy ~tcClLrlHLW, -y- IhHl\la cc Ill' ca~[o c!,mjJ'\lHpa XOl\lUi'l~H~l :'>'lt1C(! TeCT,! Bell ec 3aXHa

JLyjyliH MClll~l1Ly nOCTIDKY H o;~pclje!!a '\lCS;U[!!'il.~a CBUjCTBi.l TeCTa, i(au 11 ;_I,OBl.rO,;!bC

Kl1CcOHl1K~l I1~ nJJ;J,yxa y TeCfo,

Tccracn:: j'l:taTCPlljc, KilO: pa:m<l Tz:CTi.l, I';l!1!1C 11 i-I[J)TC, ll(YrpCUI\u.ic 'k'CTU J-\yl~O ,\<lCLU(tTll (I\1CCH'1'H), K(1KO GH cc ua flo;wcail W\'1HH BC:-;(lJlC cel BU/--\OM U Ti.lKO [Jl)(~TBO'

pllJJe Y lvJaCY KOjOj CC 1\1O)K(; N1Tt! nUTl.H:Oall OCLfllJK. :J60r l\i;,U(' WHq"K'TJbUJlOCTH

\!eCTH~a TCCTaCTC MtrrCpaje, KJO ![ 300.1' ,iaKHX llPU1Htd'-llIHX C11.:1'\ KOjC !nMci)y ibH:;

;J.CJlyjy, l\lelIHUbe H rl!,e~tl~lhe paW,I XO!\-lo!\::mrcalLi1 Tcl1.lKO ce !JOCTlDhc H 3aXTCBa

Hc,nHKH pan (uapWllrfU ;JKU je Y fHnalLY r--Y,\Ja)_ ]c;tJ_l1 O,D, OC1tUlllIIJX y-'CJlOB<l KOjH

TpcGa JJ,a IlCuyu,,-lBa CBaKa l\1cClwHl.\a ,ic ;Ja y rbOj HOW "MIHBHX YL'IUDi.J-"·, mrU jlIa'lll

)J,a 3(\ upew: pa.ua lJ,CJla !\1aCa l\10pa UHT}1 y t10KPCTY, TO jeer;w He HOCI'Ujc [J,CJIOBH Y

CYi-\Y AU KOjl1X lvlCU1,_L'LKC He J~Umlpy. 8p"'10 illHPOKO npl1t\'lClJ,yjy ce J\lCClL:!!lU,C ca ;wa xoplnOUT,-UJlt<-l HpanlJl<L Kao

tUTO ct BH,'J}11U C}IHKC 58, OllC cc caC'fujc ILl jC;\llor KOPllTCl (1) Y KO~lC: CC jC,u,lIi.l IljJC··

M'-l iwyroj uGphy f,teill,-Ul,Ke (2 Ii 2'). O(ijJT~llt,C \ll'llJa,'bKB ll(JCTH)i(C cv l1u~-lOhy ll~!P(-''IHTllX JYIl\laltm:.(J (J), (3'), (3") I-.:.ujc !iuKpdH' jaK IIJUTOP. '_iyll'l,-tllHLI,llliuey 11CTC Jle

J1H'Hlllc" 3Gor Y.LT'-l ce jC;~lla l\lClll~L'u,-a uuphc on, IIP)T(;. 360r Tor,.\ he 1\1,,'.

wa.'l,Ka Koja CC Gp:-KC oGphc CKl1!_l'-1Tl! l\t~rrcpll.ia.:l ca ClIOpl!je, nUCHTU [",I, i~a Gu y LiP,)'

b.el'S c:ycpc:ry_ ca;~::t C!lOpHja lvlCU1'-I.~bK'1 CKHlly.'I'-l \laTcpllj~u ca Gp)K\.~ H T,-LKU n: MC

Ul~L)la }l r1Le t lHJl<l ca 1\'IaCO\1 KOjy ca CU()O\l ny'Ic H HOCE. TtiKBlUd y:.;ajaHHHM (I;,J1J\~I' H~eM :J;JXn;:iT<tlbCl\l J:[ VT!1CKHH;:UI>Ol hIaCe V M<JC\' Koia Ce l\1C1U;1 j1 ['ILC'lH liUCflDKC cc

Jl.OCT~t Gp30 eclJCKClT l~Ojll ce )KC:lIL :"T(,Lua~bKc-l~lj,c'l:aJJHuc cy oJl, nr)'~[G jaKor '{Icmu:a, 11 TO lIaj1lcillhe OliOI' KojH He ply;:]. ~'l KOPllTO nbCTi.t.lIl1l.~C lupal)yje CC 0)1, Mi,nCpl1jaJt'-l

KOjl1 He plja. Ka,la ce MClUailJe If nJ~C'!Ci-Le :Ji.IBPlllH, KOPHTO CC, Ho!\-!ohy Hapo'lllTor ypdjaja, HarIle OKO C!30jc OCOBHllC" TiJKO ga cc MaTcpHjaJ],),J 110\1Oh Mt:,W'-l.:J.,l-:.I-!., KOjC

ce GliJ.'-l oGphy 'j cynpoTIlO!\'t Cl\H:P:'.' I MO)Kl' }IaKO [t} lbliX H3GalJ,HHL

KOpl1Ta l'H,CT~Ul1-ll~e cy ~lCCT(J CJ-WU.uCBCll<l orvt{}TctllCM KOjUM CC- Maca MmKC

3arpCBaTH :rum X}Ia;o,1:1TII. Qna CC, Ka,u:a jc llOTpCGHO, CHaonemtjy H TaKBHl\l ItOK.:lOIl

lJ,HMa KOjH he llX xepMCTIP!KH :::mrBopuTH (lla npl1MCp, Kaw.l ce MCC[1 n:raCrIl'ma Maca Koja y ceOli C'-1npIKI1 !-1CllapJLHBH pUCrBapa'l). )J,a 611 ce 1136crJIa Ilecpeha, npaBl1-

JI0 je Ail rI-LCT,:l]Il1QC, Ka!w cy y pa,u,y_ 6YJW 3zrrUOpCIJC, {IUM ce nOKJWnau, ](upwra 01'-

107

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I rl 1 ~ i I ! I ,--_I

ClIlI;U 58

BUI)lt, O!-le Orl~l\taX eraj),. HapOtIf1TO C!l~Dl(1JC H jaKe nheT~L1HIJ,C Hilna:-lC ce y HHD,yC

TjJH.ja 1')l1>1C. Ta1\-w CC, H<-I Up!fMl:P, C<1J"10 Ja nOKpCT:Jlbt' jeJJ,lIC MCUlL1JlHqC yU{)'l'I)(~GJh(ln<l J"lOTOp O;J 250 !J,O 350 k W II:] II Bumc_

J'viem<lt:bC Tecracror .... 1JTCpnja}la (TeCTa, [JIJIHa, K01MCTWIKC nacre VI TaKO g(1-!LC) Mo)Ke Ce IlOCTHhu 11 rro!\why llapO'-JUTliX naKHX )KPBH.CH(l.

1lOTpuul!La eucpruje llpH \1l:l_lIi.Ub)' TeCTa lIJIll Cl1Tllor MaTcpuja.1it pe:l<lTHHllO je

BCJlHKa 300r BCJIllKllX OTIlopa l(Uju ce jaBJbajy upn KpeTalhY OIWKUHX :\'la'rl'pHja~ra.

r-vlClIl<lu)c CBIlKOI' hWTepl1ja.'Ja BpUIH CC MCIJ1ct'-LHtvl<t ca Ky'Tl1jOM, J10ULlTHU,aM<l,

rr:Y)KCM, !1060ilJOM_ lUlU i-l,l1CKOllHl\1(t. IkpTIlKi.UUlO nO]vICpalbC H MCm::lH,e C{1I1Kor 1\1<1,

Tqmjan<t Te)Kc CC ocruapyjl: aeru npl1 MCWi.tU,Y (1).'1Y11JI<1, H TpOillE CC Bcha cucprn

NL.ILUHHC ::m ,l\tCUIai-bC TCCTaCrOr l'.taTCpaja.l::t c,fIJpme cy l\IaUlHll<1Ma 3a McLllcHht

CH!lKOr J\lctTCPl1JdJlil.

lIHTAlbA

1. Ko.lc jc ~lt:walhe je;~![oC'raHlluje, .'1CJJJellhC CIIllKOr, TeCT<-ICror lUH TC'lHOf'

!\laTcpnjiulu'? 2. Koja je UpCJ\HOCT nY)JWCTOr MClll<l\W y O)J)1OCy Uti ;Wyrc MCUH1'IC ~llipcTor

!\laTcpHja.'la?

3 III'l'<l 6H ce nOKll<:ljJIUO na :la6op;:rl'OpujcKoj nporrCJICpcKoj -"1CW<l.'lHlJJt llpH 110-KywajY)J,a u: IhO\-1C MCllIJ TecTo? 4. MO)f(e JIM cc MemWl J<l TCCTO KopncTHTH 3a McwalbC 3pHUel'Or MUTcpnjana?

5. OGjacHH '3aw:ro ce TeCTO :Mo)J(e MClllaTH 11. Y)KpIHbCBH_M<:t.

(1. 3aurro ce npocropnje ri-\e cc MCHla ~lBpCT MaTcpHjan Mopajy )J,06po nponeTpaBaTH?

2.5. I1PECOBAlhE

OnepaqHja rrpecoruuha npJlO '-ICCTO CC npHMeH~yje y HH)J,ycrpHjn npexpaM6eHHX npOU3BOJI3, flpu iJpeCO(Wlb)' ),wiUepujl7,,'1 KOjU ({ipeon oopaguiTtu U-3J1aJlce ce gelciii6Y iipuiIlucl{(/. nC)TpC6aH npHTHC3K oCTnapyje ce ypet)ajHMi'l Kojn ce na3Hnajy npecc. Cae oiiepm~uje ilpeC()(lOlMJ AWZ)' ce C6jJClT/ai{iu )' illjJu zpyi1c: qef)cl-be, aom!· f<:OGafbe 11 0PllKcfilUpal-l>(;.

U:e~CH~e. -~ qeijeThc Y Y>KCl\'l cMHcny pe~lH npH;'WH.,yje CC Kana je f1(rrpC6HO

H3,D,BOjHTH TetUIOCT n3 MaTcpnjc Y KojHMa CC OHa naJra'H:r Kao Canp)Kaj ilennja. IiICTO

npc-Mcno ca ll,ci,CI-bCM oJmrpana cc qm.nTpOnalI.C 1I C]\'{aJbClbe YIBpcTor OCT3TKa.

YJ} ... c ce l~eJ)elhCl'''l H'JllB<lja 113 CCMCI-Ta CyHUOICpCTil, l\WCT In tmap3IZ[l HTIT . .Tef~HOM pC.~ll1, l~et)Cl'he ce rrpnMC1byjc rGl,rp:

- TC'TITOCT npe;.,C'f(IBJha npOIT3Bolt H I1Mf! RCll)' npcl0.JOcT 0;\ OCTaTK3 (np0I-1-

3BOi1,H"a 6mhl'Ior Y.TI,(L Bmw): OCTaT<lK npe,iJCTilB.TJ,;) npmnHO}l H Hl\fil uehy npCirHocr, a :')(\()CTZDIl TC'THOCT

My Clvlalhyje npe;.\IlOCT (\I<lCT y {lTlZlPU,11l\'W)

llPH lW1;C:JhY YC.'1C)l ;\C.~10Balb(l npnTllCKil hCJ1HjC ceo r.lcxaIflFTh:J1 p<l3rpatry,iy J( uganC.M he/wjo-(,' OIJ:llC fTiC'lllll UI9]J.l/CiI.i lic"] I(je ce qJOjJ.HUjJa II fil)[/!;yn.'NI Y 0D.WJ{1'

r1m .:1 i'lf p mTi II . XIlfipaY.1H'lKC npccc KopnCTC, panmI (j).1y.'H;.l: 3<1 ocm<lpl!'

g;UhC IlO'rpeOHor nplITnCK~L f:la CTHl~li S9 pa;UlH (l),'1yn1( (y.rl,e

J'LTW: Bona) IlO;~ npl1THCKOM yBO,D,ll CC Y pailll1j l.lJIJ1Tm;nlp (1). (P.l1YHJl nOKpeilc KJIHH (2) Kojn je nOBC3nn Cd llOKPCTllOM !l.10·

'10M (3). n.iJUtIa (3) lJoKpehe ce H(1rOpC H npno.:uD1<ClBa Heno· KPCTIlOj n.'Jorm (6), Koja je jaKHM nepTl1KClmlHM UlTITlK<ll\1a (5) ne3~1}Ja :{<l nOJ.\llO)Kje npcce. T13MeTjy n.lTO~IC (3) H nenOKpc.TlTC 'wone n.T1O'"le (0) CT,mn~a ce \'I,ncpnja:l y nOp03JfC OMOTZl'Te,

Kf)()'3 Koje UCTlPIC HcnpecoBana TC'lITOCT 11 GIKymh:-l ce y 0.'1):

"!(lC1'111\1 Kalla:nnra rmO'·Ie (3) H (manrc ce OHBo,u:n.

lvlaca Koja cc npccyjc JI(I.HW3H ce IIJMCt1), T!.TIO'l'\. etta/he·

H,C.M :wlrpe.'I1!{}{C U3.ttCf)y 11m)'/(! gO .. wall go IIcri/IIC1,'1I00lUr r/) .. 1yuga

113 []pccon{/IH.' "\f{//uepujc, eJ):IYlIlt cc cKyn.Tb"l y O'rBOpy ITa i10H,oj

I"IJIO'll1.

OBa1ZBC nrece pane )l1JCKOllTHfTya.!lHo, ;:) KOIHlCTC C'C npH

npOl-I3BOll.lhH OHJhHIlX y.lba .. Pajl:TIB l~HK!IYC C<011l!f,an;:ljy nylhcl-bC, npCCOBaIhe, OlJ,et)HH<lll,e H npa"/xH,CJhe

C.'I/I/,(/59

l1pece ca KOHTlfH:)'8.;TTlHlVl ]1(1.}\Ol'Il lJ~lajy 31f(lTHC npc;l,llOCHl y OnHOCY na rrpece ca ncpnoJ\W!I'lHM pa)].ol\1. Mau,c. cy no BCml'l1nll!, jCJTHOcT:JBflnjc KOHCTPYKnHjc. H

3axTen3jy M;:ll-he q)l13WlIZOr pa)xa. DOMOTIIle onepal.l:nje KOJI XHiJP<lyTflI'TKC npece OJl.Y3HMajy H )1:0 30%., pa)1,nor

npeMC1-Ia, )J;OK ce qc"l)nhc 1<0)], npcce ca KOllTlwya.;nmM P<l;(0;\1 H3BO]Hi Y TOKY lJ,CT10l'

pa)1,I1or npe-Mena. y l.JeCToj ynoTpcorr cy H npccc C8 nY)KeM, Koje lJollcehajy H8 MaIIHlHC 3a MJle

Belbe Meca.

CaM ny)K Y OEO]",! CJTTIajy l1Ma KOHWIaH 06J1HIC OIl ce o6phe y OMOTa'IY no KOMe cy CETlIH OTBOpH. MaTcpnjan Kojn ce npccyjc y6au;yje ce ca lIIlIpe CTp3ne

-~-::-:J 1 09 ---_.

KOHyca. 360r cMepa 06pTaU.,a H o6:IHKa nY)l'<a, M<.nepnjmT 6wBa nOTDcnYT K<l Y)KeM ileny Konyca, rne ce, 360r CMalbCI'h(l '3anpeMHHe, nonehana rrpnTHcaK. Te'lHocT cc

U;CAE Kp03 oTBope Ha OMOTaqy, 3 HcnpeCOBmm OCT<lTaK na~~a ca Kpaja 3apy6JhenOr KOHYC3.

OOJIHKOnalhC . . - Bpno 'TeCTO je ITCrrpe6no TccTacToj MaCH ]laTH O.l1pei)en 06-nHK. a n:a ce npB' TOMC 611THO He Melhajy KapaKTepMCTHKC Mace. OnaKBe oficpa/~ujc 06/UIKOMliMI i/ocirinjc J' iifJOLl,cry UP01l.1W)gfi.>C .MaI<aPOI-l{/, x/leoa, fioCJUlciliuqa BT;:!;.

Koje h: cc npecc KOpHCnlTH 3<.1 06mTKOBal-hC 3aTmCH 0)]. M;1Tcpnjan<.l Kojn ce

06pa1)1'.]c. 3:lBBCHO OI\ Tora npcce cc Mory nOneJ1l1TH y TpH rpync: npecc Koje 06.l1H~ Kyjy KOMUPHMOB<.1lhCM, Ba.lhCllbCl\j H YTHCKHn;UheM.

f(ohliJplI .. HOnrll-hc. OBC npccc c)' BCOlvI(1 'ICCTO Kopmuhcnc 3a npOlT3BO;::lIbY )"raKapoHCI. VIMa.iy il.na OCHOBH8 )lCJra: KOMrrpccHollH llpOC'rop n npocl)JuTHcany JJ;H:my. Y KOMnpccmmn np,ocrop CT<lBJh(l ce '[(:erG. Koje cc nOTHcKyjc KpOCl cnen,nja}llnI OTBOP

.l1u:my. D,wma .}e l\lCT!1::UIH 11Ho.;: ca OTBOPOl\f y OHOl\f 06.HHK)' Iwjn Tpe6a iTa 11M3 npOfnHOn·

Ha CTlllI[H 60 llj1HKil'{(lHC1 je ;nnWi C(l YMCTKO,\l, Y KOjOj ct' o6.rnI1zyjc HCn<lC'fH

npOII3BoJ{.

Y KOHTHH),'L'IHTIl;.1 npCCa\la ;l,.lilCa cc 1\Ol\mpHMyjc ny>KCl\f H51JT na.ThqmV!a. J.b C.'lTn~n 61 npHK<nalI(,l jc npeca ca npKcM (a) If Gl B(1.~hI.~Hl\la (6).

XOpln01!T;L'lHll (1) II BCPTIlK;l,:nm ny>K (2) nOTlJCKyjy \IaTCpllja.TJ KpO'J oTBope na )1HY (3) KOjl1 H<ljy )KC.~·hC'HH OO.'1HK l\1<lTCpHjaJIy.

Y npccH en B8JhD,H!"IJa naJhnB (1 1I 2) '~axBwl"ajy r.j,rfcpHjaJT, nOTHcKyjy if) Ha

H]f)Ke n non npl"lTHCKO\1 ra HCTHCKyjy KjlO:{ OTHOPC (3). npoc}mnHc3H l\l<lTCpnja.:r FC-).n;:nH 1())0'3 cnpono/\l!!l 0.:11'1':: (4),

Cflll/W nO

M ~fr-2 l ' 1

T ]

2

3

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EJICKTpOTClJIO)KHl1L1,H ce KoprrCTC 3i1 l!3,!l;I3ajaIbC rrpaUHmc 11 MarJIe pa,O)'l 3a1llTH

TC )KI1BOTHC cpe;.:umc.

fll1TAlbA

1. lllTa CBe yTl1'lC au Dp'JHUY T<lJlO)KCfLa?

2. 360r 'lent ce npe'Hl!llhaBajy raCOIH1? 3.3501' 'IeLI .ic nOTpeoan llHCOK JIaHOll '3<1 pa;~ eSlcKTpOTaJw)J{I-lHK(\'!

4. f'r.(C jc lIajuC'lia ll,CHTpml)YTa.:uw CHJW ';' lJ,HK1HJ!lY? 5. 3aurro crpyjalLc c]nyuL\i.l Y !(}lClcnqmKaTopy TpcGa jJ,a Cl),.'-\c CllOP(i':'

G. lliT~l j~' K.liKmJmK8.Uuja,;'i UlTa CCl!i.lpa!illjd?

:~ :~_ (I>H/IT'PAU:1--iJA

HonmCIUl new n OTIWp. (1)a.'lTpaLi,iljo1l1 Ce nOCT1{)KC paJ;vnjauJc 'HlPeTt.: q)~ue og T(::l{HC BJUJ racomrl'e·, :}1li_ttJaja!l r~(:o 4HulTpa jc W:':,ll;U.rlO. Tu,ic I1punycT;hH

B'-l Ilp~rpa;--\<l Koja nponyuJTiJ Ca!\l.0 Tl~'-!lly (I);X3Y, HOL 'wpcry 3a;iVA<au<.1. OBU je

nOCT!1rI-!YTO TJ.KO lUTU cy O'1'80PH Ita U,e;_U1Jly l\EHl-,H OI\ cycncHiJ,OIHIlUlX \ll:CT!HJ,:1 KU.1 e

XOht~MO Wt llJ;~BOjHhW. Y (UU!{Y ]Juga, Jut ~(eyLUI)' ce o(;IH13)'jc C(Je geG/I:>l1 c.wj lTia/w fa KOju cc I-ta Ibt.HY 3ugp.lIC(lua 'IWIC/tU tWpc({iy ""ute)', iJlaf{oJGollY {(OZU'-I)-'. nOK y IlO~ lfCTKY IJ,cl)eH,(\ TC"'lHUCT HpU~JU311 caJ\1O KPO] OCHOIJIIO I.~e.uHJJo) IGlCf-lUie OWl 1\1Opa na

ce npu6aja IT Kp03 nora'-lY, Koja y OBOM CJ!yL{;'ljy TUK(1)C HM3 yJIory I~C,lJ,H.'Ia. MO)Ke

CC pehu W-I. je 3<1 npcr-.--tc u,el)Cl-La nora'[a crnapHO W::/UlJIO, a JJ,a OCHonHO lJ,CgHJlO CJI~/

)l<k1 TOMe Act 1I0CH I-la CCUU nOra\1y.

,Ua 6u 'fe'IllOCT l\-'lOI'!W i-\a npol)c KpO"J OCllOBHO l~el-\HJlO (1), K,-W H KrH)'J aora'-!y

(2), IlO'rpe611o jt WI npOTl.OKlIe KPO::lI\UIOrC Hope, Kanamlhc, o'mope Koju cc- y OBHlvW

!-!<lJia"Je (ell. 68). fIODJTO cy TH llYTcBU Te'-!110CTH BP:lO ),CKH, ucnpam1.'lHH, llpU

IhCHOM npOllac.KY jaBJl,ajy cc BI2:ll:iKH oTllopn. }1,<1 OH TC'lHOCT li 110pC;_~ Tora npoTH

~aJW THl\l UyTl'BHhW, U()TP~OHO jl; )~a ec OTllOPll CJDJra}~ajy, (j TO he ce nOC'fulin C<lMt..1

Til,1\;J (lKO C jC,:,J,lIl' !1 C ~\Pyrc C'!'panc lJ,cJm.'ia llOCTOjH oJ~roBapaj)-.'ha pa:5)lHi':'i:l HPIH'HCKi:l

U'I ·-P7)· 1\1(0 jc pa:u!U(a IlpHTHcKa Beha U;_\ oTllopa KOjU ct' C),llPOTCT'-lB:l,a f-.:.pCT<l

lh)' TC'lllOCTlL. CJli;W he cc Bpl.lHlTil Lici)->

Ihe; a aKO je je.')Jll<JKa HJiH l\WlbJ. o!~ OTllO

pa, qel)clhc npccTajc. TIa,J llPllTl1CK<1 Hac

Taje, YCJle).\ CaBJlal)HBCllLa OT[Jopa HeN!.'l;"

U KPCTal-b<t TC'-lHOCT[L

laCHO jc Wt he. cc l~ci)l.-:;ll~e BP!lO ]taKO

OuaB11Tli aKO UCHOBHO l~eJJ,H.rlO 11l\t<1 "wcra

Be.rmKC OTBope 11 aKO jc noraLta Koja CC Ha

l-heMY o6pa3yje nopo31I3, ea _MHoro6pojHHM KaHCl,:ll1iU1!vla H3Mel)y TleCTlll~a. OBII

YCJlOBl1 cy yrJlaBHOM 3(J)J,OB01heHIf OH.lJ,CI

aKO je OCHOBHO U,C)lllJlO HalB:UbCHO O,IJ, MC

TaJIa ITrreTCHe )KHll,e 1lJlH je H33TKano 0;.1,

____ --2

Cuual68

rpy6e jYTe, a cycrrelIp;oEana MaTepHja je tJnpCTJ, Kpym-103pH8 H HCCTTIIIIJblma. To jc Hajl.ICmlm CJIY~laj fIpn paAY ca KpHcTam-IHM MUTepl-IjaJIHMa: KpHC'raJIH, mehep, rrccaK, MJleBeHa pyn:a 11 TaKO na.!be. AKO.lc cycncH,U.cmm-ur l\-I3TepnjaJJ BOJlYMl-IH03aH,

Cl'HIIIJl>l-IB, on)J,a ce KanaJUfhH l-I3Mel)y QCCTr11(a f10rWlC non npIlTHcKOM q))lYHP;i1 KOjl-l

CG U,GTl:H cy3c li ~aTBope, TaKO J],(} cc ll,e1)Obe 3HaTHO OTC)J<8, TiOK Ha Kpajy H HC npcCTanc. TVUrWII-IH npeJ(cTaBHJU~H OBaKBI1X TiJJJOra cy: xup;poKcnH rBO>l<~a 11 anyMHHHjyl\.fa, rmma, 6HJbHC n )KHBOTJ-HhCRG 6eJIaWICBHI-K IT TaKO }l;aJhC,

Ep3un2 (IHlJlTPaJ~lfje. - Y nOl.ICTK)' q)J:IJlTPOfHlI-bJ TCl.1HOCT Koja rrpolJc Kp03

new-mo _. cpHJJTpaT Haj~JeIJlhe je MyHW 3aTO fIJTO onmpn n<:l OCHOBHOM I~CAJL'1y HIleY J\OBOJhIlO Meum na 611 MOrJfH 3<1JJ:[))lGJTH II najq1HI-mje- ~-iecTH1~e cycncnAoBanc ivf(lTC'

puje. YKOJIHKO ce lxe6JbHl-Ja rrora'IC rroBcl'iaml, H Ol~CJJ)-lIla he nocTajaTH cne 6HCI'PH

.la" T<H{O f\d y6p30 HCTIf'Je CaCHH!'I-{ O!fC'Ipa Tn 1\C}1Tl.'hKC.

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THC;)K c npyrc. crpanc np\TI.'Ia (T' 2) '~;) ('Be npOK nct)c.ll>;:t ncnpm.-!Cl-l.;J.,HH (uno _le na}·

'!cmhe C.Tl)"Wj), Ollr\:l cc- C mmCArllhCl\{ npnTTlC1Gl (PI) n6wmo nOBchJB<l H 6p3I1lI;1 nc1)CIha. Ouo n,l)KIl, 1\;lCl.5:YTHM, CClI\fO npn rrebcTh)! C lleCnIlmUTBTIM nor;PI~1i\,!8, ;\KO

cy nor;;!'TC CT!nJm,Imc, noncl'i;llhCIVf rrpHTHCIGI cpKilHajy ce 11 JaTBapajy nope [{pen

lWjc cc Kpchc TC"li-JOCT lHTO YTW1C TTn OnaJ1,im,C 6p1IllW cTp\'.im-h(l TC.'-THOCTTl ()[I/{

gar!?!? 6p:m!-lc IVbtl-h{( l/(loTiai(' ,1002 l7(02({ [{niiO Lln;i(l'{([ rlpc,.H('f{().M iJociTtajc CRe gc6 Jbfi, 'lUMP cc iioncha(l({ {./ olTiiiojJ, OqJ-IOO{(I ClWl-fJyjc fivnlJfo 0POIUf.!I{(!lba. Jil)vwjyhn OHO ')" BH;lY. nC1}CI-hC CC yr.n<lBflOl\1 HpIllE T;-lKO lIlTO re}' no'reTKY t\e;\H nOl\ l\1i'llhl'P-:]

npHTHCKO)VL a nOTO\1 CC npnHlCaJ\: nocrYTmo YBen,\D,l Y TOK)! pap;3. .

l~et)C'.Thc cYClTcn:mj<j Koje J(ajy CT'HIWhHHC nora'lC OJWf<WilBit cc ntl.l'lC'.mhe 1l<1

Taj H(FlHIl nlTO CC y cycncJrmjy ynO)JH llCKa nCCTl-flIIJT,UB(l Kpncramra l\'\clTCpnja (Tm{--pY':'!OPUjCT<il lervebJ, l\tneBenIl KPC'!1lJilK, (jml-lTf nCG1K) I\:oja K(10 necnU!_m,nB CKc;rCT,

H nopCT\ nonehanor npnTHCK'-1, o)w»){(!n<l nenpOMCIJ.,C;JIHM nYTcne KOJH1'.,.f() TVIlWCT

n1)l1 nehC1-hV npO:J3','>1L <:kcro ce lIapO'InTO ne .. 'lHKH OTnopn .i~lBJhaiy '30n]' 'fora JI]TO

c::, cycn~n;-J,(~B(l1T(l M(lTepnja cJ6nje y nopc OCnOl3HOr T~CnHn8, n; nx 6p3C1 larynm, n~: OH c('- ono Inner.TIO, H<1 OCHOBIIO IWnHJIO, 'J" nO'-H;;TK}-: p<1]\(1, JIaHCCC- ceo J\onYJICKH UWJ

'lHeTe KpnCT<IJTI1C 1I-laTCpnje, Kojn OTC}!{(lH(I cycnCHl{CH'l<lnOM T<l.rrory H;] no'l)e J1.0 OC·

110\1110r f.~e!Uj.ll::1 11 118 ra '.l::Flcnu.

Ol~ TOn.1 Tzojn he ce npIrrHCnn '3;.\ ycncmHo f\ct)Cf-bC I1PWvlCll.JlBilTH l(lBnCH 11

Infiop THlB (Im]TTpa y Kor~le he cc nci)eH>e BplLlHTH. ffa u360p r/)f{JIi'fir.!} yi"II~I'{Y: 1(0-JI'u'1l!HU c),ciJ('l-{.Jl1jc, i7pupogn II iric.wlcpail7),poITi("lIlociTiu, /,:O./IlI'IIII({IlIIa .. '10UI, opeg"

floC/Til.! iri(l,q.(}Zif, oglfnclfo iUc'lfIociliu, ilpwTiur'{/f,· cydic1I3U/C IIT)l.

MH hCMO j-!l)OJlftlTl'i OBC HInOnC qm.;rrapa:

nCllJlI<lHH cIHL'TTpn: - n3K),YM-cI)HJlTpJ1,

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Kp03 IhMX He Mory ,n:a rrpol)y HH MHKpoopnnm3MH, HH KOJIOHTl:Iif. Y TUM CJlylrajeBH~

Ma rOBopn ce 0 yJTTp31~Ci)C}by. Kp03 I-hHX CC ll,c.uc Boln-m COKOBE, npcrrapanI MC}],H

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nClWlanlf qnfJTl'ap. -- KOH OHHX ¢n.wrapa neAILTTO 'IHI-lH HCnpal-I 11 npoccjmI TIt>

caK. ful1Me ce J-Jajl.Jcmlic nYHH qlL'TUTIlXPlPT(lll (':VII (c:r. fi9) I~O.i1-I lfi\HI .'J;:I)1(1I0 (Jnfiy

meno) IlHO (1). I1PCKO Jla)K]-]or W-W MO)J(e

ce nOCTaRHTH OCllonno IT,C;1HJTO 0)1 rpyoc TK~lItmrc (2) H.'m CC, HilK. TTa Thera HaCBIn

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cnOllUr,-y.1C 11 YMHpyje TermoCT, nOJITTO

npol)e Kp01 necaT(. TClmOCT cc OTil'-It:

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hClh\-' H'J6<ll1\,'jc nccm\. . .,' K;:l).W ce rOpThlT c.TIojenn nC-CK<"l. ]601"

(f:Hmor M),.11>(1, -J;:l"ICllC. npoflyru1\1 cc DOT\a

KI)(Y:! etn-UTTar Y CYlJPOTIIOl\j Ct-.KPY KaKO 011 cc 3aTBopcllH H 3arymclI1I 1({1l1(1.1Hhn

OTBopH.rm. Jom npocTHjn n8 1IHIl ~THUlhc~

8

7

H~il cln-r.;npa .ic ln6aW-1BaIbC ropn,nx cIOjCBJ HJIll yK)TlHOr nCCK<l H lhcrOBO :Dl\fC

f-bHn;,llhC'THenv'v:.

Ilpl1TllG1K Kojn je nOTlx·.6an -3<1 cnB.Twl'jI1BaIhC TPCH-,(1 no6nja ce H(J p,l'ryn P8'3-.1HKC npHTHCK<l ROjl! Tl',l.lHOCT )fj'l'l,l C jenne 11 C ;~pyre errmIC flCHFl'.lTfOT HC)l}Lna. Dpn

'lT1Ci.iK cc jaB,r!'>(l /(':lO nOC!{CltHf(a Xn;xpOCT8TIf'IKor npITTHCT\:(\. TO ]eCT TC>KJme nOile_

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i\OBOJI,J-IO.

AKO ce y BOgH Koja ce l~C)Jl.I mUI,BH BpJTO CpIHIO cycncll/lOnau(J ]VWTcpnja, lhy Bene \whn 38)'Ij»K8TH 3}!JlIJ,a nCCK<t. Hero he neCMCT8J-IO H3MCl)y IhlIX np0.TJ[UHTH.

3aTo ie nCHpc6no TiO ce rIa HeKB Hi:lllHH TC H8jcHTITBje MaTcpnje cKyrre 'f nche 'rc

CTHQe~ OJHIOCHO !Fl ce a7.,w/,tfjJUlU.V. To ce ynrannoM nOCTIOKC )lOllan;:l1I,CM CYJ1Cp,'l:(J anYMHHHjvl\l8 HJ[lJ rBO)Ki)a H co;~e. OBC coml ce npn i\OJl,I1.py cn EOn;OM XH,l,PO.:-ITITYJY· rpa.n:ehn -~8xyJhH'raCTe BO.;ry!vIHH03He XH,lpm.::cnn;c. 3<1 Bp110 Renl-IK), nonpunnry naxy

]hJlI~a BC3yjV cc n HajejmlInje tICCTHIlC (a)lcop6yjy) TC CG TaKO, nOlllTO cy BC1aHC 1a nehc. \-lor)' 38Il,P)KtlTH Ha IWJJ.HJly. TaKO cc H3 n0i1:e YKJIalLajy l.laK H \1TJKpOOpraIIH3MH.

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u,eiV1JIC HeJlHKe KOJIWHlHe BO~\C, npaue ce Belle nocyp,e 0)]. apMupauor 6eTOJ-Ia, KOjC

liMajy UC}lHKY IIOnpUH111Y lJ,eAIUbKe, Otll1 geJUfKH 6a3eHH 06M'-IHO cy YlwrraHI1 1" :3C!vUby.

ilelUtlaHH CP:HJlTPH ce KOPHCTC ::\tI l~ebel-LC TC-::tll-IOC'TI1 Koje canp)l{e Mane KOJ1H

'-nme TaJIora. YKOJlHKO cy Belie Ko.rlIFumc TaJlOra, nope ce 6p:w 3aQefIJbaBajy Te ce

l~e'belLe Mopa CBaKli '-lac UpCKULFiTB paru'1 (lHWhelLa q:llUITpa, UJln ce Mopa crroJba

llilLl1 IIpl1THG1K nOBetianaTll KaKO 6H CC caBJIai)HHaO OTllOP Ilora'ie, '-lHja )~e6)LIHW pacre. fJ;a 611 npliTlicaK Kojn CaI3Jlal)yjc LYrnop 6HO OKO I Gap, 6HJIO on nOTpe6Ho iW BHCf:l1l<l 'IT'-lHOCTH 6YP,e OKO 10 m H3Im,u. l1,e,II..HJla, uno 6n OBe ctJl:IJITPC ~mHHjJO Bp.10

rJlm,la3lTHM II cKynHM. 3aTo cc MOpaJlO fIpncryrlHTH UPOM3BOAlhll cpIVLTapa KOn KO

jHX uonehiuhe npUT!1CIZ<l IIC lI:mn:yjc nOBchathC BOfl.CHor c1'y6<1. To cc M05Ke no

cTHhn Bi.lKyyr-Wl\t ll':IH llPllTllCKOf;J. HO;I, KOjUl\i ce H,lJ1~rH'l TC"lHOCT lI!lH 1l0Mohy raca

113J--l,-W f-be.

nai{yyJ\1~(!m_JlTap. -- KO)=I JEtKYYr.1~cl)HJlTpa mrrpcClHa pa:;~lHKa npH'I'nC<1KU no,

CTvDKC cc TaKO uno ce c jC,L\llC erpaut' 11,CJW;la TC'lllOCT IW;liL:lH HOI.I aT,\locqKpcKllhI

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Trl\'\()C\..pepn.::_B. nOLUTO aTMocclJelKKll npuTllcClC, npctvta clUconYTIiOM B:.tKYy\1Y, l--1hia

cal\w 1 C5ap ll<lTllPllTlICE<-l, TO JJJ(.l'lll JJ,'-l Cia Y lqca;molvl C!IY'Wjy, Kana 61'1 cc C }·IP)Te crpalle l1,e,'-l,H)la Ilocmrao allCO]JYTIII-l U<lKYyM, pa:JJlllKa npl1THealGL l1,aKJIC OlHt KO]a

croju lla paCllOJraralbY :w GlB.!lai)uB(ubC OT!lOIX1., l-BllUClIJla najmulle 1 6ap_ 0130 jc

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Il)-"Icnl-l. cy no KOHcrp:YI-a~Hjl! C.TJlIllHH nC!H'lUllHM clmJrrpHMa. OI-H1 CC, TaK01)c.

C(1C'rojc In je;~Hor cY,:J,i.l KOjU lHda ,'l:J>KllO ~l,llU, npeKo Koru je npcB)"-ll'HO UCKU JIJIaT· JlO lL'IU J\lCTallHa TK:JlH!lIa. 113 ;~Olbcr ;~CJla cyga, J')W ce CKYlJ,bU OlJ.e~nllW, cra:mo ce

cuaKYUUlC rae,:J l>.JOfi.{C 1J TctUlOCT, na Gil. ce naKYYl\i 0AP>l.::ao. ]<-1 MaIbC KOJllFnlHC '['0;:;-

1-lHOCTfi nY'lCBil cc npaHC o:~ CT~IE_Aa, nopu,y}l:'llUt, a 3a Hehc og KaMCHHIIC, CMujJIHpa nor J"Bo3J-1,cnor JIllB;.t, 'ICJ1HKa Kojl1 HC- pJ)'-l H TaKO JJ)JJbC, BY'JeHU cy l!OrOJJ,llH 3(1 n}JM

Meny TaKO fJ-~C HOCTOj1J I.H1K')'yl\-\, O/J,llOCI!O llOiJ,eCHc naKYYM-IWllKC. AIW TC"-II-IOCT KO~ ja ce l~CgH Hua llJ]CKY Ti.l'lKy lCTLY'!(ill~a, npCT!1 onaCHOCT J--ia nOll. CMaU,CHl1M npH

THC1(OI>1 npoKJI.,yqa 11 TaKU y BIID,), ll~\Pl' oygc J1cu,puella 11::l llyJa. 0 onOMC CC l\lOpa

BOjH1T11 pa'l)-!JlC\ aKO TC<lHOCTlI KOjt: CC l1,c,u,e !WKO lObY'Iajy (eTap, <1W';TOH) l-L'lH OlIC

'lHja .Ie Ulillla Ta'IK~l 1~.'by"wILa a:Ul J<.lrpejalw cy (()cn:mu, GCl13011, BClJla). <PH:rrap-lipecc. -. Jt:).\~Ul U,:~ L'"WBHHX llC;1.0C'Ll'raKa BaKyytl.l--C!Ju.rrrapa,ie uno ce

Y lL,HMa HT hW>KC npOlI'_:\BeCTU ueha p<.UJlHKa npl1TllCK:.t o~~ 1 Gapa. UITO ::la lI,c:ljCU,C

CTHlU.TLliBl-lX TaJJO['a OGWlllO IlJ-lKa,Ua Hl!jC ;V)uOJLIlO. Behe cy MoryhnocTH U_pt-l Jl,el)eu~y OBaKEHX T,-UlOrJ YKOJUIKU (:c YllOTpCOJLJB<-t llPi1THGll~ 'j,\ l~ct)CH,e T(;"IlIOCTH, KaKO cc UPH'l"llCUl-I MO!'Y n013ChdIl(lTIl y llHipOKll:\1 rp'-1l!Hqatl.-1J., TO ce ouaj [-{a'!llll u,cl)e

l·ha !lO'-iCO llPllMCILIWJTl-l ::1<1 l1,el)CILC CYCllCI13l1ja KUjc cy CC HP}lO TeUlKO U ,TJ;yrvrpn

jHO U;C~iHJIC. rIPHTHClJ,H KOjU ce n;mac Ilpa OBO!II l1,cl)ClhY llOCTlDKY H3110CC l[Jm6-

JHDKHO}J,O 10 Gapa. nOUJTO ce OEll CiJlUITpH rpaiJ,c 'l'aKO na HMajy I1lTO Behy noup

lliHl-IY, om-l ee, )1)1 61-[ H3.D:P)IWJJH u<lnpe::HUUl Koja ey 3uaTua, rpagc og BPJlO jUKor {-j

l\WCHBHOr rB03]J,Cl-IOl" "'Il-lEa, 3).l.pal.lOr ApntTa l1lwyror MaTepIIjaJIa.

Kop, CimJlTap-npeca Bp:l(~ Ba)K!!), y:lOry HMa ucrmpaJ-hc TaJlUra noraye, To ce

pa)J,l-j ;u,a 6n Ce llora~w IloTnyno oCJ106o,UIL1<:1 OU,C}J,HHC, HJ1H}J,a 611 ce UlTO Bame oqe

)J,l1l-le n06WlO H3 noraqe. I1PBO ce '-lHHI1 06WlHO 3<1'1'0 A<l ce iJ,06I~je 'lHeTa nora'-la (Bnp, KBac(H~), a gpyro Aa ee }J,oGnjc liTO BUliC OlW,lVmC 360r ILeHe BPCp,HOCTH

(llilp. mehepHI1 COKOBH).

123

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I1pli Lnrpa,illbU <-pUJrrapa TC)KH C(; :-)(1 THM )~a ce ,itOOI-1jC neila ltOBpUJl-lHa u,clycH,<1, a J~a CC HCTOBPC[I,-!GUU 3aY3hH; I.I.ITO l\1,UhC JlPocropa Y ci)aOpml,lL 3aTO ce q)lUl

'l'ap·-npece He l-nqJal)yjy Y HllHY C<lMO je)~llC HOBpmHIIC, 3D. lJ,C~ClbC, HtTO 113 BUiUC

1\1aILli);, l\-lcl)yco6ao XCpMtTll'IKI1 IlOBC3'-tHHX, TaKO ,1~a '-Bmc u;c.'umy - ¢l1:n'ap~npt:> C\,. CBiiKa O,li TUX rrOJ3PUllHia, IG:tO H )l,CJIOBlI Koiu lIM no BCJIHl.UUlH H oGJllll(): o:.~['o-n~lpajy, Hi.l3l-majy ce ~lJ'lalll~t-1Ma cpJLll'rap-npccc. . .

KUAWP'Ul qJLUllTiajJ-iipeca cacTojn ce HJ rro)JjcHHaKHx '-{JlaIlaKa KOJll cc MCi)y: C06HO llpl-nc>KY TaKO J.1,a '-ll1!IH XCPMCTWIKH 3C1TBOPCllY tI,c3Ilmy (cn. 70). '-L1aHlVl (1) 06CLUCHlI cy npcKo I-IaPO'IllTl1X APlllKH (2) 0 jaKY \-leJlwu-ry IllHIlKy (3) H llpwrcrnyTH y3 ~le . .'lO llpeee (4) jaKHM 3anpTlhCl\i 3aTC3at lCM (5). rIprrre3aI:be 1\10>1(; jl::t cc Bp·

UlH 1-1 xHHpaYJ1l-l'lKH. l-lempme IllHlIKe He CIY>l<:C caMO TOMe p,a Hoee pa!\1OBe !-l.tTO cy

HCTonpct-leno no,o;cmcoe gf.l IBJ.\p>Kanajy II Y3HY>KHJ. l-tanpC3f.lU,J. KO.1a naCTaJY rIpH lIrHlTe~ml-by IWO'-W, C p,Ol-bC crpaHC ~l}laHaKa UJ.J1a3C ce CJtaBHHC (6) 3<1 OT~UG:HbC O!J,e)~HHe) a BCllOn fLUX KOPl1TO (7) Y KOjC co:.:: ca6l1pa OJ.\CHlma llJll1 CKYllJbLl T,-l!lOr Hrm

npa)Klbcll,Y. 3anpT,ub .~ :3aTCJ'PI· llpll 3aTe:1<11-bY npwfHcKyjc Ha IIOCJICp,r'b:] nOJalj,H-IH lUl3IlaK ~ 3anpum)' L'Iany (8) Koja jc ca CllOJb!lC crpaHc :1aTBopcHa. kaiW ce JJ,c!)e!l~c 3(lnpllJH, :HlTC::l(\'l ce OTLtYCTl-I TOJlHKO iJ,i1 ce 'lJlal-ll\H Mor:y paCTaBI1TI1 11 TO

"'H-JKO nOMCpl1TU ):W nOf"a'la MO)!(C l1::\hwlyy IJ.,liX 1'J,a lIaJ_(J AUJIC y' KOP1-lTO.

{iJJLlnU,H KOMOPUHX cl1H}lTap··npcCiJ

cy T<lKO llO,LlC!1lCI!I-I )la, Kaf-i<t cc cacnme 360r w->J.\y6JbClha Koja e.c H3MC~)Y "lJlCl!l<lK'-!

namno:.::, oGpa3y.h! KOI\10pe (Cll. 71 H 72) Y lwjm--1a ce npn I~el)CI-hy cKynJL,a nor'FlCl. I.LC.Ll,IiJIO - flrraTlW 3-3 Hebel-be (1) - CT<t-

8)bCl CC (llpe6au,yje) Hit '-IJraHKc. TIOBPIIIH

He ~IJI,UWKa aa KOjc Hane)KC llJIaTHO I-HICY

I'JlaTKC Hcro H36pa'3!lRHC (5) ICaKO 6ll OI\C

JJ,HHa MOfJIa P,Y)K I-bI1X )la ce CJHma l-i caKy

TUba Y Hajl-IlDKe.l\I )leJlY, O)J,aKJIC ce rrpCKO

OTBopa 3a CJIaBHHC (6) OTa'-IC H3 npecc. CflUI{U 72

CycnCH3l1ja K01-\ OBHX ~lJlaHaKa JWBOl-~l1 cc 1 Kp03 cpeAnny tlJ1aHaKa, na CG, npOJl33ehH Kp03' I-bHX, O)VIHn(l H3 eBe crpaHC y KO

Mope. 11 OBrle I-I3C'rajc rroTpc6an naJJ: ITpBTfICKa Ha C3M01\1 ll,c/Uwy. MaMa ce y npee)' YTHcKyje TC'UIOCT nop: npIlTHCKOl\J 110 8 6apa, HIIC1K je Ol-wj ,a:eo oqe;O;I-IIlC KOjU 'relre IIH3 paf',L c [(pyre C'rpaJ-Tc IW)]llJla, nOM C,1IIIdi 73 3TlvIOcq)el)cKH:'vf rrpHTHcKOM. D;raTI-IO Koje

CJIY)](11 1(30 nC!~HJI() y OOJTHKY jc qnaHKa lIil

Kojn CC CT<]BJb(,1. f-Ia IT.:1i1TH}' ce n3JTcUC oTBopn (7) Kp03 I<oje, cycncwmja Tpe6a X~n npoTH'le~ y OBOM c.-rr)"Jajy Taj he cc OYBOr HJJIZl3IITI1 na cpc)J;lfIIn fPIJTI-IJ. Ua cyc

ncn:mja llC 6H npouypH:rw HenOi], cJ10601lHor Kpaj;] H TaKO OC'T;:J.)W llCnpOI\ei;cH<L TlJlnTHO cc (l H 2) npBTc~KC)'3 OTBope (C:1. 73).

Ilo CTmjoj I(OHCTPYT{I~HjH KOJ\l0j111C qmm'ap-npcce cy n1']]o npoC'lY Te, npc\Ia TOlvrc, H jCDTlU1C. r!T<lBnn nCl~OCTaTilK Hl\.J. je uno cy IzoMupe Y KojnMil ce T~l.rror Cd KynII,a 1\l,Ull' n: TllTO CC ITOr;"!'];] y lhIl\lZ\ TClUKO HCl1HjJ'\.

p({.tvI.U::O (jJIL'1I1i{fp-ifpCC{f H[lCTn.~a jc i\,L'bU),d ycanpman;:n-hCM KOf\IOpnnX (l)H.~J·

Tap-npec;\' KO,lI P(l!\fCKHX (l)lL'ITap-npeca Tlocrnjc TpH npc1'C 'IJT811aK,L J1B~l '!)1<IHK(j cy nYIf<-l (1) H (3), (j jc/\an myna.TJ, (2), ',001' 'Tera JTll'lH Il(l paM, no ~lCM).' ce (me rrpece

TaKO n H<l'mmljy. Y paMy CC](1 HPC1VfC I\Ci)Clhtl caJ.;:yn.n,(\ T(l}Wf. HOIITTO jc '~aTTpe"'lH' l-lll pal\ta MHnro neft;'! O/11anpcll-nmc KOl\"lOpa, C8 onmamM q)ILTTTpJ-Il\-Ja IIfO>I(C ce MI-lOrO

n),)KC pzunrrn n MHnro Bella KO.'1Tl'llHJa Te t lllOCI'J1 111)(n~C1JTITIL ana cc ne1)Clhe pa;Ul

np;DK1'heI-ba, HC npeIO-l;W. nne BPCTC- nylTlIx "Ura1-l<lKa noc-roje 3aTO i1.:a 6Il ce 1\10L'10

nOltCCr-mje npllHlTl1 qe'bU-ht;:, O;mOCHo HcnnpafhC. CBaIZH "Ll~HWK Hi\la Ba ce6n 01'130-

pe 3a npoBot)elht'. TC'THOCTH H nonCKH Kalla:T 3a ynol)CI-LC. O,ITnOClIO OJ:\ROl)Clht, TaKO

ita Tel( no 1']1]1 ClO)KCn;! Jl8jy Tw;mny ROjO!\! ce lWl)CI-J.,C MO)KC najoOJhC lI3BpUlHTH. Ha GTHqn 74 npHKa:wIlH cy OR<!KBil {DJ(H-n~H.

Aa 611 CC OffH, KaWl cy CKJlOTlJhCHIL lvfOL!1J.1 CIlOJb3 pa3JlHKOBClTIl, f-l<l CnO.Thi:l

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ciloje, '-lUBe Y CTBapn BO,!], 3a TCt.IHOCTH. TaKo ce Kp03 JIeBC (5) oTBope (cn. 74) npoBO)lI-I cycrrcH3Hja, 3 Kp03 ,UCCHe (6), 3a npcMe q)a3e HCIlHpalba, Bona 3('\ HCTIHpatLC. C ,~'OI'bC CTpaHC tfJ1aHaKa 1 IT :. ITOCToje K31I3J1H (7), KOjl1 eaKymbajy Ol1,C)IHHY H ynoiJ:c JC y cnammy (8). ;Ua 01-1 TC"-IHOCT 1f3 TaKO HaCT8JIHX ROAona Y YrJloBHMa (5, 6) MOflIa

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ClIHK3Ma 74, 75 11 7(-,.;0:3 fin 611JIO jacHuje, nOrrpetIl-TH npeeeK Kp03 pm .. r HHjc H3Bpuren

no HeKoj npmmj pam-Il;r, Hero no H3J10MJhCnoj. f-Ta urCMH 3<1 l(el)cn~e paM013H cy npOCC'\eHH no H3nOMH,cnoj ,TTITHHjr'] (1) (CJL 74), a 3<1 Hcnnpm-hC Tunora no JIHnHjn (ll). VI] CJIJIKC 75 n3 Kojoj.iC y npeccKy npIlK.,n3no TWi)ClhC". m-r;rHi ce)1<l c),cncl-r:mje) YJla'3J] y npOCTOp 33 uel)erT,C KPC)3 pal\·f (2). 0l~C11lm3 npO;rJ3I1 Kp03 I(Ciumo (l':ojc jc

y BHn::.-! u;pnn~a nOCTJBJhCnO H C HeCHe n C !Tene cTpane paMa) 1-1 G1HBa ce mr3 l-nOlXE;J:ClHt 3B;rl.OBC 'UJaffK3 (1,3) )J<1 6n ce c3KynH.!]~\ y !1OlhCll-I cafil1pHOJVI OTBOpy (7) n Tn

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paH,c CC; BTl;W 11<1 C.T1HI.\l1 7(1 fl(l npccCI-~y (IJ) KpOJ "erallKC llpm;:a::IaJIc lW C1Tlqn To]

fTpoJ],-ncl-mK])(n KHnanc 3<1 npOBOI)CTbC TCTTlIOCTH 3.:1 HcnlIlXlH .. c (J(CCI1H rOplf,H :-,[80 C1HIGI 74). TC'lllOCT \10;'1(C na Jibe jC/l,liIlO y Trnamli-": (3) lKnOJ{ IU<lTIT:} ::Iii l\C;/CfhC

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l'1OTpefino JOIn npU)JObHBllje HCIlnj1alT,C, OIl;rJ;Cl cc TC'llTOCT 38 HCflHpmhe IJ,OBO;\B U en iHljarona.;u-IO CyllpOTHC CTpallC 0;1- one (;:X<lr-::.ac c neBC !lOIhe CTpane. - CJi. UITO Hi'l

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cry 3,HITHEa~Ja Ha cnojHHM MCCTHMa H3MCljy ~L1aHaKa. YKOJTHKO 61:1 ce nJlaTHO Ha

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3

OJ!, TKClHl1HC (2). Koje cy gOI-bHM KpajcM nC3JHC 3a rrpcTKoMOpy (3) Y KOjy ce ynop;H HeLmeT rae. t~eBI1 ce mU1J3C y XepMCTTl'-IKM 3aTBopcHoj KOMopn ea f1poq:nfJTTpl1paHHM '-InCT11M [<lCOM (1). GBa KOMopa CC HOMony 06pTHor ncnTHpa (4) cnaja. :mmlCHO OJ!; tbenor nOJlO:tK:aja, rum 3a yelleRY ~eB BCHTHn3Topa (5) KOjH lICHcan3H,CM

CM<ubyje npuTHcaK (rrOJIO)IG:!j I--r) 1um 3a aTMoccpepy (noJIo)J(Jj II"-II). gOBOp;H3 nCB-J.

(6) BC3aHa je 3[1 r11am'-!y rH13B01~HY lWB (7) 3a KOjy cy Be331lC HCToBpcMcno 11 OCra]lC

KOMope l~eJ1m::yr!f-je I1HCT8J1aJvrje. Y rJIJBlwj pa3BoilHOj 1l,CBH, Kao It y AOBOi~HI1l\-f l,eBHMJ. HOllITO cy Bc3JIIC npeKo KOMopa 33 BCI-ITHSIaTOpe, npHTHCClK je YBCK MJH .. n

on (-11'M001)cpCK01' npHTHCIGl.

BpchaCTM qm.TJTpH pa)~c na onaj l-Ja'IHlL nOlllTO .1c 3601' nOJTQ)J(aja nClITHpn (1--1) KOMopa (1) nC-'3ana 3;-1 yrCHCfm HCHT1Ulc1TOP, I1])C1(O qcrm (5)'Y IhOj nacTajc n8-

KyyM 360r 'rera ce K]10'j ncuu OI\ TK;mrme (2) YCHC<lBCI f(lC In npCTKOl\.JOpC (3), OT(HO

eno 113 pa:mOJUTC l".ll am! C:'_ HeHU (7). rlpww3chn K]JCY:I T};<tIlHHY r<K ry6n Kr~im1Jlj(' '{CCTHI\C KOjC l-j(j l1>oj OCT<l,jy K<lO H<1 Hel_Hmy. HOlllTO ce nOCJTC l-nneCllor npCMC[W no

ynyrpcnuIl-,oj nOBpnllfIJIf qcm-r llaKymI Mlloro llpaullIHc. nOTpe6H0.1c YKJ101IHTTl.ic ilZl 6H ce onaKma.!lO qm.'TTpnpaT-hC '---Tmllhclhc H,CBIfllX cl)YL1Tapa upnm CC If;) T(lj Hf"l'nm

UlTO CC 06PTZ\lhCJ\j ;'"JC!1THP<1 no nOJiO>Kaj8 (H---Il) cnaja KOMOjX! ca (lnwcqxcpcKll1d H83/:(yXOM. nOI1lTo.ic npllTljGiK y npC'T'KOl\·WpU mrW:H on ~l'n-"I()C¢cpn::oi-, B,n)lYx he ce KpCT<lTH Y cynpoTHo\l nparm,Y Kp03 1-)l1.~lTi.)P IT OJl)JOCHTH C;1 co6m,j n;H<yn:hL:ny

Ilpaumll}-'. Jl~l 6n ce (lHO p::,T!:llh:l1-hC ().TI(lKm;l.~10. 1l,C-lIJllI ctm.T1Tpn cc np,t!o eHiDEno npo

Treey npcKo CKCnCllTjXl (X) 11 nO:lyTC- (9) 'n fWjy cy (1):L~ITPF 06cmew-L rIp,l1Ium:1

narl"l Y .T!CHK<'lCTO ;(IJO, On,nelC ce nonpe\·jCHO wmOCH.

Bpe-h':KTll fl)!,],Trpn np.:l0 ;\oopo npc'llmrhanajy n:unyx, HM(ljy HrL'lO ncmlKH K(jnm~nTe,T (urro ];mViCH on: 6pnja KOl\fOpa, K;H'l If uenn: IWjC ce)' U,HMa H(1.'1«:)(,), ~-Tc;\o, CTaT<:lK IHd jc UfTO IlpY)J\,ljy !tocra BC.'1HKT-! oTnop npn npOJIaCKy rac,! n HTTO cc. no,

1\1011y Ihl1X ne l\wry npc'lffHIDnn::1TI-l (IrpCCHBIlTL B]l(l)1{nH IT npum raCOBll_ nouno cy

I\e)J,HJh)(C f-Hl'llnT,Cl{C on 0rr~mcKln BSialC1H?L

Ff3BOn

(l)l1JfT]ln]l<lH,Cl\j Ct' pa::mHl.l.ja (llJr)'llil 011 "mpC're cl)(ne. '--lnpc1"() (-j"n"';;\ cc 3<l)\,P;'K;\

B(1 J-1tl u.eJ~H.n:)-', (1 (1)'-1)-,11,1'( npc)"r1PJC K]l(YO nCJHL10 Jt naTa.nO)Keny nora'!),. EVH-1Ti;) (im.'!

Tpllpar-bil je n:nnwjel1(-l EO.TTWHlfl;-l (l)n.:nl'<1T<1 y .ic;l)nrr-n~n npCMCI),L Y '1"01\Y ZJ'J!-1.11TPll

PCII--},(1 pacrc OTIlOP rrpOTlIl.1.:lH,Y (lm.1TpaTzL <lnurrpnpall,c jc: llnjop>Kc Ifa nO'JeTE);. ;'\

],nnl\f jc cge cl1opnjc: le;OT' nOBch<:l1-hC1 ,n,e6J1>Bne TTor;l'fe. Pil3mn::a n]JHTHCt1K() llpr-\ (J)H.l1'rpnpaH,y OCTf1ap)-'j(~ cc lFIll n;:lKYYViO\l 11.'1fT H:lTlljlHTHCl";Ol'lY

L 3aHlTO je :\;\ (lmJITpnpZlIhc fHHpCOll{l P;U.I1!!K<I npnTllcKcl? ! 0;1 'Ier-a :,anllCH op:nl1W clmcnp<llI.Hie? 3. Kan: ce I1e CMCjy Twpncnrrn naK}'y:'lHjHIJ1'rpn? 4. Koja cy njleHMyticma (!)Hxrpa ca KOllTHnya:1IHllll pa;loM?

5. KaKo C[m.'0TpamlOlI<l non),la yTH'ff' na 6p:mn)' (!m:lTpaI\Hjc'} 6. 06jaclHl pan qm:1Tap-npece

129

OJlPE1'>lIllAlbE KAI'AKTEPIfCTIfKA <l>1f.lJTPA

DE 33)l3T3K 1. OgpegwTw. aaau.utonU aaiJpe.MuHc cjJl.lJlITipaiiJa og Gpe.HeHa rfJU-JllTi.J){ft~u.je.

noillpe6l-w fipeg;JJ-laH)a. 3a 113pan,y OBe nC)K6e Tpe6a IIOI-lOBI-lTH

ITOrJraBJha Koja ce OAI-Ioce n3 6p3l-IHY OCHOBI-IHX OnepalJ,lIja, MepeH~e 3anpCJlrH1I-le 11

rrpoToKa. Kao li cjmJlTparrMjy. AHaJIUaa 3agarilKfl. DrOTOR cl)HJl-

TpaTa Kojn npOJl33H KP(J3 qrHJITPaI~HOI-lY (en. 79a) KOJlony H TKanHl-fY (Clv) 3am-lCn O,U norOHCKC ClIne (AP) H OTITOpa CTpy

jaH)(1 clm.TrpclTa (Rj):

Onrop crpyjmT,Y cj)1'L'TTpaTa 'TIme caM qm.ITTI1]l C;1 ';'K;:UlUnOM (No) Jf nora'I;;l

(R).

Rr=Ro+R.

Ba:l1(Ho je 3(\l1(l3HTH )J,J OTflOP nora~

"'Je nenpecT<lHo pacTc jep ce I-hClJa )Ie6_'hH-

Ifa nOHcilaH8, llpyn1l\1 PC'IHl\,ta. YKO.lTUKO

je Reha 33npeM!ma cl)llJTTpaTa (\'), neha je ,U,e6JbHH3 nor;riC, na If J-heI-l O1'110P, To

I H

L W4-'-:124--:':'W

CIIIIIW 79(/

3I1ipm lI8. JC oTnop !10ra t TC Y cTBapH npOlIOpW-IOHa:!rl.n ]cmpell-umn caKyn:-hcnor qm.n:-

R::: Ie· V.

AKO ce TlBe nOCJlC)Jl-hC jCI-~n,FmHc 3al\-ICnC y npny. JJ:oonja ce:

!l.=,!2._ Ro +kF'

AKO TKam-nw Hl\I<l Jv\(,L1H OTI10P, OIIn:a ce OIl lvro:'Ke '1fiUCl\WPHTH. y O;'J,'H()CY na

OTlTOP ITOr(l'le U?o = 0) ml je:

v13 One .iC)~H(]'-IHHC BHgH cc Aa hc 6p311IW qmJ1Tpaunje 6UTH eBe cnopnja YK(l

JTHKO ce rronel-iana ]cmpCl\H-UHl cclKymhclIor ¢HJTTp<rra. JacHo je p;a he ce rrpoToK <rHJ1TpaTa CM3IbHB3TH ca nopaCTO:t'l-'f :wnpel\-'U1nc CaI(),

TIJbCHOr qm:rTpaTa. CMaJ-bHBaJbe npoToKa je pe3YJITaT CTanHe npC,LiIJOCTH TIorOHCKC CI1Jle (P j - P2) II nopacra xI1~waymprKor oTHopa nora'-rc.

To 3H3 LIH na he cpHJITpaT eBe enopn.-jc nCTl-fu;aTH.

flOLllpc6Ha MepCIMJ Ll LlpUpaLl\iH. Y ,{,OKY qHIJlTpaIJ,l1jc Tpe6a Mepwru Bp~Me H

3anpCMI1H)' qJH!rrpwra 11 cpopMl:IpaTlI Ha· pOBe \/- t. OBe napone Tpe6a rrpl1Ka3aT11 TaOeJIapHO I1 rpacl)H~IKI1.

Hapaga aagaiuxu. npBO cc cKIwnpa auap:.rrypa. ITCHOM y elm.wrap Tpe6a yneCTH cycncu3Hjy B O,u:Mi1X 11001CTH McpeH~e BPClvlCIW oti notlCTKa cj)1I!lTpal~llie, 1\.8.0 1'1

Ci:U(YWLCHY 3aupcilHluy qm.:rrpa'I·'<:l. 1101'0-llCKLl cuna (PI - P2).ie CT;;1JlHi:t. Arw jc nol"(lHCKa owa xllllpocraTH'lKI1 npltTltCaK CYCl!Cll".mjc (pgII), Oll,tFl BaCillI\" CVCllCH3li

jc TpeGa OJ·ip:iKJ.BaTlt IlellpOML'"!b~UO:>'1, no·

.·HlUi.U1,C}.[ i!OBHS KOJIH1H\H<l CYCllcn:.mje.

PC.3y .. 'liiiai7.'iu. Pe3y:r{,(1Tll MCPClb<t

njJHK;:l'.)allll ey C!IC)J,clioM TaGCJ!or.l 11 ;J,Bja·

QXU\-fOl\1 (CL 7(0).

3 ",mil "1

0.25 em]

imi"

Ifnin

C.w.iI:a 7(j()

Q2cm] Imin

3a,'l.a'nu{ 2. [1:Jpa"YfwiTiu 3(1UIICIIOCll' up.mlle oy opC.AU!f-U1 (jJrcIl7ipaqu';c.

AfW .. 1U3({ II 1.13/)({ga 3ugaiiir:a. £.1'3 WI.iarpar.'lCl }.106Hjcnor y rrpCTXO;J,llOM ::lU,DJ1TKV

".-W)Ke. ce tllI;.i~'TH Ha ce Y TOKY UPBOl' }'1l1l1~YT<J TpajalL<:l Cl)lI,Trpm.l,Iljc Ci.!/(YlJIi 1,8 en/

Tu JlIa'lH /~a .1"::' llPOTOK Y TOK), npnor MlIllyT<.t GHO (jr;;;;; Vir:::; 1,8 em"/! min. Ha HCTil

H~l'mll \1?>I(.C ce '3~11Ul>y~1lITIJ ;~a npoToK)' BPC:>'1C Of.( UCTor ,LiO \l.lCCTOr MI1Hyra 1.13110CH

OAO Cll1'!Il:Hl ,lITl'\', OualW Inp<llf'y'ltaT !lPll"l'(JK llpC!~CTaI.lJha HCTt.mpCMeno Gp3I-my cl)ll;nV<UJJIJC. L1KU cc., H,'j OCHUBY pCJY.!lTUTU In llpCrKO)..iIIOr 'JaJ.~aTh .. a, MU)f(C'C(J\iH

illlTH CJJciwha TaGemL

1'1 r f~~·(~~~j-~--"·f""(·i" .. o) i' -(i~~2~j,'~ ... "~"~:6=5·)--1 """~i-l~=l())I-(2~i=;O)~'-1

l~~j.;~~~~=m·'/llJ~~~"L".·=I"-=.~.~_~ .. _=L_~~.".~i~~~.~.~ .. ~ ' .. __ .~~~40 __ j.. 0,25 ~.~I~=-~_O,20 ' .. I

l:!\.wjyhll Y RfIJI,Y f~(] cy H3pa'IYJIaTC 6p311IlC (l)t1JITpaIJ,Hje Cpe,L\fhH np()TOI,H Y T?KY Jcwwr MIIllYTa, M())I;:C ce KOllcrpYHC<lTH i.llljaq.1;,t1\'1 npHKa':!aIl ua CJUlu;tl 796. ''y OLI<1JIa ce 0J .GlnHH<.l ~lmJITp~\J.(njc Gp:30 onaWl YCJIC).\ eBe nehcr OTIlOpa nora"Y.e.

11:1 W10H,lCHOl' w·qarpaMl:l BH)J,ll cc l\<l 3aBHCHOCT 6P31IUC cfm.wrpaqnje 0]..\ :)3npcIvU1HC q)HJlTpaT[l ojJ,rOJ3apa paU!1jc "oGl1jcnoj jegua1.IHlll1:

PI~' p) ill-' :::: ... --',

/c·V

"

1,2

'S I

"'1 ~.-, j

O~.\lIOCJlO je!UW'lltHH XHI!cp6oJle:

10 15 20

C i/I/(([ 7Ye

a \ ~-I

x I

3.4. L~EHTPWvYrViPAtbE

" I(min)

131

IJ,CIIT!HtqJyra:ma ClEW, u,cwrpmJJ)TC. ,- IlpwTiU(Llf.: i1o{[(pc6w{ 3U r"iuu."iuCf"u(WILe epL[.!lriljJt.liI/u h:jJ(),J I.(CgLU/() gouuja cc Tipu licw7ipwjJy'/UjJUH))' n.{J,Awliy /.([:/1.

I.IIPUtjJyZO.VIC ClL1C. i.Xa UU IlP01l3BC!Ia U;CIlTPl1cp)T~tJmy elm)" U;CHT1)wJ1)TI:l (\oJ'UP,1 JAil

tIMa POTUP .. ~1,OGOlH LV:1I'rpl1cl):,Tc - KOju ce Gvm oGph.c 01(0 CllOjt oeom-1llc. 01\10-T,Ft :~oGoUla jc H36Ylll~H (ncpf{)()pIlcau) H u:myrpa oGJIUA<.eu ~C;J,lL'lOfd. CycW . .'H'3HjO Koja Cl' I-n:U.DKC IJ,CHTpHq)yrn:patLY p,CjCTl.IOM qClrrpHcpyra.'lllC C1L'lC 6UHa npUTHcKl.lBalW )'"l l~C;~HJtO, llpH qn-ty ct LlBpcfa MaTepnja ua H~el\"ly J.:l,rJ,pA(aBi1, a 01V':,'J,lllW

ll'J!la::m In Ao(}oL!.la li TaKO cc O~(B(\ja oJ.l. 'wpcTe cpa3e. llaLLl..ljJwjJ"jZt.lAlilI CII.'/(( I/(! !,'upunTiu CC ((1.410 3([ 4,JU..-lIUpl.l.jJWf:,C rtc20 U 3a paJ[j

naill/ve (p[lc./wiaGUHJc (}JaJu). HaUMC, aKO CC 1\C1lTpmvyraJIIlOJ\-1 J,l,CjCTIlY H::lJlO.lK.l'1

HCJ(a C)."CllCHJuja llJUi CMYJUl1ja, oligu he ce z)'whe 'lecJTlUL{C Wr:ytiJb[J{Tiu rio i:iepucjJepllju II oOpu,10Gahe cf1Ct(ucj]I.[lt/1O LUc.JICU CllOi u,:may KUla he cc ca.J()'fiJb((iTi.U C.flOj r.;i{(!I(U¢U'Il/.O /WIWIC (jJaac. 0130 pa3j..\Hajal·he 1·J(t'.:H1B3 ce cCllapaquja, a anapaTM Y KOJHMa cc OHO BPWH -" cCIlapaTopH.

UcwrpHCI)yre BPJIO BCJIllKC l\ClrrpucpyraJl.He CI1JIC IUt3l1Bajy ce cyncpuellTpH~ q:,yre.

Cn.H.a Iwja IUlcTajc y nellTpHcjJyram-IOM nO':hY naTa je, Kao illTO jc 113 CPI13HKC n03HaTO, H3pa30M:

F

fHe cy: In - Maca MClTcpnje Koja pC)Tupa, W - nepwj)CpH<1 6p3VlHa Ta~IKC Koja ponrpa H r - Ho'ylynpc'IHHK ;'1,060ma'1\C1TrpJ1(lY)rre.

MchYTHM, nepIlcpepn<:l 6p3HHn (nYT KOjU neK,l Ta'TKa ncpnc})Cpnjc npe"bc y je;nnUU\H npeMelIa) wna je rnpa30M:

IV 2r'It n

60

rnc je Ii fipoj ClopTaj8 Y i\llnlyTy, AKO ce on(lj lUP,1i 'JZ\1\lCHH Y ropn-,oj jl:;ill;-PlHTlH,

,"\061-1J(1 ce: ,

F:=:;!~~~-(2r~)~.nr O,OJim r'n""

113 jerl,lIH'HH-IC ce HH}_,\Jj JlC1 je Il,CTTTpml1yTamw CUJTa ynpaBo npnnOp!~H01I3.Tl1I;\ (I.,J,1cn H nOo1ynpC'THHK)' pOT<lII,njc 1I KH<1JW,'1T)' npoja oornaja. 3HII'I!'L aKO CC 1"C110 O;qJCl)CHC i>faCC oorhc. C<l POTOPOM w::HTpncl)yre l-leKH1\-1 6pojeM II J, H aKO CC DBa Y)1-HocrpYTIH. onila he cc 1~eIlTpJI(pyra.1Jla cH.~[a y~rcTBopoCTPY'THTH.

M(lUHme Y KojHr.-fa cc 008.B}h'-l I(cl-ITpml'yTHpaJhC nO)J,C.1henC c:V na ;(nc f]WBHC. q:rync, If TO:

_. nCHT);l1'fcpyrc KOjc IJ,HCKOHTHfT}!amro paw; H l\CllTpnqlyrc Koje KOHTlmya:mo pil,'lC.

I~"'n!U1{pyre ell ;l,UCi{OUTun-yaJUIUM llaJ~oM

Knf-I ORHX I~el-]'rpml,yr(j Bojen.Hllc ('p;ne 1';1;U1 T]OmlB.TJ,ajy cc nepno;1,H'1ll0, 'lHHChJl ,iCJl,(IH l\l1K!lyC pa,:(a. Y T,lKflH l~H1ZJlyC naj"rcnrhc C2- y6pajajy elenelic g-)J]c: nyn,eThc T\CT-TTpJH1Jyrc, u)'mT<tlhe y pailo 'JaYCTJH.rL>'Hl,C H l1pJ)Kl-I-,CJhC. npClVW KOH

crpYKItI1jIl, KOj;J l-Ia npnOM MeCTY 3JBHCl1

on '1'01'(1 Jlil ]HI je )1,ooom I~CIITpH(l))TC o6emen lIJIH o)J,()3ro llogynpT, rrocToje ilHZ! THTlJ I~CH'rpncj))Ta: 06ClllCHC H C'l'Ojchc I~nTTpH{-pyrc.

CiTiojche [~cl/Jlipurf)yzc (oJ. 80) Ta~

RODe VlMajy BCpTHK3JrHO npanuw (1) EllUl je Ha H~era OJl,03f'O uacal)cH ,!J,0601I1 (2).

4

CllliKO 80

f10KpeTafhe l~eJ-lTpVfcpyrc, Kao IlITO ce BH)lH U3 eJJNKC, Dpum ee C lWI'he CTrWHC

nOMohy KaHIIIHHK8 (3) KojH IIoKpche nepnIJ.::aJIHO npaTl1JJo. 11 na OBOlv! ce BpaTHJfY namt311 ypeljaj 3(1 y6JHI,)I(aBaJ-LC nOTpeea (4). Dpa::>J<1-beH>e ce BpUIH ea roplhc crpaHe

a KOg Hapo'lHTl1X, MaJIO C3lO>KeHHjHx KOHcTpYKII;nja, I1 ea nOlbe. UellTpmI1)TJ.ie upn pa)J:y 3aTBOpC1-1a rrOKJIOm~el\I. Aa 6H T(06oUJ 6H.o Cra6UJJHO Hacat>eH Ill:l BpanufO,

OBOMe je rrOHCKan naT TaK<lB 06.lUIK na.ie TC)KHllJTC H n:06oma 11 M<lTCpnjaJItI KOjHJ\.'l

cc I~CHTpHcJJyra nyml YBCI{ HCIW;:r Ta'tIKC no).rVTIupau,J, [opI-he np,l)KfhCrbC je nOnCCHO 3J TCTaKlIaCT l'vtaTCpnjan, KOjH cc MO>Ke JlaKO

Ba~~HTH BHJIalvfa II ;u:pynn\-'f CJIWfIlHM opy'be:M. CTojcnc qewrpm])yTC- 3aY311\lajy Jvf,'L"TJO

1'1pocTopa H nlljc HM JIoTpe6H3 HHK<lKBlt napo'HITa ROHCTPYK1\Hja ca crpallc Knj<l fin HX HOCnml. Y6pajajy c:e y rpyny (lJlfJl'rpm~HOllllx l~eI-TTpI:l(I)yra.

TIpn Il3.1araTbY npe)J:Hocnr qmnTalxl KOjll K(1HnllIy~lJ!lIo p(1!~e, y OTH10CY Hn cl1HJfTpe ca )1TiCKOllTHIlYJ..1ITHM PCl):\or-r, BTI)1c.r 'dT 010 ,TlJl npBH H\1<1J), :lll;lTHO ~chn K,\TTaIUlTCT If ;J;1 lTl\\ je IT(YTPCfillil l\1<lH..,;[ pa;1l1ZI CIT;:)nl 1,1 TI()CJ1Y)KIH'!.an,e. Kog II,('IIWPIl"

cjJy?a c I{()Hl{],IfHY({-'7~{{.{ .. \i [Ja[jOJI O()().JlJ' CC qoga;c 11 YluiZicga J Cf./cplujU. Eno OcnZY;El

mw ~O<Tla'3{1. Kana ce I~Cl-rJ'plHpY"l nYJl1T(l Y pfln .. 000IJJ)1 CE' IhOj ]10HO)'{H ~WX'~llll'T:,-a

eHcprnja'1(oje) cc Tpoum lTD C()Hnaf)nn,lIhC HHCP!~HjC nprl IlonehalhY opn12 onpT<lFL

[wjy Il,CO CBeTel\! npn\fa Y Blmy KlmcTH'IKe cneprnjc, HOG1C- nebCIf,a, paCfTO)To)1ZHBi) KHHCTW1K<I cHcprnjn RO'lCTheM cc. ynHIllT<lnZl 1-(;) on CC YKO'ICHH n000m \1OT'()() IIC

npa3H1fTH. fTOHOBH'f1jv! nYUlT,UhC-;"f v pnJ\ cBcpnlja he cc. TpOIII1ITH)J,a 6n KacHnjc Gnna VIIHIIfTClla 1l TaKO ,!li1.l1,e. Ko;~ nCHTrH(l)~T(l C KOHTHHya.1IlHM ])(l!I()l\-l nO-fa OHIIX

rY61iTJ1Gl cneprnje nOI1TfO ce ;J:ooom I~cIrrprHpyre ofiphc CT<'LTTHCl HC'H:t-.-l Op3H!Whl.

}1cnma, YUlTcna ce lTOCT1DKC CJMO ntl p<l'lyll l\f<\CC ;ro6oma, a:;m nOlino JC II on;l ]llil··

TH<:L T() ic Il V!IITCJta Rem1KeL

, TI<;croj;r HCKo.;-nH(() TITTTOBa OnaKBTIX nCHTpH(tl~Ta. nO'lCBlUlI 01 OTTnx c nO!Ty

KOl-fTHHya.TIHHM paWlM, IIO OBEX KOjC pa;,e nOTnYHO KOllTw-rya.rrllO. OBJlt be OHTH

PCT.fB () l~CrlTpHqJyrH 'Hljn jc pan lloTnyuo KOIITTluyaJI{lTL .

Tforriw:rw I{CulTipllrjJyl.a. Om:] je, 3<1 pa3)lIH<Y 0;1 pamqc Ifanen:cHl.J:X. XOP1BOll'['(tHEO nOCTfln.;f,eH(t (C.:1. 81). nOOO!!! l!.eJrrpH(!'~Te (1, 6) nplT'mpml'icn Jf: lIn IIlYrT.1hC npaTH.:10 (2), Koje cc oophc nm,mhy K,HUlmnK<l (J). I'vbTCl:Hj;l.H_lwjn ce )I(CJfH ltCH

TpmlT}THp;:nH )'J,ono;:tH ce [(po'} neB (4) n.a nCRKilCTH p;nl\n'~Fltr ()). IlouTTo cc T:n;:\· Baja~I oophe «1 J\ooOmCl\L )l.taTCpHjaJI KOJll ml;UIe H{'i rhl;r;l {HIne rrpamuno pZ130mvni no nonpmHHll HOOOlU<1. Ua CC l\l<lTCpnja;r He 6tT fla TO!\I MCCTY naTOl\lTU18B(lO, nOTlx '-

6no ie rrOTHCKllnJTH T'<-l npCM<l TlCPu(\Jcpnjn JJ:ooom<1. Ono nOTHCKHl'-IalhC TIOCTJDKC ce

<lKcT-ijam-IHM flOKpCT,)H,ei\-I nc.nH1(or J-XlICf{a (Re), 1(ao fino je cTpc.Jlm~a')l.li.llI~3Ha'Je,IIO, AKcl1ja.l1Ho nOJvreraI-bC ,rrHC1((\ nOCTH)KC ce, nOl\why no.:!yre (7). KOFl .lc CB:).JHl\j

rlpynfM KpajcM n]Jnllnpwhcn<:l :~a KJIHIT (8). On ce nasra311 y lJ,TL1THHnpy (9): y KO]fl ce HaH3MemT'ff-1O nOROIlJ! C jcn;ne 11 C npyre. cTpane paJJ:HH ¢nyHJl. 3aXnaJf<YJ::/hu :Il~o;v;: nOKpCT<'lI--hY K.nnrra, nOJ1yra (7) ra rrpcHocH Kp03 mYTUhC BpaTHJ1(! (2) 1m WiCK. 3no~r CTaJIHOr nOTHCKl-fB31-hCl o6p;:nommc rrOr;FJe no yH)'TpalUI-boJ lICmpmm-lH nCl--lTpHcpyrc, )'I'l<1TcpHja.n npOJI<I3H Kp03 30lTY HCnnpaIha, jep ce Kp03 l~eB (14) !~ODO)1,:I TC'IHOCT 3a I1CHHp,nhc 06P<l30BClHC nora~IC. Ka~a rrOPl'JCl Y CBOM XOJI:)r Ka nepnq)epnjn ll:060lli3 !lOCTIC no Kpaja, yCJICi'11~CHTpHq)yra::rHe clmc 6uBa o)J,6amJEan3 ca poTopa y OKJIOn U;CIITpnq)yre (12). :Vb cmiKe ce BMJ~H n:a he Ol~e,n;Jima IiCTIUWTH Kp03

_______________ '~_.L_. ___ ,L:""

\4

8

C I!II;U ()}

llpt-nt OTBOP (13), BOna Ja l1ClmpaJbe KpO:.5 APyn-l OTBOP (15), a 'wjJcra jvli.\ca he 113"

.'1:l3HTll KpO:.5 Tpchn OTBUP (16). ana Jv~wrpl1(l)yr;J cc yopaja y rpyny (!:H1JlTpaU,HOHHX

~crnVJ1(I)yra.

CcnapuTop. CenapaTOpUM(i cc, Kao UlTO jc Hi.HIOrvlcHYTO, Bpll1H p;BnBaj(m~e no '3(1lfpe!'.lHHcKuM lvWCal\1a y nna n:ui BHillC clOjcBa. CJlOj ca cnel~Hcplf'lHO !IaK1l10M

;\ii1TqmjoM oGpaJyjc cc: 61UDKe (JCll OUpTcULfl, a C~lOj ca cnell,Hclm'lHo TC)KOM iJ,<.lJhe

O;Q, 013C, 1IO ncpmi)CpIljU. flpC!vla TOlv1C, ccnapaTopHM£l I-mjc I1O'rpcGna l1,CAHJLKa Koja he 13pWUTH pa3)J,naja!LC, IIUlllTO cc C;lOjCBH cat\1ll 113Mcl'yy cc6c pa'J!~Bajajy IlOBPWH-

110M J.\coGv. ,U;oGmlJ ccuapaTop,-1 lUlje no OI\IOTa'!y 1136ymcII Hero jt~ l\CO, T"HW na y ceGo J\W:'-KC CT'-l.~11l0 Aa /qY,Kl1 Te~I1I()C'r Koja CC l~cnTpH(1)yrHpa.

Hu CJU1Jl,ll 82 npBKa::wIl jc jeiWH THlI TUKBor cenapaTopa. Y nyu ,I~060lli (1) KpUJ U,CH (2) yBO;J,B cc ClvtYJI3Hja. 0;1 ,'.lB'-l caoja KOjU ce oGp,nyjy (3 11 4) ClJaKH Ja cc--

0e ynrcaJHl Cc W:_:LH'JW.\ (511 6). rIpu npxy iWGOlWi u;}na:m cc npC"I'CltaCT<-t nJIO'W (7), Kojajc TaKO 3,ildO t ICHCl Y TC'lHOCT ,TJ:a C j-LCHC i_l.PY!T crpauc fvtO)Kc i-Vi lB;laJH GL",W Te

'-1ll0CT (4). T<1KU je JJ,CB 3<1 llCHCLll:\~ULe ~UlpCKTl!U llOTOlUbeml y '{'C'IHUCT (4) 0 He npo

"'1<l3H Kp03 C31uj TClUlUCTIJ (3), UlTO 011 MOrJlO fl.;} fl.0Bel~c fJ,0 y::lMyhcu>'-l 360r o6pTau,a

Beh oGpaJOBClllHX C]IOjeBa.

Mlloro C<lnpIUcl-mjH cy ccnapaTopu TH[ILl Amiw-JlaBflJL Kop, lhIlX ce pa3.llBajaIhC BpUHl Y l-WpOllHTHM 00P1'11111\1 r!IaBaMJ. Ha CJIHU,H S3 rrpHKi:naHa je je/VIa TaKBa

ClaBa, 1((10 B LfJaBIJU neJfOBH OBora ccnapaTopa. [JlaBa (1) jt; Hacabcaa no. BCPTl1-

K,VlHO npUTHJlO (2) Koje cc npJlo 6p::10 o6phe 3aXBaJbyjyhI1 nY)KaCTOM 3yWIaflHKY

(3), Kojn je jC'[UH1M AeJlOlvt HOTOWbtIl Y YJhC ~la no;a,Ma3HB,l1he (4). f.!I<1B<1 (1) je npe

rpal)emt BelluM GpOjCM Tal-bHpa - JleBK<-ICTUX Jll1MOBa (5). )-' lhy ce lI,elITpam-IO OA03-

fO yBO)J.H TC'II!OCT Kp03 W~B (6). flOA )J.ejcTBoM Te)KC, Te'tlHOCT ce Kpche HaJlJ:DKC (6), ITa 3UTl1M JIilmUne, Kp03 OTBOPC (7) lIa JICBKOBI1Ma (5), KOjl1 cy TaKO nope~aHH net

135

( ) \.

, ':' ~

'LHfle Ih::pTklK,lJIal-1 f-.:an'-l.'l (7). Tet~ KIX)3 oBaj KClllil![ 'l~~!HOCT ,u,OCllCBd [W :]CBKOlJC rw: cc BpUHi c'rHapHo p<nlwajatJ..,e. 'Tc>t<J q)paKI~Hja Kpebe cc Ka IlCpuci)CpUjll, a '~aTHlIl nUIHlwe, ;iLl Gll HCTCICI<l Kp03 OTBOP (0) KOjH cc Ha:l(l3n IIi.! l'OplhCM nellY l';WBC.

naKwu ctJpaKu,uja lT3!J,r3lJ !W OTBOP (9) KOjU jG GJlIDKll OCll 06PTaIL,(1 U IW;W3H cc

UCWTO BHW~ [13Ila~ vrBopa :311 HCTHIJ,JlbC CllCU1Hl)l1'IHU TC';'KC Te'l!J()CTI1. OmlK(' pa3,u.)JojC[lC TellliOCTH caGupajy cc y pa3J(-BOjCHIIM IIpocropH~ta H HJBO,u,c .:lyJJJII-W

(10 H 11) H3 CCnJp'-l'fOpa. Hi.! Gu y ccnapaTOp yuwo OllOJlIlKO TeLJUOCTH KOJ1l1KO je

3<1 Ihc['OB paJ], uajoU]bC, y pC3e~JBOapy ::\a

TC']l!()CT H"UHUH CC Il.lJQB:.tK KOjU CTam-W

pcrymnllc IljJHJJ1m TetJHOCTH )-.' ceJlapa

TOpy. 013(; qCllTpml)yrc ce u0phy OKO

1000- to (lU()' Illlin, l! I\lOry CC llOKpCTanl

py~!lJ.O I\1OTO])01\1. KaA<:! ce JJUKpchy p),'

K01\l, HMajy Kanal~HTeT 0,'.1, IljJltG:Ul>KUU

400 ~nrrapa rrC1 '-we, a Ka;J.a cc floKpehy MOTopm.t, HOCTlDKY K'-lO(iU,ltTCT AO neKO

JlHKO XBJbaIUi JIl1T<l pa lora '-rac. KOil HetHIX eMy}l:J_uja p<:r3JIBajalhc

TC'UlOCTl1 MQ)Ke )~a 6y.u:c nOTlIYHu (BO;_W.

Y_'bC). I'v1uoro .ie tlcIlltll1 cn)'llaj na ce K(lO JIaKUlH ClOj go6l'tja CYCI1CH3Hja Il!lH eMy}J~ 311ja lwja je Go['c\'ra M<l!LOM 3anpCtvtHllCKOM MaCOM_ (nnp. nalL'laKa), a Kao TeX::l1 CJIOj Tell-lOCT KOjOj je Y rBBccHoj Mepn

O!W3CTa JJaKllIa MaTepHja (IlOCfIO MJleKO C

.4

,1

136 c= ..... .

Ma.TJHM cagp)J(ajcM M3cIIohe). AKo ce pagA ea rpy60M cycncH3ujoM, '-IeCTl1u;e ~IBpcTe MaTcpnjc ce o;a,Max TaJIO)J(e f1 c(n:'YfIJhajy no ;uo6omy, TC HX je nOTpc6no, C BpcMcHa Ha npcMc, YKJIaJ-haTu; c}1UIIO cycnCI-I)1.(mCln3 MaTcpl1ja HCTWIC 113 CYIIepl~eHTpH<pyre HCnpCKH,lJ;IW, Kao ofiorahcHa cycncl-BIIja. CYITepI~eHTpHq)yrc ce ym .. 1Tpe6Jb3najy 3a yrOIaI-halbC BO)lC aKo.ie cMYJIrcmaHa Y YJbHMa, 33 rrpcLllnnliaBaH:.C ynoTpe6JhanaHl1X YSba 3a nO,UM33HBaIbC 0,0, '-mpCTHX MCTaJIHHX 'ICCTHll,a, npH npepanH naKona, cprrpHH

ca 1I TaKO )J,aJbC.

ITpCLlHHK go6oma cynepl~elI'J'pVj(pyre fJ3HOCH OKO 110 111m najmlJlIC, a 6poj o6pTaja ce Kpehc H )];0 40 non UCl MlmyT, na IT Bluue 0;0: Tora.

113BOA

y 11,eTrrpIJ(1]~TaJ\la cc y6p:wna p(n,r~BaJaJr,e (pa:-l,l Ta_'l0)KClhC H cpH.TrpaI\J.Jja Ha npO\1ClT)' l\eifTp1Hl))'Tiulllc eH.Tre \to)J(C ce yTHI~aTH npOl\leTlOl\I 6poja n6pTaj8

I~eITTpHcl))Te. nCHTrmcl1)TC cc no Ha'lHny P,Ul<l Mory nO~{eJlHTH HZ! KOHTHHY8J1ITC 11

J1HCKOITTllJ-J)"c).TIHC. HpCl\lcl na'IHlTY p<r.1l(Hajan,a, I~C!lTpH(11yrc CC llCJIC nil TtlJfO)KIle IT

CI)HJ1Tpm~HOHc IWHTpmj1yrc. 3a 06aJUhalhC Here oncpaJ(Hjc l{OI1TJUIya.TIHC qCJ!'J:pn

(pyre TpOUIC :mWfHO \-I0-1hC cncprnjc nero iJ,HCKOHTlmyanlJC.

flIHAlbA

1. 0), 'Jera 3aBnen ll.CJlTpmpyra:1lJ3 CH!f(] Koja ,1C:ryjc nil "rccTHl\c y qCHTpUq))TU?

2. I1·.ipa t IYllnj CH.ny l{Oja ;\c.'!yje U<1 'JCCTHUY on: jc,{HCW rpnMJ npn 6pojy on: 1 000 "/:,mll H8 paCTojaH,y jC.QaJl JCl\HlvJCTap o~( oce 06pT<llh8 (F = J. J N)'

3. KaKo )l.O.Tla3n no rJ:~J\B(lj(llr,a y cenapaTojlHMa? 4. IJIT8 ey cyncpl.J:cHTpHCr~Te? 5. 3anno pa:\ ea llClITpnclJyraM<I mHeKyjc noec6ny onpc'HfocT':)

6. Ha6poj BpCTe qeIlTpHChril.

MAmlIHE II AnAPATM 3A TOnJIOTHE OIIEPAQMJE

.~==========-=========.= ... -=.-=-.-=-".=-==.= ......... _. ...... ... -..

YBOA Y TOllJIOTHE OnEPAll,MJE

OBl1!vt yr;'OCHHKOM naCraBJba CC 11 1,-lBpman<1 npoy~IaBaILe rrpcgr..lCT3 !\.o1allil1l-lC JiI

aIlJpanl ca aYTOMaT11KOM. 3anO'-ICTO y npeTXO,tJ,HOj rOJ~HIlH. To ce narJlaruaBJ ).:(a 6n C~ YKa:mJlO U<1 nOTpe6y CafJlcgaBJI-ba l~em-IHC llpenMCT<l, Koja ce l:lCTOBpCMeHo noBC3yjC ca CTe~ICHI1M 3HaJ-LCM In cim3HKc, TCPMOf-lIflIaMHKC 11 q:nI3HtIKC xCflmje. ,Ua OlI

ce Taj Ilocao OJIaKUl(!O, y KILH311 he OUTl:l YIGnaI-IO H<J BC3Y Ollora Ii JJ.pyrax npc,QIvteTa. EHl\r: :WT H KpaT<lK Hp(:TJlel~ Bet G1BJla~amIX nojMoBa.

Da 611 ce p,ny:vlt:o paJ~ M<tllllHl<l 11 I:IJlap,=tTa :Ja TOllJlOT!Ie oncpalJ,uje, Tpe6a cc IlOJ~CCTHTJl YBoAa H3 Heror npcJ_i!>'1CT<l, KOjll je oGpa9Ima!l npoulJlc rO):l,ltl-le, 1(ao M C'lC1J.chux IlOjMOB:.J LW3allllX Ja TOIUIOTHY cHepnlj), (q)1J3Ju::a, TCPlvfO):Vl11aMHKa).

TCl\-lllCpa'l)'pa. Te.tviw.:p,-rrypa OJll<l'laBa CTCllen ::sarpejanOCTlI 'lmpcHrx., Te\{~ ilHX liJlE raCOmfTl1X 'fe.Tra. l'v1cpIl ce KC"'!Bl1l111J\ta (K), ;;t 03HaQaBa cc ca (T). BC'3a

H31\1ei))' CTeUClla l~eJ13l1jyca ("C), 03Ha~lCHt1X ca (t), 11 CTcrrCHa KC.'IBHHa .ie:

T=273+I.

vb ol3ora Ce 11:31301\11 1.[eCTO Kopmuhcn(l 'mlhCHHl.I,a:

ilT = ill,

TJ. pa3J1I1Ka TCMUCp,lTypa je 6pojuo jCHUaK;;t, UllJlO iJ.(l ce MCpU CTeIlCHHl\ta i\CJBltjyca

(nl) HHII KCJlIlHll<l U\T). Pa])lHK<:t TeMIlep~tTypa je TlOrOHCKJ CllJIa ::sa IlPCHOC TO~

flJ10TC.

'fOHJWTU. - TmuroTJ .ic .ic,u,an Bl1JJ. cIIcprlIjc. 3H<.l'JajHo jc HarJlaCWnl iW je ifl.oilJ/(}[ttu clicpiuja f,:oju cc itjh'IIOCtr ca TeJla BHlJJC 1[<1 TellO lIIDKC TCMrrep;:rrypc. He CMC cc pehu ita jC}~HO TCID ,JtMa TOllJlln'Y". Ouo MmKC Aa lu.ta C<.lMO nehy HJm MalbY

ynYTpaUl1:hy encprHjy. A Kana W:o CBOjC yHyTpauHbC eHCprl1je npcJJ.aje APyrO!\,l

TClly. Ta,u,o. ce npCHOCl! TOflJIOTHa CHCprl1ja. TeJ\Ulcpcrrypa H TOllJlOTU cy, 3IW'-lH, JXnu

pa3JHt(tHTJ. noj:t.ti.l Koja ce He Cl\tejy 3<lMCILllBaTI1.

JCAHlll1l1,U TOlUIOTHc;, K<JO H }wyntx IHl,u,OBa cHcprHjc y l1HTepnaLl,lWH<lJlHOM CH

CTeMY, je H3BC.D,Cna jeJHlImr~a - IJYJI (J). KaKO je ona /l.lana, npJlO 'lccro cc KOPl1CTJI

k1, XHJI,ap,y n~rra Bcha jep,HHHLl,a. CllCl1,HCPWUI:H TOnJIOTIH1 IGlllal~HTeT. - 3a 3arpCBalbe HJll1 XJlat>CH,C Terra /I.-wee

(m) 0)], TCMnep;:\.Type TI flO TCMncpaType T2 6I1hc flOTpe6Ha KOJIWIliHa TonnOTe Q:

Q:::: C . In . (1'2"- Tt) ;:::: C . In . (t2'- tl)·

OBAe c npC}-1C'raBJba KoeqHflJ,lfjcHT nponopn;nOHam-IOCTH M 3amIeR OJ!. llpupoge MaTcpnje 11 HO'lW-!il JJ,oBol)cfba Hnn opnoljcI-h(l TOIUIOTC. OBaj Koec}munjcllT }lMa JenHI-nn~y:

jC)J)1HJUJ,(l Q J jC,L\HHHI\a c::::: . .

JCgHI-IHl\a m . JCJJ:mnnl,a T kg· K '

IlITO npep.cTaBJba KOJI1I'-Hmy TOllJ10TC KOjY.ie nOTpe6Ho nOBccrn Ira 61I ce je;uH! KH.'10rpaM HCKor rena 3arpejao 3a 1. K, a na:nma cc n:ier~llq'JU'/JW H.Ym MaCeT-In illoii.rIOi17HU Karrall,HTCT Tora Tena. CncIl,ucl:np-nm TOIL10THH KanaU,lITCT (cneUHCtHPIH3 TO

llJIOTa) IIl1je KOHCT3IlTI-Ia nCJIIf<JHlla, neh ce MCf-ba en TCl\WepaTypoM. To 3Ha~m, aKO

Tpe6a 3arpcjanI neRO TeJIO, lIa rrpHMCp, on: 0 ;10 1°C a 3JTHM on 100 )1.0 1 O1"C 6Hl'iC fI()Tpe6nc P<13;UPIllTC KO:lWIMHC TOD.'10TC Ma~(a cc paWl 0 HeToj MaCH II HCTOj pa3.'lHlJ,11

TCMrrep,-rrypa. TIpn rpy6HM pa t lylIaJhHlvl<L H aKO CC pl:1JJ:H 0 Y)KHM rpannna,\l<:l TCMIIcpa

Typa, i\IO>I(e ce 33nC:'I"'lpHTH npm'WJJa cneumtHilTHC TOn,10Te ca TClvH1CIXITyp0;\I,

Kon racomITnx TC.:ra iwc}mllIHUY CC )l,na CTIcqHqrfl'TH3 TOTIJ10TWl ]Cl1laIl,fTTCTa 3;::; pa31IClIY TOTTJlOTC npn KOHCTaJ-ITllO~l npllTHCl<y (e/,) IJ :W pz!3?\WHY TOTI.10TC rqm KOl]'

CT{lHTHOj 3Z!npeMHHH (e i ,). Cncnmjm'TJIH TOWIOTl!H JGlJ1<lll,HTCT npn KonCTaHTflOhj

npHTHcKy BchTl .ic OA cnclwcl)l!'lllor TOTL'IOTllor K,mal.vnCT3 npH KOIfCTalITJToj 1<1-

npCMHHH, jcp cc 'y IlpnO:\1 CJI),'Jajy Teno (rae) umpn H TaKO npmn pai1 npOTHH l1p11-

THCK3 cpc),(rmc (T-l<-l npI-ll'vlCP, ClTMOCCj)Cpc) Y Koioj ce 1l<lJIZl3H. TIonrro je IlIHPCH--,C TC'IITIIX H 'tBjXTHX TC.1<l npn 3arpen31hY 3anCMapl1Bo. HClvW

OHTHC pa3)1HKC H3Met)y IhBXOnI1X Cf1el~H~)H'fHHX Torr.110T8 npH npOi\lCHH H,FIHll<1 J(J.

rpCBZlT-b3 HJ1H x::raj)CTh~L Tj, {llc'ITW II [H--!pctTin iTi('.;w (LIW}y c(uw.fega/l ciiPIf/((jJlI'l.!-lIl

i710if.IJOIDH/( gafimplllh:iIi.

c{!:::: c:.:;;:; C.

Y Ta6cn<1l\ta 1, 2 H 3 npHK<Y1cHlC cy rycrm-lc f1 cHClJ,ml)]PlHC TonnOTe '-lcnri1c ynoTpe6JbaBaUFfx l\lt1TcpnjanC1.

T<loc.'1a 1. ~ fycnme If cnCI~lHl)lPIHU TOH.-:-IOTIIn ImmUI,IJTCTH nCiniX l'O-H'OfW

r rac -- T- l~,l~;;~l~~F~~;p-1 cn;l~~~l;;~~;~~n"01" ---.

: ::~:;lIiJ'=-= ____ j~---____ ~_~_~ --~_-L_ ~:;;~---- _I r Fk13)1yx ___ '-_"-".". __ .. ~ ___ .. 1,29~ - - -~-: -.- ._~~.~~_==-=~,.' ___ ~ I BO!-1~:-~:~~~ napa =t=' 0,596 .--L _________ 2,0) ... _" ________ . __ J! ! KUCCOHI-TK 1,43 . I 0,92 L ____ -. __________________ ··____ .. - .. -.-,,-------- . -t--·- ----- .. i Cy>1l1()P!lHOKC}~_l __ + ..... ---- 2,9~ _____ ' __ "_i_' -------.--~~~ ----- I

~:_~~;:~!I~~;~:~;l)\ -t-- ... _ ~:~~ __ ±~~:==~:~~_~~~J YnopcDyjyhn CnCl1,Hq)WIllC TOIIJ10THC KamUVTTCTe pa3HI1X i>HlTCpnja,'1<l, Tpe68

YO'IHTH BpJlO Be}1HKH CnCll,'Yf(j)H'--If-lH TOTIJ10THVf KanaI(HTCT Bop;e.

141

142 c= TOIIJIOTIfH K3nau.HTCT . . ~ AKO je pa3JIHK<-l Tet-.mepaTypa ABa Ten a npc H noc:rc

::larpCB<:ULa Hera, TaJJ,3 he ce 3a 3arpcBaiLc TpOlll11Tl:l OIiOJIJiIKO TOl1JlOTC muue yKO

JIHKO je Beha Maca je.ruwr TCJW H J:-bCrOB cnell,l1qH1'-lHlI TOflJlOTHl1 KanaJJ,llTCT. fipOll-3BO!J, Bemr·nma (m . c) mnUBa ce TOWTOTlU1 Kallat~HTCT. YKOJIHKO je Behn TOI1JlOT

HH K<:lnall,I1TCT HCKOf' 1'0Jl3, Yl'OJJJ1KO ce OlIO TC)J<C (clIopnje) 3arpcna, O,I\HOCnO

XJlaJJ,H. 360r Tara ce TCPMOCT3TH (pc3cpnoapn KOjl1 o)lp)Kanajy Tt:~!\mepaTypy KOHcrauTHoM) nyHc BOnOI\'j, jcp cc:, nOA YTI1UajcM OKOJlI1HC, TClllKO XJH1,u,e II TemKO

:wrpeBajy.

EIlTanuuja. - 11u Tcpr"to.1~HUat\'lwlKoj p,CC1JHlIHlJ,Hju Cl-ITaJHll1ja (Ii) jc:

H::::m· cJi' f,

r;~e jc f 'lTMHCpirrypa MCpCl:la CTCnCIH-U,I<t LI,CJl3njyca. To 3Ha'LH ]J,a je TOllJIOT<1 KOJCl Ct' ,IWBO;lH UplI CT~Ulll{)l\'l llPUTllCKY:

(1 == til· cf' . (T2 ~". T j ) co: m . eli" (/2 ~ f l ),

jC~UlaKa npO!\It:l!l:l CliTa.JUIlljC:

Q == fII· c,,· (12 (j) "" 111· el,· t,: - ftI· ell· tl "" Il2 HI·

DOlllTO ce Cne1.l.Hq)H'1ll1l TOJUlOTHH KanaqnTCTl1 'lBlKTUX II TC~lllHX TeSli.1lic pa~

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KOfl[lCH3all,ltjc, 3aTo ce Tct-.tnclxlTypa IICKC cpe; .. ViHe, npu O,Il.BOi)clhY TOrlJlOTt:, Helie MelhaTII CBe P;OT,'IC /WK liMa 3aCHhcH(~ napc. TOl1J!OTa flcnapan<'Hba jc;n;HaK<:l je

TOllJIOTH KOflnC1l3auHje, C<ll\lO jc cynpoTlIor 3fIaKa:

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Bapa fbCHOM 3aCnneI-bY·

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M3BOPM II HOCMOl.(II TOnJIOTE

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2.1. H3BOPl1 TOnJlOTE

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Q ~ R . 1'.

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npcHMyhcrana:

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2.2. HOCHOW1 TOflnOTE

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lbClLa, TCltHUCTH nHCOl~C 'fa'IKe K.~byqalJ~a l1TiJ..

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CUKe TClv11lepOlTY'PC. Y TIf!'.l CHY\El\C13i11\lZt OlUl ID~HUe j.:U(O 3arpejalll1. 11d l!1\1 .ic

KOC(tHl1.l,U.jCllT .HCKOpHWhelLCl BCUMa l\l~UH.

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310 'leCTO Ilpccy;J,ua 3<J HOP!\W.'tall pa;.!. HJWhlCllli raCOI.Hl, BCUMet <!I.;CTU !loce y ("CUlL 3H<.lTlle KOJJll'lHI1(, w::caropC}JOT"

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'IHfl (JTC;'KaBajy llpOBOI)er-be TOIL:IOTC. Tm,tc ce J!l<'lTlILJ CIvlalbyjC K~UUll,IlTeT rpejullx

lJOBpWHua.

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I1Cl1apaBajy, ,Cl<.lKO ce [la.'lC H.Tlli cy TCjJt-.l!l'!KU neIlucrojallc.

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KJb Y'-I311>(l,

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w.:paTypy IlOCTHhll !IoMohy BOHellC nape, Tpl'GaJlO 0n pa,UHTu ca llCU]vt:j. BllCUlOlj\l'

npHTHchOM Oil. 44 bara, liITO :JJXTcnZl CllC.IJ,l1jaJluy anapaTypy. I.lOlIlTO j''; Ku!~(lml~H jeWl" npco'l;na Ton:JOTC oprallcKHx hWTcpHja Koje Ce KOH,L.IClnyjy l\l<1JLH O~l. tllJC"''', TOltJlOTC lIpl:l KOH,!..I.CllJal~uiH ROACHe nape, OBe allapaTYlx; l\lOpajy H~,WTlJ rpc

Jue rrODpl.1.Hme.

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pa3H<1 y:ba). 01le Mopajy GIT!'H TCpWj'-!K!l nocrojaHc H H~lan! Ivla!ll1 HaUOll llape, a

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Ii o.:raK!.u;tBa pcrym,jGlIv:: TCMllcp<:lTypa. Gel-1M TOFt, Houno cc !nG~raBa llCllocpe·

lJ}.lll f~Oi1HP npeJlHX raCOBa ca TC'l!lOCT!:!J\l~l KOjc CC ';wrpcnajy, CM<.lU"YJC ce Ull~~CU()CT 0]1. H(})K~lpa, /(OCtjJUII,UjI.!IlIU ;;OPUCl102 gcjClTi(W jc gouTi.u UC"'UII{{{, LLlLl cy ypcVajU :JClf"'

_HU LKyilu U CfIOJICI!lfU. 3<1'1'0 uno cy TO u01"l'JJW f.lHCKO'.HJC T,:'J!!OCTH, KOC(IW.L(l1JUi":

llpe!Jet'J<l TOIIJIOTe jc PC}taTHBHO l\"1~L~tH ':\Gor l[Cj";l CiifJcua go 6)'g)' CJi.>'/II1,·',' !PCjNt: jJo

(ij.'Wll!fI'.

npIl '3aj"peB~uLy ce TOIIilOTil llPCHOC!l 0,:.1, Ton:10Tllur B:mopa !~U TOfl.:WTlluL

nUllopa. To 31la\lUi-\a ::larpCBaIht:, Tj_ UPCI:lOlllclbC TOI!!lO'IT, M(J)K<: OilTlJ i-llipt:E.TllU 11

noCpenHO. Y B3130pHl\la TOJUIOTC cc Haj'Icll.Iile CJleKTpWIIW H XCMlljCK<l Cllc.prn}a llpCT~

n<lpajy Y TOWlOTHY cHcprHjy. flpcTBap;:uLc XCMHjCKc Y TOIlJIOTHY cHcpruJY CKOPO

YUCK jc npaliCHO pe<J.KIJ,ujoM OKCHP:<lll,Hje, Tj. carOpCB<HbCM tlBpcrOf, 'fe'mOl' HJlH

raCOBlrror rOpUBa. I1pH nocpC!VJOl\1 :wrpCBJIbY, KaO HOCllOIJ,II T0I1J1UTC KOPHCTC ce UpCJH1 raemHI, HOi~CHa napa. napc opraHCKHX TCY.HOCTIl 11JIH BpCJ1C TC'UJOCTH.

1. Koje eTe H3Bope H HOCI10u:e TOnJlOTC Bu,n:eJIH? A Koje nOHopc?

2. KO,'lHKlI jc CTenCH HCKopHlUhen,a CJICKTPH'IHHX, a KOJIHKH xCMujCKHX

H'3BOPi1 TOITJIOTC'!

3. Koje cy nOTpc61-te IGlpaKTCpncTHKc HocHoqa TOTIJIOTe?

4. Koje cy nperu-rocTlr II M8HC BpC.'1HX raCOR:] npn npcHocy TOTIJlOTe?

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KOjHM<l ce Kao HOCmIa]], Ton,nOTe KopnCTH napa?

BAI'IHI KOTAO H 1l0)lEIlA IlAPA

IJapIlH KOTHOBH cy ypel)<1jH 3;:) npmnnolUl,y BCl-lnx KO;Hl'lHIW BOr\C}lC rmpc tlHjn jc IIplITHcar.;: (}(lH'-ll!O Belirl on <!TMOCCl)cp'

CKor.

HajpmV10I-ra.'THrljT1 o()snnz llapHOr KOT.Tla. C on:mpOM 1],'1 :ynyTpanTlhTT nnTrrpHTHeilE, npH HCrO] llco.n,mm :mlI<-l.,lc Il,HnHH))'pTPTJfT Gl nOJ(SloflqC\I cq)cp1l0r o6.rrm;:a.

IlflPllH l<Ol\:JOIHI ce rp'li.lC, Y 3anHC1WCTIl on mlMcnc, ]J pJ3JI1FIHTe pa;r~He npn

TT:ICKC napc:. KOTJlOBH fl<1jIIH)KHX npnTHc,n";(l, pan.e, non nplTTHCKOl\\ OJ), 1.2 i-In 1.) bar,i n cTryx;:c '-\(1 nC1ITp[L:JTl(1 rrapno rpej;Hhc, .:'T3fiop,rropl1jcKll pa;\ H'r:~.

K30 wmojJn 1'OJ1)TOTC. y l1<lpmlM KOT}10HT1:'\ra EOpl-lCrC cc ~mpcT{l (npno, yr<l.'1_,). 7'eYma (FWq)T(J, J\'1<13)'T, l(:Tpan) n ra~omrrJ ropnna (rcIfCpJ1'OpCKIL npnpOrufH racy H.rm c.ncKTpWTlW cIll::pn--l.la, <l Y HOBHJC HPCl\fC. H 1'O[1.n()T(l naCT3Jla rrpH nyK.llCapUHl\l pCaI(I~Hja\fil

Dpn oncl),)KImalhY napnor- KOT}1<l l\WP;1 ce ::iIJ1TiT T8'mo 'reM}, noje.N-lJTa ;-ljJ\i(l·

rypa CJl)'>KH 1-1 K(l1(n CC l-hOMC PYKyjc. Ito6pa KD!-ICT)JYKnnja H npe;rY3CTC Mcpe npeHOC-TpmKHOCTH y 1'OK), p8ila rmnc ocnony '3a cnrypaIl pan KOT11a. :hpOlm necpeha Tlaj'fClllhc q: JF)1U(~ rr HCD<DKJ.[,UHO PYT{OB(lJbe J<OTJJOM:

~ 3KO.iC rnmo'no)1f: 'y 1(001'.'!Y 1\1(\11,1-1 OU )\03Bon"elfOr;

- Ka}l,a npwrncaK nape y KOTJIY 6YJ\c Bchn OJl, }103BOJhCHOl' nprrfl-fCKa;

- (lK_O HO}1~! :)(1 HcllTajmhc llTfje 6HJT8 )l:06por KB;L'1HTCTa:

- <lKC< rmje J<lIT<I)f(cno Mcx;:mO'lKO OlIlTC.l'iCH,C ROT,na;

--- tllW jc rpejJI8 nonpnmna 6nna npcKj)I-meml JJ.c6c.:rHM ''::,;]OjCl\l Ka!vICnua, J1.JIH JC' CHOn,,] fin.;w npcny\ll~H;l nCflC'-TIOl\l 11 'Tat)TL

P,jiHt crrryplIor n 6<.-:;·~OC;-\lror pa;lil_, CRrn:.l'i IWTiWl\10P;-l ;PlIl\W nponncmy ap\I;l T~:py (CT. Kh): "i'--1,llIO'MCT<lP '\;1 l\fepClT,C_ HllJlTIPHTHCEJ Y KOTJlY cHrypnocHu neH-THJ! 11 BOJlOK,l3nO CT<1K,:[O.

CTWVPllOCHH BcnTler (3) ce aYTOi\IJTCKH OTB;\P<l '-\KO npnTi-fCi.lK Y KOTJIY o,rrpc

bCH 3a Taj KOTcH), 6yne Beflu OM TOre) I-JanrrpnTIlCKa. 06]P-mO cc no )f.B8 OBaKHa BCH

Tl1JJa CTClBJha.iy na KOT30. ReHTVLTt CC ]cHBapa aYT())'vlaTCKH Kalla npHTl--lCaK Y KOT11), ovne Beurro M;HhH on 1l0DMi).H1l0L

- HOMohy BOHoKa3Ho'r CTIJKJTa (2) BH)),H cc iliJ KOM cc m-moy I-I'L':Ia3H BOAa Y KO-

Tny. To jc CTClK-TfCn(l qCB ClJOjCB<l ca napmHd t1 BO~~Cl-lHM npoC'ropoM KOTJIa. KC)Tao cc IHTK<1):i He CMC Hanym-fTH nO/XOM. J,13Hit.n. BOne oCTajc CJ106o,!V!l-l napHlI npocTop.

HOpMaJIalT IT najHTDKIf ,n03BOJheI-I mmo Tpe6a ,qa oy;xy jacHo 03Htl'IeHH H3 cno-.1l:>3UHhOj nonpnun-m CT<lK.'Ta.

149

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nCIITIUl :{<l H(ll1(ljJThC H 13cnTlI.;r Hfln C,ilarmn3 30 npa)Klbt"-:'!{,C. KOTJJa.

Opo6nc cnamme ce cran,l,aj:y nil najmDKn'i no:mO.Tf,CH01vf, IfOpM~UIlfOhi H H3Hi.1)1

HOpM(t.TIHOr HHBoa. fJOl\why H,HX CC. Y CJf).nxajy Imapn nOJ(OI«rmOr CTal<.'['L o;J:pclyyje mmo Y KOTJIY_ YMCCTO CJaBl-IHa MO>Ke CC CTclBHTH !lpyro nOJlJTI-.:.:a:mo CTaK.no.

BCTlTJUT '3<1 nanajan,e ce aYTOMHTCKH 3;:rrnapa non YTunajcM rrpWrHCKi1 :Y KOT,T)"Y. a OTBJpa rrpH n3rrajmhY.

BCHTH.ll H.llH C.l1mmnil ·~a Up,J)Klhen,c KOTJI<1 CC, pa)\B TfCnYlUTiHh<1 rrpH tmmncF,y ne.ne KOmrTHITe nOAC, CMCIllT8jy na najl-lI-DKC-lvI )"(e.'lY KOT.'1;:\' Onaj BCHTrt.1T C.ny"?KH IT 3d

TIOBpeMCHO HCTI)/UITaJhC T'1.'101"'8 f-l BOJI:C.

no CKCD:I03HjC napHHX KDTJTOB3 ;WJj,nn '{6or Tora UITO OHH Y ce6n Ca}Tp-;'KC

BCJIHKe_ KO}Hl'UmC nape no)), nplnnCKOM, K(]O H BC'JIHKy KOJIIf'-nmy BOgC. Ch_Cn;l(i-.

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pJRaJbC BOnC Koja CC TOJ\-! nplL'lHKOM HaDe non; <ITl\loccl)CpcKHlI!1 rllH-1'lTfCIWM 1l nOCT;l

je npcrpejam1

/ilfa.,waa <]{(g(IIT(I'~({. HOnOl)CThC-M TOTU10TC, HOJP ce y HapnOl\.f KOTJ1}, Jarpcr;(1 \-j

l1pn oTJ:pe1)enoM llPHTHCKj' Y KO'L'l)' nO'IHl-hC rw K.Tf,~,"w. BOJ(CH(l n.1pa, Koja nacTajc J'l1\1a MHoro Bch_y 'janpCl\-fTlHY Of{ BOlle, In lW,iC jc H3Cfmw, II Kp<n napOJmn CTjTV,iH K::l

TOIlJlOTJIOM TIonopy. fhlpa no6njcn<l In napnor KOT,:ra KOPHCTH ce 1((10 HOCHJlaI1 TO

ITJlOTe 3Cl 3arpeB(ll-he. cymeThe, YKynJBaI-be HTJI:.

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Bo;a,eHoj napn M:3 TepMOJI:IIHJMHKC.)

.vl'5Y3CTHC OCOOI1HC 3acni'ienc Bo,o,enc nape yTlftIy IW !-beny mHpoKy llpHMcny: n'-lcraje In BO;V: Koja jc jeq),!,UHa 11 C<-I,,\jJ)Kl1 TOllJlOTY HCnap,W<lI-La, OJ\HOCHO Cl-I'raJI

llHjy Koja jc Bcha 0)( iwyrux TC'1110CTH.

TOITJlOTa Cd nape, Koja ce l\.Oll~\eH3yjc, JraKO rrpemUI1 lIa 3HI.\ CYli<l Y KOjCl\·i ce BplIU1 :iarpC1HlI-hC K()llJ~eI-Ua[J,HjOl\f nape. :3aCl1hCIla BOncna napa liMa je,QaIl 03611J1,dH

HeJJ,OCTaT<llc 1I,CHa TC!'"lIlCp,ITypa jc Be:Jall<l 3a npH'l'UCaK. YKOIlHKO je {J(npe6Hd llHLua Tl'MllCp::tT)'pa, YTOJIHKU napa TpeGa ,LI,a GyJl.C (10)..\ SChUM npHTl1,CKOlVL

l1apnH \(OTJlO1Hl upc,r:\lm1)clu1 :m BHCOKC TCMllcp,.rrype cy ItO)l, llPHTHCKOM [fa 1Ywpajy GH'ru Clll;·UlljaJllll' 1\UIICTPYKLl,Ujc, !WK IWl:lOBO~J,H, apl\-1<-1Typa, lG10 H CCu,1I.I rpcjml <JnapaTH, TpcGa Wi. Gyi-l..Y wJrpat)CHH O,J,. 3JlaTHO ja'icr IvwTepHjaJl<l, lUTO IlOCKYIL'Lyjc Uni.\Kau Ita'lIlH rpej~uLa.

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1i.\l1J-j J\li.Ul()\ll."rap H 'n;pf\'1U~lcTap

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l':UT;w ce Il):!lJT'-i y pa;.l IlOCTYllllO, YICl'';-J'lHUJ.Il,C\i rpeja'iiJ (--1-) llUMOil)-

G~n()llKlj lla '3H,!:,Iy_ "Y TOKY JarpCIEliha BO!-~C ')' llap1!Ol\f KOTJIY n\':HT1L'J (S) .Ie O'rBOPCH,

n C1Y>Kj·j Ja HJ).\YBClBalbc Hapnor llpoc!'opa.

Ha l\lCPUHi\1 HHCTPYf<.WUTllMa CC,; np.1Tc npOMclIc ;~u KOjUX ,LI,O!Ia3U, a K'-I,U uapa

IlO'IUC ;J,'.l [1("1'11'1(\ KpOJ JJell'flW (~) Oil CC 'J<1TBapa 11 Ira ldCPlllUd HllCTPYMCIITHM<.l npo' YC-'HJlJH pa)_(iJ KUTJLl, Kal~a ce llOCTHl'U), 3afJ,ctHH YCJlUHn, DO~lCI!a llapa ce,

LnunOJ.FUIU\i iiCBliHM U01J,OJ\'! (1.0), HcnYUlTa KpUi BClfTlW (9) ;~o lv!C,;CTa YW)Tpc6e.

OH lluq)01ll1bC nape ·.I'-HlHCli Gpoj YIG1'Y'!CllHX rpcj;l'la U cHao/'lcBalhc llapuuI'

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lLtTOI',y llcnpaBHucr 1'1 GnGc;\!lOCT P;}f.:P. EnCKTplt'iJili napilli KOT .. 'lOBH ce KOpltCrC KJ.;J,a jc np0I:lJBOJW,::l nape pcJJClTU-

IHIO Mana II La;w CC OlU nOBpCJ\lUIO KOPl-lCTl1.

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cc o;.~ l\leCra ca 13Il1110M Ka MCCTlU,,!J. ca 1111)1\.01\1 TCMllqJaTypOM, Tlucroje TIH-l Ha'-U1ll:l

npC-Hoca TOII!lOTC:

-- npoBoryclhC (l-;:OI!;WKI~I'lia), -- ~iClLl~ULe (KOlIJJCKqHja),

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CIY'lajcBHM3, y :m"l'moj MCPll, IlpahcHO II npCUOCOM TOIViOTC- hlcmalhClvr.

npCllOC TOllJ1Crre npoBotclbe\{ (CJ\, 84) MO-

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l'nC JC: Q ~. KOJlHllHlla TOllJlOTC Koja ce npoBeJ~e_

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152

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T1 H II -- TClIimepaType TomUIje nOBplmme, T2 Ii t2 - TCMnepaTypa XJIap:HHje 110BpIUfmc,

./J,T Ii !1.t - pa3JnTK3 TCMncpaType,

A - BCJUPU1Ha nOBpIUYlHC Kp03 KOjy ce TOWIOTa IlPOB())~1l H

'1 - BPCMC 33 Koje ce TOITJIQTa npOBO)J;IL

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Ko.rrH~mI-ly TOTL'10TC Iwja ce npcncce Y JCJ\Hl-THTUJ npCMcna. JCJl:umU1,3 TOTT.110THor npOTOKH JC::

. jc]nn-mna Q J 'r Je/IHHln~a (j = '-;-----------:::;; ::::: \\.

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ynpano jc nponopnnOnanlI<1 KoccjmI~HjeHTY TomroTc npOBOrVhHBOCTH, TCMrlCpaTYP1-TOj pa3JTHI~H, nerrWTHlIH nonpunme H BPCMCHY, <l OfipUYTO jc npOIJOpr.\HOlT<lJIIIa ;u;eon,nnn cTOja Kp03 lwja cc npOROJ\H.

BCTH 3ilKOH ce l\W>KC I1HC<lTH y o6mIKy:

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q ~ 00,· A ~ OTTTOP

UlTO 3UWlH )1:a je OTDOP npn npC)J3oi)ClhY TomIOTC 0/1 .... Ha CJTViI~H 84 npmGnaHa je ilreM3 npoBolJcH~a TOI1JlOTC, T13MCby .!lRe jCJlJlaKC H

napa.'!C.'lHC nOl1ptllHHC, Kpcn HCKli '-mpC'fn MCJlnjy:-.1.

DOHTTO ce TOIT.TlOT8 Kpehc narope (nITo jc 03Tla~ICJI() C'rpcmn,aMa), 0WJOCHO

on l1cmpuume Koja HMa fUTIDY TeMDepaTYPY_ l\lO)J(CMO 3Z1KJbYlIH1'H.ua je I! > 11 , YKO.TUTKO jc }J;C6JhHlHl c.noja Bcha, YTO.TIHf(Q he npOBCl\Cn<t KO.nwnma TOIlJroTC 6ITfH lvJ3H-,a. Kp03 T(nanyT n:e6.n~H CJlOj np()}30JUI ce 3a HCTO npcMc nBarrYT l\IaH .. (1 KOJUPIHHa

1'OD]101'('.. Tpc6a IIl\f(1TH ITa yMy na cc TOIIJIOT(l paCnpOCTlTpC Y CMCp:y onanaH,{] TCl\,j

ncpaTypc. lIlTO ~m{PTH n<:1 ce iJ]oll.,1mTw u.1Jlicby iJaptLlc.,1l-1U}.: i1oapw,tm{{ ifpel-wcu nop.tUl.'lHO y ogf-wc)' 1{(1 /-bUX.

KOC(rJln~l1jcH1' TOIUIOTHC npoBofVhHDOCTH je KapaKTCpl-1CTH'IH<l KOHCTaflTa

M<:1TCpn,la.cr'L 011 cc )wqH:lI-UnnC nOl\mhy <I)ypnjoHor 1mWHa:

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TO jeer:

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154

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_'ll-L a !\ld)y !f,IUvIa CpCopo, oaKap II <l.'lY!<.HlllHjYM, crraAajy Me!)y IIaj60JbC IIpOBOf~HHKC TOfL'lUTe, AllK cy raCOBH !IajCJlaGl1ja IlpOBOgIIH~H ('raG. 5).

fb naBCJ--\CHC TaOCJlC cc BHtllI l~a pac-rpecHTll MaTcpHja:m BPJIO cJIaGo npoBollc '1'on:1O'1')', 3aTO cc KOpl1Cre K<10 H30JtaTOPl1. 1--laHhlc, OHa cagp)l(c ]\tanc KOJIWIHIle

tWpcJ'c I\JaTcpuje, Koja jc lw6ap npOlloJl,lUlK TOI1JlOTe. Y H~HXOBI1]\l nopa)l,·w H wyWLHll<lM<l Ui1JJa:m ce B<l3ny'X, p'aK.~li,:, npJIO JIOlllllPOBOll.HHK TOIIJIOTC. AKO OH ce rae 3alvteHl-\O Tl:lU-!Owhy, fUl npm,lcp HOf-\OI\t, TOiL'lO'D{,\ npOBO,IJ,!bHBOCT onaKBor H30Jl(1-

Topa fiu cc lloBcha .. !l<i, YC;1e1' 'teL:"! C)1l TaJG1H 1130;li:rrop Gao :maTllO JIOlllHjcr KBaJHf

TeTa. H<tK"'le, MaTI.;~pHj((}l 3a TOJ1J)OTllY 1!3UJIaQl!jy Tpt:6a ~ii.l Gy,lV: Y!:ICK eYB.

KOCCjJlW,lljCllT TOH.:lOTll(; llP()HUi~.n.,H!.H)CTH !'vlelba cc ca Tc:vmcpaTypOM. KOLl,

ri.luma it ll".H.l!tal.lllOHUr J\J(ncpHja!Ja llouehaH<l CC HeTOBpCMl'HO G\ nopaCTOM TCM

llL.'pi.lTy}K, <1 LOn TC\llJOCTU 1J l.IClillHC !\lCT'-l.'EI CMaH~'yje CC Ka(~a TCM.llCp.:rrypa pac]'c.

AKU jc TCMlh::paTyp'.1 TUIDUjC. flOl:\pWHllC /!> a X.~WP.l!Hjl..; f:" O,'Wcl)yj:.:.' CC Kocqm-

l.!,1!J<:HT llpUBU;J.'l,I·WUCTH llpC!\Ja CPCi-\t·£,uj TC!\J[!CpaTYpU! (li";- /2) / 2.

Y T,;Xlll!'lkJllll pa'IYllW,1<.\ [·;.\L cy j\"it\Ii,C TCKill.Cp,rrypw.: npoMcHc, ;v,W;.Ke ce C);l[\··

TpaTH )la (c Koccjmu,lljeHT TO!DUTilC HPOllOWLllBOCTI1 He MCllJi.t ea TCl\.I1lep[rrypml.

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"3H,'VJB<1 f.l!TO ;,lcllLa, jep je y T01\! C'Iytlajy YUYT1XlUllb<.l IlOHPWHlW IJ;CBH npn6,;IH)KHO

jC!~liaKa u,cllOj CllO.'bllOj fl()BPll.UUlO. AKO Taj YC'JOB ulljc llcnY1Lcll, ]l,topa cc P"FIYI'W'I'll Ci\ Cpt~;:J)h()l\l HrK'~ulOwhy nOBpulllllC 11,CBIL

3.2. liPEHOC TOl1ilOTE IYIElllAtbEIYI

/\.K() ce y llcKlJ. c::m lHUlt1jc X,~Ja;.~Ha, a llPCKO ll.,.e fli.DK}bllBO BPC!l<J. 'IT'1Il0CT, Taj.\et he Up.TIO cuopo HulilJ ;..1,0 HJjc;.l,lta<[Clba 'l\.'i\llj(;parypc !.1,C:l(; !\lace. AKO ee, l .... ldYyTlll\L

caJ~p)KH!W OBUr;J CYiJii MCU.W ).'3 BtYr}IO)KClhC. Tei\ll!CpaTypa Te<"LIlOCTH he ce BPJIO

6p:w HJjc,'J,ua'lllT1L 3Gol" Tora OfJdj lW'IHH lIpL:1!oea T01l!lOTC ca TUrUJOr na X!JaL\IIH

(f)"!Yt1J~, y Tl'XllllL!,llllC upe;.l.CTclUJ1,'.\ BeilH llpOGJJCl\1. flOTpL'ClHO jc C(Jl\W ].\f.l j\;lCIl1,L'UllW

G>'Jl,c J~OB0;LHU jaKa, ;1,:1 llpOHJlle,r.1,t: npT,'lO)KClhC, l!a he cc '1'el\1llepaTypa W.'.:H: :<'.Jace

Ginu InjcWW'llJT1L BP.'IO 'ICCT lla'lllH J~U'pcB<uba jccre t\1elll~ULCl\"1 X!l<1;l,llC J.l Bpule TC1.lHOCTll ')' BC,'UtKOl\l c'l."f.fY.

ivIcl)'y"l"!l:"lI, II nopcjJ, HllTCll'..lltBHUr l\IClJI'Ul,i.\, T0WWTa ce TOKe lIPCIIOCIl eel qHYH"

ita Ha <"lBpcry nOBpllH!llY II OGP!lj'TO. l'bHMc, y rpallWllIOJ\"! ClUj)" llpH KpeTafbY

(l)JlYH!lJ. nocl"ojr: Jla~lllllapfllJ IlO}l,C}lOj KPC)3 1(Oj11 TOIL'lOTa MOiKC llpohH jC!.l,HHO llpO

lloIY:ILC1VL KOC(j)UlWiuIT TOllJ10THC IlPOBO,T..l,JLIIBOCTH cj)JlYU}W .ie npJlO Mann, 360r

'-lenl cy H OTllOPU npa IIPC}l~Uy TOUJ10Te ca :mlJ,a Uil q.lJlyU,D, H, 06pllyTO, KpOJ rpaml~

'taH CJwj BpJlO BCo'lHKH. Ha CJUiIJ,l185 npHKa'JeU! je npcna'J T011JIOTe Q ca :Ht,Il,a lla Typ-0YJICHTHY Mac), CfJJlYlli1a.

Donno TOllJlOTa upCJJa:m ca 3J1W:1. Ha TC'IHOCT, TO 3H<:FlH ,Il,a .ie TC1\urepaTypa

·HIJ·xa !~ BHllIa o~ TCMrTCpaType TypGy.'JWHTIIC !\.face fill" fIOllrro jc y Typ6yJlCHOj MaCH

Mcural·/,e ,IJ,oGpo, MO':'KC ce IIPCTIlOCTUBl1TH I1,a je no i~eJJO,\·1 IbCllOM npeccKy TCl\UICpa-

Typa KOHCraHTlta. To cc Bl1,D,H no xopu-30HTaJUIOtvf ,ll,CCHOM Kpajy TC1\H1CpaTypllc

KpHBC KojH .Ie napaJlc.'IaH ca anCI~HCHOM OCOM, l.!.ITO 'HI.attI11J,a ce ca paCl'ojalbcM He

MCI+,(.\. I1cToBpeMeao ce Bl1,lJ,l1 ,n:J .ie rrap,

TCMrrcpaTYpc y rpaIlH'lHOM CJIoj.\! BpJIO

nCJrHKH, UiTO yK~ny.ic, KaKO he cc Kaclmje

BH~CT11, ml npHcycTBO BC!lHKHX OTIlOpa

llpa npOJ1;J3Y TOIlJIOTe,

IhYTll .ie IIOKa3ao ;~a ct: KOJIHl'lH1Ja

TOUJIOTe C<1 ~mpC'ror 'HIHa lJa (l1JJYH)~ ripe··

UOelt MCLU<.lIhCM UJTO CC MO)KC HpHK<l3ElTH

CICf~ch(J!VI jC}\H<l L[HHU.tvr:

Q ~.:;: (X • A (I,. - tn,) . t,

Hell\ J<a0 !IPOTOL Te\lUrOTe

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155

To '3fta'lH )J,<1.ie npoToK TOIL'lOTC YllpaBo llponupll,IIOIWJIaIl Koeqml\l1jcIITY npe.'ia'J<l Torl.~WTe (cl), p,r:Pllll\1l TC!\lIlCpi.rryp,l 'JIl[~a H cj).:r)-!H,Lia lz - f!11 Ii IlOBPUUiHH A. OB<l jC,D,lW'lIlU:'\ ee, C'Ul'lHO KLtO II <[)ypJ.1jeoB :larOE, M{))KC fU1C<JTH ) OUJlfiKY:

llOrOHCKi.l CIVIa

OTnop

tliTO Jml'lH i~a .Ie- OTIlOP np¥! upellOCY Ton.'IOT"': MCllI<l!hCM. l/(z· A. H:.:: ufmxjeW-la'{l-lHa

!do/KC CC l!3BeCTI1 jc,lJ,llHJfll,a KOe{IHll.~H.ie!{'ra npe.'J~na TOWI0Tt:

I"lpcMa TOMe, I<ucCI.lHll,HjCllT npe:Eua TOfLlIUTe l[OIC<l'3yjC KOJUiKa ce KOJIWlUHa

TOIlJ!OTlit: CJlcpnrje upcnece no,D, ,rJ,:1nIM yeJlOlH-1l\W cTpyjalba C!))IYHf.J,a ca jCf.\IIOl

l-:'Ba,u,paTlWr MCTpa llOllPllil1HC :w jC~Wll eCKyH,U, Ka;'l,a pa:L'lHKa T01llep;.rrypc l!3McJ.'); lJOnplllHlIt: :::H-[i~a II TypClYJIUlTUt:." l\Jace c1).'lY111W rnHOCH "JOC. AKO je OBa pa:~:HlKa, U<i

npHMep, 30"C, Tana he en Hcre llOBj.HlH!llC, Y llCTOM BpC1\fcny, nOi~ I1CTlIlvl YC,r!(.HHlMa

crp:yjall,a, 0UTH I!pt:IICTi.l TPUHCCCT nYTa Beha KOJIH'llI11<.l TOllJIOTe.

PauHjc je IlOK<.t:.::au.o in ;~c0:LJHIa I'paUU'lllor CJloja, a nptwl TO]l,1C 11 .ilal\umap Hor rrOJ~CJlo.ia. 3ar.HICH O;~ IlPl1pO).\C q)JlYU}W II 0;'\ Gp:mnc npOTlll\i:lIL<1, Oll,HOCHO 0).\ 00-JIHKa nOBpWHllc ~[!.ipC'ror TClla. "YKU.~lHKO.it Bella 6p'JllHd JtP()THl~atba HeKOr (1).11YU

f.(a, YTOJIHKO he 011'1'11 T,UhH rpaHU'lHH c.auL a ca1\"1111\1 TUM 1"1 JlaMHWlpmr llO,D,CHOj.

360r Torcl he npcn(]'J TOILlOTC (ca 3Uf.(a 11a CtJJJ.YH,r~ H!lli OOPHYTO), Kojn y CTBapI1 :1a

BlICH OA IbcnOf' upollobcfLa KPO] J!i.ll\ll1JlapHH ClOj, 611'1'11 GmbH, Tj.l1Mahc Bchy npcf.],

HOCT ca llopacrol\.l CiP"JllHC. 3Gor BpJl() CJlO>I<CHHX Xl1AP0,D,HHal.\lWlKI1X 0JJ,HOCCl, TCWKO

jt:: TCOPHjCKH Yll<:iUPCA O,lJ,j)(')1,HTH lV~6Jhl!HY rpauwm:or CJlOja, a CUMUM TUM II Bpen

HOCT Kocclml.\HjcH'ra npeJl~na TOItJlOTC. 3a TCXIIWIKa pa~!yH(uha, 0 ~lCMy OUAe Hche

611T11 pe~m, OIl ce npOHamnH HOMOhy CJlO)J(CHHX C}JOpMy.rra. Y TaGcSl"n 61l.<1TC cy rpaHHll,C Y KOjHl\fa CL' Kpelly npC1J..HOCTH Kocq)J1J~I~C!laTa rrpClll.l'.,m TOIIJIOTC :::a HeKC C.TIY

~rajcBe cTpyjaI-b<.l H HCKC CfWYHAc.

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TC'fHOCTH Koje KJhY'Wjy

Dape Koje e.c KOHi_W1f3yjy

3.3. IlPEHOC TOTIJ10TE 3PA'IFH,EM

TO[lJlOTa CC. K30 uno je parmje PC'ICHO, I.-jo/I<C npcnocrrrH IT 1jXl'IClhCJVL T<lJi<l cc, TOTL'lOTH(l cHcpnlja, y nHHY CJICKTpOMarHCTHl1X 1';:1.'1aC<1, pacnpOC'fHpc Kp03 npo·

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nO Y TonnoT)". On OCT;:L1HX CJ1CI<TpOIvtarUCTlIHX 3pa'JClha TOITnOTHa 3pa'TcTha cc p<:n

JTHKyjy C8MO no TaJlaCHoj ;:tY)I(BHH (Ta6. 7).

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yKynHo 3paQCH::.C ::: ancop60naHO 3paQClhC + pecpnCKTOBaHO 3paQCH:>c + nporrYIUTcno 3pa'Iclbe.

3aKoH Kojn OJl,pet;yje npOToK Torr;WTHe cneprnje KOjy 3pa' IJ1 i\pHO TeJIO (qJ n33HBa cc CTceJ)(lH-BO.TTl~l\.mHOB 3aKOR Ii H3pa)l(aB3 ce:

rAe je C( KocqmlU1jclIT 3J)(1'1CI-1'>8 H.D:eaJTJTOf upHor TCJf3.

3a TICKO npyro Te.l10, KOjc, cBa1(;,IKo, cJIa6njc 31){PIH TOIIJIOTY 0i\ Hf\ca.rrno D,pnor. )Jo6nj3 ce KOCcj)l1L~Hjcf-lT '3prl'·rcrh8 HJ rrpm13BO,IW:

C::::::£· Co rr~e jc c crenCH l~pnohe Tena (TaG. 7).

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na anCOJTyrny TCMI1CpaT).'py (T) jc:

T lOO

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ec H3pmKCH(J TonnOTZI H3BClnpCfl:HO 6]130 nOl'lCnaBZI ea nopacToM To,mcpaT)'pc 11 lla

je 3I)(FICH-,e OBe cncprnjc 3HaTHO TeI( 118 BHCOKffM IT npJIO FHfCOKHl\1 TCMIIcpaTypZ\}..fcL ana} 38KOH HCTonpCMCHO nOK33yjc JI:<1 1'OfT:IOTY 3pa~m cnaKO TU1O, IT TOTL'1Hjc H

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CiJMO fTonpnnma Koja 3P,l'IH Ben II mmpnnma Koja npn\J(J 3pWICJhC, jcp VI OIl"L f10UlTO .ie Ha nCKoj TCl\mcp<lTypH nehoj 0;1 <lnC()}I),TlTC Hyi1C. \lOpa, Tiu::nl)c. ~t3 3p<P-lH TOTUJOT),.

3aJ(OlHl TonnOTHor 3P8'.JClh8 HJl:eITTlr'TIlH cy Gl 3[I)Wmrl'>W CrWTJIOCnOr 3pa·

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IlHjO::U nrCBOCH Kp03 npOCTOp n na jc yn<:liJ,HB yrao. rrpn pC(imCKcHjn TOTT.l10THOr 3p(l'-ICfha. jerl,H(lK O!J60jlfO:M yen)'.

fvimKc ce 38I<.TbytIHTH, TaKoi)G, JF) cc cal\.W ona lWBpuuma Koja CC !JUJU! C(l J\.fC

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npaTOM pacTojcIJh<1. KOHKamIJ.IM pcctJJlCKTOrmM<l TOlIJlOTHO 3PWICH,C ce MO)KC KOH

l~eIfTpHCaTH 1m M(jJJe nonpmnHC, HlTO ~m(l'JH 1m ce lI.wry nocTHhu cmpmH cq)cKTH

Kao rrpn KOPHlTIhClh), CHCTJIOCHor 3P'Pfclha.

3.4. KOE(N11\l1JEHT DPOJlA3A TODnOTE

Koe£l)JfI~njenT npo"la33 TOnJIOTC. ~ Y TCXlIllll;If je npJTO l:lCCT c.nyl:xaj pa3hIcHc

TOllJfOTC 113M(1)Y nBa rrOKpeTIIa cprrYHna, pa3HnojeHa llpCrpail:HI1M 3IUJOM. OnaKan

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3l1Aa na:nwa ce npo.'l'-13 TOIlJJOTC. Ha lliCMH (CJL 86), na op.o,ImaHTBY

ocy Hal-IeTe cy UPC/ViOCTH TeMI1CpaTYfK':. a lJa ancUI1CHY ocy nY)KHW1, O;,HOCHO geGJhl1(1(1, nojciJ,HHliX CJlojcBa. Q).1Y!H)l; pr' c nc

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en O. rIourro Cl)cl)'I!JJ F" liMa Te~mcpaTYpy C .. lllhJi S(;

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pa:UI1KUM TC,\UIC"jJa-rypcl: yKymw nonJl\CK<'l C~I.'W ::::: f - ~ = At". OHoj norolleKoj CJiJlll cc cYllptrITTal3:JAI)' TjJll \::J,'Hupa: _ OT!TOP HpBC KOllBCKl(lljc 1/0"1' A (y Cl)_~)yl1,!j,y r ),

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KocclHlu,ujclrr upo;W:W "l"01L'1OTC ItMd Hcr)" jc,uumn~)' IGtO n KOCCIJl!QHjcHT npcJ1a3a TonJ"toTe,

- jCi-lHWill,i.l q \N Jt;;I--illlltll~a K:;:;:- ----'"'-.""--.--------------~'.~-

I je':J,lllfllua A . jCjVWHlJ,(1 l' m}· K -

tlPCj\·W 'lOMe aKO Ce ;'1«(,,:[1( lnpa'l)'IJaTH KO,:WKH JC Ilp0JI~n TOWlc\fc ca

iV1C;_l,i1.jy:vw na i~pyrl1, rlU'rpCOlJO jc IlO'3[l~lBi\TU !_(oC{j)l'llJ,HjcltTC upc.:Jiua T(ilUlOTc 11' ca

.jei~IfC U ;\PjTI: crpaHC 3Jlll.i"l, KOC(I)Hl~Hjclrj' TOfL'I(l'fHC llP()BO~~l!UCT!l {lBpcror :m;_~a H

lLerOB)" HCC),'bl!!!Y, TC!vHwpaTypy !\WC(' T01L'IJ1jCI' H X.'W;WHjCl' <1}JIYH;~::L 1(;10 u !JC;llFlli~ 11)' rpc.lHC no.uplW!1!t:.

HOrOIiCIG! cn:ut :m npcmn TOiUOTl'. - Y npaKCH CC BP.'lO 'fCCTO lWIL'W3H na

mn,HLe l<ojy Te",mcp,-rryplIY p;:rJJllU-:Y IVCO::t OJ_QX:i_iHTlI 3,-> lIorOHCKY (lUI)" jcp ce

.kWtl1 cJ.);I::-iH~\ XI!a;~J) (F') a gpyn-l 3arpCB;\ (F) WTO JHCl'UT ;Hl Ct: 170l"OI-iCKU ClL'W gY.Jli ({()U[JWWIC UTi(LVW JtCliAi. OBO jc jOlll C:J0)I":CJIlljC Juor Tora UlT(J Cl:: {l)]lYll,J)l ,\lOry

KpCTi.lTll JlCTOBPCtl'lClIO, WIll Y cyllpOTHO:"ll CMCpy ;~y)l< [fOBPlUUJIC HpH TOIIJlOTHOj pa

j!\lCllH (c!L 87). Ha C!IJ!KaM<l cy 1 lUll'-lH ;~l1jarpa!VI; __ l) yu,lnallII Cf;j(':POBll crpyjal-LLl H Tt:l\!llcp:rryp8

TO!L'lHjcr (I") u XJI~I~J,llIljer t!)!lYU;W (r') )_1)')1..: rpcjJlC l!OBfHUHHC. Ha npBOM f.\Hji.ll'pa

My jc npJ!Kina!!a Tel\I11Cp,-rrypa uoa Cl):lyu;,~~t I\Y;"1..: rptjHc lIOqJllHlUC, aKo.ie cTpyjatbe o6a c!m:yn;_\a Y !ICTOM OlCpy. Ha Hpyrml !_wjaqJat\J)' cy UpHK:-t:.:;,me npOW:llc TC.\H1C-

p~rrypa ej)Jlyltna llpH apUn!BCTpyjUUM TOKy. 1\,10':'1<C cc }taKO YO"UlTll ;~a ce uon)!JCK<1 C!:L'!a 3;\ npO.:W'3 TOWIOTc. 'I]. pi.r).:I!H~c!

TClvlt)Cpa'I'Y]!a ln~!cby T()[IJ1HIC[- (I") H '\:I~Ul!I!ic!' (ll!!yl1~w (I'):

." L '. J.l,t~

t; __ .. _. __ ~ .. ...J

Dy.ti-lHA flY)i(!<HA

C.'IUl{{{ 87

!itl!:::: f" -- t',

MeH~a OA At) Ha flcBOj C'rpaHH nospmrn-re, AO b.t2 H3 AccHoj CTpaHl1 IIoBpllllmc. To :ma'Y:l1 H3 hc Cpc;UJba norOHCK3 GIna (L\t\'/') 6H'I'n je,n:H3K3 apuuL,lAeiill1'tlwj cpegl-boj

Bpeg"wC/uu:

MCryYTHM, aKO cy pa3JIHKC TCMnCpclTypa Q)JIYH)J,3 3HaTHc, TeMucpaTypa ce MeH~a no .JTorapWraMCK01\if 33Kmry Kojn je y H3BCneHHM l\njarpaMHM3 rrpC)lCTaBJbell KprUnI1Vi J1HlmjaMa. Y TOM CJIytwjy, MOIJ<.l ce Ol.(pe;n;IITH cpegfMJ .,1.o'IopuiLia.MCIUI me/yf·· flcpalZ(Vlma pa3.Mil{a nOMoity ,jefmatIHHe:

D.t\., .. _~.=.0Jl_ 2,31og

At2

Y o6e jcnml'lHHC l\[ j 11 /J.t2 cy O).tpC~CJjH VJTJ3Il1IM 11 H::lJI;nHHlvr TeJ\mcp"rrypaMil

(lJJTYHJW, 3a napa<leJ1aH TOE.iC (HH):lU cmHo::)' P,7):

3a cynpoT3H TOK je:

At! -=. tl ",- tl'

1112 = - f'2'.

/\12:::::: -t l ',

OB;a:e ce HH):lCKC 1 O.11HOCH Ha jenan, a YlH)::(eKc? H:l I1Pyrn Kpaj nonpmHHc. nOTIlTO jc AT = iJ.t, Y cnn;>,1 H3Bell,cHHM lnpa3HM;t, Tel\mCpclTypa cc MO)KC IUP(1-

3HTH Y CTcnCHHMa IJ;c][mjyca H KcmnuIa.

( ...................•.••.... " ~IlE .· ... ·GA) 3aJJ:knaK ].

Gaga,

PACflI'OCTl1PAll,l, Tor!.~OTE

OrJPcglflTil{ ITiOh..'10ITillU olTiUop li;10,,7m~rlJC uapo-

AJ{n.1U:W aaga{iIJ.:{/. TIapOBO]"lll ce H30.Try.1y nCKHM tmpCTlTM l\.r<1TepHja.10M (CJ1. R7a) KOjH CnpCTli.tHa O.11<lnaFhC TOfIlIOTC 0):\

nape TCwmepaTYpc err) Y O1<ommy TCl\H1Cp,nype To, Ha He 6n IXOmJI~) no KOl?IeH-

3alJ,nje napc Koja npCHOCH TOTIJIOTY on u-:mopa no ~CCT,J Ha KOJCM he OHTH

Kopnmhcna 3a rpejrHhe. Kp03 lHO:WlJ.HOHH lVlaTCPHJ<:1J1 TOnJ10Ta. ce npcnocH npOBO!)CJbCM, npn "IeMY cc TOllJIOTCl Koja cc. npoBCnC Kp03 H30JIal.WJ)' (QI) MQ)KC

Inp;:l'lylHlTH IlOMOhy o6paCl~a:

_ Onepan;nja npOBo:!JeH~3 TOfInOTe, K30 II CBe TCXHOJJOlIIKC OIlcpaI~nje, CBOJY 6p3HUY, IIOrOI-ICKY cuny H OTIIOP, Y CKJIa)lY ca OillUTOM je;UHatllIUOM:

6p3llH3 . nOrOI-lCK8. CHJIa

OnCpaIUIJc:::::: ---'---.. -"--.--~. OTIIOP

Y OB01\-1 cnytlajy 6p3HH<l OrrCpaI(Hjc jc 6p3lUHl npOBOf)elh3 TomlOTC, Tj. TOTInOTHH rrpOToK Kp03 H301JaIWjy (c.n. 87a), a rrorOHCKa eTma jc pa3JIHKfl TCMncp,nypc ynyTpaIIJILe II CnOJhaUIIf,e nonpnHmc H30:Jan;nje, O;r~HOCHO:

k--L=2.6m~1 To T2

C.1II1W 871.1

r)1C cy: Op'31Ula OnepnI\Hjc npoBobCIbll TOn,;lOTt: Q/L

.- I"iOTOnCK8 CHJTtl ")(1 npoBol)cJhe TOTIJTOTe (1'1 ,.- 1'2)'

AKO cc npno jeJ1.11a~llllfa YCIClarlH ca ;.~pyr()M, T<liVI jc:

.QL = !i=-_ 72 " 5

A·A

TOTUIOTHH OTl10P wlo.nal\njc = '0// .. /1,

O)lHOCnn

8 QI-r )\,,;\'

nrro '.lHa"m J\a y 3<1J.\8TKY Tpc6a WI]I..JC[mTH TIOrOHCKY elmy (1'1 - 1'2) H npOTOK 1'0-

rrnOTC Kpcn H:{O,~raIVTjy (Q/l). n()I"i"ipc6!1G .HcpCf{,a II U]70pa'I}'I!. DOrOIICK<l CIVIa ce Mer11 jCJ\HOCTanno

McpCI·hervf yH~trraI1lH'C H CIIO.TJ,HC TCMnq1<iTYpc HJO!Tmmjc, a npOTOK TOHJl(Yrc ce

onpei)yje Ha cTcJ\chH Jl(l"HUL TOmIOT<l cc OH napc ;10 OKOfluor n;:13;nyxa npenoen TaKO UITO cc npno KOHBCKI(njOJ'v1 npCHcce 0)1. ff(]PC (QI') no ynyrpauuber 3TlJ1.<1 11(1-

POBO!],a, 3aTHM npOB01)eu,C;""1 Kp03 W.~B rrapOBOna (QJ, a ourw Kp03 H:{OJ1:lI~njy (QJ CTJDKC )J..O CnOJhamn,e rrOBpnmne H30JIal~Hjc. 1111a Kpajy ce nOHOBO KOHRCKl~Hj()Nr ca CnOJ1,aIIIlhC nonpUITmc H30JIaIl,Hjc npenOCH na OROJUm na3JWX (Q()), Tj.:

Qp :::::: QI. :::: Qi :::::: Qo·

rIPE ~:Tal\liOH,-,pIlHM ,YCJlOBl-iMiL CBe OBC KO}HPil:Utl: TOlJJlOTC cc npeuccy :;;a He j'()

Ep,-~r>il:, W\ :\1';0 CI' jd.i_ULiJ jc~w(l'Imw llO)~CJlH Cd BPCI','h;HOM Tpajul-h'-l OliCpUlV-ljC:

,r'

!;

;T!_'tL"'i{i'i~~

\) 11 liilU!',(

'1,

g~ _._ 9( _(2 1: l ::

-- j:,

f'v -- A

'-ii' =-C I

T

He) JC

('( (iiu/LtLiU[{ UPC!l-Ui" f-F' in:;)

J.\.'

-l1".Hl :Ji

In

n,,.

163

H:J _,wfiicpaiiiypc: TOIVIOTJ HClIap,W;'UI,(\ nOi.teHc nape ce O'llTrana y Ji11:H1CllOC

TH u;~ lqJHTHCKJ. nape y oapuBui],)i,

0'1'110]) lUiJ/r~UJ,Hjc (K/k\\i)

R,

;iUpUUi.>;.\, ,t MC:PClbC

Lwr{ij'llWC L1\H.:crauy 'W~""'.IY __ Tl- Ka,'la C:; CHC'l,->\1 )TTd 'W ,-I iT _,!]<,JtUCii< (\."1'..'

IJO ~T,UiC CT~tt~li\.-'IUpjH)_

ili/uUfU :; "PCTX J}.I1!(i

pc l):L :Xi'}:.

'1 -= I.-roc ,---,,,-

I, 74--27~

ric

;.:u·1L(l1l! lTE :':;;\F r;'y'PY·

yU()~~C C1 ' C-;L',U'~-h)! L'Y"'~'f!cl-r;i

T

J(

J( =-

HI = 74, 6-~~-k\V

47K U,lJ:;kV,t

:jail.~H~IK :2. OqecgU!Tiu ITioTi.:'iUiflfIY UPO(wy~'-ulluuclli It3U:"lLll(uje ri,ajJOGogu.

/l!UlJ)li.}d 3({gaUI-Xi.i, --X·Ol!.'!O'nra IIPC1g\,j,L\Jj,l1BOC'I' H'31...IJla.qU.le jc }~t'(l)HIlHCalW

lC-)J,lIa~H-1HOM:

164

AU AS L 26 I---- '" m

T, T,

CrnllW R7(j

nonrro je y npCTXOJl.lIOld 38NlTKY o,upe1)CUZl npe;a:nOCT TOIL'IOTIIOr OTITOpa, ca)Xil je !hHpe6no If3lvl'eprITH cal\W T(c6.'l,m-ry H IfOHpUJJ1HY n30}IaI~Hje (C1. B76). Dc-6.T1:,TUI3 ce ,'13[(0 oJJ:pe'l)yje: 0 = r l, rw DOnpUll-Hla Kp03 KOj~} cc TOrT.ITOTa nponOHn Mel-hel CC. O)1HOCHO OEZl cc nonchaFl<1 3<lFlHCHO O;{ Hpc;mocTll YHYTpaIITH.,e ncmpunmc

gO Bpc;\ITOCnr cnOJ1·,aUlH·,C rronpurHHC rno.:I(Hl,HjC. (i\.,). Y roplhoj jCltHa'IHHH A npenCTanJ},il cpcTOhy npl'iUIOCT om·IX ncmpumnJ. op:nocuo:

Chk': DonpnHme l1Majy 06mIK O!v!OT3l j3 na.rhK<l IT IT3p,P1YHanaJY ce Kao npOH-mop oonl\lJ OMOT<.!lra (0) H J{y>IG1HC (L):

S~O·L~2·r·rr·L

J7oiTipe611o /.,repClbO U pcay.·1UWUIU. KocqmnnjoIT TOflJlOTHC npOBO;VhHTlOCTH

)e.

8"" r.\ . . -- 1'110-.--: O,OG Tn 0,0 J.5 rn :::: 0,045 m.

DOHTTO jc- nY>KHntl 1wun L;:o 2,6 111 OHJ\il je:

Ha Kpajy:

0,045111 - ---~

74,6K/kW·O,61m' ~ 0.001 kWjm· K ~ 1,0 W/m K.

3a;V!Tm{ 3. Ogpegwliu KOHACJ{WUBl-tU iiioi1./IOlJ1/-fU oildiop U KoeqJu/.(ujeHiii

i1pcJIfJ.3a iJiOlL,w(ijr I1pLl iJPCl-locy fiiol1.iwiIic ca /.(,10JIfJl(UjC l-iG Ba3YVx 0I{().,1-I!H(,.

165

AH'(JJlu.1a aagaiIiKa. TIoroHcKa CHJxa 33 npcnoc TOTIJIOTe ea II30.'1all,uje I-Ia OKOJ1-fill B(3)J;yx je (en. 831;) pa3JIHKa TCMucpaTypa nospIlIHHC 1130nan;nje (TJ 11 OKOJlHHC

(1'0), Tj. (T2 - To)· CIIOJhaUIfba l10npulJma H30JIall,Hje je A,I" na je KOIIBeKTHBHO

npcncT3 KOJIWlllHa TOTInOTe (Qo):

HJIH

Qo. ~ T2 - To. T 1/0::0 ·As

norOHCKa CHJJ(]

OTIIOP

T'i_1e.ie Ciil KoeqmllnjenT npcmna Tono10TC ca rBo.namT.1C na IW3JJ.:YX. Ha (lenony pa3MaTpan,a 113 rrpnor 3t1)l,<lTK;:t, oBaj UPOTOI( TOl1JIOTC ce 1\10)1(C IT)

JenmPH1TH ca TOTIJlOTOl\·1 KOjy Inryon napa:

TO .lCCT:

Qo Qp r· f11.k _~_=:o ____ '---:: Cj,

1; '[ T

na,ic OTfIOP llpCra)f(Clha TOIEIOTC (Rp):

q

lJolZipe6r1a .HCpCH)[J /I. pcay/uIla/JJ.H. 3a 113pany OHOT' 3anaTKa Tpc68 IT3MCPFlTH

Ca1\10 TC:-'H1CP,lTYPY Ba3nyxa: 10 ,;;;. ! 9°C. Y npcTxo;:UIOM 3n;a:aTKy je H3MCPCHO na jt" q =~ qi = 630 \V, a fl'::::; 2T'C. CaJP je:

Ro = q

(27 - 191"C _. ___ 1_ .. ~ 0,0285 K/\V.

630W

DOllno je:

Ro . Ro . 2 . J~, ,1t . L

0,0286 K/W . 2 . 0, 06m· 1C .2:6~' 35,7+

nr ·K

3an3T3K 4. Ogpegui71u ),K}'ilaJ-l iuofiJlOiIiHU oiUilop u KoC{jnll~ujeF-flTi i1po ... w3.a WoLl/wulc, iJpu li.peHoc)' i.l1otl.rwiIie og li.apc gpoa 3Ug u,cau i1apoBoga, U U30.;Wl~IJJY go Ol{O//T-{.OZ- eaagyxa.

AHaJ1U .. 3a 3agaiUKa. TIoroHcKa C}fJIa 3a rrpona3 TonnOTe je (CJl. 87a) pa3JIHKa TCMrrcpaTYpc napc (1',,) II OKOJTHor Ba3Ayxa (To):

166

" >UjJ!:

1[: II >.)

{j = fJ /

.L .•. i. q ~"

Q

j(

Q/T ::;;

rIl,..

, ' . 2 '),!;

T\ (i,! = , , 1/1('/'1

(, .. 1'; .1\../'),.

110CpLUll

"J ~.

lU.

I

J'1l'II'cl UU.'JaC"1 "lepeE", !.ipni.' Hll ,'OLH~~ T·'::MfH.'}.<lT:V'p<'L

!jCO;V;'t pC! 1.'LH'WTC l\lCT():,~c '3Cl f\lCPClbC TCMlll.'paTYpc.

HIlCT1Yy'!dCllTH ]\.UJ1-' C!lyA~(~ :EI MCPClhC TC\IJU:paTYVC '.H>B)' CC {iu:py CW.>f'_'\E!.\tLi ~l\'TU ·L!TCl~C pcry'J~LH\l-\i(- 'J\) '.:y Cl"i[JfIlICMIILTlCjJU lDt'/t{[rcP<i

iTiypC . .Jl.)\\WH<\d 'W. l\lCp'.::a,t; TCMrJcpaTYpc y kvld)Yll<tpOi01Ulvl CHCTcI\'l~/ MCPllllX

I'. r:C./i(i!i!i (h \ KC.~lH!!llL1 JJ,O:JBO}hCllO .1,-, J~a CC i<UfH1CTH l:! CitlCUCIi

TC,\Hl(.::p~rrypl! 01-\ 0' C nJ_\rULlap~l (i;.l 273J:; K 'J;\jj\JCllt;

TCI\'tlICp,-lTypH O,ij, lOO"C O/i,nJBapi1 Tt:tvUlcj)Xrypa 01-\

1,,1<:'1'O;),L- ::!i-l ivlCPCU>C Tl:\tHC-paTy'p':' ' __ \aCHlu~ajy Cc llJ 'lllTdBOt>l Lnt'3j 'jJ'HII"Tll

UpOl\'1C-ll~\ l\IL!TCj.H'ljC. Koje CC IJCU1<1Bajy ~'l ap(!l\H:l101Vl Tel\WCpaTYI>:. nU'3H~lTO .~: ,'Ui

'tBpCra TC;U. F!CUn)) Ii Tt'LHOCTH j·vlClJ)Cl.!Y CBO])' 3:.l.l!pC!\HHIY lIpi'! npU;\,!CHE TC~\'m~p;,

Type, IOJ(} II ;;~ll\'lllUr!l C1L"I;TfJU'Ill.H M:rrepnj;)!lll r.h;iLJ~l.i) ,:~i llPOI\1CHUhl TC-MflCpaTj"pt', fCpMU"h."rpc, ]<ujn Cl: (.(,-IJlac

11l!!\YCTpuj!L ,\1U.;l'':Ci\W !lO':teHHTll lId:

i~iL'laTilUl\UHC 'L.:Pl\iOi>k' rpc,

TCpHUC.:JU\1CHTC jj

- Dfnupuc TCP\JUt,lL'TP,:·

KTP1'~' ilLt n"l" l

1\.1 Jpu;:'!.',: y iT)!!)

iJJtm..rr<iU,HO.lHl TL'pi\W:\R'TI:m. - (iLl' L.:pJ\H.J,\l;...·TjJL hi,:.!;.: )in. ,1;. U)(Ui'

Ji

;,-;

)l!l','

r- L'",

-ilHk

168

C!lUf([/ f)y

Y rpyny I-rajpacnpoCTpafhCmtjnx TCpl\Tm.fCTilpa CB{!K(jJ~O cna,n:ajy ("IU{/1\.aCT!lf

IIICP.M(),,)fClTiPII. OlIn cy nYThCHH TCtJIlHld (pJlyn;n:Oll:i, TIai~IelIfhe :;;KHHOJ\I, a rnflop q).nyn-ga 3JBHCH Oil oncer(1 Tnmep<1TYpc Koja ce )J<C.1TH l'IKpHTH. Cacrojc ce O)l. Malhcr peJ.cpHO<lpa Y KOl'vlC CC TIaJT<l3H TC'IHOCT H KClnn.TI<lpn Cil C1«U10!\-1. TCJ\wcp;:lTypa CC MepH

na ocnOB)' npOl\IC-nC ilY)f(HnC cryfia Te~IHocTH y Kam-L'Tapn. 360r '1'01'3 om) Mopa no nenoj )l)')KHHH nrlTH HCTCll' npct IIIHK8 B HC CMe Cf' TOKOM 'wrpCBi11LJ nrn MepeH,y

Men.anL /TI;,-l 6n 3<lJrOBO.'Hl.Tf(l one YC.'IOBC KJlll-12Tapa cc Haj~lcmht'- npmm OJ[ KBzq:nxHOI' CTQK.TJ(l. 3~1 npOl1lHpC1-hC l\fCpnOr onccra ODHX Tepl\-JO!l-fCTapa (holCpCthe TCMTlC-pa

Typa Koje cy BHUTC G,11 T<l'lKC K,lhY'Iat-h<l TC1[HOCTH KojnMtl ce n)'nc TCPMOMCTpn) npo

CTOP H3H<l)\ TC'-ff-]OCTll ce nyHH OnpCDC1-lHM raCOM nOll TTpnTlfcKo~l, TaKO W! HC iwna'-Hi no K:hY-'::IaH-,(\ TC'lHOC1Tl, OJlnocno go I-hCllor HCnapaI3(1I-hcL AIW ce Kopncre '3a JvfC~

pC-The TCJ>.mep:lType Y HHnycrpnjcKHM 1I0fOHHl>.·r<l, CT<HZ.fTCHVl TCPMOlviCTpn CC 06H1.IHO

CTanJI1!ljy y MCTilJJllC'- :1amTHTllC l,(CB]l, Koje cy y ropn-.n'l )l:C.TlY )"3nY)KJ-JO rrpopC3anc

Wi tilt ce lvlOnra BHil,Cnr CKcUl't.

noce6ny rpyny TCP1vlOMCTapa lIHHe .JWlfo.lwiTiapCfW ilicP.AW.MCiIipu. Oun Mcpe TeJvmep;:rrypy Ira oCHony npO\·jC_HC l1PT-ITHCKJ. q)::'TYl-lJ,a, KOjH!\f,ie Hcnyn~cH 33TBOPCHH l\-laI-JOMCTapCKH CI1C1Th1. Ha emm,n 89 npHIZ<l3ilH je \l<-lHOl'lfCTapCKH TCPMOMCT<1p.

l"Y'faHOl\-lCTapn:::n TCPI\WlvlCTilP C3CTOjH ce 01\ OCCTItOr CJfC_MC'-UT<l (1). n<.mpa

BJhCIlOf' y 06J1HK)' l\-mn,er pe:-lepHo8pa, lwjn jc C)TflCnFnrOM KJ.m-T.~TlIpOM (2) cnojen 3<:1 BypnOJIOB )\fllHOMCTap (3). CKC1:rTa na M,WOJ\fC_Tpy !~HpeKTIln ITOKJ.3yjC npe).tHocfn l-l:1l\repCHC TCiI.-mep;rrypc. 3;nllopcHn ClICTCh! G1CT<lTL1,CU je 0l( I;YPJl01JOnC nem-1, K8rnmapa l-l OCCT}hlIHOr C.1C1I1CHT'L npc;(XOJ_\HO jc 113JcYyJ\fHpalL '-)ilTHl'I1 ni1TIVn,CH

OJtpC-pCm-fM (l,)l'j'HJlO-:-'! 11 '3;:lTOll)T,(;H. I-+J.fiop (jmYlllFI 'HI llYl-hClhC (TC'IIlOCTlT, raCOlm:

rum TC{IHOCT·---napa) 3<-lBlfCll 0;1: TOla KnjH je oncer l>.-lCPC1h;1 TC\-nTCP(lTYpC TIoTpc6an:

YnJaBHOh1 cc 6HP:1jy (lL:1YHHll KOjl1 Hlvrajy Be.:rn·1T{H :;,mpCMHlfClZH Koc(lmW'ljt:-HT nm

pca-,a. Ca nOp(lC1'OM MCPC1!C TCl'I-1l1Cp,:rT'Ypc cpciOmc Y KOjOj cc. H;UliJ3H OCCTTHl C.lIC

MCHT, J\OJIC13H ;ro ll1FfpelhC! r-l)J1Yl-ma y '~aTBOrCHOl\l CHCTCl'I-lY, YOIC)1 'lCT'a paCTe npnTllC<IK. nopCII npHTHCK(l Y :l;:frnopenm,l CHCTC.}\I~y i-DWnma nOMcpmhC c]]o50JllTor

Kpaja EypnoJT()J3c 1~CB!1, ](ojc npeKo npenocITor MCXamf3Ma f]ol\.fcpa K;naJ1~Ky Tep~ MOMcTpa n 1'<1KO rroK33yje H3Mcpcny Bpe):l:l-lOCT TC!l.HlCpJTYpC.

TepMoCJ'1CMCUT1:i. - Tern-roCnCMCHTH 11m-I KJKO ce JOIn '-TCCTO nCl31-IBajy, TCpl\fO

rrapOBJ-l mIH TcpMocnpCrOBl-I, Mepe TCMIIcpaTYPY nil npmn.'\HOY TCpMOCJfCKTpH'IHor

- 3e6cKoBor CCpCKTU. 3c6cK je OTKpno ):\a Y c~aTnopcHoM 1(O]1Y caC'raBJhCHOM on ium

nponoJJ;UI-n::a H3papcHI-Ix O):l pa3.11WIHTHX MeTana (JIcrypa) HacTaje CJ1CKTfHNI-Ia crp)ja, aKO ce MeCT3 I-bliXOBHX cnojcBJ nan33e na pa31IJFIHTI-IM TCMucpaTypaM3. IIpCMH TOMe, Y TCpMOeJ1CMCi-£TY TC'IC cTpyja no,n: )WjCTBOM TepMocnCKTpOMOTopHe

I 169

ClInc, Koja laUHCH OJ1 pa3/TTlKC TCMnCpZl"rype lI(l KOjl1M<-l ec Hi'L'I<l3C cnollT<-l l\-feCT~\' YKO.YJIll<O je TC.;\-f~Cp(1TYPH{) p,nmma neila, YTO-'Tl-TKO jc ncha J--J e.TICKTr;OMOTOpHJ

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TepMoc/IC'-)l.fCTlT ec c8cTOjH on row p;n.TllPlIITa npOBOHlll1Ka A H R '(P,pCTO CllO

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qenrhe OCC-TJhI-lBH f3.'1B3HOlVfCTap ca CK<l.'10M Koja IH.-1(1 oneer Mcpnc TCMTICj1aTypC. Kao K()MnCH3<H~1-TO!-m HO;lORH I-wj'Tcrnl'ic ce KopncTc \-1CT<l.TTU lew }fcrypc KOjc JI:\-tajy BeOM<l CHl--JllHC TCpMOeJICKT]1WIHC oco6nIIC lGlO H TCPMOCJTC1'I·fCHT, ann cy 3J1(lTHO

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3Hwnm nOBchanCl Ti1'fHOCT MCPCI-h(l.

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3 OOO"C KOpnCTlJ cc TCPl>.10C)JCHClfT on Bo,:)(l,pal>.-IJ " l3oJHI)jJm! Mo,'n-l6)J,cH3.

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TRy MO)Ke ce caJ~a KopnCTHTH 3a MepCI-LC TeMTICpaTYpc. AKO ce TcpMocnCMCHT CTa· BM y neh H H3Mcpn uo6nja ce:

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Pa3MeJbI1B3 t IH TOrTJWTe cy arrap3TH:Y IWjHM3 ce jenaH (j):rYlIJl 3arpcB3 xmlJlctm !1pyrH.

H rrapmI KOTJIOBH cy. y cTsapu, p33MeJhI1Sat Il1 TOITflOTe HOlUTO ce B KOlJ l-hIIX

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y f-l!IUW !H/3.MCII,yic. OCHORI-IH crrClvlCUT jc, Cna1<aKO, nonpnnma iT,CBH KO];) HM{l y::I01')'

rpejHe nOnplIH1Hc. Helm pa3i1-fCfhHU,)t-IH Ton;rlOTe cy J1:YfWIKH T3HlIlt MCTapa, npeT·IHHK Hhf H3lJOCH .1--2 I\1(;Tpa, a 1\-wr)' l-\a IJl\-'rajy jJ,0 200 KOMajJ,a HeRB.

Dr}] KOHCTP).'HC<lI-hY p;or-Il\JC-lhHB3'-la TormoTC jCJ\Ll1-J O,U o'36H.TbIlnjnx np()o.~rel\·);1 je 1--bHXOHO TOTL'lOTIIO WHpeu,c. Y no~rcTKy pa,rw, HaHl\-{C, oun anapaTH eli XJ1(lI~HH,

T3KO .n:a ce TeK TOKOM paAa 3arpenaj)-! !I(l onperycHY TCMflcpaTYPY. 3zITo UITO cy

l\crm f-ia'UTlLCnc o6wIl-lo ())1 jquwr, a OMOTa'T o,a npyror M(lTepHjaml, npn 'jarpc

Hal-bV )JO)]<:UH]1o. npoMcnc nY)KHHC OBl-lX ;l,CJTOBa. 360r TOLl lIaCT<ljy HanpC3aJh(l Koja

Te->K~- n.a HlIT'-T"YTI(ljy nenH H3 npcrpa)1'.1 (2 11 :;) 3a KOjc cy one 3anapcnc lUHi ll<l on:JO

KojH ;o:pyrH n',l'nIH cllojcne (e.fl. 93). ARo cy cHojeml )\OBOJhHO OTTIOPHH, l\Cml ceo KpHBC 11.'111 ,UO.TlJ311 no HCKC !.l,pyrc HC->l{c.:r,cnc nOCJTc)J}u~e. l~J fiu CC onn l]::;6er.'1o., 11(1

OlViOTa'ry (1) ce na.1(1]C Ta.1(tcaCTH )K.'1eOOB!l (9 Tl 10) KOjlL nOUITO cy CnaCT1YTl-IIL

npHlv1ajy ;n:eCl)OP1Vla11,Ujy oe':\ Tn.::JKBl1X HfTCTHHX noc.:\CJUII\Cl

XlBOCTPYKH I,em-Hi pa3Mcihlfmp~ Ton~lOTC. 3a Mau,e KO.'\iT'lHHC TC\IHOCTH,

KOpI-iCre cc ;lBOCTpYKTI l1,enUH pa3]\'fe1-hHHa-'::Hl TOHJTOTC (CJH1Ka 95). TC."IHOCT lnpo-.'1J3U Kp03 ynyrpalIll-hy (1), f{OK Tc-.::moeT IT y cynpoTHOlvt CMCpy Kpoc) CTIOJI,mlJI-bY l~eB (2). OBe I(CBH cy ivIelJYC06HO cnojcHe uapO-'::IHTHM CITOirnn~a]Vw (3). Cl1CTCM I~em1 KOjc '--lHHe oBaj pa3MclhHBa~l nocranJI,a ce 06WlHO BcpTHKa.nno H M())KC cc npH'TBpCTOTH )l;npCKTlIO na 3HTJ:, 360r ~lcra 3aY3HM3 M<1.110 npocTopa.

OpC6pClllf pa3MCIMfBa-! TomJOTl~. - K;:L'IOpncpcpn cy anapaTH KOjllMLI CC, no

Mohy BOAeHe nape, 3arpcBajy BCJTllKC KomP-lIme Ba3A)'X3 H.:1H HCKor Apyror raea.

CacToje ce (cn. 96) H3 mI>OCH3Tor MeT(lJIHor GlIJ)lYKa (1) KOjn: .1c, Y3TJ:Y)I(J-lot.,.1 npc~ rpa)1,oJv[ (2), rrOACJbCH Ha ~lBC KOMope, (I, Jl). KOMope cy cnOjcHc ca munt U;CIU:l Koje cy Y 06mlKY YKoCHHlje, (3). Kpo3 OTBOP (4) napa 3a rpejmhe co yuonn Y KOMOpy (T). napa npOJIa3H Kp03 I~emI Ii 3arpeBa HX KOHgeH3yjyfiu cc H K<lO KOHgcH3aT OTlFTC y

CrlUl{([ 95

i~

C.rrUK(1 96 CJIIU((1 97

KOMOpy (II) OjI3KJIC llCTH"IC Kp03 OTBOP (5). Ba3AYx ce 3arpcna npoTll'{yfiu OKO rycTor CHona U,eBH. 360r TO[a UITO jc KoecpHI.~HjeHT npcmGa TOIVlOTC Jla3,D,yxa Bp:IO Ma]Ul, BLl31IYx nnje y cTaibY Ad npHMH eny TOnJTOTY KOjy napa O)lajc.

D,a 611 cc HCKOpHCTHJ1a TOTI.nOTt1 KOjy napd MOACe na npc)la, nOTpe6HO jc, nel

HeIGl 1I,PIlm, oMoryhHTH ALI B~13AYX npHMH llITO Bchy KonwIHHY TonnOTe. 0no cc

nocnDKC I-ra Taj HarnlH lIlTO ce OKO l\CHH (1) rrpw1Bpmhyjy napol.nn'<I KPY)KH<t pc6pa

(2) (CIL 97), Koja 3HaYHO noscfiaBajy crro.J1~ny nOBpunmy 3a pa3McH),. Ha Taj H.1-'::IHH

Ba:myx 11 BOPCA Manor Kocq-mIJ.HjcHTa rrpCJT33<l TOTIrrOTe, nOJ( rWfHM ycnoBlfMH IIpH

Ma TOflJJ()TY 0;.1 BO)WHe nape. KOH.n,eIl3aTopn. KOH,UtH3aTopH cy pa3MCJhHBa1-II1 TOITnOTC y KOjHM<l napa

Melba CBOjc arperanIO CTal-be, npeJ1a3ehH Y Te"IHOCT. npCMa l-Ia"'-nmy x;IaljeH>a napc

pa3J1UKyjy ce ABa TI1ITa KOH,UeH3aTopa.

nOBpIllUHCKH KOHll:eH3aTopn. ~ napa H <pJIyn.D: KOjHM ce OHa XJ1a}lH He ,!l.OJIa3C y HerrocpC,fJ,aH ,n:OAHP, Tj. HC Mewajy CC, a TOHJlOTHa pa3MCHa ce Bpmn: Kp03 rpejHY nospuHmy. Osaj TRn KOH.uCH3aTopa He pa3JIHKyje ce rOTOBO rUl no '-ICMY 011.

pa3MClbHB3"Ia TonnOTe. TIoTpe6HO je HanOMCHYTH Ha Y Bo,aeHoj napn yseK nOCToje

.. , _____ -.l~""~

178

T3lL IlCpMaHeHTll.H ['aCOB11 O)~ Hoge H3 KOTo1a Y KOjOj ce, y MaJIoj KOJLlP-ll1HH, naJTa3C

paCl'BOpel-Hl YrJLeH-gHoKcn;\, KHCI:OHHK it tt30T. IIpucyciilou ilep.lvIClHcml'iHux zaCOfW Y ((({PlI, Kuja ce !UmgeHJyjc_, JIUliIlIlO C.Mal·byjc f{aiJaL(wTtciii f{OHgcH3ailiopa. To ,aOJla-

3II (1)'!~a llITO cc Ha nonpllImm 3a xmtl)CILe CTallHO rroBehanL1 KOHIl,eHTpa~n:ja nep

M~UICllTHHX racuna, KOjH ce KOnp,eIl::lOn<llbCM He l'>lOry YKJlOHHTH. flpl1cYCTno OBHX racoua CnpC'-I.:1B<t MOJICKYM:1 nape npHJW::I ).:(0 llOBPlllHUC 30. XJW.i)ClbC, 3601' Tora,

BpJlO CnOpO!\i !~l1(iJy::lHjOM Kp03 CTloj JJ('::PM£lIlCHTHHX raCOBi.i, MOJlCK'y'JUl Hapc Mopajy

;.\a J~OIlpy )JO nUBplIlHHC, 111'1'0 3HaTIIO CMClH,yjC KanaqHTcT KOHnCI-l3aTOpa, 3aTo .Ie ll<yrpC6lfO H:.l. KOJIl-J;eH3<tTopa CT~L'UlO YKJJaIl,<lTH lIpHCyTHC IICPI'>,WHCHTHC raconc.

AKO .II: KOHI~eH"J<1TOp 3<1TBOPCl1, Ij. aKO HOW Be3e eLI CnOJI,HOM <1TMocq)epOM, y [be IV!)' , tlpll K01'1;(CHJOB(llb)', nacrajc BLlKYYM, rIOUlTO BCJIHKCl 3<'UlpCMHlla [(ojy 3ay

'.:Hl\Ia uap;J OJ!Ba CBC;~Clra Ila 3W1T1J0 MalhY 'J<:lIlPCMHH),' TC'lHe q1aJI:. Y TaKBWvl CJlyLjJ

jCBH\-ta KOll~\C1l3(.rropH j(e.:lyjy Kao BilK)'Y~\"ll\lIliKl'.

Kon;.V.'WHHOIHt ell !VlcmaU,CI\-'L - 4-'.TYU;J. KOjH Ce KOII;~cIl3yje ,LtoBO}.1;a ce Y Hcno

Cpl:/_Iall /..\UHlJp ca X~Ta;~HOM 'J\:.'lllOUJtty. To gUllU/Ill HO l\!CW,-liLa KOH;,(CUJClTa 11 TL''lllO''

1..''1'11. OBaj llpUllUlill L\Jll/\C1l3(}Bau,;:: UPHl\ll'lLyjC Cc OGWl!1U IGlJ.«l napa, Haj'lcmbc Il();~Cna, nel\I:l HC!« Hapn'IltTC upC,'UWCTH_ Yl<,-ll'CTU )~~\ cc BC)ll1Kl: KO:U1'IHHe llO;,\ew~

nape !lYWT<!jy y anwccl)cpy, onc cc J\OB();~\..· y HenucpcL~~Hl i~OW[P Gl BO~l,OM Y KOH

;~,-:H'3aToptfl\Jd 3a i'vlClmllJ,c, UlTU .Ie uporlj.nltJClw :maTlllni C.l\WJ-bClbC!v! :~i.ll!pC'mHC

r;JCOiHlTC (iHUe, ITOlllTU c1' 11 uHaKHU KOll;~(]u(rropH 3aTl~Opelln, II;} oBaj liatIHU CC 'y'

TC{[!l1l~lJ IlPJlO .'laKU ;J,OUl1ji.\ HaKY)'!>·j Jnu;.li~ nOiJ,CJlHX paC"J'Bopa KOjU KJbY'lajy.

KOllCTpYKl.I,uja E.Oll1'l,cIULrrop;J. TfK.oa ,Jel G)'J,l: TaKBLt Ha OI'>'1Or)'11.H tuTU OOJLl1

f\O;-\IlP HJ\lCby napl: If 1H\'\l: lWjOM ct:.' xnU;~l1, 3601' Tora cc BO~~i.l npeJllIBal-btl\l Pi.U[)H

ja y lWWL Hj!ll (I...', uah y/~(lp'-UJ.,CI\l .l\1:W3a U o,u:GujmlK (pUJI:TY) pacllpmyje y CHT1-lt' KJ.rrn K.p(n KOjC lIapa i<.-wpa rW llpOljC.

Ha Cm!..\H 98 apHJ.::,-uan .Ie T1HlllpC.!lU.Bl!()f' 1~()\lf~Cln~rropa C ,\1elli<.UI~CM. Bo;,~cnZl napa 1'1\0/..\11 Ct KpOJ OTBOP (1), c f(ofLC crpaHc.llacyupoT !'bOj )".'lCl,'(!W 130Ad CC gOBO

J..\H K])(L:; O"ruup (2) y npcTclwCT upc:nw Or..(aK,~lC ee, na;~ah!hH UaHl:J:·A{;';, ptU6Hja 0

llO;lCCHO JiUCTaB,bcm: npcrpaf-\c II cnyW'l''-l Kao KHlllHa

3aBI.:.~ca tCl Ui\HO;,UIUj I(CBH. napa IJa OBU:'l n)'T)' lIaBHUJe

npo.:{;tJ}j KpO'3 OBe :.I;ttkCC, l!pH '-!C,\lY ce XJlJ.W,! I[ KOH1.l,Cl·n y'· JC. [kPl'-tLlHCHTHlJ raCOIllJ CI: H'JUaqy'jy nOMohy BaKYYM

lWIlKC tQXJ3 vruop \,:!),;] HO,'.\a".:lLl x.'la~)Clhe ca KOH,J,C1l3ClTOM

[(CTU'tl: HJ Kon,J.clr.:l~l"J'Op~\. KpOJ o;woJ,Vry UCB AKO 1<:.01\

i\CIUaTOp npol1Jl.lo/\Jl B;'\Kyy~L Olla l{();~d llul\,Johy qpnKc \lUPiJ ;J,{\ cc IBBj"·lC 113 }1,cra.

Dpli KOll;.\CIU<ll\lJjl) BO;J..~l 3::1 X;Ialy::lbe Ct' :1arpcua.

')';·KO.'tJlKU jl: lldia KO.'llViHlW [tape Koja ce KOI!~l,CHJyjC. YT()

JlUKU.ie- BO;..\<1 TllIL'llIja. nOlllTO Ci.l llopacro!>.f TC\lIll:paTYlw

nO)J.a pact',:: lllldllOH H,CHC !lap,-', Kp:tjlbIi Ui.lKYYM Y KOHHeH

JaTop), O)J,pd)Cll jc TCl'.UlCpaT),pO,\j BOi-~C. 3uor Tl.W<l, f.l,il 611 CC HUGEl) UlTO Il(.::hn BUKYYM, 1'>10pa iJ,'-l 6Y;lC uno Bella

1~011li'um(j U UlTO X.JIaJJ,lll1ja UUi..\~L

HJ"lwmCTlt paJMCIMmU"M TOII:lOTC. Oun pa:3MClbll

Ba lIII cy GI'Ull-bCUH on naKCT<:l <JCJlH'IIiHX flJlO'la (CJIWHIO

pal\'lCKHM q.:JlUl'rcp-npeCLlMa). Y lbI1t-.-1a noC'roje (YrBOPH KOjU

ca"-uHhanajy I{(UI{UIC (CrI, 99a) :m gOBon 11 Ol~BOA cl)JIYl1f~a. Ha cnml,l1 je npHKU3UHD. npoclJHJIl1CaHil IIJlOtIa Koja ce crraja

179

r ~ rf ~ 0, A ~ ~

tJ :r 1 l l A

~ ~ x l' ( -1 - r-~ A

'" a) 6) ,

ca cyce.lUlOM T;:\f(O ita CC clmpl'>1I1pajy K;wa!lll KPO] KojC. npOTH'lC jC,ll<lU qJ}!),llP" t.mjll

jc 1l.~'T 03U<iLIClI cTpe.:IUl.\OM. CIlOjclH.' rWotlC cy llpuK,nane I-m CJlkIl.\H 990. 3U<t' ll:l, CD. jC,llHC crpaiH:. fLlJO'IC KpOJ Kalla]l cc Kpche jC)J.aH qJJrYHn lWjH yJla:.m !. ... pOJ (HHOP Y rOp!beM riCCHOM YTJ1)", a U3JlaJIi y A01hCM JICBOl\1 yrJly UlCMC. l~.p03 J~l?:'Ta J.iBa OTBO~ pa iJ,pynt (p.rlyH)~ y.:1<1311 y K<tWL'l ca!\-tO ca )..!.py\'e crpane lL1tOLle. Ha Ta] I-Ia'lHH (4J:1Yll~ llll pa3MCl-Lyjy TOlUWTY Kp03 IUIO'I)" C'rpyjdiH .icJ~aH ca jCAllt: <l !-!,pyrH ~(l I_l..pyrc IL~11C crpanc. GIm paJMCILHBwm cc BCO;o.l£l '1eCTO KO},H1CTI: y upcxpuM6cHOJ IIUHYCTPHJIl.

l}a3MCIl>lma~11i. TOII!UHe ca opornusUlhcM. -- Onu paJMCH,HB<l1..Ul cc KopHCTe 321.

X.Tl;lIY:I·bC fIlma, MJtCK<:t II pa3HHX {l)!lYHJ~a paCXJIa,ITUHX. ypcl-Jaja. no KOBCTp:YKU,ajH cy

Up.TTO JCl-l,HOCTaml.U cl)JlYUi\ npOJl<.13H Kp03 W;':llH (ClL 100), OKO KOjl1,X cc CJ£HBa BOn,}

:;:a X.ll<.li)CI·bC, OuaKBH pa::!MClhHB;J'1!1 cy jC,llHOCTaBI-le KO!lCTPYKL\HJC If OOl1'lHO cy

IlOC'!',lHJhCHH naIl pa.umlX IIpocropuja.

, \-

CflWca 100

f13BO,I:(

Pa3MCH)lUHP-IH TOTIJTQTe cy ypclJajn y KojI1Ma ce TOWlOTa Ca rpejHor qmYI1;IJ.3, Kp03 rpejuy nOBpIUl1HY, TIPCHOCH l~O rpejaHor cpJIYHna. BHillel~eBJIJ1 pa:n.1CJhHBatm Mory 6f1Tl1 ea jC,1J;Hl1I'I'J HJIH ca JJ:n3 npo;ra3a q:lJIYJHltl Kp03 U,CBH. ,f(nocrpYKH :O;CBHH

pa3MeH~Hna"II1 TonnOTe HMajy MaJIIl KarraqHTCT. Ope6pclbcM lJ,crIH rrOCTIDKC ce Beha nOnplInfH3 TOTInOTHC pa3McHc.

Y Kon;o:cH3aropHMa ce caKyn.1bajy nepMaHCHTI-IH raCOBH yCJIe):~ lICra ce yCIIO

paBa rrpCHOC TOlTnOTC. I1J10tIaCTII pa3MC1LHB3 1IH TOllJIQTC ce '(TeCTO KOPffCTC Y npe~ xparvr6cHoj m-mYCTpnjn. Pa3JviCI-LllB<PIH TOIL'10TC ca opomanaH,cM ce KOPI1CTC 33 XJl(1)eH~e Te"lIHOC1'H If raeOBa.

nHTAlhA

BE

1. Kojc cy npC}(HOCTH, (l Knjll JJ('110cr:m:n p;nMCfbHlHI'-la TOn.'(1TC UI ;(U,l npo.'83a (])JlYlT;lil Kp03 l~CnJl?

2. 3anTTo cc 0pCOpClIC I~CTm KoplICTe TWpOlllJTO npH Jilrpcnall>y raCOB(l?

3_ 3alJ.1TO nCpMimeTlTllH raCOBn oMcT;ljy KOH;l.C1I3i\t(HjV no;w')

4. OJ( '-fC[8 -j8BHCH nc.:-nl'lHH<l raTMel-l,llBa'T(l TOITJIOTC?

5. UITa cc W:lllilBil Y jJ(l3MCfhnn;PI)" Ton:JOW Kojn cc JI,Lli13H C(l 3aUlhC crpal-lt'

<j)pmKIl;J:cp;l 11 Kojer jc TIma? 6. )Jh !1H je KyXH!-hCKU ooj,'!cp pa:_,\-lcfMma'l TOIrlOTC?

EA

l' A3MElMIIlA 'II{ TOn.1I0TE

311J~aTm~ -I. flrllJUcai7i1l II c/-;cileplJ.MclIliio.vlO i7p()(I(_)lJ1f(~nlf IIiofL10iTiJlu 151l:1({IfC .ifl pa3.HCll>IIGfI'l i7(o(i .. 1-0iTic.

Arro./1.uaa 30gai"Uga. TOWTOTIIH omrm-Tc, yonurrc. !lpcl\CT(nLl~a jCTI:3H BI1)1 3aKon3 0 O)1jJ>K<lH-,Y cJ-lcprnje. npJ-lJ\fCI-LCI-lOr na TOIl.1l0TITY cHcpnqy u enT<wrmjy. }Ia on cc OHJj :1iHWll npHl\-fCnHO na P,Bl\--ICThr-mil'I 1'011.1101'C, nOTpe6no je. [fpC CHera. )'THpnHTH KaKO CC TOfTnOT3 -y l-hO-I)' npenOCll H KaKO CC TI--ICIhajy CIlT,V1nFl·

je (j/.ilYH/lcl. 'ronJmjn Cj).ll)'lfll (Cll. 10(8) ry(5n TOnJlOTY Koja jc jCJ-\HilKa ra:nnu~IT CUT<l.'TITHja )-J~l )'Jla:ry (flu") Vi \1(.1 lIVlalY (f-!/t):

Q9 nAPA m YJ

til --4 PACTBOP

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181

All";;;:: H/j" -Iii",

a IIOlIJTo.ie cHT3nIIrrja l-i;:;:. 111 . ('}) . t::::: m . 11, TO ce 3<lMeflOM )J.o6Hja:

Ml" :::: m" Cp " (tli - f;) ::::: m" (hu" - hi "),

r;~e je: m" - Maca TOrrJTMjer Q)J1YI1)1(J Koja ym13li y pa3MCI:hIlBalI,

Cp" - CneIJ,MCpWJHll TOITJIOTllH KanaUHTCT TOfIJUljer cjUlyn;o;a, t1l'" Ii" - YJIa3Ha H H3Jla3Ha TelvmepclTypa Tonmrjer {l)JlYUlla, H (hll " h/') - pc13IfI-lKa yna:mc H H3J1a3He el-ITaJTJ1Hjc Torr.TUIjcr cp.rryn.L\:a.

T011)1OTa KOjy ,ll,06Hja XJla)l,fInjn Q/.7JYH;J; je;m-raKa.ie thcrcmoM IIopaCT)' eHTCl.:l!IlJ-jc upn npOJTa3y Kp03 pa3MClbHI3cFI (CI. 100a):

l!1fl' :::: H/ -- Hi" ;:::: m'cr ' (t;' rll '):::: m' (11/ - hu'),

rAe je: m' l\·taca XJT<l;n;Hlljer ri)}l:!H;1cL

cp cneltHCpWTl-Uf TOTVlOTHn K<lflClWTTCT X.1a;~IIBier rj)]l),UT(:l,

{If'· r;' --- ymi3HCl 11 H3.Tla:ma TCl\1TICpa1'Ypa xJIa]l)-m.ier (fmYllrr8., II (h,' -- IIu') - pa3J1l,n:-a H3Jla'3ne lJ y.:Ja:mc eHTa.:mnjc X.TW"Hlljcr (l)JlYHII<l.

J<aga fiu paa.{-rc/-i)u(Ja'l filiO IIgNU/I() iTiC/J.'IIU'I!,-1l U,]O.H)(i(fJ-i, (WC gfiC {lpo.Mellc VI! 611.!lC jcgl-/{!I{c:

AH" :::: All'.

One 011, TClKObc, OlLTlC je)1JJClKC 1X131I-'fCH,CllOj KonIPnmn TomTOTC (Q):

Q ~ M-T" "' JIJ-l' .

DOlIJTO TO I-IHjc CJI)"Iaj, 11 TOWTOTa ce ca Tonmrjer ql.T1YH)l,l] I1PCT-fOCH U Hi! OKO.'nmy H Hi! Xna,Il)Iujn clulynn, OITHa jc Ton.TlOTa ROjy ryon TOTIJInjH q).TrYHi~ (6ft") jC;:l:

BaRJ TOTI:rOTIT KOjy 1~o6Hja X.'IannHjIl (inyHll (6ft) H TOIlnOTH Koja cc ryon y oKoJUmy (Q~):

,\1/" ~ Mf' + Q,

AKO pa3Mcr-hlma-Q pa;m CT,U\HOllaplIo, T3TI:a cc 11,C}hClhCl\-j ca SPCJ\JCHOJ\j' (r) ilo6nja:

,\H" I'1H' + (l, , 1: '[ 1:

I'1H," = i'.1l,' + qg.

nxc HI rrpC)J;CT3BJLlI npOl\--1ClfY CI-l'ra.ilTlIqc Y JCHHIlHI]J1 BPCl\-fCf-Ia. a qg rrpoToK ry61ITa

K<'1 TonnOTC.

3aMcHoM Acclmm-n~Hje cHTa.'1J1Hjc:

• a nOlliTO je m/r MaCCUH npoToK (m.I.), TO jc:

HJIl1

/11,/' (hu" ~- h/ ') :::: my' (h/ ,.- h/J') + q Ii'

To 3fill'lU go ce (lPO{UOf{ [/1uilJ10ale IWj)' lyou [/1uti.tzuju qJ ... 1-}'Ug geJlu rw ripoWUf{ illU(L10iTie f{oj), goGllju XJUlglIUjU ejJJryug /I II({ (ipoCiJOf<: ty6u£i1ol(a iUmlJ1oi11e y Of{O.r1UI-IU.

JIcnupeuf-w .HepC/-I.di U ilpopall)'I-l. ;o;a 611 ce npOl:lepHO TOIlJIOTHH oumu-!C flOTpe

Gno je H'3pa 1Iy!laTH, OI~HOCHO H3\ICPl1TI1, CBaKH l..lJlaH y je,[l,l-Ial..llII-m TonJIOTIlOr 611-

JIanG!. Il/H'lurIoClU(lGILHO ga cc Y lw3.HCfHwo'IY paao,'-UlJlfCrlll Gogcltu paciTiGup (lJZl{O'

X'()//{J ,1L1ZJ)WfI liogerw.1,( tll/pO.AI. To 3mllll[ p,a Tpe6a H:.HI-It:pl:1T11 npoToKc o6a ql;rYlI)J)L

IUIXOUC- Y-'.l[(13J-!C 11 !UJl<.l'JUC TCl\'tu~paType, a JaTHM H3jXl<lYlElTH UPOlviCl-JC el-l'ra5U1H)<1.

PC3ywraTe Tj)c6a YUCTH '/ crc;~chy Ta6cJiy.

~"'~~--.. _ ...• _----1-- .... -

PaCI'llOp napa

M_CpcHO. Y JJ a:i 11'311(1'3 ').'Jl:d3 H:J!ta:l

",;, I.,' i,1 !!l·IT. 111'/t m"/'t m"!,t

~i~;J\mcpaTypCl til i t/ /" ,.

" "

. vb .'tllTCjXrrypl': ,

,el , (J/kg K) cp e,)

i ! h(J/kg) hll" r:::: hi

i Pa'-I)'U'-1TO:

I f1pO\JI::-Ili1 ,. ,. ewraJtnuJ'-' /illl' ~~ 111/'[ Cp (I: 'II' ) l'11l1, m"/t (h ll

-- h/ ') :::: 111

;\.]-,;0 cy l\lcpt:lLa II Ilpopa~lyH C:iUJUl UCIlpaB11lJ, Tpcoa )H ce )J,oouje JHl.je:

ill-i.I," > 1;,]1./,

0JUlUCllO ,U<.I .lc:

'1g;::: i~H\" -- D.lI\,'_

- '.

'- ..

,. . r/1

H']j){1ga JliYULIll,JL TpCG'l cKHL\HpaTH <lllapaTypy. OTBOPUTli ;~OBU!J, nap'-' H paC'rBopa 11 pcry,:ulC;nTI J10Tpe6an npoToK. Ka~~a cc )-rCT~L'le apOTOlJ)I H Tl'Mw.:paTYPG,

lHYIl'TU ca MCPCILCl\l Ilpc!>'la npeTXO,1lJoj 'l'aGCJllL

FCJY"II)](UUU. 'fpeCia 3aua::Il!TH i',~a cy y:ta:H-IH H Inna:mu l\ltlCeUH llpoTOqll nap..:

H KOII,L\t:lua-ra iC;~m\KB, O!JJ!OCHO ga-.it }-.\OUOJLHO l\WpUTH Ctlf>,IO jC;:\LlU O,Il, T<l HH<1 IlpO

'!'Oi.:.a. M,H .. Tl-Hi'npOTOQI1 ce Moey I\tCpHTll n<1 lHY3lWTC H(l(lHllc, a HujjeJ~HocraHI-JHjc jc

MCpHTH l\-'Iacy Koja npOTCKI!C 3'-1 o)Jlwbeno BpCMC. I1:~MCpCHl1 H JlHTepaTypUH PC3YJ1-

TUTH ,Ui:lTH cy Y TaOCJU1 ua crenchoj c-rpalIlL

llpoMcHa CHTJJl1Ulje TC~lliOCTH ce H3pa'lymlBLl KOPl1W1iCfLCM CI!Cll,HCPI1'-1lLHX

T()[L'!OTHHX KilllalUlTCTa, J 3a lnpa'-lymlBalbc npOMCllC cHTammje nape KopHcrc ce

crr~u,H(tH1 'lue CHT<lJlIlHjC (Ii") KO.1C .ce Haml3C y CJ!c)~ehoj TaOem1. l-buxoBa pa:UlI1Ka

npC,UCTi.lBJbf:l TOIlJ10TY .KOll~C!l:3al-.\l1Je:

1 ~ Ii,," - h: ~ 2 671 _. 41g = 2 252 kJ/kg.

Ca)~a cc 1\iOry JUpa\lylwTH H OpJlH!C KOjl1l\1i.'J cc- 1l-'len,ajy C!!Ta:ulH,ic

rIpm.u:aa elITcl,;1l1ltjc X.:w,D,llujl'r ¢.:IYHi~'-1 jc:

Al{.' := m'/T' cr ' . (fl' -Iu'):::: 0,013 kg/s· 4.] kJ;1(gK· (72 - 18)'C:-::: 2,B8 k\V.

rIpoMclw t:lrra.:uulje TOlL'lHJC! 4J·:JYHi-w,it::

My" "" 111"/T' (hll

" --- h,"):::: I'll '/T' r:::: OJ)017 kg/s' 2252 id/kg::::: 3,l)j kW,

ry-'Onll,H TOJL110Te y OKO,:UHIY cy, UPl\\l.J TO!-.H::

3Ui-,aT:1K 2. OgpcfjwulI iTioil.iOlUlIlI oillito]) UpUeW3Y {l1oiL,wiZ'it' 0,9 nape go pa

cw(wpa Y jJ£i.3JfC/bWW'lY·

AlUuu,w 3agmiilw. IlpOJlaJ TOllJlOTe j~ ,a,crlmmlc<1n jCi-\lHl'-ll1HO,\L

q K ·A·h.t sr ::::

1(.;\

WlIl

TOl!:lOTmr OTl!OP KA q

] lOCJl-l'-l TOMC, TpeGa 0i-qJC,l\liTH llorollcKY cu:ry:n npoJl;:u TOIL10TC o;~ flape ):.1U

P,:lCTIIOiJa (6..ll,!.j, Kao H liPOTOk TUWlOTC U,J, nape, no P<JcTflopa (q).. .

JIO-Z-O!l.CI;JI uu-w cc oagc _'HCfNt, u.rru Cl: MQ)KC :3~n:;LY'HJT11 Wl JUIFlrpa~la K_Oj1I1I-l

ce ,aaje npOMCUi.l TCMlIcpaTYpc TOn;r[ljcr (r"} It xJIap.,lmjcl' (r') qJJlYllna y TOK)' !-j,H

XOBor KpeT,:Uha KpO:~ p(U~lClhI1Ba'-l (CJI. lOOe) y 3aBlICHOCTH 01\ nOBfHLlHIlC, p,n~iClbH

BilCta.

Kao lllTO ic Y npCTXO,UUOM 3a;u,ilTKy 1t::IMCPCHO, TOfIJlHjU (lLryH~\ HC MelI,il cnojy TCMlIepaTYPY, :rj. It llapa 11 Kon;J,CH:>aT cy Ha Heroj TeMncp~TypH.

TeMnepaTypa paCI'IWPa pacTe 'y' TOKY CTpyj::lH,a Kp0'3)-)a3MelLH~m'-1. 3001' TOE.'<t

je nOrOHC[G) CH~la '3<1 npomlJ TOIl.'lO'n; llajBcila Ha nO~leTKy \i~tl)' a lIaJMaI-La Ira KpaJY (t-.t

2) rpcjau.a. Y OBOM 3aJJ,<1TKY je nCYfpe6110 oJ-,pe,ll!-1TH CpC)J;H.)--' npenlloC'r norOHCKC

-+-- nAPA

---f;>o PACTBOP

~ Cf/ Uf{(/ I (jOe

I I 6t 2 = 27°C

" t. = 73'C

L

CHJre. Oml ce MO)KC o;n:pen;UTII HJTJJ Kao apIHMCTWIK,j CPCglh<1 npcJ_\HOCT (Elf)Hi cmm_y

100B):

A _,6.tl+6f2.~81+27"'-4or_cIK D.l IT - ------------- - "-"-- ~) \.. •• _- _)( ,

·22

rum, T3'II-mjc, Rao JIOJ'8pHTaMcK<1 CpCJfl-hfl npCl\HOCT:

LV log 0;:; __ AfJ __ -:J1f2_, 2, 3Iog_~!J.

6.r 2

npOTOK TOH.HOTe, rrpCI'It::Te npO!Ia30M OA napc AO pacTBopa, je, y cTBapJ-L 6P3HH3 KOjOM P8CTBOP no6nja TommT), H IWjOl'.-I paCTe J-bcrona CJITaJIJUIja:

q=LlW

3I-raqH:

KA Llff'

OnJj OTIIOP ce ~tO)Ke CM(ll-hI-lTIl HJ1H nOBchaI-hCl\f TIOEpImme KJW3 KOjy npo.'-w:m

TOTInOTJ mITI TIoBchar-hC!\'l Kocqml~njcIITa npo.-:m3a TOllnOTC.

HauoMcn3. AHaJIOran npopwlyIf cc M())KC rrpHMcHHTH H Ha 3,n]10peHH YKYB,Pi ca KOIITHJ1YJJIHHM pa)J,oM. HHHMe, rpcjHH CJICMCl-TT yKyUWI8 rrpe,rrcTJHJba P;-BMClhHHR<'i TOflJ10TC y KojeM ce napoM 3arpeE8 pacTHop.

I

I

YKYBAQM

YK)'UaB3Ihe. - YKYSJlIH I1JTH HCnapHBR'-lH cy arrapaTH Y KOjHM3 ce I'lOBobelhCM

TOllJIOTC ncrrapana HeKa "fe'mOCT. npOI~ec Hcrrap::maI-b3 3aBHcn OJ~ npnpouc TC'lHO~ eTH, op; rrpHTHCKH K(~ill BJIaJ-W Y racomrroj cpc):unm 113IIaJ1 TC'IHOCTH Koja Hcnapcma, II Ofl, TeJvmep;;rrype Te'mOCTH. Kana HaTIOn nape Te'mOCTH, Koja "fpe6a )1<:1 HCnap8nJ. nOCT(lUC BehH Hero UITo.ie npHTlIcaK JTlvIOCqK:pt: y IWjOj ce n8JW3H, ona IJO'mlbc,u,a KJhY'Ja, Tj. l1CrrapaB<1 no nCJJoj MaCH.

Y 1'OI<Y pan8 113 CYJi<l Tpc6a YKJI(lIhHTH uapy.JJ:8 nc 6n npUTT-lCaK y cyny nopac

Tao If na Tc'mOCT He 6n npeCT,UT!1 Jfa KT),)"TZl. OJIBo1)eH~C nape BpUIn ce ofhplHO Ha 'raj Ha"YIIl-I nITO ce I1npnu rrpocrop cnojn ([1 111)()CTOPOJ\f ~r KOl\!C BJW1W HH)J(H npHTH

caR, rmn Cil npOCTopOM Y KOMe .ie 118]7I\Hja':lHll npI1TIIC<1K nape MaJUI o~ II<1TIOH<1

nape H3H3;1; nonpnumc TC'LrHOCT1I. JIm: cc y npnOl\f CJf~'\fajy, 3601' pa3~IHKe npl'fTTlca

Ka, napa Kpehe non; 'THeTO MCXaI-IIPIKHM. xnnpaYJIWIKHl\-1 YC.TI0BHlvJa (1[3 o6.TfaCTIT

nehnx npUTlIC<1KCl Kfl oGnaCTl1IImJUIX nplfTHcm::a), p;OTJle cc y p;pyroM napa )-"KJ1<:Uha ):1}fQ1Y3HjOl\-I. TIpEn ce na'-UlH cpeTIe KO)] ncnapHHcl'-Ia KOjH cy BC3aHH 33 IWIWCH33TOp. a ;u;pyrn IIpH l1CnapaBaH~y y c.'1(60)'HIY 3TMOCQ)Cpy.

YKYBanmhCM ce y TeXTIJH~H 06WlI-JO )KeJ1H Ao6uTH BCfta KOl-lJ..\ClfTpau,uja HCHC

nap!bHBOr cacTojKH nCKOr pacTBopa. To cc ITOCTIDKC y.uan"anaI-bCM HCrrapJhT:lBC ROMnOHeHTe.

IIpH )n;:ynaBaH~Y.ie rroTpe6no na cc no6njc nOHO.1hHO KOHucln-PHc;:um MaTepnJ3 Raja rrOCJIC YKyn3nmh<l oCTajc y )'1<)'13(1'1)' l-mn H:~.;Ja3n H3 lhcra. ITpu TOMe cc, 311a'-1Ti, Kao rrpowmor; JIOOJfja }'{{yaaflu ocrIiaiiial{' CTBOpeIJJ I7apa paCili()({j)(I'la ic cliopegf--lfl IIPOIl3(Wg n Ha:mml ce ceKylIp;aplI<1 napn.

YKyna,{ T-1aj'Icmtie lIMa JHJ\aT8K lV1 HCKIT p;:n5na)KCHH paCTBop KOHll,CHTpnme

;0:0 TC MCpC )J,8 6n: OH naKJIaAnO Morao rIa KpnCT3.rnnnc H.TIl:I )l,tl ce eKcTpaxyjc. TaKO cc, Ha lIpTIMCp. yKynosa COK Ulchcpnc pene J-\a on ce TWIlUCIITpnCaO, a KpnCT<:UlH me-hera H3J\Eoju;:-m 113 paCTEopa. AKO jc nOTp~()IT() Tl'WHcnOpT(m3TH Bcbe KO.TfWHme

cyrrcTaJIl\H, pacTBopemIX Y BOil;1"1. Kopncno JC OB3KBC paCTEopc npeTXOJmO yKynaEaI-heM KOTll~eHTpHC;;lTH, a :3(1THM, npe ymnJlc6c (1 Hoene Apyror TpaHCnOpT3.. DorIO· BO pn30.n<DKJITH )l(C.'1.CHOM I(O.TfWIHIIOM lW;rC. Ha Taj Ha'"'mn ce 1f36eraBajy cKyml

TPOlllKOBT-l TpanCHOpTl! BOne.

CB8KH yKyna'I ce MO)KC cxnaTHTH TWO p<:13\jelhUBil'I TOTT.nOTC ca cneqHjamioM HaMeHOM. Y TheM), .ic TC'fl-IOCT, KOjJ ce YKYBClB3, o;UEojeHa rpcjHoM nonpIllHHOl\i on rrpOCTopa y KOj11 CC Y130)111 rpejHH MC]l)ljYIVL [(ao zpcjl-m /v/CgU;Y.M I-Ulfi-I_cllllte CC 1((1-

puciTiu (wgow aapa 'wja ce HaaW3a iJpu.A-wpl-la ilapa. A,U) liaCLUaJUl iiapa I,wa ~H{L7)' GpegHociIl, Yl()iBa'-tU cy 06UilHO OlTi80PCl-lI.I, iilaJw ga cc CegYHgapl-ta aapa )lH)!(C Y aTMocq)epy cpe)J,I1He Y ROjOj ce anapaT Harr(l3H. OBaKaB Tun yKyBR'la cc l\W)KC ynoTpe6l1TH Kap;3 jc J{O.Tl1i'-II1Ha Bo;n,e Koja ucuapana Mana.

_. _____ L ___ L __ _

186 c=_ AKO nape, KojC npu IIcrrapanalhY Hac-rajy, liMajy 3I-l<tTHy BPClI,HOCT HnM cy oUl~

POaf{C Ll UliUeiTiui.! flo 3gP({(3.fbC, (ilaga lTie'tI-/.(}c(ii HcuaplUw )' .Ja,iil60peHu.M )'K)'8tl'iU

hUt, KaKO 6H ce ocnoGotjCRa napa MOrJIa KopncTHTH MJlH 113ABO]HTll113 paAHc 3TMOc-1.Jepe cpa6pIF-IKC o,IJ,aje. DpeMa TOMe, YKYBa'Ul ce Acne ua oTBopeHe. n 3aTBopeHe. KoJJ, 3aTBopcHllX yKyBaLm rpejua nOBpUIIUIa cy u.eBlL I1peMa fIOJIQ)KaJY I~eBH OEll ce YKynal.Jll JJ,eJIC Ha yKyBa~le ca XOPlI30HT3JIHllM H yKyna'-le ca BepTl:IKaJIHIIM u.eBMMa.

Dpe!<.1a KOHCTpYK1wjn YKYBaqrr ce f~eJIe Ha: - oTBopene yKYB3'L{e, . - 3aTBopeHe yKyna'Lle,

.- YKYBa'-lC ea XOPII30HTaJIHllM ~eBfIM<:l, - YKYBaqe ca BepTl1K<:lJIHl1M u,enI1Ma. - yKyua'le ca r~yn-fM l~eBHl\-ta II - yKyBa'-IC ca KOCHM JJ,eBHh·EL

5.1. OTBOPEHH YKYBNl.J.l

Orm \·'Kvna'IH CJIY)KC OGWlHO npll HCnap3B<ll:hY M3HHX KOJIH'-IHH3 pacTBopa, TaKo, Ha rlpl~!\lep, Ihl1M(I cc C'IY)KJ-! npH yKynanaI-LY Boha H nOBpha, npn TOlIJbel-bY l\1'KTl-1l1TlJ,. Orm ce cflcfoje (cn. 101) o!~ },WTflm-lOr Ka3aHa nOo'lYC(pepHOr oomIK3 0) Kojn jc y oMoTa'-IY (2). rpcjIIll or.'IOTa'Ll ce nOHeKa~l, ua311Ba li ~ynJIHKaT?p. Y rrpocTOp H3MCt)y K;naI-W 11 OMOT(llta YB0,JJ.H ceo Haj'Ltewhc Kao rpcJl-Ill MCJJ,l1JYM, Bo;ucna

napa (3). Omt, K30 KOHnCH311T. HCTH"llC Kp03 (HBOP (4) Kojn ec HaJIa3H Ha ,uHy OMO" 'falla. 013aj yKyBaL{ cHa6,ucBcH je Tepfl-toMCTPOM (5), MflHoMeTpoM (6) na oMoTa'-ry

TepMoMeTpoM (7) KO.iIIM ce Me pM TCl\-mepaTypa rpcjHc napc. Ha HeKHM yKyna'IIiMa IHUla3M ce 11 BeHTHJI CHfypHOCTH (8), Kao IT OTBOP:;<1 H3AynaBalbC nape (9).

HeKB OTlIOpeHI1 YKYBaljH cy nOAcmCl-m TaKO)W Ce IhHXOB ca,up)Kaj MOMC npa-

3HllTH Kp03 OTBOP Ha ilI-IY, lV)K cc Hpynl JYwcy np<13HHTH OOPT(ll-bCM OKO XOPU30H

'ramIe OCOBfme. OBaj npopa\fyH ce, Kao II 3a APyre pa3MelbHBa~lC TOIlJIOTe, oCTnapyje npUl'I-IC"

HOM TOIIJlOTHor 6111!aHC<1. MaTeplIja;l OJJ, Kojcr ce H3pat)yjc Ka:;3H 3aBllCl1 op; TeLlHOCTH 3a KOjy je uaMClbeH. 06I1'-IHO ce npaBH o,u oaKpa KOjl1 jc KanajI1CaH. 3a jaKo Kli

ccnc nohne cOKoHe, MJICKO 11'1').\. rrpane ce 0,JJ. nerypc HHKJW H xpoMa, Kao H 0)1 any

MHl-llljYM3.

C'/WW 101

_ __ . __ J 187

5.2. 3ATBOPEHH YKYBA em

OBM ce yKyna~IH BpJIO LICCTO npl1Mel-byjy y Hajpa3JIH'LII1T1IjuM rpamlMa rrpexpaM6cHc H XCl\--rnjcKe HHAycrpHje, a ImpOQllTO TaMO rAe ce KOPHCTC BeJIHKC KonH"llIme pacTnopa. 3aTBopcIIH yKyna"lIH ce KOPUCTC 3<1 YKYBaBafbC cKyrrOl~eI-lI1X JUH1 01'

POBHHX Te'lHOCTH, 'lmje nape He TpeGa]:ia OAJIa3C y an.-1Occpepy. I1 KGn: OBlIX yKyBa'Ia Kao rpejHH Me,uujYM e.TJ.Y)Kll nOlJ,cH<1 napa .

YKyn3' lH ea XOPI-l30IlTa.JlIIHM l~eBIIMa. ~ Hajn03HaTl1jH TIm ORUX yKyBa'LIa je

Belmep -- JC.lllUICKOB KO,il1 .ie rrpuKa3aH Ha Cm{l~H 102. To je ll,HITHI-IAPH"lIaH BepTIIKaITHH cyJl, (1) KOjU ce 33rpeBa nOMon)-1 Cl-lOrra XOPH30HT£lJlHIIX npaBllx l~eBH (2). Dapa cc YBOi\H Kp03 u,eB (3) y pacrrOpCl)HnaLl (4) cje,!lJIc crpaRe IJ,enH, a oxnalJena 11 KOH,l\eH30BaHa I13Jl<:1311 Kp03 oTBope (5 H 5') Ha caKyrL'baqy (6). napa ce H3JIYBa

''1)03 I1eB (7). CBe:iKa TC'LlHOCT ce YBOAH Kp03 IJ,eB (8), a YKynlla H3BOJl,H Kp03 qeB (9) Koja ce

Ha:ra3H Ha AHy HcnapHna'la. napa YKynaHc TC'-lHOCTH Op,BOJ-,J1 ce Kp03 l~eB (10), ca npxa 11cUapUUaqa. ()Tl~OpH (11) cy np030pQnhl1 Kp03 Koje Ce MQ)KC nocMaTpaTH

npoi~cc HCnapaBaIha y yKymply. YKyml·m ca BepTllKaJllIUM UCBJlMa. - KOH OBHX yKyBa~ra I~CBll Y KOjH},.\a Te

"-IHOCT 1icnapana eToje nepTltKa;llIo. OKO H~HX ce Haml.3H Bo;o;em~ napa Koja 3arpeHal-:beM H3a311Ba HCnapaSaI-ba Te~IIlOLJIL

Ha cm1D;H J 03 npHKa3aH je jeIJ;aH Tan TaKBor yKYBa'-Ia. To je BepTltKaJIHO noC'ranJhCl-I u,HnHHnap (1) Y KOMC ce H~U1a3H 3arpenHo TCJIO, CtlCTaB]hCHO il3 CHonoBa KpaTKl1X IJ,CBH (2) OKO KOjllX rrpOTWIC BO,Il,CWl napa Koja ce ,Il,OBO,JJ.H KP0311,C13 (3). TC'LlHOCT KOjy TpeGa yKynaTH yno,n:n ce Kp0311,CS (4), YKYBaHa ce OTaqe Kp03 [J,pyry u,cn (5) Ha N-lY HcnapHBa~Ia. Dape, Ko.le ce npH HcrrapaBalhY ocn06ai)ajy, OABO;1C ce

6

J •

3 r

2

, CIlUlW j 02 . CJlUKU f(}3 )

Kp03 U:CB (6) na Bpxy I1CnapHBa'-ra. KOH)l.CH3(1T rpcjHe napc H raCOEH Koje ona Canp)KH O;El,Boge ce Kp03 Il,eSI1 (7 H 8). C"I\'wp KpeTaJ-ba TC'-IHOCTH TOKOM nCnapaB3I:ba 03ua'-ICH je CTpCJIl111,alvta. Xn:ap:Ha I1 YKYBaHa TC'-IHOCT nana Ha ):I,HO Kp03 ll,CIITpa~'IHy IIInpOI<y l(CB (9) H ca ):I,Ha IIOHOBO npOJIa3I-I y rpcjHH I\CBHH CHCTCM. TC'-IHOCT 3arpcBaHa napm,I ,lJ,CJIH:r.m'-IHO nCnapaBJ 11 Illwpn ec, 3601' '-tera nocTajc crrcll,J1qH1'-IHO JIaKIlIa II IIClbC ee nam-Hue, npn '-ICMY ce 360r KpcTaI·ba. O,n:HO':HO CMal-beJ-ba rpaHl1'-lHOr cJIoja, 3HauIO no6o.JbllIasa npCJla3 TOnJJOTC. I1pn J-f3JIaCKY 113 ll.CBH napa cc ):I,H::1(C HaBlunc, a gCJIHMI1"<"IHO OXJJapCHa TC'lIHOCT Bpatia CC Kp03 U;CB (9) H, YKOJJllKO CC He OTO'lH-:I, nOHOBO HMa HCTTI TOK.

HC.QocraTaK rrpCTXOp)IOr nnw YKYBil'Ja.iC Y TOMe UlTO je Ma.lla 6p3HHa KpCTaI-b3 TC'lIHOCTll Koja HcnapaBa, crc jc nOTpc6no ,n:yro np)K3TH Te'llI-lOCT y yK)'B<l'Iy. a TO cc BPJIO HcnOBOJhHO o,n:pa)R3nn Ha MaTepnja;Ic ncnocrojaHc Ha Bl-IIllOj TCMTICpaTypn. HC):I,OCTaT3K jc n y TOlviC lllTO.iC KaII3I~nTCT on3KBHX yKyB<Fra M(UIH.

D,a 611 ce OEl] HCf~()CTaI~H OTIClOIIHJU!, KOUCTPYHGlH.iC yKyBa<I ca AyrH~1 BCPTI1-KaJIBHM r,CBHM3.

)J,06pa cTpana OBor YK)'na'lD je nc;mKH KOC(jmIWjCIIT rrpCJ1a3a TOn!10TC H KpaTKo BpeMc 3a,n:p%aBaI-ha TC'lHOCTTI (0):1, 60,::(090 CCKYH;:.\ll) Y anapaTy. l-lcJ~oCT3lJ;IT cy BCJIHKa BHCHHa 3napaTa H MoryhHocT oIIlTehcH~a ncnu H ;lcnORa arrap,n),pe 3601" Bemmc 6P3HHC KpcTaH,a TC'lIHOCTU (30-50 mis). 3HaT3n nc.u;OCTaTflK jc Ii TO lIlTO TCQHOCT npOJW3H caMO jCT(annyT Kp03 (mapaT, 360r '-Icra je nOTpe6Ho,n:a ce na Tm ... J

nyTy KOII.ll,CI-npHIIIC T,FIHO ;10 )Kc.rbeuc KOnU;CJ1Tp,UJ,HjC. To jc 1'elllKO l10cruhn 3a KpaT1co Bpel\fC, 3a KOjC TC"IHOCT jCAaunYT npO:be KP()3 yKyna'lJ. 3601" Tara je, npn pa,n:y C3 onaKBHM YKYBa'IHrvla, TIoTpc6no perynuC3TlI ,n:OBOn napc TaKO ;::(a 6YAe paBHOMepaH 11 JW rpcjaJbC 0YiIC 6e3 IIKaKHHX KOJIc6m-ba.

KopFfcrc cc pa3T-1H TImOBll yK)'Ra'lJa, 3aBlICHO on Tora Kojn .lc TlIn HajITOrOlJ,IH1-JI-I 3£1 o,n:pebcnc ycJt()BC pana. Tc YC.nOBC OJ\pcl)yjy: BHCK03JITCT P;;lCTBopa. nocTojaI-Iocr npn 3arpCB3H,Y, MoryhnocT 1I3T\BajaJ-ha TaJJOra I1ml KpHC'ra.nfl, nojaB<1 fIe He

VITJI..

5.3. BI1IIIECTEITEHO YKYBABAlhE

npl--f 06H'UlOh·r YKYBaB,uhY CJ napoJ\L Kao rpejmnvf Tenor-·l, nenOBpaTllO cc ry6c EcJHIKe KOJIll'-IHHC TOTIJTOTe. AKO ce HCKU BOT(ClIH pacrBop 3arpeBa pa;lIr YKynaBan,a BOnCHOM rrapoM, TaJ\3 ce rrpn6JH-DKHO 3a jCJ_l.au KH.TlOrpaM MenapCHe Bone (CCKYIJ.IJ.apHC nape) yTpOlllH jeW-HI KHJIOrpaM rpcjHc, O,D)lOCHO npUMapHe, nape. O'IHrJlcnHO jc lJ.a 6n TomrOTlJa enepruja, onaKO HaCTanc CCKYlTTWPHC Hapc, 6HJJa y cTaH~y i1a llcnapn HOB KIlJIOrpaM BO):(C cal\-W KaWl tin ce 3a 0130 CTTIOpmIll 1l0rO)J;HlI YCJIOBH. Mc1YYUIM, nOIJJTO J-hHX HCMa y 06IPIlIHM ypcbajHl\ta 3a YKYBaB3I-bCo ceKyH;qapH3 napa cc O)lROAn BCHTlVJaI~HjOl\.-I y an.-mc¢epy, 3001' "Iera ce nC."'IHKa CHT3JUll1ja KOjy OHa C<-1gP)KH He MO)KC IIOHOBO HCKOPHCTHTH.

Y CHCTCMY RHfIICCTpYKor YKYBaB<llh<l nnaK ce ycncnajy I1CKOPHCTHTH CHTamIH.ic OBe nape. Y OROM CHCTCMY iJapa! Twja ce i7pll ),,,),cuwaH).\-' oc.flo,6afya U3 pacilJeopal CAY.1fCU l<aO zpejHa aapa Y HapegflO.M Y!{))(W(lY, lUTO 3Ha'-HI Aa cCKyH).:(apH!:l napa npeTxogn:or yKyBa'-Hl. CJIY::1(H Kao npHMapHa napa (3arpCBlIa) y c.rrC)lehCM yKyna'lly lIT)),. OCHOBHa je TeIllKoha Ha KOjy ce npn pcmaB31bY OBOI' IIllT3T-h3 uarma3H: KaKO npCI-ICTI:I TOIIJIOTY Oil CCKYH,n:apHc nape AO paCTBopa KO.1I1 ce YKYBaB3. BogcHa napa, Koja ee oCJlo6aba KJbY'-Ja"fhCM nog aTMoccpepCKllM npHTJ-fCKOM lIMa rrpHTHcaK 0,[1,

189

je.u~e aTMocrpepc H T~tvmepaTYp~ 0)] 100°C. nOMony I-be ce MOl)' 3arpeBaTH CUl\W pacrBopn JWJH KJhY'lIa.lY Ha HlDKOJ TeMnepaTypn.

~a 6l:I TOIIJIOTa rpcjHc nape npClliJIa Ha Tel.{HOCTl'I Koja KJh)''lI3, IToTpe6HO jc Aa nOCTOJII norOHCKa Cl:IlIa, O;O:HOCHO pa3JIJ.IKa TCMncpaTypa nape H TC'IHOCTH. To 3I-Ja~ tIll,n;a 6H ?'el.J.HOCT MOraJ1a I~a KJhY'.fa Ha HI1)KOj TeMucpaTypH ncro lliTO je TCMncpa:r~pa rpeJHe nape. To cc MO)Ke oCTBapwfn YKOJIHKO .ic npHTHcaK aTMOc¢cpC Y KOJO] ce TetIHOCT uaJ1a:m HJDKll 0;0: anlOccjJCpcKor. f1peMJ TOMe, ;o:a 6u TOllJIOTa ca BO~CI:IC napc npCIlIJIa n<l BO;O:y K?ja KJb)''lIa, Bona CC Mopa HaJIa3HTH nop; npHTHCKOM

~OJH.le Hli)KH O)l. IIPII~~:IIc~a Ilap-~I!SuIillL:m:.1J:a ce .aailiefuIiHoJiloaSQJJ1(L£.f.lD:.!i9!.!1!!!f u~~~e .MO.7ICe U~:J(O pucuuw UU!!.J:t.~?!-~-:!:-1'!!.iaJ--jLil.KfLf:£...PClf!!!.E£~J i1a,qJ!l£.Milepaill.y pe u,~·~-'· Jv[iJ)J!...!:!!!P..~j;L~'l11':!!L~ ~'!!.!!!~: l.'-',_L~~_ J.f!L _l!:/J !JJd£ _ t7.QSc'{l!I Qff.(: .. ~A-I,g_!t'_t:!j!..e:JJ (lp lJJJ] ITf;;C.C(lj1i~JP, c'-- . t/?!1:l,~ y 1(0/01 we'IHOC/U l(.rI:>}''-/(f, IlITO 3na t lH):\a iJpU1TillC(lf{ y 0~-$mw),t l-WpCgHO.M J'l~'~'" ;:.:")' .~ 0 P4-, 6UUl~~~1.~q}-_QL!~2.q,.ujlUWLiCK-a-..J'Jlp-elilX..Qgl(f!A~.~ --"~~--.. --,~, .. ,--,,---,, ... '

(\1(0 Ie OBa] yenoB HCITYli~,,-M-Q;'lW.LC...rill~~g}I!lgJjl~J(QT.-=:[email protected]_~j.QJJ:::. HH~1 IGUIOrpaMOM naQ~ Hcnapn Bl1lII~ KlIrIOrpaM(j TCIl:!QJ;;.IJl~. Y rrpaKCH ce KOPHCTl-J 0;0: ~ ;0:0 8 CTerrCHl'[, IIITO 31JalUI iFl ce JC}~mnI KlInOrpal\.WM rpcjnc nape Hcnapn O~~ 3 no 8 KJfJIOrpaMCl TC'-IHOCTII. 3Wl'IH !w ce y O:WM cnY'Iajy, OClIM rpcjHc napc. Mopa

\ YTPOIU~fTH .lOlU H H3Bcc.Ha KOJIH'lIma cncpnf.lc 3a pan 1{OH,IJ.CH3aTopa n B3Kyy"H~p~Ke K0.JHl\W cc oCTBapYJc P<l3.TJHK<l npnTlICK<l, rroTpe6n3 3<1 CHIDKClhC Te1mep<l'rvpe.

... Ji~,cnIll.U1-.10.4 . .llPIIK~ImJ.j~~,"g:~.~:~_~~.~!¥~£.S:1:~}J.~YI!.2,j'KYBa 'Ia Koj IT ~IHllB j egHV Jli1TGPI1:jY, Y YKYBa~LLce.._-~-O;1,l-lQ)l . .Qlx~!.()nn, npl1~1ap~a _q)c:JJ.r~·~~'~'j)a: ''-iTlja'.Ie Te~mc~ p~T~pa 127°C~~.!!'!'!9_JC 32.cnheHfl. oAP'ef5ci"(je'-iiprrfI{CaK -on 1,2 6apa-. Tc-.:rHoer

__ ~~_TP~Q,;l-yK)::lliLTH YB0I.l~~r,~IBa'lI K~J~,OBO;J, 2":'11 O)TiWJUI KpU.tV)JB'IT):f".3 .. "V·_, .... cyceJl.HH yKyB,FI II. '---.... --.-.".-."'~-.. --". .

=.~rri?!~2·XW-(Uc51.JJ.ap.um.tll]_ql::.T_0,I?Y,,,n[m9r YKy13a~la j_C,1J.Wl~jS: _<lTMOCgJCpCK OM ,_ liITO :J.Hwm Ua qnCT.:~l-Y .. JJ.>.eAljL-I<JbYll.a-.ua.l..Q~l.Llmjs:.~l:.~.M}l~P"~T'y_pa. CCKYlI;J:3 pHe

"J}':.l:pe npBOr YKY~<::!.? TaKol)~.1_) OO°C. TIpeMa TOMe, nocTojn pa3.T1HKa H3MeiW TCMIJCpaT)T)(l rpejllc napc 11 rpejnor pac-mopa, nCl .ic ITorOI-IcJ(a cuna 3(1 npona3 ';'ODJlOTC, OJ\HOCHO pa3JJl1Ka TeMnepaTypa -y npBOM YKYB3'-IY, i'J.T I ::;:; 27 K_

4 6 11 13

U~12

2 1 10

5 8 7

CJUIK(I ]04

CCKYII~~pHa JJ;,~,~pl?BOr" YB~)AH ee, K.E?"~~~,?i~_.~_~~_~_~?_r_l:lp~~~~{~~~,,_\~)_:J:_~~~iHn c"iiIT~M]!p)TOr yKyua ~Ia, 360r ";:fet'"acln:5fffl, _H~:_(~~~.c_li_? __ ?~_ !:r()p~l(J_I_9:_~ _~~5!!_E~ ... ~~ rrpHMapny fYd.P-S'~Y~Y1la"'l-a,:-"Ait4§H~!9~IE!~~~~fMapHe TIa pc MorJIa. __ ~~ __ ,_~E~t>~_. H~

]2acriEWII!Pyr'''TYKI'llITQY;-m?rpe6t!0J.c.l;\ilI",,[ill'U1 .. :n:.M!lJm_".IY]l]!J5J'Jle .. !fI1'I'.~ 1511 :reMrrepaTyp~j!~_~!_~E~-J'lcn:e-iioc~Ni;.Ke CMalbClbCM npHTliCKa ~ ~eMY: 360r <.:fera he pa6113"op -KJbY'-JaTIf l-Ia HlDKOj TCMrrepaTypn, ua IIpIIMCp, Het 74 C. fbo] oAfoBapa npHTHcaK flape OJJ; 0,36 6apa, lllTO 3Ha'-:I11 nu je IIorOHCKa CIIJJa 3a npoJ1a3 TOl1JlOTC y OSOM yKyBa<!y /:-,T, ~ 26 K.

CCKYI-Ip;apHa napa .n;pyror yuo,un ce Kp03 BOA (6) Y rpejHlf CI1CTCM Tpch,er yKYBa'-w. ,D;a 6I1 JIaTCUTIM TOIWOTa napc MOrJla IIpdm H3 pac1'Bop rroTpc~HO Je OUCT H333B3TH nap: TCl\WepTrype, lllTO ce rrOCTlGKC cMaH,eR.CM rrpHTHCKa y OBOM yKyBUl.IY

Y OP:HOCY In rrpCTXOrvm. fIapl-HI l1pocrop KpajI-bCr yKyBrll.Ia nC3an je, npCKO KOI-IACH33Topa ~12), 3~,

naKyYM-u,pnKy. 1101\1Ohy KOHJlCH3;:rropa napa l1pCna311 Y KOH,[],el-I3aT H Ha TaJ HUl.llIH CC Y IbCMY C'l'Bapa llaKYYM. JJ:a UH ce Morao 1136all,HTH KOUJ~eH3aT, a H ncpMaHeHTHH

raCOm'1113 yKyBal.Ia, IToTpc6nc cy HaKYYM-u,pnKe. lloWTO npu mlIllecTyrrUO!\,l yKynal:lcuby jq~Hor KIlJlOrpaMa BO!J.eH~ JI(lpe lfcnapH

H3 l1PliUJUDKHO jC)J)lor KHJlOrpa:rvm BOnC, TO cy KOJ1H'lHnc TOnnOTe KO.1e cc pa3MCHe

Y CBfJKOM HcnapIIBaqy l1pU6mDKHO jeAI:IaKC, Tj.:

Q, = Q2 = Q].

TOl1Jlura Koja rrpei)e ea rpcjHc napc Kp03 3Hn Ha paCfBOp, K30 DJTO jc paHuje

pCl.reno, H3J-JOcn:

rAe JC: K - Koectnl.u,ujCHT rrpomna TomlOTe,

A . - rpcjHa rroBpllufHa, . !1T _ pa:ufHKa TeMnepaType H3l\1Ct;y rpejilc nape H pacTBopa KOJI1 KJbYLIa.

I1pCi\Ia TOMe jc:

K, . At· ;l,T, = K2 · A,· ;l,T2 = K]· AJ · ;l,T"

rAe je HHllCKCOM 1,2,3 03HaLICH ITpBlI, JlPyrn 11 Tpeim yKyBWl.

nOIl1TO cy yKyBal..JH BeTt KOHCTpYKu,Bje, TO je:

AI :::::;;A1.:::::A}:::::;;A.

Mci)"yTlIM, KocclHllwjcHTli npOJla3a IUtcy jC,lJ,HaKll, jep ce Melha 11 TCMllcpaTypa

11 BI1CK03HTeT. 360r Tora jc:

K, > K2 > K).

Aa 611 ce Hcnyuuo YCJIOB JWT Y rOpl-hoj je,[J;I-£al.fHHU, Mapa 611TW

;1,1', < ;l,T2 < ;l,T,.

To ':mal.lH)J,a he llaJl TeMnepa1'ype 611TH HajMalbl1 y rrpBOM, a najBefin y IIOCJICA~ IheM yKyBal.ly. fIpeMa TOMe, CTBapHe Bpe;J;HOC'l'I: na.n;OBa TeMrrepaTypa He 6H 6~1Jle one Koje cy y npeTxop,HOM 113JlaralhY naBcACHe, Jep, Kao nITO ~e BUAH, He Y3liMaJY y 063lip nOBcfialhe BI1CK03J1TCTa TeLIHOCTli npn YKYBaBal--bY·, ,CTBapHI1 na,UOBI1 TeM

nepaTypa ll3rrrel1aJIf! 6!I, !Ia npMMep, osaKO: ;l,T, = 19 K; /:-,1 2 = 23 K II /:-,T, ~ 36 K.

OBa pa3JUIKU TCMnepaTypa ycnoCT3BJba ce CITOIiTaHO, lino 3Ha'-Il1 Aa ce 0 TOMe

TOKOM pa,IW He Mopa rroce6110 BOJ~HTI1 pa'-IyHa. KpeTaI-bC Te'-i.HOCTli H rpejHc nape KOg BJ-UIIeC'rymmx YKYBal.ra MO){(e 6HTl1

napa~1eJIIm 11 rrpOTHBcTPyjHO. Ko)J, rrapaJleJIHOr Kperafba Tel.JHOCTli II nape HenOBO]baa 1C OKOJIHOCT WTO TelIHOCT 360r YKYBaBafba rrocTajc CBe BHCK0311l:fja 11, l1C'ro~

BpeMeHo, CBe XJla/~HH.ia. 36?r Tora ce, aKO cy OBli. YCJIOBH paga HCrrO)KCJhHH, np116c~ raBa npoTHBcTpYJHOl\.f I:WW1J3IbY Y KaMe ca CTen~HOM YKYBaBaI-h3 pacTe TeMllep;'lTYpa, TC ce Ha TaJ Ha~IHH y6na)KaBJ UlTeTHI:I YTlUPJ BHCKO:~I1TeT(t Ha npOJIa3 TOHJlOTe.

113BOn

YKYBaBal!A~}.I HCnapaB<l paCTInpaq H KOHI~CI-lTpHille ce paCTBOp. TlPH yKYBaRaTh), TOIL'10Ta npo.:Ja:m O~llIplfMapHC nape, Kp03 rpejuy IlOBPillI1UY, JJ;O paCrBopa Koja CC yKYBa13U. H3Jl;'LlHC TOKOBC H3 yKyB<FW tBIlle TOK KOHu,eHTpucallor paCTl'lOpa H TOl( CCKYHiJ,apw,-: flape paCTB<-lIXl'-lJ.

3aTllopCIHl )'KyB<:ll.H! Ce ~(eJle npC\Ja BjJCTH l~CI:\H Koje ~lJ-IHC rpcjHY nOBpUlHllY.

Bl1lJlCCTClll'HHlIl YKYBaJ3aJ-hOl ce llOCTJI)KC YLllTCA<l Y JI(npOlllfLH rpejHc Hapc. Ueo YUlTct)cue cHcprnjc ce TIXlIWl WI HCOHXUr(HO OCTIClaplwau)c naKYYMa, 1'.1. jJa3-JIIIKe IIpHTHcaK<:t Y YKYl3aQnMJ.

fIMTAlhA

1. Ha Kojn cc lta'lllH napa ),Ko1<11ha KOJ.\ oTBOpeUI1X, a n<l Kojn KO,:.( HCnapnB(\~la Be:HIHIlX 3(\ BUKYYM?

2. 3aW'fO cy KOHcTpYHcaHH yKyB,-l'lH ca r~yrHM BepTlIK,wUHM lJ,CBHM,L Kalla CY' OHH 360r Belle h:O}1lf'IHHC MtlTCpnj;uw cKynJhu'?

3. KYJii1 cc 11 3<.m1TO TOKOM nCnapaBaIba H3!J:Bajajy KpHcTa.:m pacfBopcnc MaTCpl1je?

.:1. Ha npBll JlOL'1C,LI pl:KJIO Oil CC}.\U pa~\ mlll!CcrYI1lUlX yKyBa~!a npCJ.\CTaB.'l-,8 I-ICKy

Bpcry .. llcprrCTYYM 1\106UJlC". 06jacHlrrc 300I' 'lcra OHJIC J(O.'ta3H,nO ·3a6!t)'!J:c. 5. J~a ,mje HlJ CHIU}! !041lpHKa3lJH<l GaTcpllja Cil napaJlc.'llUIlVI1UlU ca npoTHBCTpyjHHMl!ana

jarLcM? 6. IllTa Gu cc J1eCHJlO Ka,o.a un ce 3<1TBOP110 OJ.\BO~i J1 CCKYll;taPllC nape 11 yKyn<1HC Te~ll-:!OCTH

H3 i1PYTor YKYBa'-w'?

YKYBAIlAlhE

BE IiA 3a~~aTaK. I7pu yKyGllOal-b)' pacifiuopa lllehepa y OUWOPO{(UI

Y'{),(}{{'-lY ogpeguiTil/ cllerurcjJll'lllY fioil.l.poulI-vy nape U f(oajntl(ujeHlu llC1WpuuillefbCl lTioiL1OiTIe.

AHll.,1U3{{ 3agaiJil<CI. Pac'l'Bop Kojn cc YKYBana 3arpeBa ce Bo.n;eHOM napOM Koja ce I-Ia3HBa npHM<lpUa WIJ:1 rpejHa napa. Aa 611 nocl'ojana norOHCKa CHJla 3a IlpOJIa3 TOfIJIOTe O)J, napc go pac-fEopa, TCMIIepaTypa rpejne nape Mopa n<1 6YAC Bl1lIIa 0.0: Tel\urepaTYpc KJLY'--JaH"a pacTBopa. IlpH YKYBa!3al-bY paC'rBopa, yeneg Tora lllTO paCTBapaq HcnapaBa, gOJIa311 AO nopaC'fa KC)Hl1,eIrrpau,uje mehepa. I1cnapaBaI:beM

nAPA -r.m

Cn 11/((1 104a

paCTBopa CTBapa ce y yKYB3'tIY ceKyH~rapH3 napa. OAlIoe Mace YTpomCHC rpejHc nape (m") IT HcnapCHor paCrBapWIa (m') (crr. 1043) I-Ja3lma ce cnCll,uqJWIH(l mnpoIlUb3 nape (.'I):

n1" s:::: ----.

rn'

OB<:tj OIO-lOG je y nO'lcTKY yKyBaBaH~a BCOMa RCJIHKll, jep je CTBapaI-bC CCKyR"

gapHc nape CflOrO, ~\OK He rrO'lHC KJhTlaI-hC pacrBopa. Kana KJl,y~I;HbC no'me, oBaj

OJ~HOC ce HC31-JaTHO Melha ,1:\0 Kpaja YKYBaB31h,L

Koeqwn~HjeH'r I1CKOpIHnficlba TOIUIOTC rrpC,lJ;CTaBJha OJlHOC Kopncno yncnpeOJl,CHe TOTIJIOTC (Q),-) H YTpomcHc TOfInOTHC cHcprnje (Qu):

110 "'" 9·k . ~ (/;,

Ona.1 Koec1)IlI~njCIrr CC, TaKol)c, MCl-b3 y nepHony 3~lrpeBalha pacTlwpa. J(3 ou nOCTao npn6mDKHO KOHCTi1HTaH Kana ce AOCTJ1fHC TCMrrepaTypa Klhyl.JaH,a.

AKO ce ,)[{CJIH ogpeLlHTH onaj Koeq)Hll,HjeHT, on; TlWIC1'Ka no Kpaja YKYBaBaJ-r,3, 111c6a 3amnilTH )J,3 KopncHY TorrnoTY Y J10tICTKY pa:u.a npe:u.CTaBJb3 1'0115101'3 no

Tp~6}Ia 3a 33rpeBaJ'bC nO'ICTHor paCTBopa Mace (mol). 0)),110CHO }bcrOBa npOl'vlcna CH1'a.rTIInje (6H:') OJ-I DO'leTHe TeNmepaType (to) go TCl\mepa1'ype KJbY'IaI-ha (II}

AHz' 0:: miJI , c' " (t{: -- toJ.

Kaga ce )lOCTl1l'He TeMnep,:nypa KJhY'TCH-ba. 1'011nOT<1 ce KopnCTH 3a CrBapm-hC CCKyHUapHC napc KonWIHHc l\'fC, OJ-VlOCHO 3a Hcnap("lBaI-LC pacTBapacIZl (8-.!-I'I,\1')·

To 3HaTm:: M-ti,l'f!:;;;;: n1' . r',

Qk:;;;;: Mtz + 8-.H'i,I'P"

YTpomena Kom1Y]-'lH::1 TonnOTe (QJ .ie oiwei)ena fIOTPOlJllliOI\I npl1MapHe

nape:

Pa3JIHK3 QBHX }1,Bejy KOJUFBlHa npe),lCraBJba ry6uTKc y OKOJ[lHIY (Q.~):

Q,,- Qk ~ Q"

!lJm

11 ~ (/;, (/;,

193

PeavmIlmTllf. YKyn3B3IhCl\.j pa30mr/I<cHor pac-mopa mchepa }I06H.iaj~,· cc CIC

nCftH pe:;ynT3TH.

i~--.. -··,-, -I rrO'-TCTClK

[ (" = 0)

PaCTnop

Kpaj 1:;:; I cas

TIpHh,[apna napa (KOH),CII3aT)

.---4--~~ ----KPaj !

~I

!

nOrtCTaK

(" ~ 0) •• I

"{ ::::: 1 cas; __ ._,_____ I I -- -l~- ------ - '-""~"-.. -~-

, __ ~C) --~J t{)_;=-200(~ __ ~_ ~c_~_~Olo~ 105°C 105°CJ

~l(kg) I m,i~ 16kg (mo' ni)~ 12kg mN~O mN~7kgi

: H3 JfliTepaTl=pe ~ ~~ ~- ~ ----"---1---- I i7(kJ/kg K) -c' ~ 4,0 kl/kg K I

I ,(kJ/kg) ,'~ 2 250 kT/kg IN ~ 2 236 kIlleN I ~ _ ... ,~~ .. _~ " • b -._,_J

Ha OC~-{oB):,~BHX nOPl~TaKa Mory ce I13pa'lynaTll eBe nOTpe6HC Bpe,n:HocTII. 113 fOpI-be Ta6enc ce Bll/Vi Ha JC cKcrrcpliMcHT Tpajaa jcp;an '-laC n Aa ce Y TOM nepnon ella Maca paCTBopa (mo' "" 16 kO') 3arpebJIa oA 20 no 1010C . Y nol. '" , IT .:;;0 .' M - , a 3aTliM JC pacTBop , . Ie~,a;a K;TbytUL 0 HC1'CKY JC,rV-IOf Qac:'1 OCTaJlO je 12 kg, IUTO 3I-Ia'ln,lJ;a je Hcnapn-JIO.n! =m(1 -12kg-16b, 12kg-4ko 3' . ,'. - ':: - - o· a 10 BPCMC JC KOHAcH30Bano (m") 7 k 1 pCJIIC nape. To 3HR<-m: J~a JC cnen;IlCi)lFIHa IlOTpOilil-ba nape: g

m" 7kg s "" ._- :::: '-- "" 1 75 m' 4kg , .

TOIlJI?T,a YTpomCH<-l 1m npOMCHY eHTa}IIIl~C paCTBopa OJ..\. 20 0 e AO CTaI-I,a KJb _ 'laH,a (t;H,) Je: Y

LH/;;;:: mo' . c' . (II: - 10)'

AI1', = 16 kg· 4,0 kJjkg· K· (101 -- 20) K = 5184 k1.

npOMt'I-l<1 cnnuIluje V YOk)' HCIW!JJl:Ii:U-b'l (!::,1j' ) I"", '. C L \ 1.1f). G,

tJI'isp "'. tJI' . ,-' :;:;; 4 kg 2250 kJ/kg 0;:: 9 om~ kJ.

Kopnclla KOJIH'lHHa TOllJlOTe jc:

Q, = t;f1'k + MI','P ~ 5184 kJ + 9 008 kJ ~ 14 192 kJ.

YTpomClli1 KOJJ.WlHHa TOfUlOTC jc:

Qu:::;; III'" . r":::o 7 kg . 2 236 kJ/kg:= 1.5 652 kJ.

ilpCM<l TOt.lt: Koeq)H.lJ,l~icIIT HCKOPllluhcfha TOIUIOre je:

Q/k 14192 l1a = - = ,~ ... ------- = 0 91

Q" 15·652 ,.

XJIA'BEIhE

3arpejaI-IO Tcno cc IIpHpOAHHM ITY'rcM MQ)KC OXJIaJl:HTH caMO AO TCMucpaType

OKOJllUIC, 1j. AO TCMIIepa1),pe na3p,yxa aKO elC xnaAH na3)WXOM 113m TCMncpaType

BO)],C aKO ce XJlap,ll BOA OM. BpJIO 'ICCTO je Il()Tpe6HO HeKO TeJlO OXJla,l~HTH 1-1 oJ],p)Ka

BaTH na TCMIIcpaTypH HIDKoj OJ\: TCMl1epaTYpc OKOJlHHC. Xnal)clbc Hcno;J, TCtvmCpa

TypC OKOmn-Ic CC oCTnapyjc paCXJIJJ.l,HHM MC,lUljyMl1Ma,

XnabCH,C CC l\-1Q)J(C llOCTUhll lUlU ry6uTKoM paCXJltiAHOr MC)J,HjYM<l, UJln npn

MenOr>1" paeXIIa!J,HHX M.LllllI1Ha. TUl1IJ1IHO XJWf)ClbC npl1 KOjCM CC ryou paCX.T1J,'J,HH Ide

HlljYM je TOIlJbCl·hC nCAa, apJ·j '-lHjCM TOIIJbelbY ce 113 xna1)enor IIpOCI'Opa O)J,y~HllVla TO!1JIOTa, u JteJ~ ce npCTBapa Y BOn}-: Ko.ia cc IlOCJIC TOIlJLCILa 6aIW. n031Ia.TO Je, 1'a~ Kobe,lW ce X]lal)cH~c 1IQ)Ke nocTl1hl1 "CyBliM JlCAO:tvC, Tj. LtBPCTlH,l ynbcH-nHOKCH

):tOM. tJBPCT yrJheH-in10KeH)~, naIlMC, aa an.1Occt)t~pCKOM npHTHCK)-" npeJIa3H lUlPCKTHO Y raCHO CTal-bC, na TCMITCpaTypn og ~ 7Y°C. VL oBaj paCXJla~HH MCJJ;HjyM ce 1'1'611,

OJJ:J1a3li y OKOJIHHY no 3aBpJJlCHOM x.'lai)cfhY. YKOJIllKO cy nOTpe6nc Bpno I-IBCKC

TCMncpaType, XJlat>clbc cc 13pUIB TeLLHBM Btl3)WXOM Kojn Ha an .. wCtI)epcKoM IIpHTUCKY KJLy1..ta 11 I1CnapaBa Ha 192u C, liJUJ TCLIHHM a30TOM. OHH ee, TaKOl)c, 1'y6c y OKOJIIiHll TOKOM xJla~C}La, O!~I-IOCHO ltcnapaB<:lEba. 311J1..1ajno .ie 3ana3HTH Aa x..-wf)eHJc ilpmuu fipo/;iC1Ul cj:W3C ~ JIC)} ec TOHH, TCLJaH Ba3nyx ucnapan<1, CyBll JICp: c:y6JlHr..llIIIlC.

rrpl1Hl~Hn xnal)cl-ba je nOTnYHo CJIWJaH ecpeKTY KojH Ce oceha K<11W Ha KO)KJ.J liCl1apaBa e'fap HJlH anKOXOJI nnJ1 ee TOJIH Jle,L\..

Y JlOra pac:xna;:iHc MaIl1JIHe je Ma ca'-IyBa pacXJl<1}.\HI1 MeAHjYM, O,IIIlOCHO i1a CTBO

peny napy KOH;~el-I3yje 1:1 nonOBO,IJ,<l jc gpaTH An 6H o6aml11<1 eHojy yJIOry XJlai)elba y

TEMnEPATYPA OKonHHE

Wff///'////'////7/??;:;:T~

o TOnnOTA OKOn\-iHVl

EHEPrHJA l K30KOiTHHE

00 TOnnOTA

XiTAliEHH npOCTOP

T,

TOKY HCrrapaBaIba. IlIcMa palla paCXJIa,D;HC !l'taIUHHe npllKa3aHa je Ha CJIHll,ll 105. MaUIHna npenC'raBJha 3aTBopeH CHCTeM Y KojeM pacxrranHH Me)J;HjYM OJiY3IIM3 TO

nJIoyY H3 xnai)cHor npocTopa (Qo) H, y3 yitipOUlaJ{ CHc]Jzuje U3 OKOAUHe, (L) npe

;o.ajc OKOJIHHH TomTOTY (Q). Y OBOM cHcTeMY pacx.TJa,lJ,HH MC.n;UjyM 06aBJha TCpMOn;

HHaMWIKH KPY)J(HU rrpoqec YJIeBO H na Taj Hal-IIU-l CTaJIHO TOl1JIOTY ea m:DKC 'reMrrcp3TYpC (To) rrpcnocH Y OKOJIHHY mIllie TeMrrcpaTYpc (T). EncprcTcKlf 6UJl3HC paCXJIa)),HOI' MC)),HjYMa .ie:

Qo + L:= Q,

~-mMe ce TBp)),H )),3 je paJiHOM Tcny, go 6u iJPUA-IlUlO lUOU/lOlT-tHy cHepzujy (Qo) rioiIipe61-tO g060guiIiu Cl-tepzujy ua ()l(OJlUI-f(' (L), TIOCJIC "'-lera he OHO 36up ilI.ux CHCP

luja fipegoiJ111 O!WJ1UHl/. y 06mm:y TOITnOTHC cucprnje (Q). KpY)KHH npoll,cc OB1-JX palvmx TCJIa "1vfQ)KC ce OCTB3pHTH, Kao UlTO .ie pe~lcHo,

caMO y3 YTpomaK cncprnje H3 OKOJIUHC. TIpu TO~fC ce MO)l(C TpOIIlHTH HJIH cal\.-fO MCXaIITPIIW lL'lH H McxaHHl-IKa H TOnJrOTlW cHeprHJa.

IIpeM3 TOI\-Je, paCXJWHHC MaUJIIHC cc llene ITa:

!w.MiIpecuo/-fe pac'OwgJ-l(; JWl/lWIC KOjc 3<1 OCTBapCI-bC KpY)I(J-Jor nponcca Tpome GIMO McxaHiPIKY cncprnjy:

aflcopfil~llm{(' U C/CJ\:WOPC/{C paCX./Ulg}{C AUllllUHe KOJC 3Cl OCTBapHR3fbC KPY)101Or npOl~eca pacxnaJil-fOr Ivrc;a:njYM3 KOPHCTC, nopcJ.X McxaW-J1IKor rana, H 1'OJ1.TlOTY. Tj. rnfmp TonnOTC Tpe6a )~il HM<l TCMncpaTYPY EHIlI)' 0)), TCMIlcpaTYPC OKo:rHHc.

D:aHac cc I-lajLfemhe KopnCTe KOlvmpCCl-JOHC pae.X.lla;U:HC MaIllHHC, n:OR e.c ancoprn~HOHC H CjCKTOPCKC KOPUCTC TaMO r)\c 1It-'fa ry6HTIGl TOIIJlOTlIC eHeprHjc. Y 1'aK

BUM c.rryqajcm-lMa CC TOflJTOTHa cncprnja, YMCCTO ;::t:a OIle y OKOJIJ1HY RaG rYOHTaK. KOrnICTII Aa 6n cc YIUTert:eJTO Ha MCX3HIFIKOM pany·

Kao panHO TeJTO y pacx.naJl.HHM MaIIlIH-IaMa (pacx.TIa)1HH MCl.lHjYM) KopncTc cc

TC"LrHOCTH HHCKe TeMnepaTYpc KJT;y~IilH:>a, If TO 3a KOMrrpccopCKC M3UIl1HC Hajl-Icmhe eppeoH ,·12 (CF2Clr:J, 33 arrCOpIIlJ,HOHC al\.fOHnjaK, a 33 cjCKTopcKe BOJia. Ha nHDKC·· HOM rrpHTHcKy paCXAagJ-W C4JCfWW C6UX OGUX pagl-fl-lx iI]('.,W je. ,JOCf-f060l-1 Ita (JCuapa

e{ll-bY fm NUC/{Oj iTt.e"Hl1cpaiJiyprr, npu 'I(:J1)-, gO ... 7a,J/.f go og(w!Jeri>a iJioFi.o'?(Jl71e U3 flpoc

mopa l(Off-! C(! x.<1agu.

6.1. PACX.TTAJ~HE MA !liMBE

J(Ol\mp(~tnone pacx.TIa,l,IIC M31UHIIC. ~ Y KOMnpCCHOI-lOj paCX}Ia;rmoj M3nHunI ce oCTTWpyjC- Kpy:>KHH UHK.nyc llcnapaBalb3 H KOI-I)l,Cn3aI~Hjc <Fpc-ona ~12. Y TOKY Tora I~H1Uryca, (l)peoll --12 jc TIpBO Y KOHTaKTY ca X.113'9CHHM npocTopOM TCMrrepaType

To. a 3aTHM ca OKOnJIHM na3J.XyxoM Tcr..mepzlType T. HajnoBOJLHnju KpY>Kl1U rrpoIl,cc

H3MCl)y OBC nBC TCMncpaType, .le, Kao IIITO je II3 TepMO.IJ:Hl-IaMI1Ke n03HaTo, KapHOOB I~HKJIyC. Ha CJIHll,11106 p;3Ta jc rneMa pana OBaKBe Marmmc Koja cc cacTojH on: KOMnpecopa (1), KOH.IJ:CH3aTOpa (2), CKCnaH3l-tOHOr I~HJIHH.n.pa (3) H HcnapHBa-':I(\ (4), KOjll cc HaJI33H y paCXJT3JiHOM npocTopy (5).'-PacxJT3,lJ)m Me,QlljYM rrpo.IJ33H Kp03 OBC

eJIeMeHTC ClIojeHe !l,eB!!Ma H oCTBapyje KapnooB I\HKJ!yC (cJ!. 1(7). fIocMaTpatbeM C.llIIKa 106 IT 107 MO)KC cc 3aKJLYl-IHTli p;a nocToje -YCTl1pH KapaKTCpHCTJ:I"'-IHa npou,cca.

197

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T h 11(:T

2

3 Le - ~

Pe Po

To Q Te 4 Te

5

C,U/W ]06 C.illU({/. 107

KOi\-mpccop YCHcan3 rrar~v pacx.na)ulOI' lvre~H.ly}.-:ra Ha npHTl-ICKy :) ~ H ~CM~Cp(lTypn Til (cTal-he /1) U a):Ulja6aTcKH je KOMl1pecYJc (rrpoll,e~ A ~ B~, H(~ ,j~plIrHCak ~~ (crau,c B) npu 'teM), TpOIIJH pa;o: LIc,' Y TOKY KOMnpeCH]C TCl\fITCfHl T) p3 nape

ITOBlICM 0;0: Tn Hil TeMncpaTYPY T _ , )M KOMflpl1MOBaHa napa O,D:JIa:m y KOHiICI-f3aTOp rJlC ce ~.JlaAH DKOJIHl1"t>.-: E(1)}) Xl

TCMuepaType (T < T,,} YCJICJl. -':Icra 1l:0.rra:1l1 no KOIII~eH3aI'HJC (TlpOl~ec B~C). Dpn 1'0-

Nre Y oKom-my oAXJ1a31I }\3BeCn3 KO_'lI1'IHl-Ja TOrrJIOTC (9)· , ,. Te"'-IHOCT lwja H3Jfa3H 113 KOHncr-T3aTopa, YBOJi11 ce y CKCTIllH3HOHH lldJIMd,rrap

P CMnepOT)'pe T v TORV onor r,n,e cc a)),Hja6aTcKllllmpn;o:o npHTHc-Ka () II X.nann,Uo T . < - ,)'.J --

limpelha !!o6uja ce paJ! L, (rrpOllee C-D): , nOlll'fO TC'IHOCT CTaJ-ba D v.TIa3H \' ncnaprrB3"t.I 11 IIcrrap3Ba Ha TCJ\.-mepaTYpu To' , T'

ie TeMnepaTypa ucnapa~a:tba l~H)Ka 0;0: TCMTlCpaType y pacxna)J,1-IOM I~POCTOPY ( (; :

-T) -1'0 TC"LlHOCT OnV3Ul'vla TOH.l10TV (Qo) ID OBOr rrpOCTOpa 33 .CRo]e nCnapan3U,G o ' I-'~ ..-

(TIDOII,CC D-A), E h -aeroCT . TIocnc 33npmCHOr HCnapaB3H-,a KpyJKlIII npOIJ,CC ce HaCTamb3. _ CJ.,UK -\ e

X.TI3l)efba (fT

) npegcT3BJh3 OP;HOC OC!BapeHOr H :J'1'POmeHOr. OCTnapCnO JC aAnory -

1f,C TOnnOTe Qo' a YTpomcrnr pap: (Lr

Tpc6a HMaTH Y EU)),Y rw je y-rpomeH pa,u_ jcp:HaK p33JTHI'~1 p3)la 'y3T(~_~KC1-~~r 33 KOl\-mpccujy (J~/J 11 pa)Ja J\06nj?I-Ior y CKcrraH3HOHOl\-I I~lIJ1Im)1py (Le), TJ. L - [I, Le'

AKO ce npcTnocT3BH na .Ie: To:;;::' To' rr T:;;::. TI:>

Tj. Aa cc HCnapaBaIbC 1-1 KOH)1eH3all,Hja oCTBapyjy I-l~ ITOBpaT3n Ha'IHH upn paB!-!OT~~ )KH Te~mepaTypa, Tana ce IJ;06Hja rr0'3HaT3 peJIaJJ,l1J3 H3 TepMOAl-fHaMUKe 3a OOPH)

Tn KapHOOB w-umyc:

-----"",-.,,"'-,~,~------~,~-----~'~-~"---'-'~'--~'--."--"-

Q

PK PK T TK

2

3 Le - ~ To~ I

Po Po To

Q To 4 To

'5 5

CIlU{{l 1 ()6 C/lllrcu }07

~o!vmpccop YCHcaBa, lIapy pa~xJ!a~uwr Me;~HjYMa Ila npHTHcKy Pu Ii 1'eMIlepa~ Typli i() (craH,e Ii) 11 aglIJa6aTcKH JC KOMflpecyje (npou;ec A -- B) Ha npHTHcaK Pi, (erm-be B) nprr '-ICAIY Tpoum pa,U Lk. Y TOKy Ko:-.mpccHjc TCMIlcpaTypa napc ce IIOBUCH on To HJ TelvHIepaTYPY T.

Kot-.mpuMOllLUIa napa 0iJ,Ila:m y K(jHJ~eIl3aTOp fMC ce XJlagll OKom-IHM na3,UYXOM TCl\mepfl'rype (T < Tk), YCHCg 'IC1'a gO;w3H r.l,O KOHgcH3al(Hjc (npou.cc B~C). np~I TO

Me y ~)KOJH:lI-IY O,Il,_:a3H H3Bccna KOJUr-IHH<l TOIlJlOTC (Q). ' [elm.ocr KOJEt U:Ula:m 113 KOH/I,CH3<lTOpa, YBOAi1 ce- :y CKCnaH3HOHH ll.l1JIHHgap

fl~e cc ajJ,l1Ja6aTCKl1 WHpn)10 rrpUTHCK3 Po H XJIaiW HO TCMnepaTy'PC T~. Y TOKY OBor llilipCH3Cl p;o6Hja cc pa~( Lc (npou;ec C--D): . Te~lJJOCT CT"Uba D YJIa3H Y Hcnaprmaq Ii HClwpaHa I-ra TCMuepaTypH To- 110IIlTO

Je TCI\-HIcpaTypa l1CnapaBatb3 HlDKa O,U TCl\mCpaTYpc y paCX.'IallHOM rrpocropy (To' < T(J, TO TCLlHOCT O,u,Y3HM<1 TOIlJIOTY (Qo) 113 OBOr npoCTopa 3a CBOjC ITCrrapaBaI-he (npOl\Cc V-A).

TIOC.T~C 3<1UpWCUor HCnapaB<llha KPY)KIfH npoucc ce I-IaCraBJba. E¢HIKacHocT XJIai)cH~a (£,J npc.n;cnlBJba oAnoe oc'.mapcHor H YTpomcHor. OCTBapeno je O,n:BO~CIhC TOllJlOTe QU' a Y'rpOIllCI-IH pa;\ (L):

Tpcoa HM<lTH Y BUAY na jc YTpomcn paM jC,D;I-IaK paclJUIll,H pai~a VJlO)KCHOr 3a KOl\mpCCI-Ijy (Lk) II paWl :~oGHjellor y eKcnaU3HOHOl\1 WIJIHl-l,a:py (Le), T( L:::: Lk -- Lw

AKO cc llPCTIIOCT<:lBH gil je:

To:::: To':iiI T::::: 7,,,

Tj. ga ce HCIlapaBalbC 11 KOlIgcH3aUHja ocrnapyjy Ha nOBpaT<1H I-Ia1-lHJI upn paBHOTC)KB TCMncpaTypa, Taga cc Ao611ja TI03I-IaT<1 pCJIaIJ,Hja H3 TCpMOAHHaMllKC 3a o6pnv-TH KapHOOB QI1KJIYC: . - .,

Pn

Po

C1lIlW JOy

EjeKTopcKC paCXJla,Ll,Ue ManHIIIC. ~ TIPHI-J.IJ,IUI pana OBHX Mi1IlIIiHa HpI1Ka:3an je Ha CJl1n~H 109, a paCX]I<:tAHH McgnjYM Y OBUM MaIlIHHaMa jc B01~a, Koja cc 3arpcBa y KOTJIY (1) rrpH t{eMy ce Ao611ja napa nplITI1CKa Pw :Vb KOTna ce OBa napa, BHCOKOI' npuTHcKa, yBo,n:n y cjeKTop (2) [,I],e npO!Ia3I1 KpO:1 npl1ry!lIHI1QY (3) 11 yJI<13Jl Y npocTOp (4) rge je YCJICJl, BCJIHKe 6p3Imc HCTHu,alba Kp03 !-by CHU)i(eH npuTllcaK (Po) Y CKJIa,n:y ca BepHYJIujcnoM jeJlIUltlHHOM. 3601' Cl-HDKCHOr npl1TllCKa gOJIa3li Jl,O YCHcaBaI-ha nape 113 IIcnapHBaLIa (5), nprr tleMY cc MeUlajy OBa ABa TOKa napc. IloeTIc Memalha, napa Y,'1a311 y gncpy30p (6) r,l],c ce IIOIlOBO KOMIIpI1Myje go npHTHcKa Pk H AcmiMutlHo KOHncH3yje. CMCIIIa BOAC I1 nape H3 UH<py30pa YJIa:m y KOH,n:cI-13aTop (7) I'AC ce XJIaJ(H BO)J,OM Ii )~aJbe KOH,I],CII3yjC. )J,0611jCHl1 KOH;_\Cl-naT ce, KP()3 BeHTl1Jl (9), ca nOmHlJeHor llPI1THCKCl (P), nyurra na Cl-IfDKeHH npHTHcaK (Po)' yCJIC,n: '-lcra ,Ll,o.aa3H ,L'\O licnapaBaILa Ha TCMIIcpaTypH 1~ Ii oABol)elba TOIlJlOTc Qo II3 rrpocTopa :1a xna

l)clbe (10). IIapa Roja nujc KOH.qewmBaH<1 rrYMBOl\l (8) cc Kot.-mpHMyje, Kon,n:cH3yje H Bpaha Y KOT<lO. OBaKBl1 ypc~ajl1 ce HajQc1l1he KOPI1CTC '33 XJla:bCH~e na3gYX3.

6.2. XJIADJLA elE 11 XJIAJ],lLAlJ,11

XJIa,Ll,lbaqe cy CKJIagHlllTa Koja ce KopHCTe 33 Onp>KanaHJC nOTpe6HHX OC06HHa npcxpaM6cHI-IX np01i3BO)J..3 na CHIDKel-lOj TCl\HIepaTypH Y TOKY AY>Kcr npeMCH3. Aa 6H ce Taj ~riJb rroC'ru1'ao, Hcouxogrw je ga 06(J1({3U UpaLl3(wgu ug .k1(HtCHLua KagLl iipOU36()gH~a UOLfHe ua go l-leuocpegHe iipui7pe .. He Ja IwpuudtObC, 6ygy dUel/UfO I-ta [jailipeoNoj, CHw/eCHO} file.MfiepaiXiypu. I1Majyllil y HHAY )l.a je nYT AonpChml-h<:l npcxpaM6eHl1X rrp0113BOila.uo nOTpOllIa~ia l.IeCTO CTImKCH l-lgyr, Ol-Ill Mory )J,a ce ~lYBajy pa3JIl-l'UITllM BpCT<:Ihia XJla,l],lbalIa.

HH!1.YCTpnjcKc XJIa)l,lhalle. ~ One cy caCTaBHli Aeo npoII3BoAHor npoll,cca, rrpn npon3Bo):1;I-hn o,n.pcl)eHe BpC"re xpaHc. Y lhl-lMa cc ogp»wBa CHH>KeHa TCMncpaTypa,

rroTpe6Ha 3a O));JTe>K3Balhe, XJIaljel-bC fiJII! 33Mp3an3H,e XpaHe 36or, nOTpe6a IlpOue~ ca npOH3BO)),lbe, a nOHcKag H 3a Kpa:hc JIarepOnaIbC CHPOBHl-Ja I1JUl rOTOBor npOH~ 3Bop:a.

")JHxnaTIIC XJ13;J;II~a·Ie. ~ .. OBe XJIa,IlJbayC CJTY:>Ke n:a ce y lLI1X, nOCJIe ca6HpaHla oCTaBH BOne, TIonphc, j3ja, nJIn: Meeo H3 lliHpe 06JIaCTH nenocpe,!J.HC np0J13Bo,n.H~C. Y }bHMa ce H3l\-mpmU.l,C npHMajy, KJT3CHP3jy, naKyjy H KpaTKOBpCMCHO JIarepyjy no TpaHcnopTa Ka MeCTY ynoTpc6c.

XJIaAlb3t IC 33 pC3cpnc. - Kao IlITO caM Ha:mB rORopn, ORH XJla):lJbaI~11 CJIY>KC 33

rryropo~HlO CKJI3,lJ,l-llliTCILC npeXpaMOCHJIX npOH3Bo,n.a KOjH ce caKynJbajy 113 InIltye~ TpnjcKI1X H rrpUXRaTIUIX XJJa,lJ,l-ba'-Ia. OrraB,n.e ce, npCMa nOTpe6aMa, RplIlH TpaHcrropT y nOTpOIll~PIKe ll,CI-fTpe Ii HI-IOCTpanCTBO.

QCHTP3JlUC XJl3,lIL3'fC. ~- OBC XJJaW--ha'-IC CJIY>KC 3a 06C30C'bClbC Benux rrOTpoma'IKHX OOJT<lCTH, 1«10 II 3a rryropo'-umjc 'tlYBJJ-hC xpane. fpanc ce TaKO JJ:3 cc y I-hHM3

l\!Ory o.n:p)ImTH pa3JJTFTIlTI-l npon:mOgH H3 pa3Jll1 t lHTIIl'Il TCMTICp;:rrypaM3, I1pcXpa?lloeHH npoH3Bo)J;IT ce y IhHX )lOH03e II3 HlIJiYCTPH.1CKHX, npHXB3nIJ.-iX lIJIn XjJal~l:baKa 33

pC3cpnc. YKOJTIJKO CC npH.TfHKOM 'l'JXlHcnOpT<l npcrpejy mUl O)J.MP3HY, rrocTojc crre~[ljamfc rrpocTopllje f)J,C CC rrOlIono, nocrcrrcno, )~()ROiW H<l fIurpc6uy TCl\:mCp,rrvpy.

OC11M OBlIX, TlOCTOjC T1 X.TfalVb<l1~H ca npyrl1M naMcnaMa: npnCTRHHlIIHlI, 1-3TUM x.rram'MUl,H y TproBHHaMa IT n:01vrahI:II-ICTBHMa. 3H'aq3jI-~e cy r<lKol)c, If TpanCllOIYfI-H.', :cm,UILa'te BilrOHlI II KilMHOIll-l.

OnlIITe KapaKTCpnCTlfKC XJI3,Il,ILa"m. ~ CBaK3 XJIan:H~a'tla HM3 jc;uny lUlU mmlc noce6uHx pacxJTa,ruurx npocTopnja Koje '-lHHC I-hCn aKTHBIITI nco y KojCM CC npmn XorraI,clhc, 3aJ\fp3aBalbC 111m ~Iyn3lhC XP<-l1lC. Tc npocTopnjc l1Majy ncocJTC no6po TCp-MH"-IKH H30JIOsaHC 3HnOSC, 06WIHO 6e3 oTBopa (np030pa). ,na TOIIJIOTa II3 ORommc He 6n npOJ1331Wa y l-MIX. T0I1J10TI-I3 II30J1al~Hja je SCOMa 31Ia'-IajaH (paKTOp 33 ,Qo6ap pan xna,o;H,aKa, jcp 60 0ft) TOIlJlOTe Koja y~c y XJI3!J)haK npoJTa:m Kp03 3HnOBC 11 TO:1B(l

HHl1,y. 3a1'o ce 3Hl~OBH 06ml)I(Y M<1TcpnjaJIOM McL'lC TOTIJJOTHe npoBoJlJbIIBOCTH. J1c~ TO TaKO, BpaTa ce Mopajy np)J(3TH nITO Kpahc OTBopcml. 110CTOjC noce6na 06C36e-9Cfha Koja Cf1pC~u\Bajy MOfyhHOCT CJ1Y'Iajnor 3aTBapa}b<l pa,n.HHKtl y X.Hal~H~a~m, 0

"reMY CC Mopa BO}l,HTH pWIYH<1. Y iiofeguHwd (ipOCll'{OjJUjcuw cc .MO?), ogp.waAaiIill paa..:1U l /1uT!.e iTie.A1i1epaiTIypc.

PaCXJ1a)JHe MaUll-me ce )l;P)l(C y noceGIIHI>r MaIllHHCKl1M O,UC.:bClhHMa. Pacx,:wpHH CJICMCHTH (ncnaplma'IH) ~IOry 611TB CMCllITCHH IL'l11 Y paCXJlal~llOj npocTopnjn (en. 110), r,n;c ce Ba3,nyx ,nHPCKTIIO XJ1a)J,H, mnl CC XJIai)ClhC j'vTO;"KC BpWnTIr nocpcJ_\HO. Y CllY'Wjy lTi(f!{(]OZ U}-u)ujJo:iTirw';[ X./W!) ('}ba, [{ocilioju i?occ6aH r!JJlYU() !wjn flloi1f[(}ITi.V i1l'Cl-lOClt or) x .. 1a!;CHC ilpoczTlopufc r)o ucFiapueo'ul J)(ICX.-1tl()HC AtaUlUH(!, To M(»KC OHTH Ba3rl,yX, Bona I-Vnt cmIa. COJ1G fe (lOC)CHIl pacili(Wp cruu (NaCt, Cae!2 HJ1H

MgCI2) Kojn HM3 CI-IlI)1(eny TeMfIcpaTYPY Mp>KJ-hCH,£1 II l\.f()>KC CC KopnCTIITH 3£1 XJI3i)CH,C H no -40°C.

Ha CJ1Hl~H 110 npI1"Ka3aHa jc mCM8 rrocpe)lHOr xJ!af)cJ-ba UpocTopnje (1) KOM~ rrpeC110HOM paCXJI3p;I-fOM MarrIHHOM. I--b pe,n.yKI~HOI-IOr BCHTHJIa (2) Te'tIHOCT y.rra3II y HCrraplIB(llI (3) y KOjCM ncnapaBa H XJIa)lH cony Ba TCMnepaTYPY T:i Koja ce rrYMTlOM (4) Bonn y rrpocTopnjy 3a XJIai)obe (J) r,n.e XJT3,lJ;H na::myx ~mja jc TeMncparyp£1 To' 3arpejaH3 COJIa O)lJJa3H y XJJa;O;lbaK (5) n~e nOHOBO 6uBa OXJI3'bcHa lTCnapaB31LcM pacxnaL\Hor Mcp:njYMa y HcrrapHBaqy, no TCMncpaType T.I., 'tIHMC ce 3aTBapa I~IlKJTyC cone. PaCXJIagHlI MegnjYM oCTBapyje Beh rr03HaTII KpY)}(HH npou;ec y TOKY Kojer ce

Cill11W J 10

Ko:rvmpHMyjc Y KOMnpecopy (6), xnan;n IT KOHnCI13yjc y KOITJ~CH3aTopy (7), a 3annf

nOHOBO Kp03 nCHTH.TT (2) ynon:u Y HcnapaFHl'tl.

113BOX\

XJ1a'bClbC ce -MO)Ke HplllIITH HITH )'3 ry6HTaK paCXJIanHOr M~,nlij)~J\.W (ne));, CY~H J1e,!J,. Ha3J(YX) lInn paCXJIH,t1.lIHM MaUHIHal\1<l y3 YTpomaK cncprM.le. "') 06a ~J1y'tJaJ3 XJ13'bCILC je npahcno npOMel-IOl'.-l cpa3C, 3 i-wj'Icmhe IIcnapaBal-bCM. XJT(1)Cl-bC J~ npo~ U:cc Kojn CC He MO)KC o}J;Bl1jaTH cnOHT3HO n rrOBeJaH je ca 110TpOnI1-hOM CHcpnIJC HJIH

MaTCpu.JC. .' KOMnpccopCKC MalIlHHC Tpomc McxaJ-HP-lKY CI-ICpn-qy, 3 ancopm~llOHC II C]CK

TOPCKC, HajnchllM )J,CJIOM, oTna;wy TOTIITOTHY cHcpnrjy. TIpn npOl-I3BOnJ-hH xpaHC y TOKY rrpmI3HOrnrof nponcca 11 J1arCpOBaIha, 'ICCTO jc nOTpc6HO nocTntin CHlOf{CHY

TCMrrcpaTYPY· )C'la)lf-b3'-TC CC )lC.TIC npCM8 CBOjOj n3l\ICHI1, a Tcr-.-mcpaTypa y 1-hl-Tl\1<l ce O,lJ,p>KaBa

;DyrpcKTHu:fI,t HJIH Im)UlpeKTHHM XJ1atcnk!vl. 33 IUI)llTPCKTHO XJIa~Clhe KopncTH CC

coria .. - Boncnn pacTBOp Hl-In,YCTpnjcKHx com-I.

nMTAlhA

1. 3allITo.ie npn xJ1arycu,y IHnpc61lo TPOUIUTH cncprujy? ? 06iacHHTc npnmXl1n paJ~a KOMopccHonc pacxJIa;\Hc M311IHHC.

3. 3af~JTO je peaJ1Ha ccpuKacnoCT XJl3-ryCn,a Mafha 0)1 TCOPHjcKC? 4. Kai1:a cc KOPHCTC anCOpmV-IOHC pacxJla;me MaIllHHC I-l KaKO pa i1:e?

5. Koje BpCTe X:1all,lhaQa n03HajC'Tc? 6. Ka)."i<l Ii KaKO cc BpUHI HH}lJlpCKTHO xJIarycn,e?

MAmlIHE II AIIAPATM 3A Jl.M <Il Y3M 0 HE OIIEPAU:IIJE

YBOJ1, Y J1,H(J)Y3HOHE OIIEPAQHJE

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3dl~Hje MO)IC~yJ1l1 pacTBopa Tpe6n )l;3 6y.u:y npCHCTH 113 paCTBopa no nOBpnnme KpnCTan3 KOJl1 KPHCT3JIHIIlY,

')/ eBITlvI ORUM onepaUHjalvta oTnan.ic I-IaTUUI lIpcnOllIen.a o~(pd)eHe cyIIcTallI~e.

3aTO .ie nOTpCOHO OApenHTB 11 npoylIHTH CHC lTHHHOll,C Kojn yTrFry nJ TO npCHO

meH"C. TaKO CC MO)KC pC'rBapHTH )J(CJbCHH Ha'IHH npCHOC3 MaTeplfje, a T3K01)C 1:1

o,n:ronapajyfiC! onepaqHja 06aBTITH na 3ap.:oBo.1banajyhn HalflfH.

LIccTl1D;e M3TCpl:Ijana (MoncKynH, jmm) MOfY cc npcHocHTH na ,[Ina Ha'·uma:

MOJleKYflcKoM )J;lH1JY3njoM H McmaJbCM (KoIIBeKD;ujoM).

Alw .,ilegujy.ld, y IW.MC ce Ha/lG3C 'fcci}l11qe r/.Cl{02 .Maii1cpuja.iI(l, .Mupyje 1/ (Jl{O Y TbCZ06UA.f ge.iW6U.MO i1ocii"ioju pa3JJUKfl IWHl~eHl"I1paz11{ja iJ.Oc.MBiIipalioz .~1aiTicpuj{uw. gohu he go H)C'i0602 cilOHfiiaJ-lO? lipeHOllle1-ba 'wje (logu u3jcgHa'lcH>J' KOln~Cl1ITipn-11uje. Q(W {]oja(w ce H(J3U(Hl .A1OJlCKY..-1C1W gup)'3uja.

A,W ce o1ICgU.iYM, Y KOMe.ie IlcpamwoHcjJHO pacriopctJcHa HPW cyilciTimlu,(l, f.CHillCH.3UBHO ,HCllW {jiago he oilei71 gohu u go I-bCIW2 cilOlnuaH02 fipCHowcH)a Twie iTic

:IICU u3fegHal./.el-bY KmUWflLUPaL~uja, OAa/(RO trpClI()UICH)C cc Ha311fU/ lWH6cKiJlufmG

gucjJyauja IL:W .MCIlUlH)C.

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HacynpoT rrpelJOmClbY cyrrCTanu;c KOHBCKl'I1BHOM ,UUq,Y3HjOlvl, npenomcfuC MaTepnjana MonCKYJICKOM p,lIqJY3HjOM je Bpno CIlOPO, DpeMa TOMe, YTwlyhn H3

6p3HUY MoneKyncKe ilncpy3Hje, lloneK .ie y CTaIbY Aa YTlPIe H Ha OP3lIHY npcRoca MaTcpnjana, Tj. Aa ra JIO )KCJbH y6p33 lIJlH ycnopu.

206

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HOCK MOJICKYJICKOM HIm KOHBCKTHBHOM J~H(IJy3HjOM.

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BCKH paC'fBOp HcjcW'IaKe KOHu,eHTPat~llje. HCKa Y JICBOM AeJ1Y cy.na KOHu,e}lTp3I~Hja paCTBopa 6:y)J,c neha Hero y ,UeCHOM. 360r xaOTWlHor KpCTaIba MoneKYJla, MOJICKY

jIll paC'fBopa he cc KpCT<1Tli Y CBUM CMepOB!1Ma IIo.ajcAHaKo lliTO 3Ha'll1 Aa HKjc,L(aH CMCP KpcTalba MOJlcKYJla HIIjC IlOB.TlaUlilcH. TaKo he, H3Mcl)y MHorux cMcpoBa KperaFba, nOC'fojanI H oHaj 113 JiCBOr ,Ucmt cYAa Y lJ,CCHH 11 H3 AecHor y :lCl3J1. TIOlJ.ITO

je KOHll,CIITpalJ,Hja Y JICBOM f~CJly cYAa Bcha, jcp cc Y lbCMY Hana'3H l3.:.h1l 6poj MOJH~Ky_rfa pacruopa Y je[iHHHIJ,n '3allpCJl.HlHC, Mopanc rrpOml3HTl1 BHlllC MOJICKY.'l<1 CJIC·

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3l1BHl1M MellI~l-beM. Ha oCHony OHora nITO je pet.teHO, npOH3JIa31I ga ce 1\·!aca rrpe

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o~lOrytHTll p;a ce pacTBop 3601' lluQJ}'3uje. Kpche Ka rpaIlH'lHoj nonpnHuIH, rum 0;1

rpaIlH'-mc IlOBPillHHC lGll>laCH {pJlYlqa, y 3aBHCBOCTli Oil OfctJa y KO.Me ona;:ta KOHUeH

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TCJby. Aa 6u ec, pCU,lU'\-lO, y6p3~UlO paCrnapaIbC HCKC eyneTaHu,c, BCJUiLlHne Koje

Tpc6a rroBchaTI1 (Bl1J~H CDUKOB 3aIWB) ey:

- lwec/JLlL?ujernTt gutjJyauje (D) KOjn. ce MO)KC rroBehaTll IIoBchm·be!l-t TeMnepa~ Type;

- pa3Jlwca KOHlWl1.iilpm(u;a (,6,c) M())Ke ce nOBcfiuTIl aKO CC pa,Uu ca QI1CTHM

pacTBapa'IeM (C2 ~ 0); - U06PUllUW gwjJy3uje (A) Koja cc MO)Ke rroBehaTH aKO ce co !UTO GOJbC YCHT

lUi (TO ce nOCTIJ)Ke CIlTJhClbeM 'lBPCTC MaTcpnjc, pa36njalbcM Te'lHOCTH Y Kanl1, IlpeJ1llnalbeM npeKO p<13yt;eHllX nOBpuuma HnH rrponotjCI-hCM raca

Kp03 TetII-IOCT Y UlTO CHTHI:IjHM McxyprrhHMa);

Bpe.w: iIipajaf-t,il gUcjJy3uje ('C): Ot-IHfJIC,n:HO je.n:a YKOJIHKO HeKO 36HBaThC AY)KC Tpaje, YTOJUIKO he Bcha KOJlII~mHa M3TepnjaJIa npopearoBaTVI, uno ce O/1HOCI1 11 na I1mpY3Hjy.

BeJI~'PUlHa KOjy Tpe6a CMaJ-bHTH 360r y6p3aIf,a tlHcpy3llje .ie ,ne6JbMHa rpaHH~ '-IRor CJIOF (8) Kp03 KOjy MaTcpnja Ancpyn;a:yje. To ce nOCTll)l(C uOBchalbcM 6P3HHC KpcTafua ¢JIYllAa.

Bp3lIHa Alf<PY3IiOHC onepaqrrje ce MQ)KC ;tl,cqmHHcaTll KaQ GAlIOe nOrOI-lCKe CllJIe H oTIIopa:

6p311Ha AHCPY3HOI-Ie onepm~Hje:;::: IIorOHCKa cnna. OT110P

TIPl1MCHOtvf <PuKoBor <33KOlIa l'vlo)KC ce nUC::1TU:

m (Cl - C2) ojDA'

1!0UlTO jc 6p3HHa Jl:H¢Y3HOHC onep<H~Hjc, y cTBapn, npoToR cyncnnru.e (,l'I/'r:) OHJxa Je:

norOHCKa CH.na;:::: (cJ C2), gUCPY3HOHH OTIIOP ;:::: 'O/D . A.

I1l'>-tajyl1l-f OBO CfaJII-TO lILl yM}. }'IOf'yhIfO je JlaKO npUTIT'rH 35Huau,a y,rHrq))'3HOHHM onepal~H.iaMa It pa'3)'MCTlI KOHCTpYKqnjy anapaTJ Y KOjH:l'\-'ta ce OHC o)],urpanajy.

DOrOHCIGI CIVIa 3a )]'Hcl)Y3I-:Ijy jc pa3Jll1K3 KOHqeIlTPaJ~Hja. DOCTOjC .nBa HatJHJ-Ia

,LiHcpy3uje MOJTeKyncKa (CHopa) n KOHBeKTIIBH<:l (3HaTHO 6p)J{a). gHCpy:mja je HeflOBpaTan rrpou;ec. Maca npoToK3 ;:rrrcpY3HjoM je ~lCcl)HHHcaHa q)HKOBHM 3aKOHOM. JC.I-\:l-IHHIV-I KoectnrI(Hje1-IT3 )U-ICp:'v'3nje.ie m2ls. Ep3HHa KOHBCKTHBJIe ,Ilucpy31Ije .Ie oApe

i)eHa ne6JLHHOM .lIa1Hmapnor rpamf'-IHOr c.rIoja. Ha 6p3HHY JUIqJY3HoHe orrepannje }'W)Ke ce yTHfJ;JTH np0Jl,-Ie1l0M norOHCKe CHne (e l - ('2)' ILlH oTllOpa ('olD· A).

1. Koje !~H(I)y1Honc onepaqnje :JH<lTe? HanC;'l)ITC KOjC M(lTCpnje ~. "filM onc pal~HjilJl,-Ia !lIH]})'HJl.yjy. a Koje cy y J1I-Hi)y3njn HcaKTHBHC. 2. 3m.llTo cc TOKOM B!KMCIW 6p3fUHl ;:\IHi}Y3Hje 3aTBopcnor CHCTCMa CBC BU

rne OlaIbyjC? 3. 3mIlTO cc II TlpH npCHOlllCl-bY MaTcpnje KOHBCKlJ}ljm.f nojaBJbYic ;UlCh'3nja?

4. KaKo herc CM,lIhHTIl KOJnftlHH)' MaTcpnjc Koja cc npcJ-JocH Jl:uqry3HjmJ Cil 'mpCTor TCJIa IH! rac (aKo )!(C.:IlITC, peUHMo, cnpctlHTH 6p:30 cymelbc). Hauc;vnc CBC MoryhHocTH KOjc BaM CTOjc Ha paCnOJ1aran,y.

5. 3allITO je 3a TexHHKY Ba)KHa 6p3llHa ):nl~Y3l-lje? 3alllTo cc ca rronefiaJ-hcM 6p3HI-lC D;HCPY-

3Hje y jeiWOM HCTOM anapaT), nonchanCl IherOBa npOJWKTllBl-IOCT'?

KPMCTAJIM3AIJ,MJA M P ACTBAP AILE

2.1. PABHOTE)KA PACTBOPA 11 COJII1

KpnCTaJIH3ao;nja.ie onepa:u;nja KOjOM ce 113 paCTBopa H3.ll.najajy '-IHeTC KpnCTa

mte cyrrcT3HUC. UnJh KpHCTaJ1}nm~JJjc.ie H3,n:najarhc lIBJ)cTor paCTBopK3 H3 paCTBO~ pa liJlIf rrpc'u11IIh3BaJ-hC cyncT3TI1~e lLCHHM paCTBap,1H~eM, a 33THM HCKPHCT3JTHCaBatheM. Kal(a ce y paCTBOpy H(ln3311 mIllIe C)rnCTaIn~H, 'tfrJjc cy P(l3JIHKC y paCTBOpJhHBOCTH BCJTl{KC, MOf'yliHO .ie KpHC'raJUf'3at~HjOJ''''1 H3BPlJIHTH I-J pa3J\Bajau,c KOMIIOI-IClIaTa, rrpn 'IeMY YBeK npBo KpHCTaJIUnre TClI{C pacTBopna KOMfIOl-leI-ITa. OBO jc rrapI~Hjam-r3 KpHcTamnaI~nj(l.

JaCHO jc p,a onepmnrjH KPl-lCT3JIH33IJ,njc yneK npcTXO;rrn orrepal~n.'ia pacn~apC\~ f-ha. PacTB3palhe II KpnCramualJ;I1ja cy, UZlIIl\-le, nBC CJHf'lHC a. llCTOBpo.lCHO. H cynpOTHe OIIcp'H~Hje. Upyr31mjc pelleno. ga 6u ce HCf(a cyikrLUlI-lLW l,:punTirl.-?,U3111~I.IJOM u3gaojU:1G fA3 paci"ii6opa, Dpcillxogno .<t1Opa 6ufTiu pacili60pCH,a. OnIL,H CC )ICC.;1tf ]Jehu ga 3aKoHuc11ociTiu KpllcfTia.i1U3au;lljc If aaKOHHilioClltU pad{1(-;apa1!~a UJlUljy jcgu)" aajegwl'1KY OCHOOY - pamwiiieJfcy padTi(wpa U KpuciTw.lJa. AKO ce, H3J-1l"!C, y jellHOM cyny Hana3C 'tIBpCTH KPHCT,UTl1 HCKe cynCTaIInC a il3I-WTl IhHX paCTI~0p TC lfCTC CYlT

CTaHI.~C, Mory cc 3ana:nrrn Tpn: c..'1y'tIaja:

- He 3arra)Ka ce lin paCTBap<y;I~e lIB Kpncra:nf3alwja (pac'fEOp jc 3acnhcn):

- 3arra)Ka CC KpnCraJll13aJ.rHja, Tj. cmapaJ-hc I-WBIIX n paCT ITocTojchnx KpnCTa-Jla (paCTHOp jc npccrrhCH);

- 3ana)Ka ce paCTBapaH~e. Tj. Ch--faI-helhe neJTIPII1He rroCTojeftnX KpHCTaJT3 (paCTROP.iC lIe3aCnfteH).

To 3uw-m:: aKO ce 3Ha KOJiTIIGl je KOHII.Clrrpaqnja 3acnhenor pacTHopa, 3Eane ce n JJ:a.rrH neKH pacTBop MQ)Ke fJ,a rrpnr--uI jom KpncTana (;W HX pacTEapa) HJIH he cc H3 Ihera, yeneA npeeahc!l0cTH, ~B;rrnajaTn KpneT<lJlH, KonqeHTpal~Hjc- 3acHhcHor pacTBopa COJUI npHl(a3YJY cc JJ:H,JarpaMoM paCTBOpJhHBOCTH.

,llnjarpaM paCTBOpJLUllOCTIJ. 3acnheHII paC1'Bop HCKe cyncranIJ,C He paCTBapa Ty nCTY cyncTaHII,Y, UJTO 3H(l'tIH il.a je y 3acuhCJ-IO.M pac{[i60p), ilIC'll-fD- rj;aaa y pa6HOluCJffll ca '-tGPCiTiO~H cjJG30.M. 3acHhcn paC'rBop ce HajnaKIlle MO)J{C Jl06UTH aKo ce paCTBapaqy .I-l:OA(\ TOJIHKO pacTBopKa Aa je;u;aH l-berOB ;neo, II nOCHe il)-Tor BpC-MC

Ha (TeopnjcKH 6ecKpajno Ayro BpeMe). oCTane HcpaCTBopCH. M(1)YTHM, aKO ce 33-

cuheH paCTBOp 3arpeje, KOA BchtHIe COJIft ce oMoryhyje HOBO paCTBapaI-he. To ce IIOCTIDKe nOIUTO paCTBOpJbI:lBOCT Benl-IHC COJIH paCTe ca nopaCTOM TCMnepaType paCTnapa'tIa. n pH OBOMe ce paCTBOpJbl-IBOCT .n;ccpmHIIIIC Kao Maca paCTBopeHe comi (y rpaMUMa) l-Ia 100 rpa1\-fa 'tIHCTor paCTBapa'tIa, Ka;Qa je pacTBop 3aclinen. OTY)1..3 .ic

jC;Qlnrrrua paCTBOpJhIlBOCTI1 06WlI-IO g/lOO g. ilpl1 TOMC, OCliM aKO CC HapO'-UlTO He

HarmlCl1, /I.'laca COllH npC,!J.CTaBJba Maey ~IHeTe COJII:l, 6e:1 Kpl1CTaJIHC BO,!J.C.

I1ocTojn 3H,-lTall 6poj COJI11 Koje ce H3 paCJ'Bopa H3J\Bajajy 3ajeww ca MOJICKY

jIHMa paCrBapa"-w, yrpal)eHHM Y fbflxony KpIlCTam-ry pCIIICTKy. TaKO yrpaJ)cnvr MO.'1CKY·:t11 pacTHapa'-fa IIpCl-~CTaBJhajy KpnCraJIllY BO)]:Y, lIm-I, aKO je Y llUTafbY HeKH

ApYl'a paCrBap(PI, CO.1BaTHY TC1IHOCT. rIonlTO XlfJJ:paTI1CaH (I1JIli COJIlWTHcaH) Kpn

eraJl KpaCnLYllIlllC YBCK ca OHpet)CIHil\l, ilo:.maTlUvl ca.LW)KajeM BO;J;C HJIH HCKOl' Jl..PYror COJIBJT(l, MoryhHo jc Jl<1KO, na OCllon), npOCl'HX CTCXl10MCTpnjcKHx paY:YHa, 0;:(pei1:11T11 Macy llHCTor KPHCT<tJIa 11 06paTI-lO.

AKO co KpHcramUIlC OC3 pacrBapaLfa, T,-u.\a rqJHJ3a Koja npHK,13yjc npOMCIIY

paCfBOpJhHDOCTIl Y J(lBHCHOCTH op: TCMnepaTypc m.w KOflTmryamur OOJlHK, GC3 npCJ1Ol\1<J HJlH flar:mx CKOK013a, O!\HOCHO

npCKH,L1.a (elL 111). Ha LtllCIWCHY ocy Il(1-

[{C're cy TCl\HIClxnypc, a ua opwmaTl1Y oey pnCTBOp!LllBOCT, Tj. KOllu,cllTpau,ujc JLtCUi1<:HUX pacl'nopa.

·qlL\\ cc ]acllhclIl! pJCTBOp tvl(UIO ox:W)W Ilpe.;ra:m y OOJlaCr IrpecHhcll,a. Taj./,a pacTBap3't llHje Y CTiUb)' )~a ca.LIP)!(H TOJIH

KO paC'I"B0pcI.!oJ' paCl'BOpIGl, fla ce oBaj

I:lHllHlK H.3llBa]<.l Kao w:paCl'BOpeH<1 KP11-

CTami(] ~1aTepl:Jja. U,UbHM x.'!aljcfhCl' ... t OBO

H311Baj,-Ubt e.e HaC'raBJ1~a. To 31Ell.m (la ce

Cmu;£/ 1 j j

KOIllJ;cHTpau,HjJ. pacTBopK,i crannu Me!·b'\. uno jc Ilpl1K<J:1anO KPHBOI,l pacTl:lop~ .'hH130CTH. TIpH XJla!jclbY, !lOLl.lTU KOIll.l,ellTpaqvrja OHa.ua, npOML:HJ.. Cral-b<l :Wc.nhcHor paC'I'Bopa o:'~pCl)CH(j .ie upoMelloM Koja ce no6uja KaJ..l,a CG n,ue no f.::PliBOj 3ACCHa H'UleBO. flOIlJTO e.e. npn JarpcBJ.u. .. y paC'I'BOpJbHBOCT IloBcl'iaBu, npolvicHa CTaIba pac-mopa 03HLt'JCHCl JC npoJ\.fCHOlvl Kptme paCTBOpJbI1BOCTH CJleBa Ha AecHo.

Elmo Koja LTiacll{{1 )' i/U/b)' uciiug /(j.)l/oe ogzOl3ajJa IIC3llcuiIeHuM paCl1lUOpy.

TU'IKC U3fWg }{jmu(' Dugal)' .r apccuhef/)' oG • .zaull', ({ C(Uta KjJlwa ogzur;apa KOliLjel1-

(i{jJ({l~lIjll 3aclI!iC!iOZ jJacilwujw ria P(f3NU.:\I [Tio,rticpaLUypa.Mo. TiU<.O, Ha rrpHMep,

Ta'[Ka;1 ollr(mapa HC3(lCHllClJOM pacl'Bopy M<lTCpnjc Ha TomepaTYp.u up: 40"C, jep canp)!{U ca/>.10 28 g GC:WO;J,Ht' CO,~Hl !Ia 100 g pacrn<1pa'ta, ilOK 6u 3aCHfteH paC'mop H<l

40"C ca,u,pxcao 35 g 6c::mO;J.,llC CO~lII HLt 100 g pacTBapa'w. Ta'lKa R cna,u,a y npccHheHY OU"'laCT pacmopa. jcp OIl Gl!J,p)l":ll RUtUe pacl'Bopcm; l\JaTCpHj:.: (34 g) IB 15"C 11cro WTO 1'a Ill\W 3acHhcIl paCt'l30p (22 g).

:VIcI-Lajyhll TCMnepaTYPY paC't'Bopu, Tj. CIvlaJLyjyhu je KOg HC3acHhcfIor 11 noBehana.iyhH .Ie 1(0)]: npeeuhcuor, OlIn ce l\.[()ry HU\lHHJJTH 3al.:::HhclUiM. TaKo, Ha 11pH

Mep, aKo ce paC'l'lJOp, IIpHKU:3<.1H CTaH~eM A, XJ1aWl, KOHL\ClrrpaqHja pacTBopcnc co

"'IH tIche e.c MCl-baTH, 3601' <'1l'1'a he OHa npOMCHa 6wrn npllK(nana XOp1l30HTaJUIHM

mnOM u,pTHu,a JIeRO OiU A. KaiU<1 ce p;oi)e )~O Kp.l1Be KpI1C'raJll13aIJ;ujc paC'rBOpJbllBOCT

.ic 03IIa\reUa CTal·be!vl AI, K01!I~eIITpal.u[ja paC'fBopKa.ie OCTana H Hal1;:ube HcnpolvIcIN.:ma (2t; g/lOO g), amI je TCMnepaTypa !laJla na 28°C.

AKO 611 ce pacrBop 11 naJhe XJU1J..l,HO, nopciU TomcpaType MCf.hana Oll cc H KOHQCtlTpaD;l1ja 3<lcnhel·b<l, OWIKO IG1KO ce MelLa KpHBa, Kao IllTO jc CTpCmtI.l,OM Ha:ma

l.lCHO. TCMllepaTypH OH lO'-'C ogrOB<lpaJlO 011 CTaILC A2 KOMe o,arOlmpa KOHl.l,CHTpa-

u,Hja 0)1 20 g/lOO g. Pa3JUlKa IBMCi)y. rrpB0611.THe 11 OBe KOHl.l,CHTPaJ.l,Iljc (28 ~ 20 :::: :::: 8 g/.lOO g) nOKa3yjc p,a.ie 113 paCTRopa H3)]:BojeHo, Tj. HCKpliCTaJIHCaHO no 8 r conn Ha CBaKHX 100 rpaMa paCfBapaLIa. To 3HaLlli )l,a ce npM KpuC'ranllcaI-bY XJ1ai)clbcM

113)J,Baja OHOJlHKO KOJIWlliHa pacTBopKCl KOJlHKa jc pa3JlIlKa nOl..ICTHC KOIIqCH'rpa

UMje (28 g/lOO g)" KOHuelrrpau"je 3aculieH,a ua Kpajlboj TeMllcpaTypn (20 g/JOO g), Ha CJII1I~!:1 112 ,UaT je )J:l1jal'paM paCTBOpJbHBOCTlI HCKHX HeopraHcKlIx COJlI'!.

')/KOJIHKO HCKa co KpIICTaJIHIlIe ca pae.TBapa'-lCM, KpHBa paCTBOpJbliBOCTH. BeMa oBaj

lwcrvnaH 06m·IK Hero e.c na O)l,pei)em1M TCMIIcpaTypaMa narJlO JlOI>.111. To 3HJ'Hl ~a e.c 360r TeMIIcpaType CKOKOBI1TO Melha KOJU1'liUla pacrBapa"-w ea KOjUM M~lTCpnja KpUCTaJIHlllC, UlTO cc MO)Ke BH,ll,eTH 113 npHJIO)KCHOr )]:njarpaMa.

Y13 AHjarpal\.ta CC, TaKoi)e, BH~H l~a 6poj MOJICKYJIa Kp1:lCTaJIHe BOAC paC'rBapa

qa llarJIO OI1J)J,<l ca nopaCTOM TCMucpaType. Ha ;~lijarpaMY (el. 112) BC!IWUlHC Ha

JICROj op.um-taTJ.1 O,IlHoce CC Hi] nyHc H3BY\lCUC mUlI1jc, aHa ,IlCCHOj fJ<l Tal..fKacTO HJBY'[CllC J[H.HI1je. PaCTBOp.TLl1BOCT HCKHX eQJll1 OWl)J,a ca nOl)aCTCHvl TCMIlcp<.rrypc.

Haj'leudu! pauuuopJb[wuCLTi pacific w iiopacillo,At t£"(olllcpalllype. KpllCTamUaI.l,Hja ce BpllHl H3 upecl1hcHor pacl'Hopa. JIn 6n ce MOl'.~Ia rnBccru

w)Tpe6uo jt: HCI CC Jtl}{OBOJ!,1.:' TjJli yc;rona:

W I W o.

" ro

~ ~

" 15 :;:;:

15~~~1mffil IO~ ..... ~.t.~~~,~"-j --'--'-_..1 o lIOIIW2 •• aW.WHwHron •••

HMnEPATYPA "C

C11IKa Jl2

~ ~ I

'" ~ '£ o ~

212

- g3 je paCTEOp npeCnTIeH,

- .a;a 110CToje KPHCTaJIHC KJIllIl;e,

- ;a;a ce oMoryhH OABot)eH~e JUTH Jl,OBO~el-be TorrnOTe.

AKO je~aH ~~ OBa TpM yCJlo~a Hl1je HenYI-beR, KPHCTaJUI3aI~H:ja ce Hehe npuurrn:. nOlliTO gpYZll U I-upehu yCJ106 yUlU~{JJ rta OCJlU'1U1-t}' Kpudiia.rw, rrpCKO lhHX ce MQ)l(C

yTHIJ;3TH H Ba nCnW-IIIHY 3pJI3 KPIiCTaJ1HOr npOlBno,qa.

KplfCTaJlIIa Kmma. - HacTaje lfCTOBPCJo..'ICHH:rvf cnn~aH~eM Beher 6poia MOJ.ICKV.

]1(1 oilpei)cuor pacnopega y rrp~cropy ca OTlpcryCHI1M caAP)KajeM eHcpnIje. YKOJJH~O KpHCTa.JIHC KJIHIl,C TC)KC mICTaJY, YTOJIITKO he KpIICTaJTI13an;nja 6UTH CITOpHja. Ko}:\ rrpeCnftCUHX pacTBopa (cn. 111 T3'TK3 Bo) Kpl1CTanHe KJIHIJ;C nney onaroBpet.lcHo n3-CT3Jre, ':l60T lIefa onn HilCY GlUTH Y eTalhY )J,3 H3JTY"fC BHIIJaK paCrBOpCHC MaTepnjc y SUAY K}?HCT3.11'L AKO CC Y onaKCln pacrBop y(iar~H BenH 6poj CHTHHX KpHcTana lICTe

l\laTCPHJC. ):(O}1a'3H 6p30 1\0 KpnCTaJHJ3aqnje, uno ce Ha3lIBa (iC.'7,l{Oaafl)c J(pudl/a/tU~ ,Ma, DCJlTJ,OBaIhC ce '-TeCTO rrpnlvIClhyje y xnmjnwj HI-mYCTpnjn (mchcp).

npClKG1.ie HOK83~ura iFl KpnCT(l."'lH3aIJ,njy M(»KC IW y6p3a 11 rTpHCYCTBO CTpaHH);

l\1,nepH.JCl c.rnFmnx IqmCT<lnHHX MOJIHq:llHCaImja, D3 '-!aI( n npalIIHHil. Bp30 XJl(1)CH,c,

)'1\apH, 11 mrr:CH3HBHO l'vfCIlIalhC, TilK(1)C. yup:-laBajy 06pa30IWfhC KpHCraJIHHX K:rHl~a.

O-':IBTJle)lJIO JC pa H3 paCTBopa y lWl\1C HC1CTilHC BLTfHKH opoj KpHCTaJTlIHX K.TJuu:a l\-'jO

paJ1,3 ce J!o6uj.e l\'rHoro CUTnHX KpnCTa.l1a. Cnopo XJTai)clbe, MIT}) n 'IHCTH paCTBopn

J{aJY M<1JIH OPO) KpHcramurx K11HIJ,a. 360r 'rera CC If3 IhHX J~o6t1ia MaJID 6P01 BCJIIiKHX

KpnCTaml. D01G133:'10 ce ga l\f3TepHje M(l}hBX MO:IeKv.nCKHX TC)KHH(1' D:~1.iv 1 ... laH~e KpHCT<lne. BepO~aTIIO 360r HOBHIIIC-I-IC nOKpCTJhlmOCTH Koja onaKUIaRil' ;)Opa'10-naH,e BetiCI' 6p0.1Ll KpnCTammx KmH~a.

. TpehH yelOs, Kojn Tpcoa )l,3 6y;o:c HcnYJ-bCH na 6H cc Ol\WryhIIJIc, KpnCTJ.T1H-

3alWJ~, 3<lXTCna n3 CC TOI1JIOTa Koja ce 11pl1 KpHCramn<1uuju oC}Jo6aj)a (y peTl(HM c,ly'ra.lcBH~la BC3yje) Mopa O;O:BCCTH, Op:IIOClJO nOBecTH, nOK CC HaJIa3e y pacTBopy,

Monc,KY,1tI pacTBopK3 CCl!_IP)I(C :maTlIY KHllCTJT'TKY cncprnjy. nponopnnonam-IY l-bH

XOB0.1 1\-BCH n TCP\UF-IKOJ 6p3HlTH KPCT'll-bCl. YrpaijIfBalhCjYJ: OBJ1.X lvlOncKyml y KpH" CT,;lJTTlY PCIllC'l.'KY,.BCm-TK.U nCO.H~Hxonc KHHCTH'fKC cHcprnje ce ocn06ai)::-L ORa cncp-· nIJa ce, Y Kpa.11'bO.1 JIHHH.JH. nO.l(lBJhy1c Rao TOITJTOTil KpnCT<1JIH3aImjC. OHa JVimKe 611-

TH THZ!T!-Ia, 360r 'ICr(l c(' pac-mop Kojn KpHCTaJI11IllC TClllKO xJIaJJ:u'. jep, rrope,u OCCT·

He TOl1JlOTe KOjy CaHp)1{lI, nOTpe6110 je O;\BO)J,HTH IT JlaTCHTHV TOrIJIOTy. TOmJOTY ~~~=~~ . .

TOl1nOTcl KpHCTa}1H3<n~l1je jc,IJ:lI<:1Ra jc TOfLTTOTJI paCTBap31-ba. Cal\-fO jc cynpoTlior

:~HaKa, TIOlllTO CC; I1plI KPHCT;L'1H3aI~HjH CTnapa npccnhcn paCTEOp, 360r ~fer(J ce BHma.K paCTBopcnc cyncTaHl{C H3J~Baja y BllilY KpHCTCl.11a oCTajyhu 3acuhcH, nOTpe61W

~a .lE-' cra}Jl[O n: nocTyrlHo X.TJaJ1HTll. Y/{O/IWW cc pacill(lop HC 61( XAa,quo! 01-1 ()U ouTiaryfiu 3acui1cll, ilpcciTlao go uagaaja /';;j7udiw_1C UrTO JInjc ll)IJI, KpHCTa:llI3aI~HjC.

Y 3aBHcnOCTH o;a: Tora KilKBlI ce KpncTa.11n )KCJfe HOOWfH, CHTJIH H.'1It Kpym-m,

3aBHCl-I l~_KaKHo he XJlaiJelf-,C 61ITH. C.11300 lInH HHTeH3UBHO. Tpc6a HanoMcHYTJf !W

CC. KjJUCU{((,'lUcaHJc AW.1ICC uociuuitu YK}'(-UWal-bc.M K01-ll-{odllpucauux paci71(JOpa. Ha Ta) ce H3'llI:lH YJla~~aBa pacTBapa'-I, 360r 'llera paC'rBop nocTaje npecHneH H nOJH1311

no Kpl1CTaJTH3aIUfjC,

0Baj ml'lI1n KpHcTamICaI-L3 je cKyn, 360r nCJUIKC miTeHTHC Torr.TIOTe llcrrapaHafba; lICKpHC'HlJInCane com:! cy I-lC'llJ.JCTC, jep ce n Hencnap .. 'bHnC He'-rHCTo'hc, KaJJ;a nOCTHtHY npOH3BOI{ paCTBOpJbHBOCTH 360r KOHqeHTpl1c<:uha, rrO"lIHbY HC'ronpeMeno

213

H3}J;B3jaTIT. KprrcTam:JC31-he YKynaBaH)cM IImpoKo cc rrpHMen.yjc TaMO fll:e ce CRa paCTBopeHa cyncTauu;a )J(eJJH .n:0611Tll 113 paCTBopa, fAe je TOfIJIOTHa eHeprn,ia jecpTRHa (peqHMo, cYWICBa TOTIJIOTa), UJm: rne ce pa,QM ca BlIllleCTcneHnM YKYBa'nIM3.

2.2. KPI1CT AJII13ATOPI1

AnapaTII 3a KpnCTaJIIBaqujy Tpe6a na oMoryhe .n:06H.iaH~e KpMcTana )KeJheHC neJIH'-InHC, IlorOi~HO xJTai)eJ--bc II STaKO Bat;clhe H3.n:BOjCHl1X KpHCT3JIa. OCHM Tora. rro)KCJbH0 je.n:a KpHcTaJU13aTopn. anapanr Y Kojl:fMa cc KpHCTamnaIJ;nja o)JI1rpaIw, pa

gc HcnpeKM1~Ho. KOHTunyanHo. UITO je 3Wl'Iajno aKO cy Y ITHTalbY BC.nUKC KOJII1'-IHHC

KpnCTana.

Ka,a:1U-1 KpnCTam13:nopn. - OUB KpnCraJlH3aTOpn cy BC:IHKe \IC-TBOpOVraOI-lC

Kage (CJJ. 113), H<FIHfheHe OM iJ.pBcTa 11 00J10:IKCHe nocTojaHHM MCTaJIOM lL~B npcByqeUC neKHM gpyrl1M MCTilnOM (onOROM, a.l1YMHIIJ1jYMOJ'''r. 'leJmKOM Kojn HC P1)ZL

TJle'9Y. Kcpat>fITKOM IITJ(.) , IL'lH carpai)ene on OBHX Mwrcpnja.113. OmT KpHcTa.rnn(!

Topn cc x:ranc cnOIITano, CT])yjaIhCl\f OKOJIHor i3a3HYX(l. J1,a (in ce o.TlaJonaj10 Bal;CfhC

KPHCT<lJfll. y pacTrwp CC cT3nn~aj:y MCTanHC lllHITKC T1.1111 TCKCTHJlHH KOHom~n no 1W

jHMa cc xB~rrajy KpHcTa.mr, rpanchn KpnCraJJHC CBeHKe, KaJl:3 cc KpHCTClnH3<rl\Hja

3anpllllI KpnCraJfH!l CRCHK(l ce ca lUHITKOM JlJKO H3BJ1a l rH H3 KaAC. Maca KPHCT~L'l;l Koja cc H3fJ,Bojn,;ra ITO '3H,QoBHMa Ii I1OI\ORHlv18 Kane .'bymTH CC H JTOnaTaM8 H36m(vje ff3 Ibe. HpeOCTa.TIH .TTyr CC HCT8'Ie c}J(lCTJ-ftIHHM l~eBHMa l-Ia npHH1~nITy HaTere. Ka)lHH

KpHCTalfH3<-lTOpn, 360r cnopar XJTaryclbil H !'.mpOBal-bJ Tc-.:mOCTH. najy BeJ1HKC, nene KpHcTarrc. Bcm1KH Kpl1CTaml, cpaCJUT jenmr Y npyre. l\1Ory Y urymMII-l8Ma caJ.l:p)KaTH

3HaTue KOJ1WlHUC nyra. 1j. uelmCTOlle Koja CC HcnapanaH,CM TCUlKO YKJIilIh<l .

KpnCT3JIlI33TOpn ca npnuyIl,IHIM XJIaf)CJhCM. - AKO CC KPl1CT<lJIH33TOp mlTeH~

3JiBHO XJlanH, M(»KC ce O)J;J,}CCTH 3HaTJIa KO~lIf'TI-nJa TonnOTe y .iciunnn~H npeMCHa.

tm~e ce 3a Kpane npCMC 3acnli.en paCTBOI': )J,OBO;n:II no KpajlLc TCMnepclType. BYIwhH p,a.1e KOJU1l..IHHa UCKpncranncaHe MflTeym.le npOITOpnnOnilmra OfJ,Bc,o.:cnOJ KO.:IW1HHH

TOITnOTe, TaKBH KpnCT(lJlIJ3flTOPH hc H1vlaTlr 3HaTHO BchH KanannTCT on OIlnx Kojn ce XJWnC rrpHpO)1.HOM KOI-IBeKll,HjoM Ba3J\yxa. ORO UHTCH3HEHO X}Jai)CH~e nOCTlDKC ce BOnOM lInn: HCrrapanalhCM paCTHapa'-Ia. JJ:a 6n ce TOnJIOTa }JaK1lJC OPBO,TlHJTfl. paCTEOP ce 06WlHO nOKpciic MeIIIa,TIHIlOM, lLTJH ce caM CYl!; IToKpefie. npn OBOMe cc

l-IHTCH3HBl-IHje npCHOCH HC calvlO T011JfOT<-l Hero II I\--raca 3<lcuheHOr paC'rBopa 110 XJI8n.~ BIIX nOBpunma no KOJH\-m ce Bpmn KpVlCTaJ1H3(jI~Hja.

McrmlJU1ll,e JbYlilTe 113)l.BOjCHC Kpl1CraJlC ca xJ[a~UH:lX rrosplIlffHa, no Kojl1Ma ce HajmHlIc H3ABajajy, B noje'~l1He KpnCTaJ1C OAP:>Kanajy y cycncH3HjII, lliTO oMoryhyje IhllXOll npaBllmm pacT 11 J,aje,KpRCTaJIC jC,D,HaKC BC.nWIHHC.

Kai~lIn KpucTaJIU:JaTolllf XJIaI)CHli nO~()M .. - Gnu KPHCT<:lJU:l3aTOpn cy 06JI'IHO

l.\lLTIHHnplr·mor OOJfHKa. Y I-bliMCt ce nOCraBJbajy KOHU,CI-lTPWIHO Ii Y Blime peAOBa

3Ml1jacTc CmrpaJIC 3a XJlai)clLu, .uOK ce 'I CpC,!J;InfH u,l1J1HHApa Hana3H rrpOnCJICpCKC1

McmamllJ,a. UUJIlUllWH C'roje ycnpaBHo. Y notICTKY paAa XJIal)clhc je BPJIO Ao6po, ~Be ,I\OK ce uo Cl1npaJlaMa H~ HaxBa<rajy UaCJlare KpH~TaJI<l Koje CBC Bl1fc OTC)KaBU

.!y XJI<l:9CI-hC. Bai)CI-Le H3l-\BOJCHHX KPHCT<UI<l ca U,CBH .Ie TClllKO, lllTO 3IiaTI-lO Ct"'li1H,Y

je KOPHlUhC[-bC 11 KamuurrCT onaKBHX KpllCTaJIH3aTopa.

Cl3cllcon-Bo;IKCP KpliCTamnaTOpI:L ~ To cy (cn. 114)._ y C'fEapn, ~yra XOPI1-30HTamm Kopwra (\), co. cTpanc x.nai)eHct BO~OM (2). HY)K OBl'[X KpnCraJlH3aTOpa

upomnH BpaT1!.Jlu (3) no. KOjC jc upu({BpmlicHa CTIlipaJIa (4). aua jc UOCTaBJJ.,CHa

Gmny )'llyrpaUJJ-ht: nOllplllHHC Kopwra, ,Ll,a un llpa OOpTal-hY JbyWTllJta H3]wojeuG

KPH,CTD.JIC no YUYTP,-UlllhI1M nOBpllflH-Jal\ia, npH o6pTalbY, oHa: HCTOBPCMCHO, 110'1'11-

CKyy~ KpUCraJIHY Mac)' CU HO'H:TKa KpaCraJIH3<1TOpa lla Kpa,!)" o;a,aKJ1C 11X, npCKO

IlpC.'I.HHlIt' L~L'Bl-! '3<1 npa)l(!-LClbLC (5), I1'3Ciau,yjc. CaM KPHCT<lJIll:JaTOp ce cacroju H3 Be~ her 6poja 'JJl<lH3Ka MelyycooilO cIlojCHHX, )J,OK ce OMOT<t'Hl 3(1 XJla~eJ:be cnajaj)

flPCKO U,CI:lH.

BYJHIJ-fi.OK KIHlcnl.:m:.m1'Opu. Guu KpHcra.:I\'UaTOpH cy (ell. 115) CJ1ITl.IHil

llpCTX{)l~I-lJ1jl,W B HMo.jy uGJll1K .1-\yrux IlJ!UTKIIX KopHTa. KopuTa (1) cy yt.mpruhcHa na

KP)'>KHc ll1l1lIe (2) Koje WL~IL')Ky 11a oC5pT1-re naJLKC (3). KopllcTeilu OBY OCOOIU(\i.

KplIcra.:I1I3<1T01Hi l'>lOry AU ct: JbYJbajy, OCI~{1]lyjy OKO CBOjC lIOiJ,Y)f{_HC oct:, 3001' ~lera ce UUI!t:lG:t)~ U l:!x.nmah' KpI1CTaJIIL;Jl(IlOna KOJICBIG:L OHH CC XJla,o,e OKOJll-lHM B;13~ m'XOl\-1, liTO 3lIa'IlJ J~a je l-hllXOB Kanall,HTCT 31IaTHO },-taf:bH 0,0, KanalJ,l1TCTa rrpCTXOF(

mE KpnCraJUnaTOp<:i. J~a Gu ee oMoryt-iHJlO rrpOJW>Kf-IO KPCTaIbC KpHCraJlHe Mace, OBn KpHCTaJfH3JTOpH cy He:maTl{() nan-IYTI1 npeMa XOpH30HTaJllL no ~y)lrnHH cy

H~unM(:I-IWIUO llcnp'-TpahIlB~l.InL "_16or qera KpHCTa!w.a MaGl, KJIlnajyfil1 no JJ;HY, JIMa

CflllIW JJ4

nAPA

4'

CWt.:t1 115 C-1Li/{L/ j]6

BAKYM

2

... ~

215

nyr l~IlK-iJ,aK [lyr. Y CIC!\ 6J1<1ro1' ~LyJbatba It PCHJ.THBHO cnopor Kpennh<l, llMa !J.OBO

JbHO BpCMelIa ;~a KpltcTaml l-I<lpacry gO 31-1aTUHX BCJIWnma: PaC'rHOp c,e YBO,l\l1 C

jCJJ,Hor, a npeOCraJlH .:ryr 11 KPHCT<lJIH CC OgBO~'C C iwyror KPUJil KOpHTil. bp::mHOlv1 H

HHTCH3HTCTOM Jb3iJLaILJ, Mo)KC CC YTHu,a-nl lla nopaCT KpHcTrUIU K:lO II nil I-bHXOBY

yj C)1l-Ia"-.[CHOCT. . HaKYVM - KpnCTaJUi33TOpU. - Ko~~ OBUX KPHCTU!ltB<lTOpa KpHC1'<l:I113aI~HP CG

CTBapa 30~1 xnai)Cl-:LJ paCTBopa np11 l1CnapaBalhY paCfEopa, It 3601' HCTOBpCl\l~HOl YKYBcWaI-ba, Ti. KOI-llJ,eHTpllcalba, IlOUlTO :joor CM<lH,CI-Ior npl1THCKa, pac"fBapi:l'l Op30

HerrapaBJ.. BaKYYM-KpI1Cra:IH3a'ropH OBorJ. Tlura (cn. 116) cy ycnpaB1l0 lloC'raBJh(:llH

y lJ}l:lHHAP)-' (1) KOlllF-H-lOl ;:IHil (2). Bpeo, CKOPO ::;,lCiincH pacT!~op, 3601' CMaIhCHor

ilpl1THCKa, YCHcaHa ce y KPI1CT<1JlH3aTOp, UpH ~rel\ly ce lLcrOB MJla] (3) pacnpruan<.l Y KaIII1. '

CrBapaj)-rhu TaKO BemlKY IIOBPUllfllY nOCT11)KC ec 6~no HCllap<1B<tl-LC Koje H3~1-3Ima x.nai)elbc 11 KOHl(Cl-lTpHCatbC pacrBopa y3 )lGlBO MClllal:be, pa}~H lfera nacraj'0 BCJIHKH 6poj KpHC'rammx KJIUUo., llponcllcpln.ta (4 II 4') IqmCr<lJ]11 ce o,u,p)KaBaJY cvcncuwmamr y pacwopy, <1 TO oMoryhyje I-bHXOB po.mI?MCp<1H II llr:Y31IJl<1U paCT.

rlape paCTBapat.ra Ce HCHGll:Wjy jaKJfM, 05H(lHO napmiM eJCKTOPHM3 ()), a KpnCTZtJl'

no. KaIlla ee, npCKO oapOMCTapCKe U,CBH (6) it IWH'rpHcpyraSlue ll,pnKe (7), YK.ll<lIG<l

113 C11C'1'C1-1<1. Pag oBor KpHCTamnaTopa jc, K(10 H pa~ I!pCTXO~~Ha gIla, KOHTlHlYiLIall.

On ,uajc CUTne KpliCTa:le. Kana1J,HTCT My jc Bp.:l0 BCJH1KH.

2.3. PACIBAPAlbE

PaC'rBapal-bC jc npcBot>efbe t.lHPCTC mIH Tet.IHC cpa3e .y xOMoreny Te~IHy cpc13y nOMohy pacTl~apay:a. Kao UITO ee 113 HaBe)J.eHe necpHIIHIJ,I1]C BI1,Il,l:!, nOMohy paC'l'Ba-

p3l-Ja jc Moryhe paCTBoplITII IT 'mpC're H TCl-mc MaTcpnje. 0 paCTBOpJbITBOCTM jeAHc TC'IHOCTH y gpyroj rOBopli CC 06WIHO Y OHUM CJly'lIajcBMMa Kaga cy ORC OrpaHHl-JCHO paCTBOpJMiBC. Ka):(a cy TCl..IHOCTII lICOrpaHHl-ICHO paCTBOpJbHBC jc.n;n:a y ,n;pyroj, Kao, Ha npUMep, BO;:P II aJIKOXOJI, rOBopn CC o6rr-IHo,n;a ce nOTIIYHO Mcmajy.

C 063lipOM lIa paCTBOpJbI1BOCT, CJIWIHO jc H ca 'lIBpCTHM MaTepnjaMa. HeKC ce, Kao mehepH, BPJIO JIaKO pacTBapajy y BOAn y BCJUfKHM KOHIl,CHTpannjaMa, a ,n:pyrc, Rao pa3UH MeTamI, Bpno cc cJIa60 pacfBapajy na CC Mory CMaTpaTII HcpaCTBOpJbHBliM.

I1peMa TOMe, npmI3JIa3J1 ,n;a cy CBe cyncTauu;e Mal-be-RInne paCTBOpJbHBe y BO,n;H lIJTH Y 6HJIO KOjOj APyroj Te'lHOCTH. YKOJUIKO jc paCTBopJbHBOCT TOJII1KO MaJIa Aa ce, npu nOCTHfHYToj paBHOTOKH, KOHu,eHTpaU;I:Jja paCTBopeHC '-lBPCTC fiJTH '{'ClIHC MaTcprr.!c He MO)Ke ,n:OKa3aTn 06_WIHITM mla.!JI1TIT'IKHM nYTeM, CMaTpa ce JJ;a.ie TaKB3 MaTepH]a HcpaCTBOpJbIlB<1.

HCK3 '-lBpCTa lIJU-:I Te'-IHa M<"lTcpnja MO>KC ce paCTBopUT11 HD lwa JIal..IUlIa: y rrpBOM ce IV!OneK),JlH IIJII1 aTOMli npn paCTBap,UhY Hche MeH~aTH, (l v ApyroM he }Wfm AO xeMHjcKc nporvrcHc.. •

Y npHoM CJly'Llajy, 0 ~IC1\fy hc ce y OBOlvr 110fJIJBJbY rOBopWrIl, palJ:lI cc 0 qm:-Hr'-IKOt-'i pacfBapaH,Y. a ~wyrH npCJl.CTaBJh(l xeMHjcKo paCTl~apaIhc. Kao Ol~CHa paCTBOpJhHBOCTl1 HeRe cyncTaHI~e CJJY)KH IheII3 KOHI~CHTp(Ul,Hja J-Ja O,n:pei)CIWj TeM .. ncpaTypn KaJ{a je paCrBOp 3acnheI-l, Tj. Ka)J;3 ce na.rI(13lI y paBHOTC)J(U ca l-mpCTOM q;a30M.

TIPH CJ:nI3WIKOM paCTBapmhy paCTBapal.I pyum KpIIC'ramfY pcmCTKY MaTcpHjana Koja cc paCTBapa. TIOlTJTO je rroTpc6na rr.meCI-Ia eneprnja lXU 6n ce KprrCTaJIHa pCmCTK<1 p;:upYllnma, Tj. p;a on ce H3Bpnfno o,[(roBapajyhn paJJ rrpoTJm CYIJ1a Roje ,n;p)KC MOJrcKy.rrc. OIV-IOCHO (lTOMC Y KPlICTaJIHOj pewcTKH, pacTBaparbe je npahCHO 0AY::H1MaH-,eM TOJmOTC H3 u;enoKynl-Wr CliCTeMa, Ta TOITJIOTa, TOTIJIOTa paCTBap3J-ba jCl-l:HaKa je pam' Kojn je nOTpe6clH ,n;a fin ce KpnCTaJIH3 pernCTKa pa30pH.na, OTy.n;a je OBS TOfIJIOT<l jegHClIGl TOnJIOTn KpHCTaJlH3aU;l1je, caMO jc cynpoTHor 3HaKa. DOTIITG ce rrpn KpHCTaJII13a~HjH OCJIo6aba TOITJIOTe, rrpu paCTBapaJ-bY OBa CC UC3yje, 360r ~rera CC CHCTCM TOK01.1 paCTBapaH~a xJIaJ~n. OBO ce He ,n:emana YBCK. ffoHeKa;a je pacTBapaB,e npailcHo 3l-la'nmM oCJI06a-ryaJ-hCM TOIIJIOTHC eHcprnje, Tj. 3aTpenaH,eM onaKHor CHCTC1\fa. Ona HCllOCJTClJ:lIOCT ce MO)KC 06jacHIITH Ha npBH nOL'TC1J;, 'ml-heI-JIn~OJ'\'l iVI CC npl1JIIIKOM paCTBapal-ha MOJICKFU:J cyncTam~e Roja ce paCTBapa je,lJ,HHe C8 MO.TTeKYJIHJ\f:1 paCTIWpa>:Ia, gajyhu O)lTOBapajyfie KOMnnCKCC xHJ{p,-lTa 11n11 COJmaTa. AKO ce gecIT n;a je TOTI:rrOTa CTBapaT-ha OBHX HOBHX xeMHjcK1IX KOMTIJIeKCHIIX jegluhel-h<1 Bcha oJ~ TOTIJIOTe paC'rBapaH-.a, (,eo he ccpeKaT paCTB3paI-ba 6111'11

npahen oc.TTo6at;,aIhCM TOrr.TTOTe, Tj, 3arpCn3l-heM ClICTeMa.

Ko,o; IVIJTCpnjaJI3 Ko.iH cc npn paCTBap3I-hY HOPj\·faJIHO nOHamajy, Tj. Be3y'jy TOnJIOTY, paeTBOpJhHBOCT ce IToBchaBa ea TCMnepclTypoM H3 KOjOj ce pacTBapajy,

DpCMa TOMe, KonqCJl'rpau;nja 3acnl'icHor pacTBop3 he ce IIOBChaTI1 KO):l, COnY! KOjc Be3yjy TOUJIOTy, aKO cc paCTBOp 3arpcna; KOP; COHH Koje npH paCTBapaT-bY oCJlo6ai)ajy TOITJlOTY. HCTO he ce nocTHlm XJIaI)CID-CM paC'rBopa.

AKO cc >I<eJIlI rroBeilaTH 6p3HHa pacTBapalba, OnHOCHO Maca MaTepnjc Koja y jCJ(lnmqn BpCMcna npci)e y paCTBOp, naj60JbC je }J,3 ce MaTcpHja nCllTHI1 H HHTCn. 3UBHO Mema.

I13BO):(

ilpn KpHCTaJUI3al~J.:1jH ce 113 paCTBopa 113ABaja '-meTa cyncTaHI.l,a y 06JIHKY KpHCTaJIa. BpJIO qeCTO ce l-IBpCTa CMClIIa cynCTaI-rqn paCTBapa, a 3aTMM rrOIIOBO KpnCTaJfHille pagH npe'IIfiIlhaBaI-ba.

KpHCTaJUI3alU1ja je Moryha aKo.ie pacTBOp npc3acl1heH, aKO nOCToje KpnCTaJIHe KJ[HIl,C H aKO ce OABOAn HlIH p;OBo,n;n TOITJIOT3 0)]: paCTBopa. Y TOXY KpHCnlJlH33-Ul1jc 06M~IHO ):I,OJI33M):I,O CHH)KClha Te~mepaType. TIpoqec KpHCTaJII-I3aJ~Hje ce MO)Ke rrpaT11TIi npOMeH3MJ Ha ):I,njarpmvry paCTBopJhlIBOCTl1.

AnapaTlJ 33 KpIiCTam13au;njy CC .ueJIC Ha anapaTC ea TIpUpO)J;IHIM H anapaTC ea rrp:~IHYAHUM XJIageIheM.

Oe06lIHC KprrCTaJI<:l 3aBHce OA 6p31mc XnabCI-h<1 paCTBopa.

1. Kana cc BpmH (ppaKUHOHi1 KpHCTaJlH33lUlja H KOjH cy YClOBII 3D TO. noTpeOHll? 2. 3anITG KpHC'ra,lIl 1I<l l~eBHMa X!1a;~ILaKa GTe>K[lBajy XJJa-r:,eH,c" 3. KOjIl KpnCT3:IH3flTGpU J{njy KpnCTaJIC HajnpaBlUIHHjcr 06:JHK<l"

4. Koje cy cpa3c raA;) y D:HCKOl-fTIlHyaJIHOlll KpnCTtl.'l1l3<lTOpy? 5. lilTa CRe Y'lTP[e n;) 6P.3HJry H KB<1}1I1TCT KPUCT(J,T[1l33L(Hje?

KPHCTAJIH3AIUI.lA

3aJl,aTaK 1. flociu(lGw7111 U C/{ClICpu.Me1-uIia.ilfW i1poG(~puiTiu AWI71epuja/lllU U IT{(}(Lwfilf.flI 611.'WHC li'puclilaJlUaaiTiopa ea X/taVel-bCA-I.

AHa/lU3G .. w()aiUKa. TIpu KpnCTamnau;njH ce OJ{ pacmopa HCKe ITO'-IeTHe KOHu;eIITpar~Hje (Xl) 1~o6Hja 'llBPCT3 (pa3a II 3acnilenn paC'I'BOp, 'mja je .KOB· I~CHTpauHja (Xl) MaH,a OA n01:.JCTne, TIpcMa TOMe. Maca pacnwpcnc MaTepTf.l~' lIt! nO'ICTKY (m) je;o:naKa.ie. MaCH Koja rrpeocTaje y paCfEOPY (1112) H MaClY H3J~BOJCHC tmpeTC rpa3e, Tj. KpnCTcUla (m,)

fill ::::: m2 + nIl,'

11CTO CC MO>Ke HarrnCanJ H Y lJ;p)-rra'-mjeM 06JUIKY, 3KO ce 3F-:f3 p;a je Maca paCTBopa (m):

111 :;::;:nto 'x,

rAe je rno Maca paCTBapa>:Ta, a X KOJ-IUcnTpaunja pacrBopa. To 3Ha'IH ga je:

n10 . Xl :::; mo . X2 + 111k'

OBa je;aHal-Hma npe;aCTaBn,a MaTcpnjaJIIfH 6UJIaHC . .uo TOITnOTHOr 6l:TJIanc£t CC ;U0J1a3H CJre;o,:chliM pa3M£tTpaJ-beM. ;aa fill nOUlJIO ,[(0

KpUCram13ar\IIje, nOTpc6HO jc ga:

218 LI_~_

3ACMhEH n04ETHM PACTBOP

mO+m1

1-- 2 VlCTQBPEMEHO xnA"5ElbE 11 KPMCTAIIMCAtbE

PEAflAH npOL/EC

Q1-2 QIl+Qkr

mo +ml

pacrnop 6YJ1,C npecuhcn (xlwbCI-hCl\.l),

~ Hocroje KpltCTamH: Klll1U,~, cc paC'rBopy O,u,)30p.:1I TOJlJI0Tkl KPHC1,(I..'UUklUH,IC.

-----------------~~----

2

3ACW!EHA flY>KJ1HA

mo+m2

m,

, "

I"IoKVllJahcl\w .aa one QJU3C oCTBapHMo llocTcneHo, 3UMH.lll':bCHHlvl npOlJ,CCOM

(1-B-20 eJI. li6a)_ J.la 611 pacrBop nOCl'au npecnhell nOTpc6HO .Ie CHH3I1Tll TClv1I1epaTYPY 3acnbe

Hor pac-mopa OB .ie lIOCTao IIpecuhcll, UlTO 3W.PHi J~a TpeGa C:flBOP;I1TH TomIO~y H3

KpncramnaTupa. Tpe6a npBo o,UueCl"H TOflJlOTC (Q/i) KOJIHKO JC nOTpe6Ho lW OIl cc

CUT<.ulUuja nOllCTHC Mace (HI) CMaH~HJla U<l cl-ITuJJImjy tvtaCC pacTBopa II KpnCTaJla (Hz). Ta KO:llPUHlil TOI1JIOT(: cc M())KC op,pe;UHTll tB TOfUlOTllor- 6IL'I<:1nCa (C1, 11(6).

H 1 --Qj,=H2 o

KOjUM ce TBprJ,H rJ,J ell.T;:ulllBjy nO~lCTllOf pacTBopa Tpe6a y!\-1aIbllTH A()Bol)Cl-LCM TO·,

nJIOTC (QIi), [[PH tICM), he ,'l.Ohll AO CIHDI(CH,a TC!v1lICpaTYpc: 11 upecuIleuocrH paCTJ30pa.

x ,....---------I

x =35g/100g B \

x =x 213 2 J! L_--:-:~---;;;;n,c---

360C 50°C

CWKa lJ66

Aa OIl IIO"-ICJI3 KpHcTa,mnau,uja, TJ. npcJIaCl Kpl1CraJIa II3 Te'tLHe cpa3c rrpecuheHor pacTlwpa y Kpl1CTaJIHY ~IBpc-ry q)a3Y, Tpeoa Ao;a:aTl1 KpHCTaJIHC KJUlqe. 3aTl1M

he nOl.[enr KpHCTaJlH3aIJ,llja Ii oCJlo6al)aJbc TOIUlOTC KpllCTaJUI3aI1,l1je (Qkr), Kojy

Tpe6a O,D;BO.r:J;lfTll iJ:a ce paC'fBOp He on 3arpejao II rrpecrao Aa 0Yil.C 3acnhcI-l. Y TOKY OABobefha OBe TOIIJIOTC (QkJ AOJta3I1 AO nOCTcneHC Kpl1CTam13aIJ,Rje npn '"ICMY ce nocTerreHo, 6C3 npoMcHc TCMuepaTYpc, Oil. 3acllhcHor pacTBopa (cTalbe B) AooHjajy JIY>KIlHa 11 Kpl1CTaJlH (cTiube 2).

JJ:o CTalha 2 cc 3Ha'-ll1l~OJla3H npcKo cTBapaJ-b3 rrpeCl1hCHOr pacmopa crau,a B, TCMITCpaTYpc '2, Tj. npeKO 3{UWUUbCIWZ- DipOly:ca 1 - E. a 3ilTlfM "B3ljCI-LCl'vl KpnCT!:l

mt" 113 npecuheHor pacrBopa II O;I,Bol)eH,eM TOnJIOTe KpnCTaJlH3au,l1je (npm~cc A ~ 2). To 3H,llIH Aa je TOWlOT(.l KOjy 'fpeoa O,[lBCCTH pa).U1 XJl.abelba AO TeMnep~lType

tf} ;;;:; f2 y rrpou,ecy J _. Ii:

a nOlllTo.ie H:::;:o m . c . t 11 m ;;;:; l"!1() + Inl' OHJV.l je:

Qf;::::; (mo """ Inl)' c" (rl - f]).

Ton.!l(J'ra Kob· TpeOa O).\BCCTl1 ':IGor OC'IOC)a9<:lJ-La TonnOTt;; KpHcTa:HBaJJ,H]C (llP01\CC B 2) lC:

f!W jc PI( JlaTCHTUi.I TOI1JlOTa KpHcT(unnaJ~H.ie, y BC3H ca npeJta30M MaTcplljaJla H3 Te~lHC y '-lBpCTy Q)U3y. flpeM<l TOMe, )'KyrulO Tpc6a OABCCTI1:

QI-2 = Q!J + Q/..!":::::: (mo -+ !Ill)' c· Ct, t2 ) + tni;,' ri;,.

Y npaKCl1 cc op, r!O~lenror (1) flO Kpaj~her CTaH.,a (2) CTlDKe Jl.HPCKTHO, a He npCKO npCTtlOCTaB.JhCmiX CTalb<l (A). OgcwbeJbOI iiioil:UHue, ;u/(;llhefloAI paCLll(:w[JY cc [lCLltOGpe.MCHO CAtaF-byjC elliila"7illlja (cIUDKana Tcr..-mcpaTypa 11 og(wgu uw(LwiTia KpUClli(l.'lU3(ll~uie). To 3HU'IH ,an ce npH onepau,l:Ijn Kpl:ICT<.UHna.L~Hjc ncb. y Cral-bY 1 numl::lC KJUIU,C H )J,a, '{WI i{()'lHe og6ofjL'fbe {[{ol7..,wiue, paci11f30p i1WfUI'bC i1odi1ei1eJ.w LI ciZi({.HIO ga ce XJwgu 11 Kpl.IUThuU/,l/c, CBe :~o Kpaja KpnCT<lmBau,ujc (craILe 2). a CTaILa ce nOCTcneHO Mel-hajy no Kplmoj 3acl1he}ba.

3af~aTaK 2. 1hpo'Ij'I-wifiu fipo .. I1CHY iZic.Hfiepaw.ype U IWJIU'lllHY {[{ort,unTi.e !{oj}' fupc6a ogGeaTtu JLlU.i!lCHrU-t K2Cr?O·, gaiTle iucJ-tfiepllITtypc go 6u UCI{pl.u;L{ia . .'I/..{(,{L-W

1/3 paciDuopl..:a,

J]otllpeoJw .Meperba u apopa<lYH. 3a wny TCMllcpaTYPY (cratbe 1, eJr. 1.16a H

1.166) IvlO)KC cc CJLll1nlTI1 KOHI.'CHTp<u~l1ja 3acHheHor paC'fBopa XI' DOllJTO Tpc6a Jli1 l1CKp!lfCra.nHlllc 1/3 paCrBOpKa, "3Ha'-lH l~a 11a CBaKllX 100 r HO)1,e Tpe6a iW OCTanc y pacTBopy 2/3 0)1, nor-ICTHe ",-race paCTBopKa, Tj. x2 = Xl' 2/3, 113 ,lJ;I1jarpat.-1Cl paCTBOpJbl1BOCTU ce ca~a MO>KC O(LHTaTH TCMuepaTypa 3tlculicHOr paC"rBopa '-Iuja je

KOHlJ,eHTpaljJl.1a X2'

J13paga aagafuKa u peaY.!liIlaitlu. )la 6u 3aganlK GilO onpebeH, TIOTpc6HO je 3HaTM Macy pacTBopa (mu), IlolleTHY TCMnepaTYPY (Tt). 3agaUi{//( je pa'-tYHCI(c upupage II npopa-':'lyH ce MO)l(e ypagIITH Q)OpMl1pafbCM cJIcp:ehe TaGCJIC, If YCBajalbcM

IIOlleTHe TCMTIepaType (lJ ::::; 50°C) 11 Macc paCTBapaqa (1110;;;:; 10 kg). Dpota nOnaU:II~

Ma 113 IJ:MjarpaMa paCTBOpJhHBOCTH p;o6Hja ce cJlc,n:cha Ta6cJla rrO,rJ.aTaKa 3a KpnCTaJUI3aD;njy KaJIl1jYM 6nXpOMaTa.

J13paga 3agawKa. KOPliUlficlbCM npCTXOil11C Ta6cJIe Mory ce H3pa"l.Jynanl Tpa)KCHC BemPIHHC.

TIpoMcna TCMnepaTypa H3Hocn:

i l 12 ;;::: 50°C 36°C;;::: 14 K.

KOJTWIIIHa TOfIJIOTC lWjy Tpc6a OJl.BCCTIi jc;

QJ_2::::::(nJO+n7j)·c·(tj (2)+ nJk· rk,

rum

Ql"".2 ;;::: QIJ + Qkr'

Y OBOj jcnml'IHHII cy jOlll HCII03HaTC nOl.lCTHa KO.rTH'IHHa (m l) H H3J(BojcHa KOmr'-IlHIa KpnCT3Jla (m,J nOlICTna Maca KpHCTaJTJ H paCTBopa jc (m(l ;;::: 10 kg):

m, ~ mo' x, = 10 kg· 0.35 kglkg H20 = 3.5 kg

HCKpnCT3J1HCaH3 Maca KpnCTaJ1<l jc:

mk = 10 kg . 0,35 kgikg H20 - 10 kg . 0,234 kglkg H20 = J ,17 kg.

YKymta KO.TIH'nma O.n:BOi)CHC TOnJ1()Te je:

Q, .. : (i0 kg + 3,5 kg)· 3,2 kJ/kg· K (50 - 36) + 1.17 kg· 244 kJ/kg,

TO JCCT:

QI--2::;: 604,R kJ + 285,4 kl:o:: W)O,3 kJ,

OJIJIOCHO 321 XJlal)Clbe CC yTpOlITH

Q/i ::::. 604,S kJ,

a ua o,n:Bcybelbe 'I'OTIJlOTe Kpncra.rm3aJ~l1je

Qk, = 285,5 k.l.

3afl,aTaK 3. EI(Ci7.CpU.AtCHiIi.O.llHO ogpegufIiu IW.,W'fUH}' iliOn.HOtTie uapa'1y"aiilY Y ilpemxogHO"~t aagawKy. X.flatJobe ce 6jJUlU (WgrHf.

AHaJtuaa 3agaiulw. AKO ce x.TIageH~C 33cnhcnor pacTBopa npnm BOf(OM (efl. 116n) t.nrjn jc MaceHH npoToK rn/I, YJla3Ha TeMnepaTypa til' a fi3J1a3Ha f l , Ta:n;a je KO

JIlFlHlIa TOlIJlOTe KOjy rrpllMH BO)1a (Q,.):

C.flWW I J 66

QI' ;;::: (mIT.) . c· . (ti - til) " 1:,

rJiC je T npC.Me Tpa.iaH~a KpHCTa}H13aqnjc.

t,

DOIHTO paCTBOp O)1aje TOITJTOTY H pacxnaAnoj BOnH H OKOJUIHll, TOTIJIOTa Koja ce O;UBOJUI OJ!: pacrBopa (QJ-2) .ieJI)·raKa je 36npy TOIL10Te ROjy npnMH BO,[W (QI) II TOnJJOTC Koja 0AC y OKO.rrmry·y BHAY ry6HT3ICl Qg. To 3Hal.IlI WI je:

TO jCCT: QI-2::: Qj. + Qg,

QI-.2;;::: (mIT) . (" . (t, tiJ' 1" + Qfi'

fhpaga 3ag(liIl1w. Tpe6a CKUD;1111£ITH 3napaTypy. flplmpCM1111-I 3anaTH 3acHhclIH paCTBOp Y KpHCTa.HJnaTOpy H HCTonpCMcno nYCTHTH Bony Aa rrpOTWIC. 3a6cJ1c:>Kl1Tl1 npOTOK BOAC, pcnICTposaH n3 pcrr3MCTpy.

Peay.rJil1ai1.1u. McpelhCM cy )lo6njene cnCllehe npe,UHOC'I'H: . yna3H3 TClvmepaTypa paCX.TIa;r:me BOJ~e tli :0:: 15°C,

- n3na3Ha TeMucpaTypa paCXJlaJlHC BO,Il,e f; ::;::.' 25°C, - BPCMC TpajaJh3 KpHCT3JIH33I..:(Hje T ::::. 32 min, - 3311PCMl1HCKH npoToK paCXJ13gHc Boge (l'/T) ;;::: 0,6 dm"/min. (MacnrH rrpoToK je (miT) ~ P . (VIT). ITa je:

(m/t),,! ;;::: 1 000 kg/m J . 6 . 10.4 m1/min ::::. 0,6 kg/min.

Caila cc 1\W:>Ke H3pa~IyHaT(l KO.1]lFmna TOITJIOTC ROjy je npHMH':Ia Bopa:

Qj. ~~ 0,6 kg/min· 4,18 kJ/kg . K . (25 - 15)OC . 32 min

Q" ~ 802,5 kJ.

fIOIIlTO.iC Y IIpeTXOnHOr-.·r 3a,n:aTKY onpet)eHa KOJIWUma (Qj ::), TO je:

890,3 = 802,5 + Q,.

_____ L.

BJIA)KElhE H CymElhE BA3)1,YXA

IbU.lKllOCT Ba3.o;~'xa. ~ BJIa)KHOCT B<l3Ayxa 3aBliCH op; KOJIH'-IHHe BO):{eHC nape KOjy calW)KH jeJ-J,aH KHJIOrpaM cyuor B<l1Ayxa. lJajGcha f{.OJ1UClwta nape }{()jy JHOJK~ go. cagpJI(U ogpcbaw .Maco 6{UgYX{I l-U/. ogpcbeHoj Ciie;,·tiiepa{tiypu Galic OWl !wja ]e }' pa6!wtTi.e.Hcu C{I 'Wi]OI-W.H t7.ape ({OfF!. )l KOJlI-JKO je canp>Kaj BO;-leHC nape y fH\3JWxy M;:U:bH, BHWC he BOJW HcrrapaBant y B<t"3)J,YX. To 3H(l'-lH )W .ic B;.u~yX 6HO HC3acnileH

BO,uCH01'.j UapO!\L Ba3H)"x KOjU Cai~p:tl(u BHUle BOiJ,CHC napc Hero HlTO O)~rOBapa

I-ranOH)' llape BO,ll.t: Ha fJ,<rroj TCMIlcp~rrypfI jc npe3<10lhcIL l:hlwaK BOP;CHC flape CC, y T01'.l CJly'rajy, 3'131(0 H3JJ,Baja Y Bl!,LiY qnlHux KanIbHu,J, Koje (l1~He MaO!y. .

Tpe6a IlO)J,Byhu 1\<1 ce 1HUi-I.YX :-'l(»J(C :'HU ... 1C1H!TH OtL'IO KOJIlM raeOM na p,a :y H~TOJ 3anpCl\tl1HH 6y)J,c Hera KOJUI'HUla nape. C!IWlHO TOlvIC, BO,UCHa napa MQ}K(: nOCl'OpTH y Ilcroj 3aIlpel\H1IU1 11 nOTllYUO CaMOCTamlO. )./ Llci(ioj .Jail[J£',,HW/.ll, l-tlHlAfC, 6uflc ucfila KO.1U"IWW (wgcllc £1ape 61L-W ga ZU OWl C{LlW l{ciiYIb{/()(/ (nourro JC HcnapH.'la y HaKyyMY), 6uJl() ga u.c{i.apua(l y uelm zac lULl cAlewy ZUCO(W. H~jB~ha KonWlHHa nape. KO,iy Mo)KC Ha C<:IJJ..P)KH jeiJ,IUH1u,a 3anpCt-.-'lHHC, oHPct)eWl .Je ,le!J,HHO HanOHOM nape.

OHHOCIIO TCMIlepaTypOM. . . JlnjarpUl\1 BJIU)lOIOCT!1 JJa3~~yxu. -- Ha CJIHI.~H 1.17 nynoM ,'1IHHlJOM JC npmW3:1IIa

npoMeua BJIa)KHOCT!1 uzuf-lyxa, ::lacHhclIOr BO,uCIIOM napoM, Y 3UBl1CHOCTH on TCMnep~rrype. Ha ancIJ;nclIY oq" I-HtHCTC cy TCMIIcp,-rrype Ba3!J,yxa, a H OPAH!-JaTY tberon<1 BJla)l(1l0CT. O'[HrJlt,lJ,1I0 jc ga 3<-lcnhcll Ba3AYX liMa YTOJIHKO BHIJle BOnCHC nape, )-,'Komu::o jc BlIUJ[i TCMucp;xrypa O,lclllC Ba3,uyxa H BOJJ,eHe napc.

. e']")11 (; Ba3Ilyxa, O"IJChCllO CBaKoj Ta~ll(H y OBOi\-l AllprpaMy O!J,fonapa HCKO . ( -3 , " M 1)

TCMTll:P<lTY!10M 11 BJl(1)Kllowliy. Tc{t(I{C J{ujc CC NlL'W.3C 1131Wg f{J)U(je og'?:r}(WPO]Y

CiTialb)' iJpecuhcllo'X (j(13gyxa; iTw'o{c Ita {M)j of]?(I(!II/){{jv Ga3q\'.\'\· .]{{CUhCIWJI (JOqcl/l),li

[{({PO.H, II uctioq H'(' f[C'JacrdiolOAI Gaagyx)'. TaKo cy Y }'IHj::.n-paMY O:3HCl'ICUC. TpIi Ta~lI(e

(A I, 1'12 11 A,) KOjC cc lI~lJW.3e jC)J,Ha IUIIan

Jwyrc. One 0311(1<lcwajy Tp1-l CTal-ha B(:U!_~yxa !-leTt: Tt'-i'.-UlepaType (II), CI11\1.0 pa3!lII'-H!-

1'1:1X BJ1,l)KI-IOCTH (I-/ j , H?, H fl.;,).

Cralbe npc,CI-lhcf-lor B<13Ayxa.ic HerrocrojaHo 11, npeM<l TOMe, npJIO peTKO.

MHoro '-lcUlha cy CTalha He3<:lCuhcuor Bi.l-

3AVX;] Koja oAroBapajy, I-Ia npHMcp, Ta~lKH Ai: BH,L\I1 ce, Mei)yTHM, p,a IIa HCr-Oj TeMncpaTypl1 (lj) 1 kg na3,l],YX<I, Kanaje 3aCH

hell, Cap,p)KH H2 KHJlOrpaMa nOJlCHe nape.

I,

223

Dpct.m TOMC, na3AYX BJIa>KHOCTH HI II TCMncpaType (j ,n,:a Gn IIOCTao 3acI1heH, MO>l<):

Aa npilMu jou.! Hz - III kg BOJl,eHc nape Ha 1 kg cYBor Ba3.n;yxa. 360r TOfa ce OBaKaB B(3).Wx If HU3HBa HC3<lCnhcHI1M. OAaBAc cc H3BO;QH rrojaM pcnan1Bnc Bna)KHOCTJI: pe,.iWilllWHa 6fWJlCl-lOCLTi (HN) IIpegcfuCl(UbCl OgfiOC (UWJIf}-lOciTiu 6aagyxa Ha ogpeoeHoj iIieA-iiiepaiuypu (H) U Of/{/)lCfWciTlt.l aacuheHoz' a{/agyxa (Hz) Ha uciiloj lTle.M.ilepauiypu. npCMa TOMe:

ITOllITO je y HOpMaJlJ:U1t.-r CJIy'-rajcBHMa H < He;' Mopa 6II'fll HR < 1. AKO je Bpe,n:Ron OBora O)~HOCa 1, B,BLiYX je 1aClli1cH, a aKO je Beha OA jCAHHHIJ,e Ba3AYx je npeeHlien. PcsJaTluma B."1a;'KHOCT um-fIlO)KeUJ ea 100 Aajc upo:u,cinya;my BJIa>KlIOCT (H%):

fI 1-1% ~ fill ·100 "c - ·100%. fI,

npOJ.~eH'lya_:lHa H.fla;.KHOCT OJ-~ 10%, 03IW.~laBa Aa g,13HYX OJWC_l)CHC TeMnepaType 1'.W)Ke ;rw upm\flj jom ~\CBCT 11)"1'<1 Beily K()jll1'lrIHY Bnare, HerO ULTO .ie caL~p;'KIL ,UC1 GIl nOCTao '3t1CHficll. nOK Ba3~yx Cil lW~';, B!l(l)KllOCTH MO)Kc,ua (YUill Tj.;W O~rJ;y:~HMa B]Ia)KlloC"r TCSlY C Kojm"l nOI)C y ,uOi_(HP, B<l3.u,yX ca lOO%-HoM BJIa)KlIOlUhy He MO

)Ke. 360r Tora je ':Ii! TCXHHKY BCOM<1 :marrajHo KOJll1Ka je pemlTHBH<1 BJIa)l(HOCr BJ3-

nyxa, Kojn C3'1),)I(11 3a CYlllCI-bC, rIa ce y ,unjarpaMY yu;pTaBajy 11 KpliBC ca peJWTHBl-IHM

BJIa)KHOCTI-LM_(t Ba3p,vxa (Cl. 11 8). TIocraBJhH CC'IlHTC11-bC KOjcM ClJH3WIKOM 30UB(tlhY onroBapa npoMcHa CTalba

B~nl-~yxa no BCPTI-1K<lJIH H I1l11Y Aj-A-rA3' rIollrfo jc Y cua Tpl1 CJIY'-Iaja TCMIlCfxlTypa

I

r--I-+ 1- " ; , : i ; .! ... __

!-:

~i=ft~ . ~ • • • • • 70

~-' -

I . -I

80 90

CJ1u/-,;a ] 10

100 110 120

TEM0EPATYPA

0.15

, 0_11.

i QI3

is 0.11 S2

ffi

I 0.10 I_ I g

o_os G , ..

(l,IlS >L-

a 0.07 r:;:

~'" ~ . c w

0.0'5 ,:::; c

Il.!}.!. &l b

DOl ;::, ~

0.02 ~

0_01 ~

. 0

130 ·C

§

5

AR

!, \,

Ci/UfW i]l) Cil/iI{(1 f2u

HCTa, a B11a)KHOCT paCTC, O(la (fpO.A-IeHa 6u og'io(wpaJw u3nz"41ep"l1cKoJH BoW.YCah)'

8aag,\'Xtl.

Oil.pC~l'maH.e mm»mOCTII m13.ll:YX3. ~. 3arpcB31hC B(3)lyxa. aKO My CC. TOM HpH·· nHKOM, He Melba BJ1<Dl{HOCT, MO:>KC ce npegcT3BHTH mCMOM (cn. 119). HeK8 .ie no'-lCTHO CTaI-bC Ba3)WXa onpc1jcno Ta-':IKOl\{ A).1j, Tcr..mcpaTypoM t1 H BJ1a)10-JOillhy H1·

AKO ce Ba3;QYx 3arpena HJIH x.n3AH, rrpOMCI-Ia CTaH:.a ogllrpahe ce no XOpH30HT~UIH Koja npo.lla3H Kp03 Tat[Ky A1, jep ce rrpn TOMe BJIa)l{HOCT H1 He Melba. AKO ce Ba3-AYX jom BIllne xna,n;n xopn30HTa.na he rrpecetm KpI-my 1 OO%-He BJIa)l{HOCTH y Ta'lIKI-I AR. To 3Ha'-lM Aa he upn XJI3'bCH:>Y I-Ia TCMnepaTypn tR Ba3)J:Yx BJ1(DKHOCTH H\ rrOCT(\

Til 3acnhcH. AKO 611 ce ,n;aJ1:>e XJIagno, SlimaK BJra1'C 6n ce H3gBajao no OKOJ1HHM

rrpC]J;:tvlcTHMa Y Bl1ny poce, 3601' ~JCra ce OBa TCMnepaTypa T-W lWjO} 6a.Jgyx iJ,ociIlajc aGCui1cN NG:Juoa iIicMilepaiIiypo.M pocc. I1ol\why H,e ce MO)Ke o;rr,pe~HBaTH BJIa/KHOCT

B(3)lyxa. Y IlIHpy IT Kpally cpe6pHY errpYBeTY (1) (cmIKa 120) HcL'1Hje ce eT(lp H Y I-hera YpOl-IH TcpMoMeTap (5). Kp03 IWE (3) yn:yn3n<l ce na3)Wx. ET3P nc 6p30 Hcnapa· BaTH, xna)J.ehH cpe6puy errpyneTy a TUMe I1 n33,nyx KOjI1 he ce OKO thC nam13HTll.

ORor TpeH)'TK<l IU)~a TCMneprlTypa enpyncTc ITOCTane HeillTO nH)1{a on TClvUlcpa

Type poce OKOJmOr na3Ayxa, crrpYBeTa he ce OpOCHTTL lliTO ce JIaKO n03Haje no 3a

MyhcH~Y cjajHe cpe6pHe fIoBpnn-n-le. TC},ITICpwfypa ce 'nITa Ha TepMoMCTF'r HaI-IO

meH,CM OBC TeMDepaType y )~Hjarp3M BJIa)!<ROCTH fp" ;O;Tr~aI-heM BepTHKanc on lhe ;0:0

rrpeccKa CLl KPHBOM 100{}o-THe BJIa)KHOCTH II nORJIa'leI-hCM XOpU30HTaJIe 113 aBe

T3'-TKe AO npcceK3 ca OpJl.1-UIaTOM ua KOjOj cy lIaHCTe BJICDKHOCTU, on;pdJyje ce KOJIH

Ka je mra)IGIQCT Ba3,u;yx3, BJW),KHOCT na3)WXa ce MO)KC MepH'fn 11 Ha Apyrl1 Ha'lIllH, 3 lI3 oCRony cJIe.n:eher

pa3M8Tpal-ba. AKO ce Tonao Ba31~YX ;QOBC;o,C y Ho.n:np ca M3J10M KOJLWIllHOM noge, jegan ,neo }berOBe TOIIJIOTe he ce TpOIIlHTH H3 !-heRO HCnapaB31-hC. Upn TOMe he cc, IIOlUTO Y lbera Hcrr3pan3 nOAa, Ba3AYx XJIa)J,HTH U HCToBpcMeHo BJIa)KUTl1, OB3KBO

XJIal)cI-bc U BJIa)l{eILC B<:13Ayxa je a;n:uja6aTcKo, .iep ee He ;n:OBOJI;Ii TOITnOT3 ea cTpaHe ,aa 61I ce aBO nOCTHrno. OEa npOMena ce MO)Ke rrpe,n:CTaBHTH Y AHjarpaMY BJIa),KHOC-

1'11, llPOMCHOM C'l'al-ba Ba3Ayxa no npaBoj A I-AI" Koca npana A1--Av ce Ha3HB3 aguja-6aiZicKoM flpa60.kL AKO Kp03 rrocM3TpaHY Ta'-IKy HC npOJla3H aJ:\Hja6aTcKa npaB3.

IIOTpe6no je Kp03 Ihy nonyhlI rrp3ny, rra-paJTeJIuy ca npSOM CyCCJI,HOM anI1ja6aT-CKOM rrpanOM. .

AKO je IIO'lIeTlIa TClvfIlepaTypa n33-

}·wxa fl a BJta)IG-IOCT HI, Kpajlba TCMIlC

paT~pa OBaKO oXJIal)enor Ba3,lJ,yxa je (1/ a KpaJH.a BJIa)KHOCT Hy. Y TCXHnu;n je H

OB3KBO Xni19CI-he HCKopumheHO 3a O)1.pe-9liBallie BJIa)IG-rocTll Ba3.llyxa, AKO ce 3H3-.lY TeMrrep3Type t] H t l, hW)KC ce O)l,pcgUTH KOJIHK3 je BJIa)KHOCT (HI)' TIpn TOMe ce 'fpe6a CJIY)KffTH AujarpaMoM B.ffa)TG-JOCTH

Ba3,L\yxa. A,w cc y gujazpa.MY 1-l3 ilpccet-.... a BepiIiww.t1c f1, n Kprrne 100%-TlJC BJUl.)f(f-lOci71u, i70(lY'lC agujafi(ftTiuw iip(f(3({ go I.fpecega co t1"qofiuja cr lTia'll{a A: lwjrr og-pefjyfc ilPR06wT{l-IO ntlmhl? GilarIyxa fl iim-j"f-C U l1A:;/"OCY (l//aJI{J/oclTi H!. Ono ce eKe-nepHMcHTJ.:rTHO H3B01(H nm.wh)' nCHXOMe-

Tpa ca TepMoMeTpHMa. Ihera tnmc (c:-t. 121) f\B(\ jcnmn;:a TCPMOMCTp3. HOIhH KjJaJ je;O;Hor TCPMO!\lCTP3, Kynw C3 )KH

nOM, npe13)"IeH.ie r330M Koja je OR.t Ia)I(CH3

o

• ~--

o

BA.3flYX =

CWIW 121

BOIl,OM. AKO ce U33J{VX 6p30 Kpehc npeKo TCPt"fQh-JcTpa, I1JIH aKO ce OHH 360T

06pT3J-ba Kp03 R33l-~YX Cip30 oKpehy: 13JI3/KH3 KyfJIa TepMoMeTpa hc, 360r Hcnap-3B3I-h3 Bo~e, nocT3J3TH cue Xn3)l,IITIJ<1 nOK ne nOC'fnnre Kpajl-hY TelvmepaTYpv 1\,·, 0iJ;HOCHO UlCA1iiepaur.vpy (UU/.)Kf-{C KyZJ1C. TCMTtCp<lTypa tj ce o6wuJO na3HBa TeM~ep~ 3TypOM c)'nc K):1JTC. 0Ha ce MepH npyn1l\f TcplvrOMCTp0l\.L Kana cc one lJ;BC TeMI1Cp, wrype npo'-IUT3JY, 11aKO ce MQ)KC on:peJ{HTH Bn3)KHOCT na31-xyxa.

KOH)l,m~liOHlfcau,.e na3,ll,Jxa. KOllillHUIOlIHcaTH B33;O:VX :m3'-Ul. )laTH My )KCJbC-

ny TeMnepaTYPY H nmDIm{)CT, Ouo jc npno ~IeCTO nOTpc61io y mfIl:ycrpnjn, HapO'llHTO npH 'lIynalliy HJiH npcpa~H mIMHpHJH~a, JIYB3Ha HTll. AllapaT Y KO)l.·lC ce Ei13n:yX KOl-U~J.m,HOHHllJC y HI-1JWCTj1H,lH rrpITK3'~all jc Hi] CJ1Hl~H 122.

Bi13.n:.yx Kojn ce )KeJ1II KOI-r~1.I1l1,nOIIHCi1Tn YCHCan<l ce Y KOTI):!J-mnoHcp Kp03 OTUOP

(1). TIpcJIa3ehH rrpcKo Kanopmi)cpa (2). 3arpcBa ce B, npcKo CnpOBOJl,IIHX .HHMona (3), npOBOnU Kp03 TymcBe (4), rile ce Dela/tOI. Ha CHOl\! nyT)' Kp03 O,L(Baja'I Ka!1H (5). MCXaI-[WrKll ce oG:lOoa9a ITOlrCTa BOT))l. a y K<J.nopnrpepy (6) nOHOBO ce 3arpcna no

CI/U{W 122

)l(e.'heHC TeMnepaType. Cna)l(aii nelI'HL1<tTOP (7) y6au,yje onaKO KOHJI,I1IJ,HOHHCaH Ba3-

iWX y I1nAY~Tp}~jcKe o,uaje. I1cno;J: Ka;IOpH~epa (6) ce HaJIa3I1 KaHaJI Kp03 Kojn Ba3ilYx

Mo)Ke CTPYJllTH. IIpoToK Ba3Ayxa Kp03 oBaJ Kanall MQ)Ke ce perynHcaTH 06PTHliM neIIT[lPOM (9), t.IJ1MC ce O:IaKUIaua rrpcTepaHo 3arpcBalbe Ba3)I,yxa OA KanopHcpepa (6).

Ba:~AYx ce MO)KC CYlUHTli Ha BHWC H(1'-llma. AKo cy y IUfTalbY MalLe KOJIHt.Il1He,

.ll.OBOJl,H CC Y J.\OAUP C<l xrrrpocKoIIHHM M~lTepHjaMa, Kao lIno cy KaJIIl,HjYMXJ10PU,Ii, q)ocqJOpnCHToKcH,n:, cyr-HJOpH<l KHccnHHa, Tj. MaTepujc Koje ,Ilo6po ynHjajy BJIary H3

Ba3~yxa II TaKa ra cvme. Be-he KUJlI1t.UlH~ Ba3Hyxa cyme ce XJIalJeI-helvL Tj. lWBol)elbeM Y J.\O.QHP ca xn<lJl

HHlv! nOBplllHI-JaM<1 pa3J"'[ClhJ'Ia TOIlJlOTC, HJlH, t.IaK 11 3Han-to XJlarVU:ljc BOJ~e. I1011ITO

.ic HarrOH nape BO}\C Y OBOM CJ!Y~l<1jy 31JaTHO M,HLI1 OJ], napu,HjaJIHOr npHTHcKa BO,n:CHC nape y Ba3HS'xy. napa he cc KOH,T.\~H30BaTH 11 TaKO 1131J,BOjIlTH H3 Ba3,Iiyxa. TIapa cc ~H?)Ke YKJJ(:!U1TH In n£t3rwxa 3,t1.COpnLl,HjuM, OJ\llOCHO nor-why.' l\I<lTCpHja Koje Ha CBOJO.! BC.'ll1KOJ llOBPllll11lH C1H[3W1KH BG:-lyh' BOAY·

B,,13;Wx jc 3:J.CHhcli aKU jc ,1Wpu.Hja:WIl npHTHcaK BO,L1.CHC uape jC.ll.HaK narrony BO.D,CllC nape H<l \leTUj '1'CMIlcparypH. Ba:myx 3acn:hel'1 BOIl,eJ-JOM napoM je y paBl-IO

TC)KI1 ca BOiWM. 1:13 npccHticnor Ha:qyxa cc 113)lBajajy KarrH MarJIC. BO)J,<t l"rmKC H3

HClIapaBa cal;lO y llC3dcnli.eH ni:l3JJ.YX, Pc-.lJanIBu<l BJILDKHUCT je 0!~I-10C cTBapHc BmDKHOCTH 11 BJla)1(HOCTH 3acul'iCl-L-a

ua HCTOj TCMlIcpaTypH. B}I:::DKHOCT B;13:~yxa cc o.Qpebyjc MCpC.ibeM TCMuepaTYpc poce l1JIH TeMIlcp,rrypc BJILDKI-lC H cync KYCIC. KOH~IlI.(llUHHpal-LeM ce I!OCTJl)KC :>KCJbC

Wi TCMnep<.rrypu H BJUUKHOCT BU3!J,yxa.

nIH'AlbA

1. lli-ra.it: anCO:IYTIW, a LUTa pCJIaTHBHtl lWa:tKHoC'r?

2. KaMa je BU:1/tyx JacHhcH'! 3. Do KOjOj Ce KpUllOj MC1-hU lJ:W)KHOCT JaCl1ilCHoJ' sU:.l!Wxa, aKO ce xmlJ!:lI OJ!:

-romep;:rrype {I ).1,0 TC!vuJ(:p,rrype {2? ,1. 3awT0 jc enpYllCT<l 'JU o;~pct)HnaJLe Ta~H.;:a poce lJUY.!l!-LCHU Oil cpeGpa KOjG

;~o6po III lOBOp:li TO!lJ10TY?

5. 3al.UTO jc TCMllcpaTypa lJ)!a)KW:' KyrJlC BlI(J.la aKO je g,l:qyX Y KOMe ce OHa

HaJla::m ::saClli1cuujl1 BO;J;e!lO~! napoM?

6. K::1.KO cc o;wet5yje JHa)J~l-j()CT lJa3ny'XCl?

llJIAlKHOCT IIA3)lYXA

onE Ii:A 3aJ_aTaK 1. iVfcpcn,e.M iIie"Hilepaiitype pocc, ogpeguwu ([Llc()~ "1yCflflY U PC/WiTtUBl-lY BJlWICHOCUl aa3gY:::ll y fipociIlopuju.

AlUlJ1U:Jll 3agaiIlKa. Y IlpeTXOp,HoM nOrJIaBJbY je peqeHO )J;a TC

MnepaTypa pace rrpC,!l,CTaBJha TeMnepaTYPY ua KOjOj Ba3AYx, I·mja CC Bna)KHOCT MCPH, nocrajc 3acnneH. IIpeMa TOMe, IBpaJ.\a 3a,o.aTKa je Bpno jeJ1,HOCraBHa - IIOTpe6-

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AR / / A,

C11l1(£1 122a.

H

kg H20 kgs.v,

Hz=O.02

H j = 0.011

227

no.ie O,lWe,UHTH Tt:MnepaTypy poce (tIJ, a 113 P;l1jarpaMa 3<1 BJla)I..:an n<13LiS'X (FHlT<:1TH

anCOJrYTIlY Ima)KIlOCT (I-I i)' 3a OHpel)HBalI~e pemtTHBlIe BmDI.<HOCTH Tpe68 OIUlT:1Tr1

TChmepa:rypy rW3,l\yxa '--IUja ce BJI,l)KHOCT O)WCl)yjc (t.), a in nujarpulV1<l O~UlTaTl1 M(lKCHMa.rIHO Moryhy BJl<:DIZHOCT B~\3):ryxa na -roj TCMUepaT)'pn (H:) (C!1. 122a). ripc·Ma TOMe, pcnLlTllBH<l IUla)KHOCT ,ic:

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, I TelvmepaTypa Ba3Ayxa I TCl'villCpaTypa poce I-: __ ~ ____ , ____________ -I-_____ ___ ~ I MepeHO: I 'I ~ 25'C I 'R ~ 15'C

I vb !111jarpaMa: Eli ~ 0,02 i El, ~ 0,011 I .

.

1 Pa'-lyu3TO: HR "" HI = 0,55;::: 55% l' fL c ___________ J, ___ . _____ - -, ______ ' ___ , .. -----'-- ------~-,,---

3a~,a'nlK 2. MCpC/--VC,H LTicoHL1epwuypc cyGC U G.:UlJICI-iC KYZ/1C, uypcgwTlu m/co"'I)'{UflY U pCJWLliwHlY 6.:WJIOWcili (:W3gyX({ y }"utOHW(U u xugwu..:y.

AfUwu3a 3agaLll!({I. rIpcTllocTamiMo Jla .ie y npcTxoAHOM 3JJ.\aTKY, IvlepcH~cM TCMl1CpaType poce OApet)CIW_ BJIa>KHOCT Ba3)'!'yxa ':/ y~1HOHHLl,ll. roerono CT,l!t,e oP/o

Bapa TaqKI1 Ai' AKa cc calla Taj B<l3AYx npe130iJ,H npeKo 13;1a)1(H(:' llonpuHiHc (BJl,DKHC mrre Ha

nCHxpOlvtCTpy) aAnja6a-rcKH he cc BJW)KllTlI If XJ1<1,!l,UTH, UITO he 6l1TH perHcrpoBaHo

I-Ia TCPMOtv[CTpy. Ba3AYx he ce B.11'DKHTll csc r.!,OK ce He 3aCl1Tll BJlarOM (Ta1lKa A.,), KaAa. hc Ii TepMoMcTap nOK:naTH KOHn'aHTHY TCMuepaTYPY (tv~.o: 18°)<

OgpebU6(lf-bC 6JIaJK'uud71u GUJgyxa ucuxopOMeiIipo),{ 3aCHUBll cc Ha jJClWI-IcfilpYKU;Uju uy(U{{ KOjuM UpC.rUI3C uTiwba fJ(/Jg.vxa KOjU ce XjUlgU u 6.iUl)/cU HU fJRll

JICHOM iIiepMoMcillpy. I1PBO Tpe6a OAPcAHTH TeMuepaType BJla)KHOr (tv;::: 18°) II cy-

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CrJU/W 7226

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kg H20

kgs.v.

H2 =: D.02

H f = 0.011

nor TepMOMCTpa (! I :;;;; 2:'1°), a 3<-1TIIM, npel\Ia UJeMH na CJUfI\H 1226 ancmT)-''TIl)' H pcJlaTHBHV BJla)J(uOCT.

I1,;pnga aagaiill(({ U pC3y./ll~uaWu. MepelLeM Tcr-HlcpaTypa Ha rrcHxpoMCTPY Y o6c npocTopnjc Jl.o6njajy cc nO.IFl1~H Kojn cy ynCTlf Y cJlcnefiy TafieJIY.

CYlliEILE

Ep3Hua cylliell~a. ~ CYIIIcn,cM ce H3 ~IBpcTor MaTcpnjaJJa YKJJaI-ba BJlara. AKO jc MaTcpHjaJI EPJIO Ba)J(aJ-I, TC'LIHOCT ce MQ)I<C YK.7IOHI1TI1 npeCOBaJbCM lIJII!, jom 'IC

IIIhc, U;CHTplfcpyrnpaU,CJ\L Ha oBaj ce H(ltIHH YKJIan,a BJlara Roja.ie caMO MCX,lHWIKII

BC3aua 3a Tena. MaJbc KOJIIFIHHc Bnare nC3aHC cy najllcmhe nOBplIIHHCKlIl\{ CIIJIaf,.Ia

33 TeJIa, na .ie, y OBaKBHM CJIytIajcBHlvta, JI(JTpe6aH BeKn Apyrn JJOcTynaK i-1a 611 ce OHe YKJlOHHJ1C. nocTyrraK .ie, naj'-Icrnhc y BC3H ea HcnapaBaJ-bclvl TClIl-IOCTH 0/-1, KOjC

nOTIP{C BJl<J;>RHQCT. Aa 6B CC ncnapaB3I-hC OJIaKrnaJIQ 11 y6p3<UIQ, 06W1:HO CC H3RO)l)f

r-ra IIOBlUUCUOj TCMnepaTypn. Dpu cymCI-f>), Ten a YKJJaJ-baI-hCJVf B.'1arc OHa npOJI33C Kp03 nCKO.'THKO q){l3rL Y

npBoj q)a3H ilfC'l!{()ciTi ucflapacw, en l~eJlOg.vil}{c U06pUlllfle ilie/la. f)p3Tm3 cyweILCl (HcrrapaBaI-ba) je y OBOj cpa3H Hajneha. Y npyroj cp33H CYWCI-ba flo ii/ell}' ce iloj{1(u)yjy CBe BefIe Cy6C ilofJpuau-/£, 360r 'lera cc 6p31IHi1 CYilief-L3 3HaTI-J0 CM3lhyje. Y Tpchoj cpa3H cymefu3 HeMa Te"lfHOCTI1 Ha rronpnIlmlI Tena na 6Il ca l-bera )1;HPCKTHO HcnapnJIa, Hero RJlaI'a gUrjJY3IljO.-H iipo/l_aau gp03 17op03HY .Mac,v AO IIonpIIlHFle. Ta;:(a jc 6p3I1-ua cyrneI-ha HajM3fba.

Y TORY cymeI-h3 pa:mn ;o;eJIOBn TCJJ[l HMajy pa3J1W-IHTY Bn3)J{HOCT, a nOll1TO ce CyBJhH ;o;CJIOBIl 360r ry6uTKa Bnare CKYTIJhajy. y OB3KBlI!\{ CJ1Y'IajeUHr--Ja ,r:(omuJI JIO

lKq)OpMan;l1jc, 3 aKO cy cymene nonpIllHHe BC.lIUKe, H ,n:o npCKaJ-ha TC:W. 360r Tora je orraCHO OEaIma Tena HHTeU3I-1BIIO CyllIHTH, ITa je npCnOp}nIJbI1BO Heft Oil Ca!\Wr

nO'JCTKa pa.n;riTn ca BJJa)l{HHM. He CyBIIIIIC :::larpejaHHM na3JWXOM, Tj. BJ3.uYXOM 'IHja pCJIannma RTTa)](J-IOCT nnjc CYBJ-illlC Hl{CKa n Y KOj11 he BJIara cnopo I1Crrapan3TH. Ba oBaj ce Hwmn KO)J, opraHcKHx MaTcpuja IB6erclB<l cfnapalhe TlOKO)KITI~e Koja 3n3THO OTe)Kana f\UCPy3Ujy Te-.:mOCTH II nape U3 TeJIa Y OK()}lHH Ba3).1:yx. no aaGPuu::ITiK)' cywCH>a U3.AleI)y fllCJW l-I (VWJ/C!/_02 !]{13g}'X{{, :v KO"~(' C(, OHO H{{jW3U, .},crtociJiat3.'1:>t1 C(' pa(moz71c.lIw. YKOJIHKO je n33J1YX BJIa)J(J-IHjH, YTmlHKO he 11 Teno Canp)f(3naTH BJTlTIe

BJIare. OBa BJIa)lGroCT ce 30De paBlIOTC)KHa HmDi(HOCT. I1pcMa TOMe, MO)KC ce c:yIHHTH je,rnnro OIfI-B--! Ba:::l)WXOM Kojn HMa l\HllhY B.lla)KHOCT OJ!. BJIa)KHOCTH Ba3;r:\~'xa c KOjJ.Il\1 je Te;ro y paBtlOTC>KH.

4.1. CYlllEIbE l.IBPCTI1X MATEPI1JAJ1A

gaHac jc y ynoTpe6u Bpno neJIIIKI1 6poj pa3JmllHTI1X THTIOBa arrapaTa y KOjl1~ Ma ce cyme MaTepnjc. Ha 11360p THn8 arrapaTa yTwle, npe CBera, OOJlUK .Maiiiepujc

Roja ce CyWH, O,IJ;HOCHO TO .u:a JIIT je OHa Cl1TH03pUa, BJI3KHaCTa, KOMa}laCra, y BIIl~y Kame, TeCTa I1JTH je Y TC'-IHOM CTaJ-bY. 3aTI1M, npn u360py anapaTa Mopa ce 3HaTfl

oUii1opl-wciii MafiiepujaJW Ha IIOBIUliene TCMnepaType. gOK ce HeopraHCKe M<1TepH-

je, nocrojaHc Ha rrOBHlllCI-lOj TCMnCpaTypH, Mory CylliHTl1 n HCnOcpCp;HO BpeJIHM TIJIaMCHHM raCOBllMa, )J;OTJIC CC KO;U OCCTJbHBHX opraHCKMX MaTcpuja BPCMC 113JJa

raILa BpCJlOM racy l1JlI1 BpCJIIlM 110BpmUHaMa Mopa 3HaTI-IO CMaI-bHTlL KOA HCKI1X MaTcpaja ce Mopa 1136cranaTlt, TaKO pchu, cnaKO 3arpeBafLe, TaKO p;a ce Mopajy CYUII1TH n3 Bpno Manoj nOBHlIICl-IOj TeMucpaTypH y uaKyyMy. KOJlWtWUl MaiIlepu/aJla KOjl1 ce CYUIll 3HaTUO YTWIC na 11360p Ii pag cylUH1n~a. BeJUIKC KO.TIH'-Il1HC MCtTepl1jc CyllIC CC Y cymmUl,alv1a KOjC HCnpCKl1ll.lW paJ.{c, lUTO 3HaTHO uojcBTnH~yje npm-13no,n.l-hY! H JLYACKH pa,Il.. CKync M~rrcpM.ie, 3601' OrpaI-Il1:'1:eHllX KOnlP-IHHa, cyme ce 06lP-lHO Y cywlHIu;aMa ca )J,HCKOl-ITlIHya.rlHHM pa,uoM. 0130 CyruCFbC jc cKynJbC, anH je 3aTO paCliI1albC 3HaTHO MaILC.

KOl\lOpIlC CylllHIIlJ,C. "Y KOMOpmn.l cywHl1u;aMa CyWH ee Mal-LIt, KOMaA3CT ~'faTCpHjaJl: 11,1(.lCTlll1He M_'-lTepl1.jc, TCCTa, 3puaCTe KpHCra.TIHC McrrcpHjc, rrpci)a, TCKCTl1Jl l1'l'H. ali ee Cra!3.Tba ua JJce\.': (ell. 123), t.u:-T13lyracr-e nmlTKO ypaMJhCIIC TIrrO"'Ie (l). Oue cc 3,-ITH1\-'1 pel)ajy jC,ll;l-Ia I13U<1J( !~PJTe y paMoBc KO.HHl~3 (2), IIa cc 3ajcJ~Ho C(l l-hHMa rypu)' y KOMOpy (3) Kpen KOjy, 3axmuhyjyhu .jaKo/\-'l BellTHJI;:nopy (4). CTpyjH Ba3AYx OW.nfO i-i(HHDKC, naI13J'vlemi'-lHO CHeBa YLlCCl-IO II 3/lCCna YJICBO. flOlllTO CC ua;;gyx :3a BpeMC- cyrnelba 360[' HCllapaBalLCl TC'lllOCTll xJla;--\l:1, a ll(Yrpcoao ra jc fIpe YJ1a

cKa ll.J Jrece JarpcjaTu, ;;(lrpC13t:1 ce IWPH!:ll>j lJ,eBllJ\-ta ca pe6pul>ta (5 H 5'). Pacnope,Q npcl'pa)--\J, OKO napHHx U,ClllII1 !Ieee, npI1MOpaB1.1 na3AYX Wi CC Kpchc npaBI--\Cl\'l o:ma~ tIcHUM crpC!ml\~tMa ua CllIlJ,H 123. BeDJXYx 3aC!1itcH napaMa, o,unO,ll;H ce)lo HO}be )Jece y OAB01~HH K(lH;'Ul (6), 0W1KJle cc lL'lH HcnYUlTa ':/ aTMoccpCpy (7) tum ce, nOMoi1y 06PTIlO[, JICl1THpa (8) jCHHlIM ,ll;CJlOt-.L npu)J,o)laje C'rpyjH CBC)KCra B;13p;yxa KOjU Beu'nulaTop ycncaua H3 aTMOccpCpc, Ha Taj Hat.n1H ce cyulImIJ.I1 spalla jCJJ,<:lH geo TOIlJIOTC, y:.1 J--\CJllll\Ul'lIlO B.rra)KC[-bC Ba:{,ll;YX<"l, urro jc HCOIIXOp;HO r..:ap;a ce cyme Ma'TepMje Koje 611. 300r Har.!10r cymel-h3 GlIJlC nOHJlO)KHC fIIKKaThY.

3aXBi1J1,-,yjyh_11 TOI\1.C mTO ce eTaJIlIO npcno;~n npcKo npCJIHX IJ,eBYI, n(3)J,yx011 ce lIOlIOBO M())Ke Cf1poBOi~wnj eyweH,c, jep HOCJle op,nan:a ea Jrccc IIocraje 3acnheH H XJla~~ai-L

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Kalla ce eyrucI-be 3a~pllln, BarOHeTIl ca lIecaMa cc 113BYKY 113 KOMOPC, lIece rrpa3HC a BJJ3)KaH MaTcpIiJ,UI nOHORO CTaRJba H3 fLHX. KOMopa je v TOKV cv~eII>a xepMcTWIKll 3aTBopcHa ,u;a CC Tonao sa3AYX He Gil ry6uo II3 !-be. ~~a ~ Gu ce- CMaIM-UIH ry6nlJ,H TOn1l0Te JI3 KOMope, one cy ,n,06po TepMH'IKll JI30JIOBaHe, a pa,n.H CMaI-bC~a ry611TaKa 3paQelLeM, npeMa3aHe cy CBeTJIOM alIYMHHrr.iYMcKoM 6POI-I30M.

,Ua Gil cyrucfbe Gl1JIO IilTO 6~)Ke, nOTpe6HO je lJ:a MaTepIIjalI, Kojn ce CTaBJba na JI~CC, 6y~e pacrropebcH TaKO JW .Ie npucryrr Ba3Ayxa oMoryhel-1 ca CBUX cTpaHa H Aa HcrrYfbaBa caB npOC'fOp J13MCi)y rOpI-hC 11 A0l-be )Iece. YKOJUfKO oBaj YClIon He 6H 6IiO IfcrrYl-beH, TOTIaO Ba3AYx 6u ce KpeTao 113Hail MaTepI'~jaJla nYTeM HajMa1-ber OTIlopa na 611 Ii O,u;HOlllefue BJIare ca nOBplllrn-le MJl'epl1jaJla GI'IJTO 3HaTHO yerropelIO. '

l'YHeJicKe cymlUn~e, - O~e cyurrHl-IC cy H8MeI-hCHC cyrnclLY l'vIaTepujaJIa v BCJIHKI-fM Ko.:wumaMa. MaTepI1pJI ce llopci)a I-Ja JIece 1<:oje ce HaJIa3C na B{jTOHCTH~" Ma Kao uno Je flpIfKa3~Ulo Ha CJUU1.H 124. BarOHeTI1 ce Kpehy Kp03 ,!Wr Jll13aK T\,HeJl, H~lCY~POT llJIH napaJ1CJIHO ca CTpyjOM TO!L'lOr na31wx<:L Bpoj BarOIleTil y cyumI{xJ.H jt BeJ1HKH H OJ[U ce. Hiln<l3C HClIocpe,T~no JC/-J:au H3<l ,!\pyror. Kal~a jOJ~aI-I BarOHeT Cd

BJI(DKHHM I\taTcpHPJlOM y1)c Y CYI.IIIIHll;)' C jeAHc crpaHC, C lW)-Te CTpaHC ce H3 cynrHI1I\C nOTI1CIH~ BarOlieT ea ocymenol\l M3.TCPl1jOM. OBO KpCTaILC BarOHera h1(})Ke .lia

Gy,u;e 3HaTIW omlKlllano IBBeCIUIM Haru60M UlIma, 3601' 'lcro. ce OUll cmUf Kpehv Kp03 CYIITHHll,y. Torr<-to Ba3JJ..Yx wma311 C je;~Hor Kpaja T),HCJ!CKC Cj-'llllIliU;C 11 KaG !faKLUH nea.e ce Kp03 BaroHcTc, OAHOCHO mlIH1mc Kp03 pacTpeccH MUTCpI1jaTl KoiH JC l-Ia IbJ:fMa. Ox.l'a~CH I~ OBJIa)Keu m13,n,yx HCHcaBa ce Kp03 110J~ Ha ilpyroM Kpajy, nl'~o ['a npHMopaB<J. na Jom JCW-lOjl.f .npol';c BcpTHKa.1Ho Kp03 MaTcpHjan 11a narorwTV. Y :3amlcHocTU.oAYCJIOBa pa;a,a, 'I]. oJ--\ OCeTJI~IfB()CTH I\wTepnje Koja ce CYlUIL IIoTpc'6no .Ie ~oHcKaA Je,u;aH "CO Torvror H BJ1a:>!G-lOr Ba3,D,Y'X(I rrOMelll.:lTH en CBC)KHM Ba3J~vxoM KOJl1 ce YCllCan<l y TYUC]l. Ha Taj lla'-llHl ce H'36eraBa Harno CYl11CI-hC KOjc t .... lO->K(;," Ko.o. na llpl1MCp. KOn ,IJ,PBCT3, W)BCCTH;W HC)KeJheuor npcK3lba. .

Ba3)J)'x 3a C)'U.I.clhe oowmo rroKpefie BeJIHKH nCHTI1.!IJTOp. On cc H<L'I(l3H nDcJ];

nHMl-b~Ko:/'-f Kp03 KOJI1 cc na3n,yx 1-13 CyuUUIll;c IIOTHCKyjc y <1T1\lOccpepy. X.'Ta)l<lH l~a3-pyx KOJ11 ce YCIIc;:ma y cyWHlHl,y llPCTXOP;flO ce 3arpcBa Ha KaJIOpncpepliMa. na 6u cc :MaI-bnJn~ TOIVIOTHH ry6UI--\H, TYHCJlCKC cymI-IHu;e ce ,ll;o6po H30Jlyjy i'lBOCTPYKHl\--1 JIl,QOBHMd Ii nOnCCHIHvl H30naTop01I o;a, CnOJLl-Ie aTMoccpepe.

. Pan TYHCJICKUX cyulHuu;a je KOHTHHyaJlaH, 3601' Tora UlTO cc HcrOBpCMcno Ii IlOJC,ll;HHHM l-LI1XOnrIM ~iCJIOBnMa o,u;ltrpaBajy pa3He cpone CYJ.uelha. CYUlHHliC Mor~ 6HTH r~yra'-IKe Bnrue AeCeTl1H(l MCTapa. I1r.wjy '-ICTB}JTaCT npeceK, on je,TJ;uor rIa l~~ BHllie KBa,u;paTfIHX MeTapa. CymcIL(; Tpaje UCKOJlIIKO 'laCOB<l, a, '-ICClO, H ueKOJlHKO p;aHa.

('mllw 124

232

06pTHe cyIlIHII~e. - Y OBRM cymHI1ll,3M3 cyum: ce ellTaH H paCTpeCIiT MaTcpH

jan KOTa UMa y BchuM KOJIH'lllHaMa: uccaK, )J{lITapH:O;C, KpIICTaJIH, PC3aJUW rnehepHe pene, Cl:ITH03pHa "<lBpCTa [OprIBa IIT,ll." 06pnw cyunUIIJ,e 'HIRe AyrH, KOCO IIocraBJbCHII ll,llJIHU,n;PH KOju IIOJIaKO pOTHpajy. MaTeplljaJI Kojn Ce CYUIll HaCHna ce y ropl-bH Kpaj CyIlIHllll,C. 360r Harn6a n pOTaIl,uje OH ce Kpehe H3Hll)KC, a HacynpoT lbCMY cTpyjn 3arpejarr eyB rae. Hajl.Jcmhe Ba3AYx Kojn oARDen mrary. Y 3aBllCHOCTH O,U H3"LlHHa 3arpeBaiba II cYIIIcfba, 06pTHC cyIllHln~e ce MOry nO,IlCJUITH Ha:

- cYUlHl1ll,e ca Hcnocpe;n,HHM 3arpCBalbcM Ii - CyIIIHHI(C ea IIOCpC)lHI1M 3arpCrmI-f,CM. Ko)), TIpBOr HUla 06pTHUX cyUJInn~a npCTXO)JJ-IO 3arpejm-I Ba3AYX ).lon33H y

gOAHp ea M3TcplljaJlOM KOjU ceo CYUUi H npe;najyhu My cRajy TOl1nOTY Hcrrapa,na TC"'-IHOCT qnjc napc IIOca ca C0601v1. Ko;U 06PTIUlX cyununp ca nerrocpC)J,HHM rpCF1-{beM, M,YrCpnjaJI Kojn: ce CYUIH, KilO H calvl na3p:yx, 3arpCB3 ce (m npeJInx nOBpIlllma UHJIHlIp:pa, O)J)-IOCHO on: TWBn Raja Kp03 l~HnHH)lap rrpOJUl3H KoaKcnjaJIHO.

Bi:13HYX KOjl1 ce, IloMohy jmwr nCHTTulaTopa (1), YCHcan3 113 aTlvfoeq)Cpe y 06pTlIY eyrnTTmy ca Hcrrocpe,n;nHJvr 3arpCn3H-,el\f (en. 125) npoBoHn cc npeKo Ka.-:lOpHcpepa (2) KOjH ce 3arpeBa napm,L TaKO 3arpejmI rrpona3H Kp03 KOCc) nOCT:lI3JhenH l~l1muI.n:ap (3), a oX,Tla'ben Ii 3aCHTIen rrilpoM IB6aI~yje cc ECHTI1.:JaTOpOl\1 (1) y aTMOC

q)Cpy. Kp03 rICBaK (4) na ropH,oj crpaHH, ua '-le.TTY qn:IHHMpa Kojn CC He o6phc, y6auyje cc BJJa)KaH Mwrcpnja.Tl. fToMorHYT o6pnU-hC!v{ n 3eJ\DhHHOl\f TC)KClJ\·l KJIH311 mUUl)Ke II CyE H3Jra3H Kp03 ony-.:mcTH Kpaj I\TmHHJwa (5).

Y u,cnOl\--J OBOM clIeTcMY. 3aXBaJhyjyhn norOHCKlIM 3ywlalll1UHM<l (fl H 7). caMO UIiJIHH,f\ap pcnnpa. I1pn 06pTalbY, npeKO UJHHe KOjOlvi je OKOn<lH (8), llJl.l1Ul;Irt]' CBOjoM

MaCOM Ha.~!c)Ke na napone Ua]b<lK(l (9) KOjl1 ra. y cfnapn. Hoce. D,a He 6u aKclI.1aJIHO

KJH13ao BarUORC, I-Ia IIUlBY UUJIHHJ.\pa ca CTpaI-lt npWrI-lCKyjy Ba;'1~lJJ'I (JO) Kojn OBO KpeTal-he CnpCtI<lnajy. KaKO HC 6n n<13JJ:YX PIa3HO ca CTpanc. na tleOHl-lM C'rpaHl1Iplvta ll,ImrIlIJJ:pa cc npeU;113HOM 06paAOM 06e36cl)yje ;l06po 3al1Tl1BafbC. rrOllITO ce na THM ;vleCTI1lvW J~OjU1pyjy 06PTUlT ;J,eJfOBH QI1J1I1H;J,pa ca HCnOKpeTl-IHM ;J,CJJOBIIMa Kanopwpepa, OgHOCHO JICEK<lcror ypel)aja 3a ynornelhC MaTepHja.1a. npeceK lVi.JIilI,I

upa npHK<l3aH je. TaIwl)e. H<l C.TlHl~H 125, fixe ce EH;VI Jta yHyTaplha rronpnnma HHJe r:Jan::a, nero je Cn<l6nCBCHa JlOIIaTHuaM<l (11) KOjc MClTcpnjaJr r{IlIl<Y HaBlHIIC n npont"

:8 6 9

3

C.r1-lI-1((J 125"

~--.--~-. - ------- - -

najy Ha3a[~ y CTpyjy Ba3JJ,yxa. Ha Taj HalIHH CKOPO n;co cn06oa<ln rrpeccK ll,I1nHH;o;pa aKTHBHO Yl:JeCTByje y cyrueIbY, IIlTO 3naTHO nOBehaBa KanaUl1TeT OBaKBe cYIIlJHlll.e.

Hajrrpoc-fujn TUII 06pTf-IYIX cyllimIl~a je ~Haj r.Qe ce ITJIaMCHlI r3COEll HenOCpC,iJ;HO YBone y lhHX. Ua 611 ce )106Ima lIJTO l.JllCTM)3 aTMoccpep3, aKO je IIoTpe6Ho, JTO)KC ce KOKCOM Kojn rrpH caropeB3l-hY He n:aje HH KaTpaH HB BO;Uy. Ha Taj Ha-':UIH je, Ha npnMCp, Moryhe CylIlHTH lIaK H co 3a jeno.

06pTHe cylllHHu;e ca nocpC!l;IIUM 3arpenaJbeM. ~ Ko,u: OBnx CYUl1um;a 6V6a:f-b CC o6phc 06H"'-IHO y I1JI<lMeHllM raCOBllMa KOjlI )J;OJIa3e ll3 neon 3a caropCBalhC. Kp03 ocy U,.I1JIl:uIApa rrpOJIa3ll AOBOJbnO IIIHpOKa u;eE y Kojy, Kp03 cnojne ll,cmr, YJla3e ITJI3-MCl-HI raCOBI-I. Ha Kpajy u;eHTpanHc 3arpeBI-Ie ll,eBll n3na3H ce BeHTHJTaTOp Kojn H3-6mw.i~ ,D,lIMHe raCOBt. KpC)3 XPaJ-IUJUIIW ce y6alJ,yje cnpOB, Bn3)KaH M3Tepnjarl Kojn, KJIH33Jyhu n3HIDKC, 6UBa 3arpeBaIL KaKO 0)1; CrrOJbHlIX 311)lOBa o6pTI-IOr I~HJTIIH.n:pa T3KO H O)J, yHyrpannbe 3arpcBHe u;eBI-l. eYB MaTepnjaJT Hcnan:a Kp03 OTEOP Ha Kpajy. Kp03 HCTH OTROP, crrel~HjamnIM nCHTfl.rraTopoM 3a Ba3JJ:Yx KojH ce IIaJla3H II31-Ia,Il

caMe XpamIJlIn~c. ynJlLPlH ce H Ba:myX. O"'-lHrJIC,o:IIO.ic I~a npCJlH r3COfnI KojllMa ce 3arpena oBaj THD cynnnn~e He ,n:ona3e yonurrc Y ;o;0HUP ca /vtaTCpujaJlO!\! Kojn ce CylIlH,

360r Tora je onaj Tim cyIIIHHI~e no,n:ecaH 3a pap H C<l ropHBHMa Koja najy npon::VKTe carOpeBafb<l, ncnpnjaTI-IOf MHpHca. Ba3nyx Kojn ce YClfCan<l y cynulHn,y C Kpaja <l

HCHcan3 If3 The c ropu"cr Jierra, Ha nO"'-Wl'Ky O,UHOCH nape TC'IJIOCTU. npe csera BO,rry

Koja ce npHnHKOll-'l cymclha oCJIo6af)a, npeM3 TOMC, na3AYX KOjH CC 3a ORO ylloTpe-6.-'-bana Mopa 6lfTH tTHCT H 6C3 npanume.

4.2. CYIIlElbE TECTACTJ1X J1 TPIHJ1X MATEPl1JATIA

CYllIeu~c 113 BaJl,U;HM2. ~ KOJJ: OBHX CylllI-IlH~,l MaTcpnjaJl ce cyum 3arpcBajyhn ce o;n: npCJlHX nOnpUII1Ha BaJI)3Ka. OHC CC YI10Tpc6~baBajy 3a cymcH,e M<lTepnjani.'l Kojn MMajy 05.rII1K ll:yrHx TpaKa, lInH 3a cymclhe )J,OJwn~no BHCK03HllX pacTBopa. Y rrpnOM CJIY'Tajy MaTcpujan CC nponYUIT3 n3Me'by BJ-UlJC na.TbaKa Kojn cy rrope'b<lUU TaRO na CC TpmGl Koja CC cyUTH UITO nehOM nosplIIIiHOM 110.l1Hpyje ca BpC.110M 110-BPIIIHHOM BaJb3Ka. Y 3£lBnCHOCTIf o,n 6P3HHC 06pT(lH~a, 3arpejaHocTH BaJb<lKa H AC-6.T[--,UUC TpaK<lCTOr MaTepn.ia.11a, nOCTJDKC CC )KeJhCHa KpajI-ha EJ]f.l)KJIOCT.

JCJJ:HO o)J; R,:l)KHI1X TCXHll'-TKHX nHTaH~a Koje Tpe6a PCllIHTU jecTc !1HTaJhe :-wrpcB;Hb3 naJhaK3. OHl! ce I-wjllellihe 3arpeBajy RO.rrCHOM napOM. Ha CJ!In~n 126 npuK.?t3aHa jc mel\.fa OB<lKBOr rpcjaJha. myna.;"I, B<lJbaK O)J, mmCHor rBo)J(!)a (1) o6phc_ ce OKO cEoje OCOBHHC (2) Koja .ie, T<:tKorye, myllJba. aHa .ic rrpH'lBpmhcn<1 3(1 3ywla]fBI< (3) Kojn nm::pche nalhaK. Ocomma (2). Tj, npaTHJ!O, lIMa cEoje JIc)KIIIlITC- (4).

CUIfW 126

2 ~

./" 9

5

KpO:1 BpaTI1JIO, OAHOCHO Kp03 ,n:OBOAHY l~eB (5), YBOAR ce CBC)Ka napa 3a rpcjal-he. KOlJ,n:cH3aT KOju ce c3Kyruba Ha JJ.uy BaJbKa (6) Y130)1.11 ce Kp03 KPHBY lI,CB (7). aHa ,n:ormpe )1,0 KOH,T],CI-I3aTa Ii 0IlBOAli fa ;aaJhC Y U:CBHH CHCTCM 3a Ca6l1palbC. DOIllTO BpaTHJIO Mopa AD. ce o6pfic H, HcnmpcMcHo, na 6Yi],e lW6pO 3anTHHcHo, 3anTHBHO cnojHo MCCTO (9) Tpe6a ~Ia je uapo'-IHTO ,n:06po o6pat)cuo.

fYCTC cycrreH3Rje H BHCK03HH paCTBOpI1 cyme ce, TaKo1)e, JIaKO Ha BaJbI~IIMa. Y OEOM cJIyrzajy pa,UlI cc 06WlHO ca Ana napa SaJbaKa (cn. 127). BaJbI~H (1 n 2) ce 06phy y cynpoTHHM CMcposIlMa, IGlO liTO .Ie C'rpemn..I,aMa 03Ha l ieHO. PacTojaI-hC H3McliY I-bHX MO)Ke CC, Y :HlBl1CHoeTl1 0;1 yeJIORa pa,u,a, MCl-haTl:1. YKOJmKO jc paCTBOp TC'-IJ-mjH YTOJUlKO ce BaJL.u;lI BHllIe npn6mDKasajy, KaKO 6u Kp03 HaCTamI 3a30p npoTI1l1,amt YBeK >'Ke.rbCHa, O,IJ,pCi)CfW KOJTWIHI-Ia Te'-lI-IOCTlI. PaCTSOp cc Hafla311 Y nCBKaCTOM gCJly (3) H3Hal'!' B<Uh<lXa. 360r XHnpOCraTH'-IKOI' npuTHcIW, Kao H 3001' oapTalLa BaJbaKa, '{'C'-lUOCT ht.' CC )'ClC,u, Clllxc3Hjc .TICUl1TH 3a rLI1XOBY nOl3puumy. YcJle.L-\ rrpHcHor il,0iHlpa ca nperroM flOUPlllHJlOM l\OhH he no HUTeH3HBHor Henapa,Ba}bCl paCrnapiJlta, Ila he y 1I00IeTKY BHCK031ta, K<lCIUlje nJlaCTWm3 H flaj3<l,u, cyea M<lTCPHja oOpa30B<lTli npCBJlm:y I-Ia nOBp1.UI1IIli n3.ihClKa KOjU cc rrOJIaKO o6phy.

CacymCH<l Kopa CKUrVt ce HO>KCBf1M<l (4) H caK)'llJba y IlO.uCCUC JleBKaCre caoHpa~{c (5), KojU cy 1I0CTaBJheHH ca crpalw Bil!baK::t. ,il,a cc paCfnop He OU paCHnao ca ~{COHHX crpaBa mUbJK(l, OHl1 cy Y)K.'lCO!bCI-1H (6). Y )KJICOOBC y.rIa3e lleOHe. 110.uCCHU f1.3pC3aHt.: ffJlO'-IC, KOjC, Y crnapH, ol\'toryhyjy HCTlUlalbC paeTBopa. ').-rMecTo na ce TC>'I

HOCT UClJla311 H3Hap: naJLaKa, lWl-rac je MOi'yhHO cymclLc n uOTanarhct..1 naJhUKa rrpn 06pTillhY y paCTBOp. O,IJ,HOCHO npCKLtILetvl paCfBopa Ha BaJbKe. Y OHOI\'1 CJlY"'lajy 300r BCJIHKC nOBpllHil-le IIojC}U-lHHX KafIH, 6p3Hf-lil CYWClha je 1\1l-l0ro Bt'lia, na jc cKpai'icHo BpeMC Ll.O)lI1pa l\laTcpujc Roja cc CylIIH ea npCJlOM IlOBpimmOM BaJb<lK(\. O'-IHnlc~lHO je .aJ he ce oBaj Ilocryn<lK npH!vlCHl1TH llpH CYIUClbY }'laTCpl1jaJIJ IWjH cy I-IcnoC'l'Ojam! Ha nOnH11lCHlli\,1 TCMIlcpaTypal\ta.

,il,anJc ce Ha BaJhl~Hl\·ta cymc MtlOrC hIaTCpnje - eMOJIe, JICnKOBH, JIaKOBl1 1(ao 11 HaMHpmlll,e. BchI11l<1 TaHKOJlHCUaTHX cymcmIx npogYKaTa ;w6lljcHa je cymcIheM Ha BaJblXHMJ.

Cymelhe MCJIlaJbCM. _. CYlllCU,C MC11lalbeM rrpHMCI-byje cc aKO jc Maea Koja ce cymH TcC'r<1Cra. Y TOM ely"rajy, 1l0mTO ce Joor cBoje ITJ!<:lCTll'-ll-lOCTl1 MJTCpl1jaJJ nJ·· JI2i'311 y nc.rrHIG-1M KOM<l,aHMH, 3arpCllJI-LC Ii HCnapaBaIhC paCrBJp;FW OHJIO 6u BPJlO CflOpO. 3Gor Tora jc IlOTpeouo y TOKY C<il\10ra 3arpCBaJ-hJ, O:~HOCHO cYWCr-La, OBaKUY Macy MecHTH, 1-\3 011 cc CTalmo MellIaJIC :nrpcjauc 11 oeY11lCHC lloBpuHIHe ca OHlH .... ! XJI3,U,I!l1M 11 lL'l~l)KIlI1M H3 YHYTpaum:,OCTH Mace. OBO CYWCI-LC CC uajOOJbC nOCTl1)KC y cyfllmmI1, npl1Kct'3Clnoj Ira ClJflUt '12S, KOjy 'lHlIH XOPH30IlT,UIltO nOCTaUJben L~yA(j1

4

I .!

f ·:i

1

3 !7

C.,111/W 127

16 ," 1 i

C.ilu/W 128

ll,HJUmnap (1) ASOCTPYKMX 3l1Aosa. YHYTpalllfba IIoBpllIHHa ll,IUlHH,!J,pa (2) jc TaJl(lcaCTa. I13Met>y ,IJ,Ba 3H,IJ,a YUOAn cc napa 3a rpejal-hc, Kao llITO je CTpem;IJJ,OM '03Ha'--ICHO (3), a KOlmCH3aT o,n:BOIlI1 KP03 I~CB (4).

KoaKcnjaJIHO Kp03 ll,JLlIHH,n:ap npOJla3H BpaTHJIO (5) Ha Koje jc nplf'-IBpmfteU Befin 6poj JIOnaTHIVt (6). Ouc cy TaKO H3ABojeHc ,!Xa, Ilpn o6pTalbY BpaTHJIa, nOTI-fCKyjy 11aTCpUjUJI CJICna Y,!XCCI-IO, BJIa:>KaH MaTepl-fjan cc y6al\yje Kp03 JIem;:aCTII 0'1'

BOp C nCBC erpaHc (7), a H36aqyjc OCYWCH, Ka)J,a cc HaKynH Y P:OBOJbl-IOj KOJIl:PUIHlL Kp03 OTBOP (8) C AOl-be cTpaIlc. MellIaJml~e, 06phyhn ec, npllTl-fCKyjy Mcl'rcpr-rjaJI 0 BpCfly TaJIaCacry nonplimry MccehH ra HCToBpeMcHo. Hape,rV-Ia MCWaJUIlla JbymTI1 11 rH~eLIl1 npl1JIelUbcuy Macy, liTO, y KpajI-Loj JIIIHHjH BOAH Ka 6P30M CylllClhy.

Kao nITo CC Ha OIlll~ll 128 BH,!J.II, Y OBOj cyllH-lIlll,H ce o)J,Baja, Y CTJ3apl1, rrpoll,cc ucnapanaIl~a a He cymCH)a Y Y)KClvt Cl\UICJIY. To jc 360r Tora lllTO Kp03 CylUI-UIlJ;y HC npon33H B<13,u;yx llllH HeKB gpyrl:l rae KOjI1 611 IB,UBojeHc nape nOCHO. napa I13JIa3H H1 eYUIltHlJ,C, Y OBOM_ CJl)!Lrajy, 3601' nOBllllJCHOr npHTHcKa, I13a3Bal-lQr 3arpeBaI-bCM. J aCIlO .Ie lJ,a CC KPC)3 cywmnw MO)KC npoBoJJ;I1Tl:l Ba3,!!,yx 11 TaAU 611 cymcl-Lc 0l1J1O OP)KC. Met)yrHi\l, aKO ce palJ:n ca cKymlM oprunCKITM paCTBapa'-IHMa, na3AYx ce H3-Gcranu, nOlUTO 6I1 H3,!l,BajaH,e napa H3 lLcra 6HJlO 3HaTHO TC)l(C a ry6ul1,u 011 0l1JH1 nchn, I1ope,u. Tora, na3;rryx Gn (rCCTO Mcmajyhu ce ca napaMa paCTBapa\Ia rpa,u,no onaCHC eKCIL'lO'3HBHC CMClllC lUTO CC, pa3Y!lHLliBO, 1136eraua. OBaj TIm cyrrnmu,a llPI1MClby'je ce HajmllUe y lliiAycTpujn l1JtaCTll'-lHHX Maca.

4.3. CYlllEIbE Y BAKYYMY

Y n<JKYYM-cYllilHH\aMa cc cymc M<:lTepl1jami KOjH CC He eMCJY 3arpC-Bani flU Ul1COKHM TCMI1Cp;:lTypaM,:t. AKO ey TO paCTBopn, OUU hc y naKyyMy na IlH)KOj TeMnepaTypll IIpOKJhy~IaTH lllTO he olvlOryhHTH 6PlKC CylIIClbC H Oi~na3aK TC'-IHOCTH, a TaK0l)c, pa,una TCMnepaTypa he 6unt 3uaTHO HI-1)I({l Hero nOA aTMoc¢epCKHM rrpnTHCKOM. TC"'IUOCT 113 OBmDI(CHC Mace y BUKYYMY HcnapaBa 3HaTI-lO 6p)KC, 300r Tora uno je pa:wlfKC3H ea Hl1IJlO!'.I TeMnepaTypoM, jaCl-Ie cy npc)1HoCTH cymcl-ha y uaKyyMy. HcocnopHo je .aa je cymcILe y B<lKyyMy CKYllJhC 'Joor Tora l.IlTO je anapaTypa cKywba 11 lUTO jc JlOTpe6Ho ymlraTit cra.rIaH pan 3<1 IhtTOBO O)W)KaBatbC. Y cyllIHl-fl1,aMa Koje pa*~ HOp: BClKYy/l.lOM Bpno je TClllKO llOcTlIl'in KOHTHIlyaJIHOCT, O,ultoCHO ncnpeKHp:HoCT patW, 3001" HCMoryliuocrH xcpMeTlI'IH01" I-IcnpCKH'[lJIOr H3HOmel-ha ~Illpcrc M<:lTCpUjc H'3 p,upei)cnc aTl\iOCCpcpC y aTMocq)Cpy Koja jc TIO,IJ, HOpMaJIlIHM nplITHCKOM.

nOpCH n0311TlfBHHX CrpaH<1 HlICKor 'JarpCEaIha, uaKYyM-cyunmqe ,o,ajy eyE M<lTcpnjan Y KOjU B(13)J,)-"X, 1(,10 KOA nOpMamlI1X CYlllJ-IIIll,a, He YI-IOCI1 ea COOOM npaWHHY, a 360r O;u,CYCTBa Ba3,IJ,yxa He ,uOJTa3H JIll lW oKcHAau,Hje Y Q}wj MCpU Kao nOA I-IOpMaJIIUIM npl-fTHCKOM.

BaKYyM¥CYllillUn:C ell npeKUjJ;IlIlM paJ~OM. ~ Onc cyumIlll,C HMajy 06miK MaI:bHX HJUI Behux eaHnYKa Hfllf ll,HJlJ1Hgapa, a lIaLIHI-bCHC cy 0;0, '-lBpCTor 'leJIH'-lHOr nHMa KITH

mma. Y J:hliMa ee Hana3H sefill 6poj C1'eJIa)Ka Koje ce Mory, nOiliTO ey u3HyTpa ilIynJbC, 3arpCSJTII BQp;eHOM napoM HJIH eJICK'rpHqHOM CTpyjOM. nOnITO ce Ma'repIIjan Kojrr ce )I(CJIIl eYIlHuH nopc~a no CTCJIa)KaMa, OTBOP 3a rrYILclbe ce XCPMCTI1.'t.!KII 3aTRopii. 3aTlIM ce nycTII y pap, BaKYYM-l1,prrKa. OHa, Kp03 )J,OBOJhHO lllllpOKy Op,-

HOAHY U;eB, YKJIalba oCJI06obeHe nape, a, eneIITyaJIHO, U Jlep~aHeHTHe raC?Be KO.i~, 360r pbanor 3arrTHBaIha, rrpoAPY Y CylllHIill,y HJIH ce ocno6ai)a.lY 113 MaTepH}ana KOJU ce CYUIH. na)KJbHBHM 3arpeBalheM, KOITrpOJnIlllyhIi HenpeKH,IJ;HO TeMTIepaTYPY, cyllIelbe ce 3aBpmaBa y peJIaTHBHO KpaTKOM BpeMeRy. YKOJIUKO 3H,IJ;OBll cyIllHllue, 360r BemIKe pa3JUiKe rrpHTHcaKa, He 6H 6HJIH OTnOpHI1, CllOJbHH, aTMoct:jJepCKll npnTucaK 6u je p.:e<iJopMucao llJIU 3p;p06HO. Y OBaKBI1M CYlliHl:lIJ.a!\1a CYille ce KOMaAaCTH MaTeprrjaJIll, pa3He cpHHe nJIaCTlFme Mace, q)apMau;eYTCKll rrpenapaTM, ,IJ;pore UTA·

BaKyyM~cyllllnnl,e ea llenpeKIlil:III1M pa,IJ:OM. - Ma):~a je ~ OBaKBI1M CYillHHu;aMa TeIIIKO OCTBapliTH HenpeKH,IJ;an paA, nTIaK, Y HeRHM cJJYLJaJeBI1Ma. TexI-IIfl-lKa peme}ba ,IJ;OBO)W AOTJIe WI je paA TaKBllX cymRHI~a npHBHnHO HcnpeKH;rWH (CJT. 129). 3arpejaH BaJbaK (1) ce o6pfie. 3apoIUlBlIHr jen;lIHM AeJIOM y pacTBop (2), Kojn ce, Aa 6n ce CnpC'-TVf.'lO TanQ)KCI-be, not-why I~upKyJIaqHoHe lWTIKC (3), HaJTa3H CTaJIUO y rroKpcTy. CBC)K pacTBop ce YBOrrrr Kp03 l(CB (4). Kp03 l~eB (5), Koja jc. BC3C1Ha 3a ni1KYYM-l.l,pnKY· qpne ce raCOBlITa MaTcpH.Ja Ii] OKJTOlla (6) )-' KOMe Je XCPMCTWIKH 3f1TBOpCn BaJbal( (1). OcymeH t-.faTCPHjan, Kojn ce y BHA)' cKpaMc XBaTi1 no rronpumnn B3-JJ~aKa, Ho)KeM (7) ce JbylllTH 11, rrpoJI<:13cfiu Kp03 u:cn (8), l1a!1,a y nOKpcTny Kopny (9), TaKoryc, XepMCTI1-"'-TKH 3aTBopcny OKJTonOM (10). Kana cc Koplla narryHJi, Be33 ca BaKYYII-1oM cc llpcKH)J;a, )J,Olhl1 OIelOn ce oTl~apa u eyB MaTepnjaJl I13BaAH, a npa3H3 Koprra ec cramI1m MCCTO 113l:'>abcHC. ,Ua 6n cc cnpc'lUIo npeKI-I,ll,

'

[1 5 .. ~ ... )'

t a.~.~; ,12, _. \ ! \ .. \

, "

L_,-W8~£h C·llt/({/

nOA oBaKBY BaKYYM-cYUIHHIJ;Y CTaBJhajy ce )lBe KOp- . TIC, CBaRa Y CHOM OIolOny. TTOlVlOhy norO~~He cJIaUI-me, MaTepHpn ee naH3MCI-lWIB.O ynybyje jCJ.:{aHITYT y jeAHY Kopny. a 3aTllM, nOUITO CC OHa HallYHI:L y ,IJ;pyry, TaKO)1,a ce MO)J(e CMaTpanI J];a je paA OBaKBe cyllnun~c KOl-rnmya.TI3n. nOK CC .le)JfI3 Kopna

npa3HH, ~~pyra cc nyHH HT;J;. .

TIOl\why BaKYyM-eynnml.l,C ca naJ"bKOM cymc ee opraHCKe t.-raTepHJC, o~c:rJbJ1Be H<:l TCMncpaTYPY, Rao, ua rrpllMep, MJIe'lIHH npOJ13Bo;a:U, cymeHlI aJI6yMHH, .la.1a: )KC

.JTanm: H APyre cymclIc )KHBOTHC HaMHpH1Il~C 11 cp3pMm~eYTCKI1 npenapaTU K0.111 cy cc npc eYWCI-b3 nana3HJIH y TC"'lHOl ... f l1JTH no.TIpKHTKOt.f CTau.>y.

4.4. CTIEl\HJ AJlHE CYlllHI1l\E

CVIHCU.C pacnpmanau.cM. ~ AKO je TICnpe6Ho CYUUITH, T<Fllmjc, YK.;10HHTH nche Koni-I'llllUe pacfBapa"'-Ia TaKO Jla ce .u:06uje npaIIJK<leTa. cyBa MaTepH]a, npI16era~a cc cymcH,y pacnpIllanalbcM. f1puHI~Hn OBaI(Uor cymcIMi, O).~HOCHO ~eIT~paB.al-ba, Je CJ"ICACilrr: pacTBop cc y Hapo'lIHTITM unapaTHMa - pacnplllIma(IHMa. T!. a10i\m3epll"/l.~a pacnpmana y KaITH KOjC, na;a:ajyhu Kp03 Tonao I:l CYB l'.acoBl!T ~·Ie;a:rI.lYM. HCIlapaBa]y TaKO JJ.:j' Ha nOg cyuumu,e nanajy eYBa 3puu;a MaTCpl1Je KOF1 Je 6UJI3 pacT~opeHa. TIorn:lo cc Maca TC~IHOCTH pa3611ja Y cHTHrrjc KaIUl, npH cYWCl-hY ce 06pa3YJC BpJTO semIKa nOBpIllI1Ha paCTBopa, 360r ""'-Iera je HcrrapaBalbC BpJIO SeJIHK<?, Kao H KanaU;l1TeT onaKBHX cyIllHHIJ.a.

237

,·C:rtlI1W 130

B.a CJIHlJ,H 130 npHKa3mm.ie cyufHH1(a Koja pap:n Ha OROM npHHfumy_ PacTBop Kojrr he cc cYIIJlnH, na.TIa3H ce y pe3cpBoapy Cl) o.n:aKJIC, npoTwIyMn Kp03 I~eB (2), YJIa3H y pacnpU1HRa'-T (3). Y 'TH.iCM ec JWlheJ\-f nCJfY (4) pacnpmyje H y BUllY KaITn, OApetJeHc nCJTJPIHI-Ie, naga HaHI-DKe. Ba3iWX, rrpeTXOJ];no 3arpcjaI-I y 3arpeja'lTY (S). y 3aBI-ICHOCTH OJ]; yeJIona pa;a:a YBCmlJ ee nJIH ea npX3 lvrn ca rUIlI cYI1JHlme. nOll!TO ee pa.un ca C.yBl1M II TOJVUlM B<l.3,llYXOlVL )W.;J(l3H ,llO annja6aTcKe pa31\-feHe Iberone- TOnJlOTe ca K3mIl\.·fa, 360r Tora Ba3;n:yx rrpHMa o.uronapajyhy KOJIWHIH}' BJIare I1, rrpoJl:a3CftH Kp03 OTBOPC (6), II3 npC'rcHacTc ea6npHe UCBH (7) 6HBa npoBol)cH Kp03 Il,n

KJIOH (8) On;aJel1e ra BCHTHJJaTOp (9) H30mwje y 3TMoccpepy. Ba3JJ:Yx jc nOTpe6no npOneeTll Kp03 Il,HK.'lOH 3JTO Aa 6H e.e oeJl06oJJ:HO qmHHx ~TCCTH:u;a cacymcHe M3Tepnjc KOjy je TIOnYKao ea conoM H3 l.l,H.ITHHJJ:pIFIHe eynumuc (10). CYBC llCCTI-III:C KOjc TIa1~HY ua KOHa"'-lHll nog OBC eyunnnW, nOTHeKyjy ce JWrraTHlI,aMa (12). Koeo nOeTJBJbCHHM )./ O,Ll;HOCY n3 e]'l·fcp o6pTaJ-ha, Ka cpe.u:nuITy nOAa. Kp03 CpeAHUITe npOJIa3I1 BpaTImO (13) 33 Koje cy npIFIBpmhcna TI;Ba noealia JIOIIaTJH~a (14). Y epegIHIITy KOHyca HaJIa3ll ce IT npollIHpeHa l~eB (15) Kp03 KOjy ce, y BaroilcTe (16) HenOJJ: IbeHHX oTBopa. HcnYUITa Caey'IlICU- rrpaIIlK<lCr MaTepujaJI. BepTHKaJIHO BpaTIIJIO MCllla.TIH-11,C (17) nOKpchc ce rrpcKo KaIlIlJIIHKa H onronapajyhnx 3ywraHlIK3_ Ha Taj Ha~Il1H ce, MeTonpeMeHo, cMaH)yjc H 6poj o6pTaja JTOnaTH1J,8 Kojn ITe npCJI33H BlIlne on HCKOJTHKO o6pTaja Y MHH}TH. Henon l~lIJTHITApa cc H(lJT33I1 narOHCT (16) n1c cc ca·· Kyullia qJHHH npax Koju.ie Ba:myx ea C060M nOT-reo.

Kana Koje cc cyme H Ba3J~YX KOjl1 CyillH cTpyje napaHeJIHo. Ba3;a:yx ca;op>KII 3HaTHe KOJlWlHne B.TIare, 360r 'lIera IIH BJIa)KlIOCT eynor MaTepnja.1Ia He MO>KC 6J1TH Mi:1Jfa. AKO ce >KCJIH A06HTH CyBJbH I\taTepnja;r. pa)~n ce y npcnMBcrpyjHoM TOKY, 'lj. eyn na3}J:yx ec .n;ono;a:n y cyunU:l~y OI~03nO. Ha Taj HatU:JII cyrnenlI M3TeplljaJl p;OJI33II y 1-~OAHP ca HajcYB.1MfM sa3}XYXOM, 300r ~rcra he l-LerOna paBHOTC)KHa BJTa:lIO-]QCT 6nTH HajHlT>Ka.

Y OBaKBMM cYIlJlU:JqaMa cymc ce eMYJl3Hje TIJIaeTIFIHHX Maca II oprmICKe MaTepnje 6UJbHOJ' 11 IImBOTUlbCKor IIOpeKJW: Meeo, aJI6YMHH, KpB, p33HH JIaKOBIl I1TLI.

KopnCTehH OKOJIHOCTH Koje yUf'lry ,IJ;3 ce MaTcpnjaJJ 6p30 OCYUlll, Y OBHM CYIUHI1u;aMa ec l\lOry, Kao mTO CMO BCr. BU,u;CJIll, cymHTH H MaTcpuje OCCTJhHBe ua nomnlleHoj TCMrrepaTYpu. Ba3AYX Kojn ce y6al.l,yje y rpcja'-l, na, TIpCMa TOMe, H y CyIlIHHU;y, Mopa 6HTH OHOJTI1KO ·T.IHeT KOJIIiKO TO 3aXTCBa ocymen MaTcplIjaJI. AKO ee

cyum xpaHa, Ba3AYX Mopa 6UTl1 Ao6po npoc}:nUlTpHpaU, 6C3 C'rpaHl1X MaTCpl1ja 11 l\-1Upl1Ca. Taga ce Ba3AYX 3arpcna npCKO K<Uiop:rrcpepa.

Ba)KHO je HanOMCHYTH Aa cc paCrrpJliI1Ba~m no Ha'-Hrny paga Mory pa3BpCTaTl1 y Tpn rpylIc. Kay], jCAHI1X ce Te'lHOCT, YBOf)CI-bCM IIOA npllTl1CKOM, pacnpmyje Kp03 CITnpaJIHC oTBope Y CYUII-IIUW, KO,o; ,a;pyrrrx raCQ[mMa nOA npIITHcKOM, a KOp, Tpehux TC'IHOC'l' ITaJJ;a 1M oKpyrJIC IIJlOl.re Koje cc 6p30 oophy_ KOil: OBHX Tpehnx KaIni TCq

HOCTH ce oTKHAajy ea lfEuu,e TIJIO'-IC H pa36aqyjy OKO fhe no KPY)f(HOj Kot>..mpH Y KOjOj

ce HaJJa3C.

CYllIen.e XJIaI}ClbCM. - XJlaljeIhcM ce Haj'llcmfie CYlliC racoBH, Aa 6rr ce OCJIo6?!lHJUl nape Kojy y ceon Hoec. fae ce nponyUJTil Kp03 llIynaJb, t~HJIHH)J;pwraH cy,n, KO.1I1 .ie IIOTOrIJbCH Y CMCIllY 33 XJIai)CI-bC BPJlO HllCKC TCMUep,:lType (na nput>tcp cym! JIeil

HJIH TC'-lan 1J<.t3nyX). OBaKO HHCKUM XJlaI)ClbCM CBa napa ce rrpCTBapa lIJIII y Kpn

cranny MO)J,HqH1Kal~Hjy TeJl(l aCTor cacraBa, na uprn,tcp fleA, HJlH, 3601 HBCKC TC}..-f

ncpaTypc CpCJ~I1HC Y KOjOj CC HaJla:Hl, Y TClUlOCT BPJlU HUCKor HafIOH8 napc. LI)IJIHHlWlFIHII C}-';~ HMa OTBOP Kp03 Kojn ce mtAl1 'fBpcra M3Tepnja, O)lHOCHO ()Ta~le Te(m~L

Cyrncn.c xnrpOCKOlIIlllM MaTcpnjaMa. CBOjCTBO xnrpOCKOllHC MaTcpHjc .1C

):l,a BC3yje 3HaTI·!C KO]lH'lHlIC BJrare 113 Ba3J~yxa, a TO 3Ira'II1 na lIM ce TOM npHJIHKOM

HaIJOH 3HaTIIO He MelLa. Of.( xnrpOCKOIlHHX MTrepl1ja Y TCXmH\H ce lIaj'lcmi1c Kopn·

cre: CIL'lllKarC.'1 (Sin!. ... /I 1I20) Ka.:Il~HjYhl-XjlOPH,u;H, K<.tJIlljYM H H~rl'pHjyM-XJlOpXHHPOKCH)l, cyMnopHil KHccm-IHa, C!)(lCCPOPO-IICllTOKCH,U HT!l. ,Ua on ce HCKa M3Tcpnja

oCyIlUV!<1 OBHM llocTynKoM, IlOTpc6no jc ;~a CC CTaBU Y 3aTBopCH npOCTOp Y KOMe

ce, HCTOBDCMCHO, HaJILl311 llOBOJLlIL! KO.'lH'IHHa Xl1rpOCIWllnc MLlTcpnje. nOlllTO jG

rI3HaJ~ OB;KUC M<lTCpHje HanOH BO.:.\ClIC uape BPJJO MLlHH, olla he nC3HBLlTl1 BO,TJ,eHY

napy ll3 OKOJIlIOr l:W3,o:yxa. l\.1e"tJYTU:-.t, HO!l!TO je WUIOH BO,u;CHC liapc U3Ha,TJ. TCJIa Koje

ce ua oBaj lIa'IHH cyUIlJ BCJIHKH, ca I:hCra he HC[JLlpl.lBaTH CTl.lJ!HO HOBe KOJIlFIMHC

BO,D,e. n Pl;O HcrrapaualLcM, a ,u;pyro BC3HUaI·LClvt he ce O,D,Y'JHMaTll Boga TeJIY Koje ce

CVIUll.

~ O'IHrJIC)lllO .ie J(a OrpatIWICUKC ynoTpe6e TOJIHKO BJUDKIW lW BHlIle He cywu. j/ TOM CJly'mjy aCKa OJJ Om-IX TCJIa ee, nOHOBHHM 3arpCBaJ-LeM,

percnepmuy (Cllmu;:arCJl, Ha npUMep) 11 ocnOC06Jb(lnajy 3a TIOHOBHO cymclbc, J10K

jc KO,u ,u;pynfx Taj IIocryll<l.K It cymllue cKyn, CKylVLB OJ~ HOllUX C)'BHX TCJta. OlW co

Tena OJ~oalJ,yjy rUIll KOpl1CTe 3il lwyre CBpxe. 110LUTO co npl! cymelLY HanCJ(CHUM nOCT)'I!JWM TCMnepaTypa Tc.na YOIIIlIW' Be

nOBchana, nil oHaj lIa'lHU CC cyme 11 r\p)'lT BPJIO OCCT.!bHBC HeoprancKc H opraHcKc CHO)KeHC M<lTCPl1jC. OBaj JlOCTYULlK cywelba cnpoBoAH ce H Y JW60paTOpl1jaM<l apE Kn<:lUTIIT<lTHBHJ\M r-.-WPCI·LlUvla, rrOWTO ce llJ. Taj 1l:J~IH:II Onp.>Kuna KOHCT~UlTH(l B.!l"l)K

nOCl" <1TMOCCpepe y CYiWBHlvra 3(1 CYWClbC (CKCHKaTopUMa). Hpeh1a TOl\lC, nocy,u;ml,e

Y KojllMLt ce h-ICpH car .. !,J))l<:C YBCK BCT), KOJllil..lHHY BJIarC, Tj. BCTY Macy, lIlTO je 33 TC

I.JHOCT KojOl\t ce paW1 lIaj3Ha~IajllH.ie.

113BOD

LJBpCTa Terra ce OOWl1:lO cyme Ba3mlXOM. I1300POM pemlTHBUc. BJIa.)KHOCTI1 sa··

3Ayxa MQ)KC ce ynIl..I,aTH Ha 6p3HllY cYlIlclba. DocToje TpM 6P31IHC cymefua - HajBeha je Ha 1l0~leTKy a najMalha ua Kpajy.

LIBpC'r MaTepHjarr ce CYillM. y KOMOPHI1M, TYHe!ICKHM I1JII1 06PTHUM CYIllHl:U.l,aMa.

I 239

TeCTaCTH If Te\IHU MaTepujanH CC cyme lIa Ba)hI~llMa, y BaKYYMY I1JIH y3 Mem<lIhC.

CylUeH~e pacrrpnIlmalheM ce npIfMelby.ie rrpIf rrpOrHBO,l.l,fbH npalIIKaCTHX MaTepujana.

lacoBH ce cyllie XJlaryelhcM I1JIH XI1,1J;POCKOITHHM cyncnUII.I,aM<l.

UIITAlbA

L OGjacHl1Tc 3alllTO JJ:O_'1a3H J~O npoMeHe 6p3lufe cYllle.H::.a. 2. KaKo ce Mo)Ke y6p3aTll cymclhc y TYHCJICKHM cYlllHHlJaMa? 3. )la Jut ce MI:lTepnjaJ! y cYU1Hm..l}{ ca MelllUH,CM Mo%e C)'IlHlTH aKO ce y my He )'ilOfJ;Jf na:qyx?

4. 3aulTo je HCMoryftHO nocTHhn KOHTlmya;mo cYllJe!{,c cmpC'fc !>1UTCPllJC y cYlllHHua!>·ta Koje pa;lc nO;J: BI:lK),Y1>-101vl?

5. Y KOjHM cc cYtllHI1l(aMa cyme tlBpem M:JTcpnja;w? 6. KaKo ce cyme racoRn?

liA

CYIIIE/hE '1III'CTOr MATEI'HJAJIA

3a;I,U"l'UK. EKn7.epLLHcHfTla.rlNO ogpegwuu: a) KPU(»)' CYWel-IAl lWPClU()Z .Hmuepuj(IJ1({,

6) 3(1(lLlCIWClU citG{upu'me {Vu/J/CI-tOUUU ."Iwfiicpuja.,w ug 6pe-.MCfW CYWO·b(J.

ANlUluao 3agaiilKCl. Ka;l<l ce BHiDKaB ~laTepHjaJI 11 ne3aCl1ftea BC.t3f.iYX O)We-

!;JeHe TeMncpwrype H BJIa)KHOCTI1 rWBCMY y KOHTaKT, TCMnep<rrypa 11 BJl;DKHOCT

M~lTCpIi.ia;ra nO~HHhY WI ce Mel·hajy npn6.'IlDKaBajyhll ce cTal~l1oHapHoM CTiltby. Y cTaquOlrapHoM CTal-LY 6p311lla cYllltl-ba.ie KOHcrallTHU. IlC.PllOfl KOHCTaHTHC 6p3l1He CYillClt.a 3aBpmaBa CC Kana .l\1aTepl1j(l.~I ,u,OCTHIT!C KPI1Tll'lHy BJl~l)KHO~T. OJ.l, OROI' l'v1(!MeHTa Ha nOBpUJlmy ,D,ocncr:la MaH,a KOJIH'Uma BJlare on OIIC K0.1Y raCl-Ia CTPY.F1

MQ)Ke ,lla rrpHMH, a 0P3HW.\ CYl.l1CI·f,Z\ Ii WlJbe Harno ona,D,!.! - TO .Ie ncpnOiJ, CM,UbCIha

op3HHe CYlllClb3. OIlHcaHO nonalllmLC H.1YCTpyjy "KpHBa cymclba 11 KpHBa 6p3HHC

cymcfba. KpI1Ba CYilICH.,<1 npCf.(Cl'JBJha rpacj:mK KOjl1M CC IJPHKa3yje itPOJI1CIUI (LW2C

(m1.) h1aTCpujaJta, y 3LtBUCIlOCTI-I O;~ BPCMCIW cyrnclha Ct) (CJL 130a). Bp3HHa CYll.H-::lba (lll) npenCT<.lBJh<t IIpOMeu)' Mace (6111) cyrneHor M<lTepujaJJ<:l

YCJle,I\ HC[lapaB~U!,a lmare y jcgmuu~Jl npchlcHa (T) ca jC,flHHHIJ,c. nOBplliHHC (A):

N = J~.!!2... A ·T

Ipaq:mK 6P3HHC cYlllclt.a (cn. 1306) [1per~GraBJba 3aBHCHOCT 6p3HHC cymclba

(N) 0)], cnel~HctlIttme BJ1J.)KllOCTH MaTcpnjana (W). BmDKHocT MaTcpnjaJIa ce M())Ke

Mel·baTH O),~ nO~leTHC cnel.l,ucj:uT"IHe BJla.>KllOCTH (H/p) go paBHoTc:>J(uC cnClI,wtnfYJIC

n.'Hl)KHOCTI1 (W!.). Cncl.I,l1cpwIHa B.Ha:tKHOCT (W) jc OJ~HOC \f(lce BJlare (ml ,) H cYBor MaTcpnjaJIa (m.,):

v/ = .J?I-l' . Ins

AeJIY KpI1Be (A-B) ogfoBapa nepno)); KOHCTaHTHe 6p3HHe cyrneH~a, Kap;a ce no I~enoj I10BpUnnm BJIa)KHOr MaTepHjaJIa na.lJa:m Te'lIHOCT Koja HcnapaBa.

Bna)KHocT MaTepMj3n3 Y T3t.IKH B je KpHTIFlHa EJIa)KHOCT (Wk)' Ta'1Ke ua KpUBOj Koje Jle)f(e H33 Ta~IKe B ogfoBapajy nepHo,:o:y ona;:tajyhe 6P3HHC cymelha. Ueo B-C op;foBapa nept10HY cymefba Y KOMe ua nOBpIIIHIIH MaTeplijana jom YEeK nocToje "Erra)J{Ha oCTpEa". OA MOMeHTa nOCnnaIha KpUTHqHe EJW)f(HOCTH, 6p3HHa cymeH~a .Ie eEe EMIlie AHKTUpaH<l 6P3HHOM ,lJ,mjJY3I1je Enare Kp03 MaTepnj'aJl. Y nepHOAY Koja (mrOBapa Kpajy cymeff,a CEa BJIara Koja ca nOBpnlHue M3Tepnjan3 O;:Vla3H, IIpenocn ce 113 l+..eroEe YHYTpamlbOCTH JlH¢Y3UjOl>rL Kap;a ce AOCTllrHe paBHOTe>}ma En3)J(HOCT, cYIIIeI-be rrpecTaje na je 11 6p3I:III3 cYlllcIha jcgHaKa HymL

(TaCIKa C).

flOlUpc6J.w "HcpeH~a u i7popa L/.yJ/. - Ua 6n ce 0J.I,,pewma KpHB3 cymen,a, noTpe6Ho je IvlepnTH Macy cymeHOT' MaTepnj3n3, y 3aBHCI-IOCTH 0;0: BpeMeI-IU, CEe nOK cc ne AOCTHTHC Maca Mincpujan<1 (111,-) paBI-IOTe)KHC BJI3)l(J-IOCTH. Orm: rrop.:al..(I1 ce 0enc)KC y Ta6cJIY rile ce Yl-IOCe napoBH )\"\{:pcll)a (m - t) TIo 3aEpmeTl(Y cymcl-ba ncn<1p<1~ BaI·bel\-·r pamloToJ(He BJ"I8rc y cyIImH1~Jl llCl 1 O::;"C, o~wc1)yje ce Maca CYRoI' lVIaTCpu.lana (ms) If Q10pl\lHpa c1c):l;elia T{JOe}Ia.

I BpeNH' Maca M <lea ?-·1<lT. C.r!060f\Hi1 YKynH<l CnClUlftm'ma

B.1fDKHOr CYBOf B."1aT'21 l'1:1<If8 B.r13)KlIOCT

Cl~ l\taTcpuja::Jl1 B:'l,DKHoeTll

m In, JJl, m-·m! m,_:::Oln-lJ1., W:;:;::m-~

rn. l·

MepeHo pa'1ymlTo

Jii3 Ta6cJlC cc MO)l(C 3aKJbYTHT11 ira.ic CJIooo,!wa BJIara OHa Bnara Roja ce MO)J(C O)lBeCTII cyrneH)CM. aHa rrpeACTanJb3 pa3_'lHK)' H3t.'fet;y yKynHe Mace BJI3)KHOr MaTepHja..TIa (m) 11 paBIWTC)l{I-IC t.lace Koja ce Ba3~\yxOl\f InlTUC HC MO)l(C CYUIHnI (mJ YKyrrna BJIara rrpC)1CTaBJhJ pa3JIHK)' H3}\-lC9Y Macc R,Ia)KHOr !vHUepnjana H CYBe M(ITepuje (mJ. Crrcqm)1TFlHa RJIa)KHOCT CC ~le(tmHIn.ue Kao 0AUOC Maca nocTojchc snarc H qrnc MJTCpnje. liJ3 ropH,e TaOeJIe cc MO)KC KOHcTpyncaTIl Jl:Hjarpal"f 3i1nHC HOCTH W 0;0: f.

Jhpaga aagai7Jlw. TIpBO Tpc6a CKHl~HP;'\TH anapaTypy. CyrmlHI\fl ce nyulTa y paJ{ YKJI,)"InuafhcM BeUTIL-;JaTopa H rpcja\Ia. EKcrrepHMCI-IT 3anO'IH1-bC no nocnnaI-bY KOHCTaHTHe TeMIIepaType 13<t3,!tyxa.

PaM ca 06jCKTOM CC CTanJI-,a l-Ia Bary Koja ce ypasHOTc)KfL 3aTHM ce CKH;rJa Tel' 0).1; 3 kg, lInH Man~JL 3aBHCHO o;n BCJIWIHHC o6jcKTa 11 H,crone B:ra)lmOCfH. PcrHcTpyje ce BpeMe 3a Koje he Ka3aJbKl:l !P Ilpot;e Kp03 paBHoTc)J{HH rrOJTO)l{aj, Y TOM Tpe· UyTKy jc YKJIOl-beHO 3 g B~Tare. 3aTJ-:'IM ce HCKOJIHKO nyTa OJI:Y311Majy TerOEM o,u no 2 g, IV1H Miube, H perrrcTpyjy BpeMcHa npOn3)KeIha Ka3aJhKC Kp03 paBHoTc)KHH no

nO>Kaj. Me-peI-he ce M(»Ke BpUll1TH 11 TaKO lIITO ce Ha narn ot.IJ-ITanajy Mace Y HCTJ-IM BpCMeHCKHM pa3Mall,IIM~L

EKCIIepM~CHT Tpaje CBC IiOTJlC .Li0K BPCMC YAaJhaBalba 1 BJIar ' . IlITO 3Hal:m JI:a JC nocTHnIYTa paBHoTc)J{Ha BJIa)l{HOCT IT g e He 6yn.e 5-] 0 mm paK M3Tepnjana CC cyIIIII y cyI.lIHMI(H Ha l050C.n;o· 0 3aBprneTKY orne.n:a, y30~ yKynHa Maca eYBor MaTcpMjaJIa. KOHCTaHTHC Mace II oApetJyjc

Pe3ymuawu. - ,lJ;o6HjeHl'I H3MepeHH If IBpa-qYHaTH e3" . " , cJlcgefioM T36eJIOM 11 rpacpwIKU, r.ue ,I(lIjarpaMM npen P r .YJIraTH rrpJ-fRa_{Y]J ce 3a,I(aTKa. ,,",cTaEJbI::lJY perncn,e Tpa>KeHOr

Hn OCHOBV OBJ1X no;n:ar3Ka ;n:06HjCHH CV Hnjarp'U\"lTI 11 1 1"7 . -- . ., " " pll"Ka3aHH Ha C}TIIKaMa 16

11 ~") rAe JC naTa rrpOMcna yKynHe BJlaTe 131l<DKHor M3Tcpnja.THl H CnCl~J-l(J1T,pr;K E.Jl3)lGIOCTB, Y 3<lBJ-ICHOCTH 0;0: gre}"leHa cymelhC:L

50 60 "f (min)

CJI.UKtI !30a Clfww]306

@

33A3T3K. Ogpeguiilu 3Cl6UCI-lOCfil 0p3UHe cyutefbCl '16pCiIlol MafUepujwta og H:>e'io6c cileu,U<jJU'1He 6!WJlCHOCUlU.

AHll.flU3a aagm71l<a. - 13p311H3 cymcfb3 je KOJIWIIUm HCnapCHC BJIare y je;ruiHHW1 BpCMcn3 ca jeAIfI-mI~e nOBpmUHC, OAIIOCHO npOMeHa B313)KHOCTH y jeAIIHlU.lJf Bpe~ MeH3 (CJl. 130B). Kpuaa 6p.3UHe cyweluf fpacj:nt'DW UPW'W3yje 3ClaUCI-lOciV 6p3UNe cYUleIVa og 6!laJKHOCLUU .AwUiepuja~1a, a /(oI-tCL71pyuwe ce lwpuwfielVe,,u pe3)'/uuafua

U3 ilpelTtxog"102 3agatUKa. flo(ilpe6,.w MepCf-ba U i1popa~tyl-l. - eBa nOTpe6na McpCfba 33 I13pagy OBora

3iJ)1.aTKa 06aBJben<:l ey y npCTXOliHOM 33J.l,aTKY, InY3cn rroBpnnme (A) ea Koje ee OgBO,(IU 1331ara, OLl,ROCHO nOnpIIU1J:-IC npeKo Koje crpyjI1 Ba3iWx. AKO ce ca (N) 03Ha'-lIl

6p3HIB cymCI-ha, OHJ(a je:

(nil -In2)

A(", -1,)' rAe je:

(m] -- !TIl) - npOl\-lcrw Mace cyurcuOr,l\WTcpuja.:13 (ncrrapcua BJ1ara) (1:2 - 1) _. BPCl\leIlCKlf ncpWJ):( 'Jt\ KO.\11 Ilcnapn 11/1 .. ~ In} BJJare

A -- IloBplmw3 cYlllCI-La. Cucqw:}JwUla BJl~l)KlIocT.ie ,o;cqnII-lltcana jc,aH<1 t n1HOlVC

T'''' ""' B A 3,0

I I I I

I I I I I

2,0 I I I I I I I ! I I

1.0 I I I I I I I I

c I I

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 000 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 W IkgH,O/kg S.M)

CiWKa 1306

w=.!!.'!L=m-n1s n1s

O)J;3KJIC je:

m = m.l _ (1 + VV),

UJTO 3I1a'--l11 Aa je:

ml - ln2 = ftls (tV] - W 2).

AKO cc ca nI] _. In] II3 OBC jeW-IallylHe, 3aMCI-HI)-' 6p3UHy CyllJelL<l Ao6uja ce:

NI_

2 = ,m,l ,~L=._!Y:1_.

A ""[2 --t l

J·13 OBe jC;'l:Ha'IHHc ce Bl1i1;H I~a je 6p:H1U3 cymcfba OJWCi)CIW mrrCpBaJIot-I BpC

j\ICll!l, OJiHOCHO Aa npcl,CTaB!b3 cpCJ_U'by BpC).\HOCT H3MCi)y BJIa)KHOCTH WI 11 W? Tl. llpcMcHa "{ i - 1:;',. OBe CpCiJ,IbC Bpcr~HOCTll cy npHK£t3311e m')J(HM<l lla CJHll(l~ 130B~ To 3IliFlH).(a Tpe6a C<FllUHlTl1 gnjarpal\[ na nClloBY CJIe,Ll,elie Ta6cJle.

i I = ~l. + vVl.

2 Ii.

----;

I I

1, w, I

~~ __ .~~~. __ 11 __ 1.1=~1~. W2; ~1._J~2_-_'_=_?_'_~_!~~~::~_'_, Ivfaca cYBe l\taTepujc je fBMCPCUil pamrje, a IlOlJPWHHY cymclhi.l TpeGa H3l\1l>

punI ]JaKHa~IHO. JJ,njarpmf ce MO)J(C KOHCTPYHGtTH 11 TaKO IUTO cc CpCW-h<l Gp:3Hlla 1\"1-2 YHOCH Y

'JaBI-lCI-lOCTH 0,0; CPCf-U-bC cneu,H(fJWIHC BJ1a)KHOCTll H/I __ 2 ('nttIKC o:ma~feHe KPY)KH

ilHMa). CpCr~tb:l BJIa.iKHOCT je:

PC3),Jliilailiu. - Ha Oel-IOBY .n,aTI1X o6ja1l11bel-ba H PC3YJITaT3 113 npCTXO,D;HOr

3a,n):lTKa, rnpcFrYHaBajy CC II01J.ar~l:1 ,u,aTH y Ta6cJlII Ha CJleAehoj Crpal-IH.

Ha oeHOB), rrpeTXOAI-le Ta6JlI-1IJ.c KOHcTpyucaH je ,D;ujarpaM npUK33<1H Ha CJlHll,H

130B.

3aJ\UT3K. OgpeguiTiu:

a) G.aaJIOlOCL7J Cllj)()6W-lC U i1P()U;:I(~oga itpll CYWCf-bY Y pOiIl(ll~UOll()i CYUlI-IUI.(U,

6) ci1er~U4n(llH.Y flozTipoztUb)' ClICKlTiPI.ll{/-{C cuep?_-ujc. AH{ULU3a aagalTi'Ka. 3) DWICTHa (vVu) II KpajI-ha (VIIi) mIa)KHOCT, Tj. nna)KHOCT

Cnp0BI-iHe 11 rrpmT3BO)J,a, Mepe ce TaKO lIITO ee y3MY Y30pqH (l\fJJla KOJIH'tIHI-W) yna~ 3Hor (m'n) IT H3Jra3I-IOI' (ocymeHor) l'"raTcpnjan3 Mace m/ H H3MepH CC. 3aTHM I-Ia

TCMncpaTypH 0)], 105"C Hcnapn CBa BJIara H3 I-bHX, H H3Mcpe ce I\mee CYBor MaTcpnjaJIa Koje nOTlPIY O,D; yna3Hor (m',\'J II H3JI331-wr (m'-\'i) Y30PK3, Rn3>KHOCTH cy caJ],a:

6) CI1Cl~m-pI1'nIa nOTpoIIIlh3 cneprnje rrrn eYIl1Cl-hY rrpC)1CTaBJhCl O,lJ,lIOC YTPOlUCHe TOITJIOTHC eHcprHjc (Q) H KOJIH'tIHHC HcrrapcHc BJlare (L'1/11) H3 M3TcpHjaJI8 KO'

JI1 ce cyum:

s ~ -(1-, flm

JC;UHHIu~a ORe BCJIH'IID-re je Jjkg, rra ce Crrell}Iq-H-I'-IHa 110TpOIllI-ba eneprnje MO)KC cxnaTHTH Kao ccj:nlKaCHOCT cylllHI11~e, jcp Ha nocpcgan na'tll1H YKa3yjc Ha I~cny cyme

Iba, OHa, I-lal1Me, l1pln<a3yjc BPCp,HOCT YTpomCHe eHeprHje, rroTpe6He 33 HcnapaBa

l-be jc,n;Hor KHJIOrpaM3 Bnare, . Y CYlliHHIJ;lI Koja pa;urr KOHTl1I-JyaJIlIO, Kao, Ha rrpUMCp, pOTall,IlOna CYIIIHllll,3

(CJI, 130r) cnell,l1qJJ-I'-IHa nOTpOIIII-ha cHeprnjc ce MO)l(C 113pa'tlynaTl1 HOMOhy CJIC)lC

her o6pacI\a,

rAe je: q

(A,IIlW 730::;

,_ Q/t ,t ,\----;;:;:

b.m / '"C 11m

npOTOI< TOITJIOTe Koja AOBOAn,qo rpejaJ-ha B(3)lyxa KOjHM ce CYUIII MUTCPU-

fun - Maca HcnapeHC RJIafe y cymHln:~n 3a Bpel\-fC TpajaHo.a cymclba ('r).

. nOil!p:~H-a .Mep~Jba Ii iipopa'ryH. ~ AKO ceo Ba3JlYX rpcje eJICKTpH'(IHHl\f rpep"IrrM.a, Ta)J,a JC pa3BHJcua CJICKTpJIl-lHa CHara rpe]a'(Ia (Nc) jCT(HaK3 npOTOKY TonnoTe KO.1), ITpHMa B33p:yX:

q=N('=lV·l,

. Ol-:TJ;arce ~lO)KC MCpHTH O'lHTa~mbeM YTpomcne eneprHje ua eneKTpU'lHOM 6pOJHJI) (Ai" t) Ji BpeMcH3 pa;ua rpeJwIa, OJ]J-IOCHO cYll1cl-ba ('"C):

-N _Nc''"C q- e~--'

T

flPOTOK Hcrrapcne Bnarc cc op;peljvjc II£! OCI-IOBY McpcH~a YJI33HC (WJ H H3na::H-Ie (lV;) Bn3)KHOCTH: _.

cue je:

m,I' ~ rvlaca eYRor MaJ'cpnjaJIa KOjl1 rrpobe Rp03 CVIlIHUIJ.V 3a BpeMe Tlwj3J-ba cymelba (t), - -

Wu H Wi - YJI33Ha H H3J1a3Ha crrcu;ucpWIHa BJIa)IOlOCT,

OcyrneHl-I MaTepI1jaJI (rrpOH3BOA) Mace (mi) Hnje IIOTUYHO CyB TaKo,n:a ce KOJIH'lllIHa arrCOJJ)'THO CYBor MaTeprrjaJIa (mJ Mopa o,n:pegHTI1 Ha ocnOBY MepeTh3 VKVT1He Mace IIpOI13BOna (mi) II lbefORe BJIa)KHOCTll: ~ ~

246 c:=

l~ "" n1i - n-!.£. m.1'

HOUITO jc BJia)KHOCT u,eJIOf npOIi3BO)J/1 Je~(HaKa BJIa)KHOCTH Y30pKa Tor IICTor

npOH3BO)la, Ul1'O jc paHllje JJ,C¢HlfHC<lHO Y GBOM 3aiJ"aTKy, OHlla je:

m,::;::~L . . 1 1 + Wi

Pe3YJITaTH ee, 3Ha"-lH, Mory )106HTH KopnlllfierbCM CJlc):(che Ta6mru;e Koja ,n;aje MCPCHC BJ13)J(HOCTlL

113 OBc Ta6eJle ce HJP<FI)'lli:lnajy IIO,;~a1J,11 3<1 oBaj 3anaTUK, u noD, a) IT ITOp; 6). M:~pa'-IYl-w.Tl1 nO!1.au,u cy ,QJTH y c!le~\choj Ta6emL

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Blltl)KIlOCT ' 13mDKHoCT I Maca I l'vlaca I YTpOUlCH:J I CW':I(H(!}WtllU i

[

I I " ! I 'I CHPUUylll:: npOl!:llJO;('-l! cyHe _! HClwpeHe I ew:pnlJil i llOTpoU1~I,a I iii ~l(lTcpll.\e i llJ!arc i I CHC]J!'HjC i

1-------+---'--: -~ I '----I~-----I Ill" ,- iii,,, I - m' I Ill, [ ('" 'J ' AI N,-1:, \V"::::--,-'--l W: : III ~-----~ I'lm=J i l ft' ~h'- =1 1VI'·1: s=~'-

rI1\jf i : .1 1+\.1/;! '.'" , ll.m

L , .. ___ ' _~____ i ! "._~ __ ,,~ In" - m i __ -1 ____ ~ ____ I

yhpagll Jagawli:a. - CKHU,l'!paTH anapaTYpy, a 3aTl--iM je nycTHTH y norOH. Kaj,:\J

Cc PC.iKHM cYUJcu)a ycraJlII (H3JI<DUa TClvlw.:cpaTypa Ba~~J~yxa cc He J\lcH~a» IIO~IeTli ca McpClheM rope lIaBCACHHX 13e;lHLll1lIa.

[\:JY"-1iIiaiTiu. - Y TOKY CYlllClhi1, KujC je TpajaJlO 0,5 '-laCOBa, AOOHjCf-lH cy

1-13 OBllX lTogaTaKa ce 113pal.fYHaBa:

• -"~- I

YrpollJel!<l I Cncl\U(tlHCIJ'la !

ellCprtlja ' n01,!)OW!-ha I CH~'p!'11je i

)l.ECTIIJIAllJUA

5.1. PABHOTE)KA TPIHOCTM 11 flAPE

AKO CMcwa ABe HlTH munc TC"'-IHOCTII Kn~ylra 11 I1Cl1apaB3 y napn H3Hap; IbC HahH

he ce orreT HeTe KOMI10HCHTC, ann he caCTan (KOHu:eI-ITpar~llja) nape 6UTU pa3JUP-[HT

0)1; cuC'raB3 TC'-II-IC CMellie. Bam Ta pa3mnGl caCTalla Tc"'-mOCTH H napa H3H3n !:-be HC

Kopl1mhcu<1 je 1(ao H3'IHH 3a pa3JJ;Bajalbc nojc;O:lum:x KOMTIOHCH3Ta. Pa31lBajmhc MO

x::c ~a 6y;u,c )~e.TIHMJ1'-IHO HJUI nOTnYHo, y 3aBHCHOCTH OA HCnapJhHBOCTH KOMllOHcna

Ta. ;aeCTHJIaTI;nja je, 3I-Ja"lH, oncpan,nja pa3Jl:Uajalha TCqHlIX cMellIn, Na OCl-WGY pa3-

JlUKe lu:ilapJ7JLWOCllhl rbUXO(]UX l{O.AitiOl-lCl1mIia. no 33npmcTKy ;xccnmaUHje 1106nja ce geciTiluunTi co l106efimwA1 lww~eHI7ipmiujo_H J1QIW1C I1ciiap.lhU(}C J((HJilOl-lClliYie u ociUaiIia!c Y ociilaiIixy je Km-lljel-lillPaL~uja JIaKUlC Hcfiap .. 11I1GC /{o.Hilmwltiik. CJHGfb('

lW, Tj. MaH~a Hero y rrO'-JCTHoj ClvIeam:.

np0113BO~~ ;rl;eCTHJTaIJ;uje, nOIlITO 3aBHCI1 OJ\ HCnapJhHBOCTH KOlvrITOI-femlTa, OA

pebeIf je, npc CBera, nplip0Jl,m.'f KOMIIOHenaTa TcrII'Ie CMCIIIC H3 Koje .ie D<.1TpeOHO

Jl:OOHTlI )1{CJheHY "IUCTY KOMnOlJelITY.

TnTIOBH TC'-lHHX CMCUIa 6n CC MQI"JUJ nOp;eJlHTH ua TpH I"JlaBHC rpync:

- CMeme Te('fHOCTl1 KOjc CC He Memajy; ._. CMCJIle Te'-IHOCTlT KOjc CC )1CJIHlvfH'-UIO l'.ICIIIajy;

- ClvielllC TC'-II-IOCTH Koje ce MeIIl3.ly y CERM 0JIHOCHl\-Ia.

Y 3aBMCHOCTH O;rl; Tl1TIa CMeme, Ba)Ke pa3JUPIHTl1 (jm3J{tIKO-xeMujcKlI 3aKOHH 33

paBHOTC)J(Y nape 11 TC'-THOCTH, Tj. HCnapJhHBOCTH KOl\HTonenaT3 CMellIe.

TCllllOCTH Koje CC lie Mcmajy. ~. )Jne TC'-HiOCTH Koje ce He Mcmajy )vrct;y co6m.f o6p<nyjy rpaHm~y qX13a - I10npmHny ,n;c06e. T3IW, Ha npHMep, yJI~C IT nOMa ce He Melllajy H o6pa3yjy ABa CJloja, rAe ce YJbC, fIOUITO lIMa Mal-hY rYCTJUIY, HaJla3H IBnaJJ,

BO;rl;e. AKO cc OBaKBa CMelUa npoMyhK3, cTHapa cc CMY]I3Hja. Koja je jOUl YBeK IWO" cpa3IHL lIaKO ce TO HaOKO He rrpHMchyjc.

Onnrra KapaKTcpnCTHKa CMemc, '-mjc ce KOMnOHCHTe He Memajy,.ie)P ce cna

Ka KOMrrOHCHTa IIOHama Kao p;a je cal\.1a npHCYTHa, 6C3 o63Hpa Ha KOJHFIHHCKH OM

HOC npeMJ D;pyroj KOMfIOHCHTH, Tj. il{/pl~ujafIHI,l Clpuiiiucf11.: je jep;naK HaTIOny nape. 3aBHCHOCT Banana napc HCKHX Te'-lHOCTH o,n: TCMnep;nype npnxa3ana .ie na cmnlJl 131. YKOJIHKO ce noje,n;llHa~lIm uanOllH napa KOMnonCHTII Y CMemll uonYHc,n:o npH~ THCKa KOjH BIlana 113ua.n, CMeme, HC}Jla3H AO KJh)"-1311,a. To 3H3'-U:f ]la he ce CnOJhHH

npIT'TIICaK nocTIIhn 6p)l{c nero Kan je npucYTHa ca}'10 .ie)].Ha KOMIlOHenTa. nOCJIe,IVI

l~a OBara je H/.l..JfW Wa~{Ka f(J1:.)y~taf-ha cfrtCWe og hla~(/{e IUb)H-laf6a 6ruLO Koje I1pucyiilJ-le 'lucille lW.MUOHeflwe.

p

mm~O~l---

700 I I

600 ~ I

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::r mo

j,oo

C J 200

--j 100

""<f''''I:::. I;' =-C~-"I~._L..---L..-1~. __ L_~L.,.~J 'l{) 80 \lO Ill) 110 110 DO l~O 150 HiO 170 1110 190 200

TEMnEPATYPA °c

HocMaTpajMo, na npHMCp. 6eH30JT II Bogy. ECH30JI no)]. l-lOpMa:1HHM rrprrTHCKOM KJby'-Ja H3 ROoe OBC nnc KOMIIOHCHTC IIm.-1CmaI-Ie oe3 o63Hpa y ROM 0):1)-10-cy, K.lbY'Jajy lIa 69,2°C. Y onOMC CJI)''-Jajy, cnaKa KOMrrOI-ICHTa nojcmn-wt.IHO lIlvH\ ua

TCMuepaTypn 69,2°(' cBOj rrapl~HjaJ1JIH npuTnc3K, jC,n;H3K Harrouy nape, KOjU ca~

6paHI1, nOCTH)J(Y aTMocCpCPCKJ1 TIPMTHC3K. UITO je ynpaBo ITOTpc6HO J1.a CMcma npoKJbyqa. Do Aa.f1TOHOBOl'vf 3aKOHY, I-JaHMC, TC'-IHOCT Kn:>Y'-Ia KR;rl;a je YKyrraH npHTHcaK

M3H3):, TC'-IHOCTH jC)~H3K 36MPY rrapI~MjaJIHHX rrpHTHcaKa:

P::::PA+Pll.

r,n;c je:

p ~. yKynHH TIpnTHC3K,

fJA - l1apl~Hjamm npnTucaK KOMDoneHTe A.

FB - napu.lljamm rrpllTlfCaK KOl\-1ITOI-fCUTC B Y TIapn H3Ha)]. pacTBopa.

TelJnOCTU KOjC cc l~CJlIIMlp:mo Mcmajy. - TIpnnIf'-lHO '-TCCTO ce jaBJbajy CJIy'-Ia

jeBI1 Ka,n;a ce ABC KOlv1TIOncHTe Meuwjy Y H3BeCHMl\1 rpaHHuaMa KOln~CJ-ITpal~Hje. a y HCKOM ApyroM 0AIWCY KOHl~cHTpau.njc ce ue pacTRapajy. Pa3MBajaI-bC OBaKBHx TJf

nona CMellia 3axTeBa nojc;uIIH3'THO P33lvtaTpm-be, na ce HeKa OIlllIT3 npamma He JvlO~

ry 3a CBC l-bIIX oupClJ,wrn.

TC.IHOCTH KOjC ce mnUYHO Mcmajy. -- CMerne KOP; Kojnx ce ABe KOMIIOHCHTC

MCIIIajy y CBUM O)l,HOCHMa (Ha npHMep, aJIKOXOJI-no,n;a I1JIH 6eH30JI~TonyOJI) npen;

CTaBJbajy TaK03BaHe npaBC paC'l'BOpc. EUTRe KapaKTepnCTHKC OBHX paCTBopa

npe)J,CTaBJbajy ce ¢a3IUIM HJIn paBHOTe)KHHM ,n:njarpaMHMa.

·····--~r----·----···~---· .. ~~·-""~"~--···

d)~nIlH ,tllfjllrpllM, ~ Ha CJll1IJ;H 132 npHKa3JH je )lIIjarpaM rJlc cy l-Ia anCI~liCJ:I )J;aTC KOH~cJ-I'rpanHjc KOMIIOHCHaTa A H B, a Ha oPllHHaTff TCMIIcpaType KJhyqaIba. Al1jarpaM.ie npellCTallJbCH }'l;HcMa Kpl1BHM Koje cc cnajajy Y KpajI-bHM Tat.IKaMa tA Ii

IlJ' nOI-ba KprlBa l-Ja3HBa ce gpUGOM ilieLflU' cjla3e. a roprba KPU(J(f je KpUGa tiapHe

q}{lJe, )J;l1jarpaM npHKil'3yje caC'faRe 6UI-lapHC CMCllie A li By Te tIHOCTllll napl1 npn KJLytralbY, OapHH l-111jarpaM n<DKl1 3J o!~pegeHH npHTHcaK: '111M ce npUTHcaK npoMeHU, npOMCHHhe ce H TeMrrepaTypa KJLytlaffi<:L

<:JncTa KOMnOI-IClITa A KJhYlla Uil Tel\mepaTypn tA , a tmeTa KOMIIOHcHT3 B ml

TCMnepaTYpu fLJ. T;]\IK<1 RJLyqmbJ KOMI10UCIlTe B jc OlInrncw-ro BTHUil OlJ: Til''lKC

KJbyll<lI-L<:! KOlv[JIOueHTC A, II3 '!.fera npOlI3Jla'3H )la je KOMIIOUCHT<l A JlaKIIlC Hcnap

}bMB(l.

ARO cc TC'lllOCT Cacr<lB(J XI nOCTCllCHO 'JarpeBa, Ha TCMnep;1Typn tj ,UOhH he po Kn)y~lalha. 000 CT;tJLe o/1J;rooapa Uil /llijarpal\1)' TalIKH 1(. napa u:mag Te'iHocTH 611he CaC-raBJ YI Koja, aKO ce KOH,ll,CH3yjc, ,uaje Tc;cIHOCT caC'r:::lB<l -'=2;:;;; ).(. Ooaj cHenlE ce AO' ol:lja IGl,U CC nonY'IC npaBa rrap .. Ulcmra cUlcQ!1CHOj OC11 Koja npomnH KP()3 fJ If upeceu,a Kplmy napllc cl),ne y T(l~lKJ1 P. Ta'lKH !~ TJ:iMC OOCJIC)K(!nKC li(j (lIJCl~l!CHOI (JCJ:i.

vb OBor !lujarpaM<'L I<OjU jt: THIlll'l<.U! cl)"(l'3lIlI .D:HjarpaM:JZi CMcu.re KO.1e cc nOT

rryllo l'Il<:r.uajy, BH!U1 ce /1:1 h,-~ {il/.W !':O;lI caC/~{{/U iTic'lflOClliu iipu KfbY'U/fuY gall{U ilflPY <{ujll jt CaCLU(l(1 y(w/>,; 601aii"illjll ,W/;WC /{ci7.apJbU(iO.V iite<llwl.ufiy (YI > Xl)·

qJ;nllHlvi ;~HjarpaMuM cy .Q'-!Te Tel\UH.:pa'rypc KJLY'J(.U·b<l paCTBopa, y 3J.BHCHOCTI1

o,u; KOHU,CIITP;:UUI.lC.

PmHlOTC)fmU j~nj<lrpaM. I-ia aCl!on), ct);:UlIor M())Ke ce KOHcrpYllC3Tll '1':113. paB~ IHrre;,KHll l.Hfjarpal\l. nOl.1 P<lBI!OTC)Km!l'It iwjarpaMoM ce nO,lrpa:J)lMCBa KpHBa KOjOM

ce npHK~nyje paBIIOTC:"KHJ KOJl!(eHTpal~J!j(l naplIc Q)1:UC (:y), y 3<:lBHCHOCTH o;~ KOH

l~elrrpa.ll,Hjc y TC'lI-lOj (j)([311 (x). 11 je,IJ,IW H ).~pyTa KOllUeIJTpal~llja .Y P;:lllIIOTC)IGJOM J-IujarpaMY O)lHOCe ce Hi.!

. TJ<JKUIC HCIlapJLHBY Ko.rvmOIlCHTY.

l~ra cUfCI(nCHY ocy IWHOl'11 ce KO!lUtUTpal.J;Hj<l Y TC{IHOj qH1311 (x), a Ha OPHIIHaTBy KOm~eJITpau.lfja Y Ilaplloj cpa:m (y).

Ha CJIH1.1,H 133 npHK<l'JJIl .Ie paBHoTC>KHII JHIjarpa)o,l, Kojn je ,u:06ajcH H3 cpa3Hor

Jwjarpal\ta ca C!lHKC 132. KOI!L(ClrrpaL(ltjH Xl Y TC'-!llOCTH O)lfOBapa KOHUClrrpaU;!:Ija

p

K

i I I I I ~I-_~Lc-------' 0'/. A x! >'t -Xl 100'/. A 100'/. B CACTA8 0'/. B

C1/{/({/ J 32 CAW(t1 133

I1A xA ;:;;;-~---

J'l/i + 1If]

f)J,C JC: H ~ 61)0)· MonOBa KOMnoHcI·rrc A,

A . JJ1 -~ Maca KOtvlIlOlICI1TC A, lvi: ~ MOJI.CKYJICKCl Maca KOMllonCIITC k . ' ".

, r ,. 'c, • '1'11 0)1, I-.-1aCC paCfBopCHUX KO!l.tIlOI-IeHd1Cl. MOJICKli y)leo CC MQ)KC ;n;OOl1 I II )' 3dBl1cHOC .

!!!L X ,1 ::::::: ~JYf A __ .

rnA , TntJ

-M/\ 'M; 3H'l)'y M'\CCHH IlP01\CHTH KOMUOHCHaTa (°/rlm!\,

AKO ce YJl,ICCTO nl:1. 0W10CilO I!lf:j, (,~.,'

%111/J) oGp,13all, nwCH:

9L/l~,L Mel

x A = ~--.;~··7!o n~!L . Mil M/I

PaYJIOB 1I XenplljeB 3aKon

, p" 3aKOH Kojn fJJ.aCIl'. rrapl1.uja:ul.l1 npl1'fl:1CaK 3a H]leaJlHC raC?~~a::)l}. ~H}. C)1.~~~O~powmOAY HarrouU nape H MOJlCKOr YlleJla Te

KOMnoHcHTC Y rrapnoJ 'J'

KOMnOHeHTC Y TCTHoj cp<l3H.

r,u;e je:

PA ~ rrapD;Hja.'1Hll IIplfTHCaK KOMrrOHeHTe A y napHoj cpa3H H3Hap; TeqHe CMellIe,

p A ~ paBHOTe%HH HallOH nape KOMrrOHeHTe A, xA - MonCKM yneo KOMnOHeJ-ITe A y Te"t.IHoj cpa3I1.

3H3"t.HI, PaYJIOB 3aKOH ce MO%e npHMeHItTH y cnyqajy H]J;eaJIHor Memalb3 gne

KOMIIOHeHTe.

PaYJIOB 3aKOH ce npHMeJ-byje Ha pacTBapa"Y.

XeHpMjeB 3aKOB ce npHMel-hyje y o6nacTH Ma}lllX KOH~eHTpaI.V1ja, JIa ce rrpCMa

TOMe oMocn Ha pacTBopeHY MaTepnjy, a Kao KOJ-lCTaHT(l rrpOnOplJ;HOHaJII-JoCTll ce

jaBJba KOHCTaJ-ITa H:

rAe je: H - KOHCT3UTa Xenpnjenor 33KOlla.

BCJIIFIHHa II je KOHCTar-fTa C<lMO nOll onpeJYHHM ycnoBlI}'W.

I1prr6.11IDKHO MepU.1IO HCIlapJbfIRotTH noje,o;mmx KOIl-"mOHeHaTa je TWIKa KJ1,Yl:.I,lIha. Y ).1eCTHJTa~njn ce '(TeC""TO ynoTpefiJ1~aBa nojaM peJlaTHBHc HCrrapJbHBOCTH jep:He KOMITOHelITe npeMa p;pyroj.

TIo):, paBHOTC)J(HHl\·r YUfOBHlvta nape II TC"urOCTl:L 3(1 6UHapH)' cMewy, OHa rJIa~ elI:

. r,Qe je:

CiAB -, pemrnnm:a IICrrapJhIlHOCT KOMJIOHeHTC A y O)l;Hocy H(l lWMITOHCHTY B, x, y ~ MO)JCKH y.n,eJIH.

DOrIno je 33 6I1H3pan CHCTC}'C

YB:::: 1 ... YA' a xli:::: 1 xA , 33MenOM II II30CTaBJbaJbeM HH}l;CKCa, Ao6Hja~1O:

( y )(l-XI a/I.Ei:::: --- ---I \l-y x,

Y c.l1)'"Y:ajy JJI,Qea.:rrHHX pacTBopa. KaJ\a cc TC'lIf(1 g)a3a nOKopaHa PaY}TOBOM

3aKony, a rrapH3 (ra3a JJ:aJITOHOBOM, OIfAa jc:

a

YKOJIIIRO je Beha BpemWCT OBor KOmJlUmKa, )'TonUKO ce paBHOTe)}{Ha KpHBa

yp:aJbyje o,u: )J,njaroHane, caCTaBH nape H Te'9]-JOCTH ce BIllilc pa3JIHKyjy MC9Y C060M,

na jc It o)J;sajalhe CMCllie Ha noje.n;HHc KOMIlOHCHTe 6oJbe.

CMemc, KO,Q Kojrrx 3a jC)l,aH op:pebeH npHTHcaK II TeMIIepaTYPY, KOMTIOHCHTC

IfMajy IICTII caCTas y rrapn U Te"IHocTH, Ha3HBajy ce a3eoTponcKe CMellie.

A3eoTponcKe CMeme. - OBaj 'fHII CMellIa 06WUiO ce Ha3HBa H CMellJaMa ca

KOHCTaHTHOM TRLIKOM K .. 'by"Y:aJ-ba YCJIen Tora IlITO je KO;n, a3eowpoilc/{ux C.Mct.ua lWfl-4eHillpaL~uja LUe'-tHOCmu u fiape uciUa, lll'fO 3Ha'IH na ce )J;eCTlVIaIJ;HjoM He Mory pa-3)J;BOjl1TM KOMITOHeHTe. Ba)J(Ho je HMaTIl Y Bll)];y )J,a cy a3eoiIipoitcKe c.M-ewc Be3aHC

3a caMo jegHy, ogpebeHY '(QHl(eHilipat~ujy KOMU(JH.eftaiIia.

5.2 . .QECTI1JIAl.(110HI1 YPET>AJI1

UeCTHJTaunja uelmr npaBor pacTBopa H3Bo;n,n ce rro;:~. aTMoccpepcKH~1 npl1-TUCKOM unn no)]; BaKYYi\Wlvl. BaKYYM-ypeI)ajrr rrprr )J;CCTJ1J1.aU;Il.1H ce npHMcH~y.JY Ka;.\<Cl IIOCTOjH orJaCHOCT .ITa ce HeKa KO~HIOHeHTa na BUlliOj Te!vmepaTypH pa3rpagrr. CNU-.

Jf(efbeM f1pw7hlOW y aiIi.Mocrpepu UJl-wg paciiifwpa nochlwKc. ce J(./bY'{(ll'/>(' Nil HU.1{(0j il1cMi"iepaiiiypu, tJI1Me ce cnpe'lana MoryhHocT pa3apan.,a nO.1ei':UlI~nX KOMnOHeHaTa.

06WIHO oprancKor ITOPCKJJa. CHlDI(eH~e Tc}.mepaType ll.CCTHlIal~HJc MO)J(C CC IlOCTB

TIn H ,n:eCTHJTau.IIjoM ca BOIl,enOM napoM.

)1;ecTHJiUUIfOlUf ypc~aj 3a pa)lIlO)l. aTMoc4)CpCKIf~ npu:rHCKOM. ~ Hu C.'IHIJ,n 134 npHKa3an je CT<lH,Qap;n,uH THrr JleCTlfJWWlOHOr ypcl)a]a KOJH paD,n ITOn a;~'MOC(VepCKliM rrpHTHcKOM. Ono je naj'Icmhc yrroTpe6.1hClHaJIH Tun Kal~a Rao rOpl1l30 CJIY)J(e

ImaMemi raCOBli. Ka3aH (1) .Ie yrpabeJ-I y JTC)KHurrC (2), TaKO lW n.tnlMCHH raco~H rrpe,n;ajy TOITJIOTY npoJIa3ehu Kp03 KaHiLle OKO Ka33Ha (3). npOJU:KT ;lecTmJaI~HJe ce, Kp03 o,n;Bogny u,eB (4). rrpOBogn Y XJTaJUhaK (5) r;K ce KOH,l]eH3Y.lc. Kp03 .oTBope (6 Ii 7) YBO.rUI ce II I13BOJJ;H Boga 3a XJIabeH,e. Y osaKBHM II C}UPIHI1M IToCrpo.lelMfMa ,n:06nja ce 06U\IHO IlI~eCTIIJInCaHa BOfla . .

j];ecTII.1lal~HOHJI ypei)aj 'J3 pa,r~ IIOA C)JI:DKCIJJlM npuTucKOM. -- Kao lllTO .Ie Be~ paHlfje pCl:.leHo, OBaKBH ype,ryajH cc rrpI1MClh yjy Kana CC )J(.CJIH .n:eCTH~HcaTIf Ha HIDKO] TeMnepaTypH. Om1 ce \{CCTO KOPHCTC Y cpapMau,~YTcKOJ HUllYCTpll.JH II npH npOH3-

BOgI-blf 6nononIIOIX MaTcpnja.'l3 Rojn cy nenOCTOjaHI1 Ha BHUJliM TCMneptrrypalvW.

~,3.

7

5

6

2

4 Is I ,

... 7

I . ..bl,c:~ ___ .+.",. b_.cS+---...±',~

111 , 110 19

~CWI~iI J35

Ha CJIHIJ,H 135 upllKa3aH jc ypc~aj 3a BaKYY~l-l::(eCTliJIar~Hjy. Kci3aH y Kojrr ce CTaBn,a CMerna 33 AeCT1UIaI~Hjy (1) rpejc cc llapO!V( J,.;oja CG YBOAH Y rpejr-lll OMOTa(1 OKO K<l3<lHJ Hd oJJ..pcl)cnQt.,{ !>rIceT), (2). KOllJ~eI-I30BaHa Bo,o;a OBe napc H3BO,lHl ce Ha

H3JIa3Y KOnAeU3<lTa (12). Tc},mep:nypa nape Koja gCCTHJH1ll1C Mepu cc TepMo/l.tcTPOM (4), a rrpI1Tl1CaK ManoMcTpoM (3). IIPC,IJ..cCTlIJHlCaHCl napa ce KOIIl-'ClI3yjc y Konl~cH3aTopy (5). OH Cl" XJlJJHl BOi~OM Koja cc ynolJ;l1lIa lta3Ha"ICHOM MCC1'Y (14), a HCT.WIC H<1 roplhclvf i_'C.;1)' KOH,!l.CH:.ElTOpa n3 ApyroM MeeTY (6), KOHp;Cl-l30naUl1 gCC

TlIJHtT e.e caKyn~La y caonpHHKY KOH!l:CIC:laTa (10). B;:\)KHHjII J-iCllOBH caoHpmu;:a cy: BCHTItJI 3a H3pambClBaILc rrpHTHCK3 ca aTMoccj)(:POM (7), Kojn je BaiKaH lID 3aBpnreTKY ;~CCTHJlaHltjc. 3aTHM CTaKJlO 3a OCM<-lTIJ<tlha (B) f1 BCHTlL'l 3a HCUYIllTalbC rrpo~yKTa fJ.CCrJl:WIJ;UjC (9). Ca611pHlIK J-~cCTUJIaTa je nOBC3aH ca n<lKyyM-nyMIloM (11), Koja cmapa CHlDhCHH llpHTHGlK Y '-lHTaBOlvl ypei)ajy 3a naKYYM-.L\CCTHJIalI,lljy. HenpclJ.ecTIL'I11CiUlll OCTdTaK If] fG13<lflU llcllyurra cc HiI BCHTHJl (13),

OnC1Klw nocrpojclh<1 ce 113pai):yjy OJ[lvJaTcpnja.rra KOjll He KOpOiJ,l1pa, a xeMl~icKH jc IICaKTIIBaH npet-.Ia npOl\ccy KOjH CC oCi<ln"1>a. XCMl1jcIGll-leaKTliHHOCT Ma'I'Cpl1-

jaJla, Oil K01'a jt llocrpojethC JL:lpat)cHo, Oil noccollor je 31-l(lLta,ja y cl)apl'Itau,cYTCKoj Ii

npexpaMoelloj H!l~ycrplljH. HeKa:J. ce 0BH ypci)aju H3pai)yrjy H ou fBQ)Ki)a KOjC cc OOJl<l;'Ke fJlei)), 11 110pi~y"'lal-IOM, a y cny'Iajy IHDKHX TeMnep,nypa, 11 TBP!~Ot-,l rYMoM 11m] lUIaCTll'-IHI1M M<1Carv1a.

BaKYYM CC YCIlOCT<:lBJha Y 3<lB11CIlOCTH OH )Ke.iLel-le TeMIlepaType K.ihY'-IaI-ba. Do-3HaBajyhl1 KpHBC HClIIOH<l napa KOMnOHCl-IaT,-l Y CMClllll, Koje ce geCTI1Jlall,HjoM pa:1)],

najajy, a na OCHOBY AaJITOHOBor 3aKOJ-Ja, MO>KC ce muco ).\oflH gO Ta1..JKC l(jby~raI-ha cMeme, rro,IJ. IICKliM oApebeHl1M rrpIITI1CKOI>L Katw CC HeKa CMema 3arpeje TO.fIHKO n8 cYMa napu,l-ljaJIHI1X rrpI1THCaKa IToC'r(lnc paBHa npHTHcKY KOjH BJlaJl,a ~i aTMoccpepH

H3Hag pacTBopa, H<lCTajc KJbY'-IaI-hC. Ka~a KOMIlOHCHTe Y CMeUtH IlUCY !WBOJbHO ):(e

q)llHRCaHe, O)J,HOCHO Rag liM KpUBe lIaITOHa nape HUCY n03uaTC, nvrpc6aH BaKYYl\-l ce

Mopa npeTX01J,HO eKCrrepl1MeI-lTamW o):(pe~n1'rH.

255

}1;cCTlf.113uuja BOAClfOM napOM. - OBaj nocTynaK ce npHMel-byje Ka,lJ,a ce )KeJW

flpegccfuUf{ucafUu HCK({ fUettH({ cyL7.cfUmll{a fla ificMtiepafUypu HWICOj og fUeAtCicpaC({ype !UbyLUUhC/ ilog a{U,MOupepCKu.kt ilpufi1uCKO,M, [JpegYCJWB aa oeaKUY gec[uu,.iWL~lt}~V.le ga CC i10cMatTipaHa i71E'1H({ f(()A-itloHcHiTta HC Meuw ea (30g0A-f.

Ha OCHOBY O1-lOra WTO je PC'tICHO 0 TC'tlHOCTI1Ma KOjc CC He Melllajy, n03ItaTO je ,Ua ce KJbYLIalhC TaKBl1X CMellla rrOCTlDKe H3 TeMnep<lTypn HIDKOj Hero illTO cy T<'PIKe

KJhY'lcUha rrojeHHHI-rx IUIXOlH1X KOMIIOHcHaTa, OHO CC o6jamfbaBa Ha oeHOEY gaJr

TOHOBor 3i1KOHa. TIaplJ.ujaJlHH npHTHCll,H KOMllOHefIaTa ce ca611pajy, AajyilI1 TOTaJl

HH npWrnC<lK KO.1H je npo KJhY'-laH:.Y paB<l1l IlpHTHCKY KOjH H.lUl~a y UPOCTOPY H3Hag paC-fEopa.

BeIi .ic PCLICHO Aa CMCllI3 6ClrJOJI-Bo):.\a ICbY1la Hil 69,2"C. Ha ,urrjarpaMY na

CJIHll,H 131 BIIp-It cc J\a H<:1 TOj TCMnepaTYpu HanOll napc 6cH30na 113I10CH 705 milihara. BanoH nape BOne Ha HC'roj TC1\HlepaTypH H3110cu172 milibanL

Kopncrci'iu npaK't'lttIHO [lO!vtcHynl AHjaqJ<lM, MQ)KC ce JI<1KO o,u;pCr~H'rH T(j''lKa

KJLy"laJba CMCWC BOlJ,t; Ii llpI-lCYTl-Ie KOlvmor-{(~HTC, Kao 11 lbHXOBH nap!J,ujaJ!HH npn·

THCUH .

[1o:maUatLe nap1wjamurx rrpUTllC<lK3 BO,IJ,C 11 KOMI10HCI-lTC KOjy Tpe6a npe;,\ccTHJlHeaTH m,mryhyjc H3paTYHuuaU--,e lLHXOBor Oi-l!lOCa y ~eCTl-fJlaTy, IT TO Ha CJleJ~ehH ga'--l11H:

IT03HaTo je n<l je:

PA ;= Pil 118

UITO :matlH na .Ie OAHoe llapqnjaJIIIHX npHTI1C<:lKa KOlvU10Hell<lT(l A II H (y OBOM CJ1y~ '-rajy BOAC U KO!\1Il0HCHTC Koja ce lWCTI-I.aHillC) jCAHaK O.u;HOCy J-bIlXOBHX MO.10Ba y napH paCTBopa.

3atvlclbyjYflH AcclmHHl~l1jy '.m itA It llil iw6l1Ja ce:

~

fi = .'23_ M:1

Pn

TIo3J1aBajyhu napO;l1jaJItIC npUTIICKe 11 MOJlCKYJJCKC l\taCC BO;L\C 11 KOMl10HCHTY

Koja cc r~CCTlvnlulc, f13paQYllaBa cc KO!lIIKO hc ec Kl-UlOrpaMa BOAe (mA) l1pe.u;ecTI-lJUIGlTH no jCJ~HHHlI,11 Mace (mB) Y3CTC KOMf10He1:-ITe:

mil PkM A

;)~~; 0::: Pn' M;'·

AeCTI1JJaI~Hja BOAeHOM napm.,,1 ce SCOMa tlCCTO l1PHMClb)-,'je Y JIa60paTopnjaMa

II ml,u;YCTpnjI1. 110CTI13aJ-he HIDKe TeMnepaType KJby'-laJ'ba oCTBapyje ce, IG10 !lITO je n03H<lTO, l:1 1I0MOhy naKyyM<l. Kal~a he ce rrpHMeHl1Tu je,n,aH, a KaAa APyrH Ha<-IllH

3aBHCll o,u; nojer~HHa-'u!Or cJIy'-laja. fIoHeKan; ce ynoTpe6.rbaBa H KOM6IfHaU;lija: ,[\ec

TIiJIau;nja BOACHOM rrapoM Y BaKyyr-.ry, '-IHMC ce HOCTI1)1{Y 3H<lTHO HI1)Ke Ta'tIKe KJhy

IlaIba. ,UeCTI1JIaIJ;Hja 6eH30na BO;L\enOM rrapoM npl:1 npHTHcKy Oil 400 milibara BpllIH

S"

I "I

60 <f (min I

C1-U!W 136

ce na TWIKI1 KJ'nV\faJ·ba Oil: OKO 46°C Hanml nape 6CH30JIa, nOll: OBI-1M YCJIORHMa, Kao

uno ce BHAH H3¥ AHjarpal\Ja, J13HOCH 306 milibara a. Ha.nOH BOJ.'~eHe n~pe 93 milibara.

Ype~aj 33 AeCTlfJIaI~lfjy BO;l.CnOM napOM. - Y Hl-Ig)'crpnjn ce TleCTO yncnpe-6Jbanajv anapanr 33 ;O;CCTn.::raqnjy Bo;:rcnOM rrapOM. HajlIC-lilhe ce KOPHCTC rrpn npOn3~OllJbH pa3H11X YJha, Kana CC BpmH I-bHXOBa P;CCTl1JIaJ~J1ja 113 6UJbHl1X cnpOBYm(l (eil. 136).

Y JJ,OlbeM iWJIY arrap,lTa, npuKa3aHor Ha cmmu, uana3ll ce lI30ymcHa clm:paJTna I\CB Kp03 KOjy ce napa YAYBana y cMcmy. ,Ua ce, ITpn TOMe, BeJIMKa KOJIWIHn3 nape He 611 KOH,1l.CH30Bana Y CMCIllH, Te THMe CTaJIHO l1oBehana .. rra 3arrpCl\.·lHuy. CMCma cc HonYHCKH 3arpena crrOJba. 3arpeBLl ce napOM Koja cc YHO;UI1 y 1'3B. AymUlK3-TOp, npoc~op KOjI1 ce HaJIa311 OKO )J,Olber AeJ13 Ka3aHa. ,UeCTI1JIaU,Hja BOACHOM naPOM ce BpJIO '-TeCTO BpUUI AOBol)C1heM napc Y HenocpelWH Jl:On:HP ca 6HJMIHM CHpOB11Halvta. Y OBOM UIYCIajy CnpOEHlIa ce, Kp03 OTBOP (1), Ha6iH~yjc I-1Cl H36ymcr'1 no)), (3). a 3aTHM cc rryuJTa napa ii, rrcToEpcMCIIO, 3arpena cnOJLa. npel~CCTIVTHcaHa napa,

Koja CaIl,p)J(H nape pha B Boncny nap)" O;r:J;BO)IH cc C;:l fa pI her l\CJHl ypd)aja H ynoAH y KOIlACH3a.TOP rp;c ce o6pa3yje HBoq1a3ua T('"tIHOCT. vb OBaKRC TC'-JHOCTH 11<1 npuH

u,nny nCBI(a 33 p(3)),Bajalhe. 113)J,Baja ce nop;a on )Ke.TbCHC KOlvUJOHCHTC. ITPCKO OTBO

pa P npeJIa3H "tmpcTH OCTaTaK, a npcKo cnanHHC, HLl f~()}beM .n:eJI)'. HCTa~Ie ce 3aOCT<l

na Tc':uroc1'.

113BO/.\

AeCTIIJ1al~I1joM ce MOry pa3ll,nojHTl1 TC"tIHC CMCIIIC Kaga IlOcTOjH 3HaTlIa pa3JIHKa Y HCnapJhllBOCTll lbHXOBl1X KOMllOHCHaTa.

TeMlwpaTypa KJhYL£alba CMeIIIe 3aBHCH OA fbCHHX CPH3WIKO-XCMHjCKHX KapaKTepHcTHKa. AKO cc Te~IHOCTH HC Memajy, KOMnOHeHTe ce nOHamajy Kao ;ua cy caMe,

a TeMrrepaTypa KJby'-Ialba lblIXOBe CMeme je HII)J(a 0]], TeMIIepaType KJhY1.Jalha CBaKe

11 oj e)J;HHa·Q1-IO. AKO ce Te'-IHOCTH He.OrpaHWleHO MellIajy, TeMnepaType KJl,YL£aI-ba 3aBl'ICuhc 0,1l. KOHl\CJrrpaI.J.l1je KOMnonCHaTa.

(Pa3HH paBHOTe)KHR )l:ujarpaM Ba)KH caMO 3a o)J;pebeHH npHTucaK. Cmf)l(3BaIbe npI1THcKa CHH)1(aB3 TeMrrcpaTYPY KJbYl;Ialba.

,il,cCTHnaI.J.Hja Y naKyYMY ce npHMelbyje Kan.a Tpe6a p:eCnInHCaTH Te"t-IHOCnr KO.ie cY HCCTa6IfJIHe Ha BHcOKOj TeMrrepaTypl:l.

1IlfI'A1bA

1. KaKo ce JJ;ene Te~IHC cMcmc? 2. I11Ta ie gecTIlJIall)lja? 3. KaRlia je Be3a "I13M"Cryy MaceHHX H MOJ1CRHX npon:cnaTa? 4. illT3 cy a3coTponcKc cMcmc?

5. KaAil ce npnMclI,yje AecTH.!Ial~H.ia RO;J;cnOl\I napm.l? 6, 06jacHJ-lTc paHHOTC>KHH If (1)311lH J\Hj<lrpal\L

TlECnmAUIUA

BE 3a,'l,~lTal{ J. HailUca(iill U o:cilepu ...... tCHiJia.llf-w llP06CPU[.{.W. JW

iIiepujaJIHU fiu,'u7J[c aa iJo"lCiilor: U Kpaj gco7huJ{fl(UiC gtlOl{()'/yf~ r7.0l-I.cHi7il-Inl pacu((wpa.

AHa_'11-13a paciTi£wpa. TTocMinpajMo qJa3Hl1 11l1jarpaM paCTBopa ABC KOMITOHCRTe (cn. 136a) If nOKymajMo na npLlTHMO KaKBC cc npOMeHe ilemanajy npn 3m'pe

BaH,y II KJby~Ialhy Tora paCTBopa. flPCTHOCTaBHMO .n:a .ie IT(FICTHa KOln~eHTpaU:H.i3 KOlvlT10neHTC ca HJDKOM Ta~IKOJ\'l KJhY,\Ialha, Tj. JIClKlUC l1Cn3pn~HBe KOMITOHeHTC A. xi

I:I il3 e.c HCl.JJa3H Ha TCMrrepaTypn OKOJIHHC (to} Crm'bc TC CMcmc .ic OJlPCl)CHO T(tl;IKOM P. 3arpCBaJht'J\-1 pacTBopa CTalf,e ClI.'feme ce MClh3 na npanoj P-K, .n:OK He CTBTHe JlO TJl;IlCC K Kaf~J rrO"tIHlbC Kn~)nlaI-hC Ha TeJ\mepuTypn 'I' Taga ce I:I3Ua).l; TC~

l;IHOCTlI Ham1311 napHJ (1)a3a Koja.ie y panHOTe)KI-I ca Te"tIHomhy 11 ~mja.ie KOHI~eHTpall,Hja YI (Clf. 1366). nOHrro hc cc napHa (1)('13(1 KonACH30BLlTH y JWHJleH3inop~'. lJ

,L~eCTHJnT hc, IG1JW HCTWIC In Thcra, Hl\.-Ja-TH HCTY KOHU;CI-lTpJll,Hjy ('Y(jJ Kao H rralXl In Koje je HaCTao (X(/I "" ."1)" .

Y ,n:an~eJ\-I TOKY JlCCnr;lal~H.lC lWJI<l.3H

)),0 3HJTrajHHx npoMcua KmmCT-lTpannja.

il3 1'C"'-IHOCTH Koja ,ce .u:cCTlWHme 6p)J(C o)),JJa:m KOMflOHCHTa ca mDKOM TCMncpaTypOM KJI~y"'-raH~a (A), na CG nO"tICTH<l KOHu:eJrrpaIJ,uja pacTBopa nocrerreno ~MaIhyje Oil nOl..JeTHe Xl ;no HCKe Kpa.1lbe X2'

HcronpCMCHO, OA tl n:o fl' nOBenaBa ce TeMrrcpaTypa KJhy'{afba paCTBopa, jep y IbeMY paCTe KOHll,eHTp3~Hja KOMTIOHeHTe

B. KOH:n;eHTpaI.J;uja nape H3Ha,n Te\fHOCTH

B

, --~-- p ,

Y, A

Cit/Hal 13na

CUI/at J 366

cr.::. TaKot)e. nOCTCIICHO Melba 01'\)'1 nO)"2> UlTO :Hl<ttlH ,ua ce Ii KOlll\CHTpaqHja ,ueCTlI

flaTU Kojn HCTWIC H3 XJlagrbaKa nOCTeneno Melha 011, )'1 .uo )'2' BeoMa je B;JJKHO

yOlIllTH Aa ce KOHL~CI-ITpaU;lija )l,CCTlEraTa Koja llCTWIC Tn XJIaJ.(l-halGl11CFba OJ~ ''(Jl:;;: Yl ;r.(o Xd2 :;;: Y2 1I na KOl-lUClrrpalJ,Hja ,QeCTHJIaTa KOjIl ce caKYIUl Y TOKY JlCCTlular~Hjc (Xr/)

npCr1.CntBJb'-l HCKY cpep)-hy npqll-lOCT H3MCi)y IlOLIe-THe 11 Kpajlhc KOHl\CHTpau,Hje nCCTl1JtaTa KOjl1 HCTWIC 113 XJlar~I-haKa.

Cpc.u:H>a BpeAHOCT ce MO)Ke 0ApCHI1TU JB MaTcpnjammr 6HJIaHCa, TIOCTaBJhCHOr::la nOl.leTaK II Kpaj p:cCTHJlau,I1jc, a Ita OCHOBY CJrcncner pa3/1.-iaTp,H-ha: HeKa je n?lJeTlIa Maca paCTBopa KOMIIOHCI-lTC A 11 B m!]1 a OCTaTKa DO 33Bpmen::y ACCTl-UIaIJ;HJC

mil' OUiW jc yK)'IlHa Maca fJ;CCTI1Jl,-lTa lTli

Ha CJlWli;lJ-l Ha ~lHii ce Mo)Ke narmCaTll ,n:a jc Maca KOMIlOHcHTe 11 y .ueCTHJlaTY

jeW-iaKCl p'-U.:lUU,ll Mace KOMIlOHCHTC (A.) Il<.! lIO~ICTKy H I-Ia Kpajy f-(CCTHJtaLl,I1jC. OBO

cc n:mOnH nil CJICAefil1 ml1Hm: aKO jc MaccnIl Y1J;eo JIaKlllC l1CnapJbHBe KOMIlonCHTC

A Y pacTBopy je x:

Maca A x=

111,1

Maca /1. + Maca B mB +m;l m

To 3na'llH JJ.<1 je l\laCa KOMIIOHCHTe A:

-- )' pac-fnopy nll ITO'lICTKY

- y pacTBopy na Kpajy (oc'f(tTaK)

-- Y ,u:eCTl'IJIaTY Ha Kpajy

Pa3JIHKa IIpntlX ,lJ;Bejy Maca npe,n:CTanJba Macy KOMIIOHeltTe A Y Jl.CCTHnaTY mAi

liJUi

mrl . Xd :;;: fl1p . xp ~ fl1k . Xk'

3a,n:Ina je,n:Ha'llHHa npCp;CTaBJha, 3ap;aTKOM Tpa)KeHH, MaceHM 6HJIaHc.

3aMeHoM je,n:Ha'llHHc!I1d:;;: nip ~!I1k Y 3a.UTboj jCI~HaqHHH II pemaRaI-heM no Xd ,u,o-6Hja ce Tpa)l(eHa cpc,lJ;lba KOHIWHTpmUlja ,n:eCTllJIaTa:

Onaj MaCCHI1 611Jlanc CC l ... fO.lKe cKcneplIMCllTaJlHO npOBepl1TH MepeI-M~M Maca 11

KOHlJ;Cl-:I'rpaqaja paCTBopa KOjC y H~CMy qJHrypHlIIY H lIopel)ClbCM JJ,ooHjeHor PC3YJj

TaTa ca AupeKTHO H3MepcnOM KOHIJ.eHTpal~HjoM AeCTl1JlaT;1.

D(}Tpe6l-I<t l\tepCtbi1 H llpOp~Plyli. - HpCM<1 3aAI-hoj jCHUaYJ1HH, llOTIX:UHO je H3-

!\tepaI'll IIO~ICTlr:y Mac).' paCrBopa (III,J Ii l\lacy HeCTll.rlaTa Ha Kpajy (rnd)' KOULI,CllTPat~Ilje Koje ce lli1JIa3C y jejJ.Ha~H1fllll\iaTCpHjaJiHOr OIlJWllca, onpe:byjy ce HJUi l\lCTO

,ll,aMa ilHaJIHTWIKC xeMHjc, Hmi !>.IepeI-beM rYCTlllle paCTBopa (apCOMC'rpOM, UHK

HOMCTPO!\l), <1 JaTHM I(QpHilIheH~Cl\I TaOC.'1U lwjc nplIKu3yjy BC3Y ryC'nmc paCl'BOpa

H I-he-rOBe KOIllJ,CIITPaI~l-lje. AKO ce KOlllJ,Cl-lTpalJ,Hja Oi-wcbyjc MCPCl-hCM rYCI'lIHC,

Maca ce MO)KC jCJ-\HOCTaBHO O~WCW-1TH MepeI-heM 3<lllPClvLHllC (MCH3YPOl\I) jcp .ic m:;;:p· \--.

To 3Hi:llIll iJa TpcGa Me-PUTH, OHHOC1l0 pallylIaTII, BC]lH'lIl1J-W AaTt; CJICl-\enOM '1'0."

6cJlo!>.l:

I 3anpeMIlHa r OWICTIUl 1-.. _ .... I I

~~Z~:'~~~ 1- iV, ~ J;-~V~) .. ~~-- :: ~".,,-,,~-....... ---""--,--j.~-- -----"~--.--. "-"T-"-"-~'---

L.~~~~~_J~aT "I" Vd " __ J_"",, Pd

l~~~~ .. -".~.L_"" ._~.~~~~_:_I~~

/1apaga 3agaiIilW. TpcGa CKHIJ,HpaTl-1 anapaTypy. ')l3CTM OAPCi)CllY KOJlwnu-ry

pacT[mpa ,L1KOXOJla H B()I~(' H 0lWelWTI-l flWreTl-lY 3anpeMilHy H KOHu,cI:lTpaIJ,ujy. 110 3aBpmcTKY !J;CCTl-LTHlIWjc, 113MCPHTH Janpcl\-1Iwy II rycnmy rJ;CCTlL'H1To. Ii OCTa'fIG1.

BO,ll,I1TH pa\!yH<1 0 TCMncpaTypH ao. KOjOj cc on,pettyje rycrmia (06WIHO 20"C).

PC3y.;uuaiuu. - PC3YJ1TaTI1 cc O)J;HOCC na npe)J;HocTl1 )J,06J.1jCHC n,eCTtWau,lljoM

Bon,ellor pacnmpa CTIUI-('!J1KOXOJla. 3a ,n:CCTI1J1<1lJ,Ujy je Y3CTO 20.S dm3 CMelllC BOAC H aJlKOXOJIa, Tj. VI' =: 20,) dm 3 :;;:

:;;: 0,0205 rn 3. I-13Mcpel-Ia .ie rycTlw<1 OBC CMcmc Ha 200C H nai)eHo je p,a je P,) :::: ~ 836,0 kg/m'.

ITo 3anpmcTKy )leCTI1JraI.~lije, H3McpcHa je 3anpCMI-fH<l (Vd :;;: 14,35 dmJ) 11 rycTI1-Ha (pp :;;: 828,4 kg/m~ .u:ecntmrra). fycTl1Ha OCTaTKa 1-Ia Kpajy ,u,ecn,utall,uje je Pk -;;;: gS4,l kg/m1. rIa Kpajy ce MO>KC ¢OpMI1paTH Tpa)KCHa Ta6ena.

D.... 3<:~~~'- I rYCTHlla i (dm3) I (kg/dm3)

I nO'lCTIHi I i paCTBOp Vp '" 20,5 dm.1 PI' ;;:;: 0.836 kgfdm3

I

Maca (kg)

In" '" II,,· PI' '" 17,14 kg I

J(Ofllwmpal\Hja (kg/kg)

za PI' "" 836 kg/m' xp'" 0,83

OCnmtK Pk;:;: O,RR41 kgJdm3 Ill.::: m" m,l;;:;: 3,04 kg II za p,;;;; 884,1 kg/dm'

xk '" 0,69

KOPHWhCi-bCM OBe Ta6cJ1C Mory ce OnpCJIHTH CBe BPCJIHOCTIl 33 cpenH,y

KOI-TU;CJrrpall,Hjy nCCTH.fI<lT3. )lnpcKTHHl\1 MCPClbCM rycnme H3 Ta6crrc CC 33 p" =

.:;: 827 A kg/Jw) Ql.UlTana:

Pa'-JYHCKHM nyTCl\l, Hl-U1JlpCKTHO H3 j\..IaTCpnjaJIHOr 6n .. '1anca:

17, 14kg· 0,83 -:3, 04i<LY,.i59 14,lkg

Xd ~ 0,860.

3a)l3TaK 2. 113pa L {}'lwiIiu U cKcllCjJU..kfCllfiia./I}-(O ogpegllil1u aaaucl-wciZi iilc.Ali1('

jJaiTiypc KJhY'IW1JG (lOgCl-L02 pacr71aopa eiIiIUI-QJlfWXOfW og .Mar:c gCClTirlJlaiiia.

Af-W.;7U3(1 3agazTifw. Qnaj 33.n.3T3K cc MO)J{e ypaJJ,HTl1 aKO ce je,I1;lW"(UlHa MaTern·· janHor 6UJlaHCa HCTonpeMCHO KopncTH C3 cj)33HIIM JJ:ujarpaMOJl,-{ If np3Tc rmCTcneHe

npOMeTIC Mace ,n:eCTllJIaTa H TelVmepaTYpc KJbY"(Iafb3. . AKO ce je)J,HatIUH<t Maccnor 6nJraHCa O,IlHOCH 11<-1 nO"(IC1'aK P;CCTH.JTflIl,H.lC H neKH,

6H.no KOj11.· MOMeHT KOjII OiJ.rOBapa HeKoj np0Jl,1eHll:.UBoj. no Tor MOMCHT3

caKYTIJheHoj MaCH (mil) "eCTl-maT3, 1'a,1\3 .ie:

md:::: Inp '- In,

riJ.e je In, T3Ko'tJe, npOMcmhHB3 KOJIIF1HH3 OC1'31'K3 Kojn ce cMaH~y.ie. TpeHy"rHa~ npOl\'1elm~Hn3 KOJIWIIIHa JIilKlIIe HCnapJbHBe KOMITOnCHTC Y lWCTH

miTy (EllAn npeTxo~~Hn 3aJ\3TaK) je:

Inri . xd := mil' xp _. m . x.

Tpe6a 3ana3H1'H n:a OEJ~C x npeJ~cTaB]ha npOMenJblmy KOI-lll;eWrpaIJ,ll.1Y OCT<-lTKa. AKO ce o6paTH na)Kl-ha Ha qJa3HH iJ.njarpaM, MO)KC ce yO"-UlTH ,Ila cEaKoj npe)lJ!OCTH (x) 0iJ.fOBapa OApet>ena Ta~JKa KJl,Y"lIafba. To 3Hal.IH: aRO ce 3}Ja KOHQcHTpmUlp oc

TaTKa, 3Ha ce Iii 1'a"(IKa KJbY-':'Jafba. AKO ce caAa, paJlH O~lPet)}IBa}ba 1'eMnepaType KJbY'1alba, roplbe ABC jel~Hal.I11HC pemc no x OlIga je:

60

40

20

, , '" 78.3 ,

o L.--c:':c:----c~--c;';:;:---;;_';;;;_- .~ 0.20 040 060 0,80 10 x

C2Hs-OH

em 1m J 36n

1 261 ---'

Oua jegHCPIHI-Ia nOKa3yje Wl CC McpClbeM nO"(IeTHe Mace (mp) 11 KmU~eH'rpall,nje (Xp) , Rao 11 npOMCHJMIBC Mace neCJ'I1JraT3 (md) n I:berOBe KOIU~elITpanHj~. MO>KC

O,n:PCHHTJ.·j KOHT.~eHTr)(lIwja OCT3TKa. 3 Tl1J1,fe, KOP:HIUhCJhCM q)a3HOr )J,lljarpa)l.m IT

TeMncpaTypa KJl~yJalba (CJJ. B6n). lloiTipe61l11 A-fCpOW 11 ilpOpll'lyH. -, MepClbC II rrpopa"llyn ce BpUIe y CK.;J<-1;O:Y ca

rrpeTXO)J,HOM Q)OPlvfyJIOl\I H npeTXO)UmM 3aLiClTKOM, aMory ce CHCTelVtaTH30B31'H cJIenehOM 1'36e..10)l.1.

Peay.uumuu. 33 neCTHJ1<lll,Hjy .ie Y3eTa CMcrna l.Jl1ja .ie IIOl.ICTHa Maca 6Hml !1p:= 17,0 kg, a KOJIll,CJITpall,uja x,,:;;; 0.83. OHa Kn'y"t13 Ha 79,1°C. flo 3anpUJomj l\ecTn.l1al~HjH. q)OpMHpana jc cJIe)lci1a Ta6eJIa MCpCHHX, pa-.:.rynaTfIX II ..1HTCpaTypHHx no;n:aT3Ka.

KOHI.1.eHTpal~Hje OCTaTK(I cy pa"(lynaTc npeJ\,Ia:

- md' Xd

------,-_."

iU

Ta6cJI3 8. - fYCTHHC If KOIlu.eHTpau.lfje CMcmc BOAa - e'l'HJ1-3JIKOXOJI ~~~ -~, ------'-'---~-----------------,

~ % aJIK. \ fycnula, ~g/dmJ, 1 Mace~H (Yo anK. I Tycnum, kg~dm} ~ I 0 0,':1'1))2:1 I 70,5 i 0,86647

'0,5 0,9':1729 - 71 I O,l:i6527

0,9':1636 71,5 O,I:>64U7

1,5 0,99544 71 0,862117

2 (I,9()452 72.~ 0.86167

2,5 O.')9D6 73 0,86047

O,Y':l17.'1 73,:-i O,86'!26

:u U.':J9188 74 0,i:>5~W{)

4 0,9910} 74,5 0,tl56HS

4j O.9()O20 -/5 tl,SSS('4

O.')tl'J:iti 75,5 (J,XS4·n

5,5 0,98859 76 0.S5322

U,'JH7bu 76,5 U,XS2UU

6,'1 O,,)S7U,i 77 U.O)(rJ'J

O,9X627 77,5 U.SS':J5ii

7.'1 0,985.'13 7b U_b4::i"j

1J,':IX478 7lU l\.,~-ni3

,~.5 1).%40-'i 79 O,X4590

O.983:i I n.5 0,M467

10 O,9S I S7 go O,li4344

15 O.'J7S 1--1. 80,5 U,ll422U

20 0,96::;64 K I (J);409(,

:,\(j U,'J53S2 8i,5 0)14')72

4U O,'JYi IX ~2 O,~_,g--1.li

50 O,'JL\li4 W2,S 0,83723

52 u,'-J(f:):'\G 8) 0,lI3S<)')

54 0.'JO .. Hi5 83,5 O.li347_'

.'lll 0.<J()(nl '" O,S334S

58 O,S'1.~74- 1Q,5 (J,in22''::

GO (W:l!13 85 O,Wl{J')j

61 0.:):)1;02 8),5 lU\3<;l6~

G2 1J,8({()50 86 U/,2H4()

6'1 O,N8417 86.5 0)>2712

64 O,Bf\!ll:\ ~7 O,ll2SrU

65 O,S7'J4t; 87.5 O,t\2453

66 (j,8Tl) J Ht; U,H2323

67 (J,H7477 XX':; (J,X1!':)"

68 ().:n:Z41 X0 {)_H2062

69 I),H7004 8'15 (J_H2':J30

20 O,X676(j 90 (J,Bl797

100 0.78934

3a APyro MepeH~e, Ha rrpHMep, )J.o6nja ce:

x 17,Dkg· O,~_::,<i,37kg. 0,88 ~ 0 80 17, Okg - 6,37kg , ,

Ha oBaj Hal.JJ1H ce I-Bpal.IyuaBajy H OCTaJIe KOHIJ,eI-ITpau,l1je OCTaTKa, a ll3 AHjarpaMa (136B) Ta6ene 9 (HaJIa3H ce y XX Be)K6u) ce ol.IllTaBajy TeMIIepaType KJbyqaIba (r') II nopeAe ca H3MepeHHM TeMrrepaTypat..fa KJbYl.ralha (t).

I {"yen-lUll

f MCPClbU Ml1!!a TCMllcpa- I HeCT!I;I<lT<i

I

!-\CCfl1 Typa KJbY (kg!lhn') JHlTa '-lUI-ha oc-ra

~-----I ~9:~L -I-~:: (t)--I~g2'~ I ~ I 12,:'i() I 7') ') I () 024-")

14 '14,1)(} I 80,0 I 0,8260 i ! 5 16.0 ~(),9 I (1,1'270

,~, ,,_, _-l._~.~ __ ,~,

I ! Epoj 3an]x> Mepcl-Ja v13pa'lY KOllU,t:l! TCl>HlCpa- i

lHl'J'a 1vaUl-ija Typa I KO!lL\Cl!- ACCTli- K,ib)ltlaJ-ba i

-rp,u(uja JI<:l.Ta ,ocTaTKCl!

lvlaca ,ueC'n1J!(lTa

(kg)

oC'r<lTKCl LiLL_, ___ ~

I x.,.-; tum O.8~O ! 7~.4 i I x Il 76 I O,W/5 I BO,n I

i2JO ! x O~ (J,n') i 0370 I 80.2 I L'" 0-'-,,2:,0 __ ---'-1_,_, =_11,_71 _ ~_IJ_,g_6~ - -~)-,g- ... ,-~1

l--UpaclYllaTo Wl ldUC!c S 11 'i

6.37

HUO

(jlWIlIOI' iU1jaITiJ:-'1,-; ,J

PEKTH()MKAll,MJA

JiIcnapJhHBOCT. - KanJI Anc TC'-H-IC KOMITmIeI-ITC, pacTBopcHC jC}lH<1 Y IlPyroj, rH\itajy npn6JIH)KHC TJ'-IKC KJhy~Ialha, 0I-lJl:3 cy Ii CnIT9HC llCnapJbHBOcTH. To 3H3'(lH,n:a

cy HM, ua HeTo.f TClvrnepaTypn, H HanOHH nape R]1JlO CJTIFlHl1. 'ticera cc y BC3H C3 JleCTHJI(H~njoM WIn PCKTHcJmKaIJ;njoll-J yn0)111 TIojaM pcm'l

THBHC l1Cnap.TbHBOCTH, KOjI1, y lInea.flHO]\{ C.11)"TCljy. lIpCfWTaUJh;J O,[\IfOC rrapqHjaJ1HOr

nplnTICK~l jCWfC (1'/1) npCl'I·f3 lIapqHjaJTIIOM npUTHCKY J-~pyrc (PF/) KOl\mOHClITC HC1 HC

'roj TClvmep;nypH. PC.'TaTHBIW HCrrap.TI,HBOCT cc nOC]TC-:)IGlB<:l ea (j ITa je:

('1=&. PH

Yo61FJajcHo je na ce BpeNIOcT Bcher mJHOlIa nape CT<lBH y 6POjHTCJb, TaKO rFl .ic ex > L AKO jc ex ;-:: 1, otlur.TIeDJIO je J-\3 je pwqnajaJhe HCrrapanaIbCM HCMoryhc.

CmflIH<l HCnap.TbHBOCT KOMnOl-ICW1Ta jc HCITOBO.'hlIa 3(1 paJIlBajafbc Te~JJ-mx CMerna. Y napH H3UJp: Tmme CMeme H<1.:I(13C CC 06e KOMIIOHCHTt y CKOPO HcrrpoMCI-beUHM KOJrU'IHI-JaJvia, UITO rOBopH ;'];<l he KQHll:CH3aT OHaKEC nape 6nTH EPflO CfllI ..

qaH nO"ICTHOM paCTBOp:,>!. 113 'fora CC M(»KC "3aKJby~lHTII ;0;<1 onlPlua gcci71LlJwquja

l-wje ajJ1fK{!ClW npll pa3.qr-wjafl.>y fW.Mi70Jlcl-laiTia CJW'IHUX UCilapJbll(WClTill.

Tpa)l(eI-IC cy HOBe MeTO)J,C- 3a ycncnIHn.ic pa31~Ba.iaI-I~e OlWKBHX CMemaII HatJCIJO .ic )1;a Je jC):U-1<i OJ!: Haj60JhHX BHIIIecTynHR ((l)paKI.~HOTla) lJ,Ccnmau,uja n peKTHcjmKanuja.

6.L BI111IECfYDHA I1JU1 (PPAKL(l10HA I\ECTHJlAumA

To je Y cTBapH mn J~CCTHJIaI~Hj3 nrn KOjHM3 ce Y3acronno Dpum ,n:CCTH:IHC<'UhC

KOH)J,CH30B3He nape npeTXO)~He )WCTHJ1aqnjc. Kal~a cc H3npnlU o6wm<l iXeCTl!JJat~Hja HeKe 6l1l--Iapnc CMcrne, )106Hja cc KOII;O:CHJaT Kojn jc no CaCT,jBY l-ICIII'fO 6of<:lTujn .nmzmc HCrrap]hHBOM KOlv[ITOI-lCl-rrO)vL l131J,CCTH.lmC;:\l-JH fICO cyncTaHll,e nOJl:BpraBa ce

rrOHOBI-IOj gcCnmaHHjH, a )w6HjeHa, HORC! IJapa cc nonOHO Kon,n:eIByje ;o:ajYfm )\CC

THJH1T JOUT 60ranrjn .1TaKUJC HCnapJhHBOM KOMI10HCHTOT\! Hero UITO je npOJIYKaT

npeTxogne, npBC, necTumllwje, O)1HOCHO rrO'ICTHH paCrHOp llpyre ).~CCTIVJmw[.ie. D,aJ"hOM ;o:eCTn)1al~njoM I-:l KOHnCH3aI~J-1jOM IJaKUIC HCIIap.lbHRa KOMnOHenTa nocTaje CKOPO nOTHyno "'-THCTa. TOI( onaKBe 13HUJCCfYI1nC- J~eCrHJ1aJ~Hje MQ)Ke ce CXBaTHTI1 In .L\HjarpaMa ca cmIKe 137.

fJPBOM nCCTlmalv-rjoM pacTBop cacnm(l Xl. Ha TeMnepaTypH fl Aao je napy 'JUju je caCTaB Yl- I1cKOHf~cH30BaHa napa caCTaBa Xl ;:;; )'1' IIpl1 nOHOBHOM 3arpeBaJ-hY,

t I IB ""-__

I, c-~~~--~~_

B x,

nOTUUbc,n:a KJhY'Ia I-Ja TCMl1cpaTypn f~ Koja je nI'DKa 0;0: TCMnepaTYpc npcTXOiUIC !lC-C

THJIar(Bjc. Fla Taj HWIHH no6nja ce napa 06CJIC)KCna ca y~ Koja je KOHnCH3aJ~njm,f )lalla 'fe'mOCT caCTaRa XJ:::: }'2' I-IJ L(Hjarpa:'vI<l CC BJ.11UI :_la 6n I-lORa, Tpcha TIO Pc;;y, n:CCTH

nall,Hja, Koja 6rr TIot.JC.1a C<l pacnmpOM X::, nam) nary, OgHOCHO ]leCTTVI3T (XD ;:;;

Kojn je ITO cacTany CROPO 'CIHCTO JIaRlIIC HCnapJbHBa KOl\-HWHCIITa A . rIPOMCHC npnKa3aHe OBl1M AujarpaMoM Mory ce OCTBapHTH Raga ce, TIpn

cnaKoj JJ;cCnmall,HjH og ilWlCiilHO'2· paciTl-rwjJa [1..-~g6aja ca.MO 6j)./1O Ata.,1/.( g('o geciuu

./wiTia. CBaKa Beha KO.llIP-IImJ )~CCTHJIaTa MClha KOl-n~eI-I'rpaI~Hjy nO'IeTI-IOr pac-mopa, jcp ra 'CIHJIll 6oraTnjoM, TC)!(C HCrrapJbI:fBOM KOMIIOl:IeUTOM.

ArrapaTypa 3a mHuecTymty geCfl1.TIal~l1jy y KOjOj 611 ce Jl,wr.ne:: OCTBapUTH aBe npOMCUC H f}l;C ce rrpou,ec H3BO,LiI1 KOHTHHyaJ1HO, npHKa3an<l je H<l CJIm~H 138.

Y ,LiCCTHJJ3U;IWHOM Ka3,Uty (I) H3JI3311 cc CMeura KOHueffTpaunje Xl- OHa nacTaje MClllaIhet--i nO"'-ICTJ-IOr paCTlwpa KOHIl.eHTpaIJ,Hja Xo H paCTBopa H3 Ka3ana II X;;.

Ha Ta.i lIa'IHH je .Yo < xl < Xl- Ka3aH ce crron~a 3arpcna J3o)J:eHOM napo1\-{. napa, o6orahcna JraKIIIe nCnapJbHBOM KOMTIOnCHTOM )'1' H3 K,13aHa I YBO;JH ce Y K,LHHI II,

nO'--lETHH PACT80P

Xo

..............• -.-. __ .. -- ................. -.---,-.-..•.. ~.

266 IL---~_

r,ae he TCMllcp;nypa geCTI1JIall,Hje 6H'fl1 HH)Ka (eJJ. 137). 3a I1CnapaBaJ-hC p;CCTlmaIJ,110l-lOr rrpo,n,yKTa II3 OBor K~naHa, KOPliCTI1 cc TOIIJlOTa KOjy HOCll napa 113 TIpEOr

KU3UHa. HaHMe, napa Koja, Y 06mIKY I\Icxypa (6ap6oTl1pa), rrpona311 Kp03 pacTBop IW3ar-Ia II KOHucl13yje ce Ii op,aje TOnJIOTY cBojnx TC)l(e HCnapJbHBHX MOJlCKYJIa

JlaKlllC ~ICnapJJ.,liBHM MOJlCKYJH1MU pac'J'Bopa, nprr qCMY ce cTBapa napa caCTaBa Y2' OBaKo o6pa30BaHa napa, H3 Ka3aHa II, YBOJl.H ce Ha g3JbY allaJIOn-IY rrpepap;y y Ka3aH IlL 3aOCT<:tJIH paCl'BOp 113 Ka3UH<.I II Bpaha ce Ha3aA y K,13aH 1. Ha }IeI'll Ha"unI

ce paC'rBop H3 K<l3aHa III Bruha Y Ka:·mu II. BpahulbcM paCrBopa If3 Ka3aHa II y Ka3<lH L o6orahyje cc paCTBOp Y Ka33HY I TaKO na He ,lJ;OJI33J1 go npOMCHC KOHl~eH

Tpau,Hje Y I-heMY, na.ie YI ::;; const. Ha I1CTll HatmH je n Y2 "" const, Kao H y:;.

napa KOHlJ,el-ITPaI~Hjc Y:\ ce Y X.'1t1)IfbaKy KOH.QeI-I3yjC H )ICJI01J OnBO,n.li Kao f~CCTUJIaT C(lCT<lHa XlJ :;;;: Yi. npCOCT;UIH .aCO KOH)1,CIl3(ln\ ce spalla y lW3aH III.

TpeGa ltMaTlI Y Hlil~Y ;w cc oBaj npou;cc KOHTHllya:IHO OJJ.P)JGIB<1 11 .n:a cc Mopa

lx:rYJUIcaTH U;-iHOC nape KO.la llPOS1,-CH Kp03 L\eCTl1JII1CaHlI CHCTCt-.l II pacTBopa KOjH

cc Bpaha lla'.:WiJ.

6.2. PEKTI1(vI1KAUl1JA

Ha anapaTypu :1l:l Bl-fWCCTtmcny KOHTHHyaJIHY i_~eer:H:iatiHjy BHJ-\ll ce na napa, npcw3elu'J in Ka3aJ-Ht y Ka3all, IlOCTcl1CHO t-.lelha KOlll-iCtrrpalJ,Hjy, oGorahyjyhlI ce

CT~U[HO Jl<:!KWC HCnapJhHBOM KOtltIIOHeHTOM. Ol-Ia cc ua Kpajy mna ,l\CCTliJIal1,HOHUX

KU3an!l ynO,l\ll Y XJtaHI-LaK, r)w cc KOH,l\CI-i3yje, na ce ;W·HHMH'-lHO 113,J:Baja Kao ~~eCTI1-JIilT, a p;em1MwIHo Kao paCT130p Bpaha Ha3a;~. PaCTBOp, TUKOl)C, CTpyjH Kp03 K33aHc,

H TO Y cynpoTlloM cMepy O,I-\ KpeTal-bCl napc.

AKO ce Kil3aI-IH, YMCCTO n<:l ce K(lCKaAlIO nopcl)ajy, K<10 UlTO je npHKa3aHo na

CJIHLI.H 13o, Cl1ojc, HcnocpcwlO jcrJ;i111 Il3Ha.rJ; Apyror. :y jel~aII cTy6 KpY:>h1:-IOr npcceKa, ,Uo6uja ce PCKTHCPHKilu,lloHa KOJIOH_a.

Y peKTHq)HKi:tlI,HOHoj KO:lOlHl llOi~01311 ce ["paw: lla Bl1l11C lIaLLHHa. IVfe.ijYTHlvl,

rJElBHH KOItCrpYKTHBHB 06JIl:lL~1l no/rona, orUWCIlO KOJIOlla, cy C}IC~v:~hH:

KO)lOlJC ca 3BOlI<1CTIlM IlO;10BHM<l,

- K0JlO1[C ca CUTa.CTlil\-l IlOHOBH~ta,

_.- KOJIOlIC ea nYI-bCH,eM.

JIaKo cc MOA<.e 3aKJbY~I11TH)13 cc H KOJ10HC l\lOry ,uCJIHTH npel\-ta 06,'lHKY no]}.oBa, OP:HOCHO ~L'IaHaKa, O,Il. KOjHX cy CaCraBJbCI-IC.

KOJlOue ca 3BouaCTliM 1I0AOlHiMa. - OBaj Tun nop:OBa, nOqeB o]}. MaJlliX ]1a60-

paTOpI-IjcKHx nJ AO BCJIHKHX I1HiWCTPJ1jCKI1X KOJlOI-Ia, yrroTpc6JbaB3 ce Y HajUll1pl1M

pa3McpaMa. Ha CJlm~n 139 npHKa3aI-l jc OBaKaB TIIll no,uOB3. Kp03 OTBOP (1) ea

HH)K(T no,ua wma:m napa UO)1 3BOI-lO (2). 3BOHO je no )10I-boj l1BI1D;I1 3yrr~racTo Hapc3aHo (3), TaKO p;a .ie oMoryheu rrpona3 TCl:IHOCTH uerro,lJ; 11 H3BaH fbcra. Kap;a

14 CJIIt!W 139

KOJlOHa l\mpyjc H He paJ(l1, lH1BO Te~lHocrll HcnOJ~ I1113BaH 3BOnJ je Ha HC'l'Oj BW":Hl-lH.

l\-1cl)YTlIM, Ka!~a jc KOJ10a<l y normIY, napa ca lUl)Ker llo.ua, Koja je p,OCllCJJa HcrrOn 3BOHJ, Bplim rrpHTHcaK all Tetll-IOCT TaKO ,n;a je nOTI1CKyje Bal! 3I30nJ. CaM a napa

6apGOTllpa Kp03 H,13y6JbCne OTBope, nplllcfU-I TOM npHJIHKOM TOflJIOTHY, a THMC 11

MaTepHjaJIIIY pa3Meuy ca TetmoIIIny CBaKor nOAa.

Te'IHocT ca RHIner nona, Kl)()3 IJ,CB (4) ;qocncna l-la lHDKH rroi~, Y'lCCTByjyhu TOM npHJIHKOM y, paunjc nOMCHYToj, p;nMCHI1 ca napOM. Kao UiTO jc n03HClTO, pa3Mcna

cc cacl'oju y TOMe I.llTO T0l1JlOT3 n::mecIIe KOJIH'-U1He TC)KC HCnapJbHBHX l ... lOJIeKYJla npeJla3li ua ogroBapajyhy KOJIWnmy JIaKWC HCnapJ1~lfBnX MOJ1CKYJTa, rrpCBO,uenu l-IX

y llapHO cnU-bc. HOBOnaCTUJIa napa, 60raTHja naKIlIC HCnapJbHBOM KOMIlOHCHTOtl-1

Hero IHTo.ie 6uJ1a HcnolJ; nocMaTpaHor no~~a, IIpOA!1pe HC110J( 3Bonfl Ha BHUICM no;o;y.

BlnIIaK Te~lHOCTI1 cc npcJI!1Ba 11 O,!~BOAHOM IJ,CHl:l OTWIC Ha HIDKl1 no)],. Oj~BO!~Ha D;CB

(4) je y'-lBpmhcna TaKO Aa ce CBOjUM fOPI-bEM Kpajcl\"l Ham13H HOBOJbHO H3Ha)J, .aHa

nOAa, l;H1MC YC'10BJbaHa cnurarr IIHBO TC~lIlOCTH ua nOJ(Y U 06C36ctyjc 6ap6oTl1paJhC

nape Kp03 HCT), TC'-.li-]OCT. J~OlLH Kpaj OJl,BO!l,lIC !~eBHje 3apOl-bcH Y TctlHOCT Ha J~OlheM no)];)" ~H11\"IC je oHcMoryhcn npo.na3 nape aaropc, KP()3 O)];BO,L(Ily U;CB.

ORe KOJlOUe CC, naj(lCmhe HC 113P,lbyj)' CatllO ca jCI-lIfllM 3BOHOl\-t na nOH)'. HaMMC, M(»Ke ,ua 6y)];c if no lICKOJIHKO J~CCCTl!Ha 3HOlra Ha jeHHoM IlOM)'. ITpeQIlHK onaK

BHX KOJlOI-W je 2-3, na II SUllie MCTapa.

KOJl()IIC ca CUT3CTl:lM nO}JOHItMll. .. ~ D031taTO ic ,n;a cc Ha CiiTHMa ca Ma.:IHM OT··

nopm.ta, JaXBaJLyjyhH IIOBPlliHI-lCKOtl-I 1li1I10H)', MO~C :1anp)lG1TI1 TaHaK CJlOj Te'-lHO

CTl!. Dapa, Me~YTHM, 6C3 TcwKoha npOJIiBU Kp03 ClITO.

QBa IlojaBa je HCKopHIIIi1eHa KO)), KOJlOHa ca C11T3CTI1M nOAOBHMa (en. 140). ITapa cc KO,lJ. OBaKBHX no,n;OBa paBHoMcpllO npo6Hja Kp03 CI1TaCTlI nOM H CJwj TC'-:I··

nOCTH, Bprnchl1 pa3l\--fCHY n<lKllie 11 TC):I(C HCnapJbHBC KOMllOI-lCHTC. BlUllaK TC·qHOCTli

ce OABO,lJ;UO!'.-l ll,CBH emma naHfDKC.

KO.J10HC ca lIyn.clbCM. - Ko]}. CBUX pCKTHq)lIKalI,110HI1X KOJIOHa cc )J(em-l nOCTM~ h_B: mTO npucHIljn )l.OAnp I-I3MC~y napc 11 Te'-:IHOCTli. Ko)), paHI1ja ABa Tllna nOl~OBa, .uo'~I1P napc H TC~IHOCTl1 cc nOC1'lDKC 6ap60Tl1pafbCM nape Kp03 TC'tffiOCT 11a nogoBH~

D~[L_L_I __ I __ I __ I __ '_..,j' .'J.r

I I I I I I MI' - --- - -- .... ,r-

I I I I , ~ In 1,- -- --~-~I'

-." ~.L

CJ1lUW 14()

Ma. KO)l Olwr Tl-ma KWlOHa. HellHKC ncmpnHmc n0i-wpa H3Me~y TC'-IHOCTH IJ nape ce cTBapajy TaKO liTO ce YIIYTpalIII-hOCT ~IHT,me KO.TIOH~ HcnyHH 3pnaCTHM M,ncpnjaJIOM (nYJ-belhCM). 06J1l1U,l1 nYlhelb<l cy, Y OBOM C:Ty'-Ja.JY, npJIO pa3JTI1'fHTH. . PCKTHffH-1Kat\HOHllM KonOHaMa. \UIja je KOHCTpYKIJ,Hja onHC~Ha, OTK.nOI-h~HO .Ie mnlle Hcn1THBHHX OC06Hl-Ja ypcl)aja 3<1 BHlllccTym-ly l~eC'nIJTaIJ,I1JY. Pemeno .1('. l1H

TaJbe 60Jher n:OHI1pa HTl\lCby nape H T('.tfJIOCTH, iUTO jc on: BC.'IHKOr 3l-I3'-Iaja 3£1 ;nofipy pa3MeHY TOTIJIOTe. a TlIMe n 33 cetn-maCHO p(3)wajaI-bC KOMITOHCHaTa ..

Ha OCHOBY TeopnjcKO[ HCnnTHBaIha, JXCIII.TIO CC )1;0 3aKJbY'-IKa ,n:a JC 33 cttmxacHy peKTJIlq1HK3unjy og noce6nor 3Ha~Jaja na rrpouec y KonOHH 6y.u:e UITO 11p1I6-JUDKHHje a.lJ;I-Ija6aTcKH, Tj. 6e3 pa3MCHC TOTIJTOTe ca OKOJIHHOM. Cram-JO MellTalhe TIape H Te'-IHocTH .n.YIK KOJIOHC, llpH "lIeMY ce TOTIJTOTa KOjy napa HOCH He ry6n oRommy. Jl:orrpm-IcJlo 611 .fia ce TOTIJIOT3 pa3MCJbyjc caMO JI3MC'!)y TOKC H JTaKmC I-lcnapJbI-me KOMlTOHCHTC. TIOUlTO cy o6c KOMIIon:eHTC y CMecn Mal-be-BlUne cnwmc IlcnapJbl1BOCTH 11 CJUl"lIHHX CHTaJITInja, 3Ha'-IH Aa he OJlPcrycHa Maca TC>Ke HCDapJl~I1BC KOMnOnelITe, Koja ce 113 nape HCKOJ-lilCI-I3yje, TIpeBeCTH y napy OTTIPHJlI1KC l-lCTY Mac), JILlKIIIC nCnapJ6HBe KOMTIOJIeHTC. AKO ce jeilan )J;co TOJUlOTe ry611 Kp03 3HJl,OUC KOnORe. Malb3 KOmftunm he OCTaTll 3a pa3Mcny Y KOJIOHH.

l;poj nOAona Y KOJTOHH 3am-Icn OJ~ )Ke.f6eHe npoMcnc KOHU;CI-ITpaIJ,Hjc. M())K~ HX 61TTH Ii no HeKOJIHRO !leCeHITTa, a o6eJIe)Kanajy ce O1X03ro na,n:OJle, OJUlOCHO HaJIUl

nIH I10):~ je npul1.

TcopnjcKIl "OJ],. - Pa3MeH3 TonnOTe H3Me'by nape I1 TC'-IHOCTH, a TTl!\--1C 11 npol'vlCHa KOnl\CUTpa1~H.ie y peKTHClmKalWo" HO,1 KOJIOnll, Hajn<lKllle ce rrpoytIaBa 1W

T3B. TeOpl-ljcKHM nOp,OBlJlvta.

fia CBaKOM UOJlJ Mor), cc pa3J1nKO~ BaTH ~JeTJfP" MaTcpnjaJIUC CTpyjc (cn. 141). - Ha HCKlf no)J, Jl,O.Tra3H TC'-IHOCT, 'Ul

ja ce KOHll,cJ-I'rpaU;I-lja XI! -1, cmma 0)J,03ro, cn nOAa n - 1. napa, '-Iuja je KOHIJ,CI-ITpaIJ,llja Yn + 1, ,n;OJI33H fICH~yhH ce O,D,03AO, ca nOAa (n + 1). One ABe MaTepMjaJTne CTPYje CC Mernajy, cTnapajyhn;rIDe HOBe, 0lwa-31fC, MaTepHjaJIHe cTpyje: Te"lIHOCT caCTaEa xi!' Koja ce ea TlOc!vfaTpaHOr nO)J,a emma

y 0+1

I C.f/WiJ/141

0-1

Xn-l

n 9

I j Xn.

I

HaHlDKC, Ii napy caCTaBa )'11 Raja ce neH,e Ramune. KOHl1eHl7i.pm~uje 06UX ogJW.3NUX

Ma{UepujaJIHUX {UOKOaG CaMO {UeopujcKU MOZY 6uiilu y pam-w{Ue.wu, na ce H TaKaB nag Ha3MBa TCOPHjCKH.

Tcopn,icKH I10.r~-oBli Y peKTHq)HKaIJ,HOI-IOj KOJIOHll cy, 3naQll, OHU Na KOjUJrf(.( ce Ho.rW3e y pa(-HioilieJKU iUe'-tff.ociii Koja og.na3U HaHWKe u (lapa Koja ce ca lUola Mecilla ileIVe Haauwe. Ha peaJIHOM rr0ll:Y OBaKBa pamIOTe)Ka He MO)Ke Aa cc oCTBapn, na je Ha fhCMY H npoMeHa KOHIxeHTpaIJ,rrje Mau,a nero HJ 3aMIUllJbeHOM (Hp;CaJIHoM) TeoprrjcKoM no,!],)'.

PeqmYKCHl1 O)l;IIoc. - AKO 6n: ce CBa napa, Koja je npHCneJla Y XJlap;U,aK Ha npx KOJIOHe, nycTHJIa ,IW H3al)e y 06JlHKY )J,eCTl1JTJTa TO 6M, npaKTJP'lHO, oHeMor.yhrmo peKTuq:mKaIJ,Hjy, ilowtTio 6u HCClIia.rw aO(-)jwiItHa iJle~(Ha .MaiJ1epujaJ11W cillpyja. Ciliola ce c(((aJIHO jegaH geo We'-//10ciTiu 113 XJwgIVClKa apaha y lWJIOH}' HaJag, a )J,PY[IT, pen;OBJ-IO I\faIHL HcnYUITa 113 XJHI;CVhaKa TWO npO)J,yKT I-IaIlOJbC. OWLOC 6poja .1W//060 KOjU cc apanajy )' 1{()~10H}' IWO peqJJ1}'}{C!·W filC'-IHocfil, i7pow 6pojy .MO.,W(-J{J

!(ojl! Y UcrliO.M iJepuogy [(;Jaby K{/O gcclTil-lJwtil, HaaurJ{( ce pecjJJlYKUlU Ogl-lOC

E¢CIGlT je)lHC Kononc, ynpauo IheH ycnex pa3.fiBajaH>a, 3amTCH 0.[( 6po.1a TeopnjcKHx nonona n peq)nYKCHor o;:J;I1oca. YKOJfIlKO cy OI-HI Bcfin, YTOJIIIKO je II e1JeKaT OOJbI1.

Epoj TCOPl1jCKHx rro)Jona n PCCPJIYKCHH OIIHOC ce Mel)yco6HO nonYlbanajy. ,icll;

Ha KonOHa Koja j-n.,,!a MaI-bll 6poj TeopnjcKl-lX nonona a.l1H panH npn neheM pc~<nYKCH01\1 OJJ:HOCY, nOCTHIKC HCTH eq)eKaT Kao 1-1 KOJIOna Roja pa;cm npn MalhCM pCcpJIYKCHOl\-l ormocy. a HMa nehn opoj TeopujCIofx no;o:oBa.

PeKTl1ljHIKalllioHe KOJIOlie

Cue peKTw}mKaUIlOHC KOJiOHC, 6e3 ofi3upa Ha KOHCTpYKTnuue Dojc;o:mWCTH, DO H3'-fI1Hy pana lvlOry ce no;n:e.:mTYr Ha:

- KO.;'10HC ca rrepHO)J;l1'lHHl\-I panOM M

- KOJfOHe ca KOHTI-IHyanllHM part01\1.

PeKTHq:niKal~lfone KOJIOliC ea ncpnM O,El.If'mHM pa):lOM. _. ()Baj TIm KOJIOI-Ja rrpHKJ3aH jC}fa CU-Il~11142. Y Ka3aH (1) ce YBOAH TIO"-TeTI-Ja CMCIlJa Koja cc 3arpcBa. HcnapaBa H O,IIJIa3H y JlOT-hIT ;o:eo KO]IOHC (2). TIp06ujajyhH cc Kp03 pCcl)]JYKcny TC

"-IHOCT na no;qoBHMa KOJIOHe, rrapa ce 060rahyje. BOfclTa naKIIJe Hcnap.~hHBOM KOMTIOHeHTOM, napa ,lJ;OCTIen8 U3 npx KOJIone fp'e ce ynoi~11 y XJra,rUhaK (3). 113 I-bera CC ;o:eo Te'IllOCTI1 Bpafia lIa HajBJ-HllI-l no.u, a !r:J;pynL M,lI-hl1 .u:CO, .ueCTI-:lJIaTa ynoHll ce y XJIa)J,J-baK (4), l')J:e cc OXJI3,n:H H3 )J(CJbeHY TeJ\.mepaTypy. OXJlat;eHl1 nCCTi-iJIaT ce, npcKo KOI-l'rpOJIJm[ CTaKJIeHor 3Bon3 (5), YBOAH Y Ca6HpBI-lK )J,ecrUJl(l'ra (6). He)lOCTaTaK KOJIOHa ca TIepHoJ~II-

2

OCTATAK

CAU/W 142 >

'-lHilM paJJ.oM je Y TOMe UITO KOHu;eHTpa~ lI,l1ja ACCTHJli1Ta TOROM peKTl1q)lIKaI~l1je

ona.ua n liITO ce ry6n TOIWOTa KOjy caJJ.p~ %11 OCT3TaK y Ka3aHY, 60raT Te)Ke Hcrrap

JbHBOM KO.l\.fIIOHeI-ITOM, TOllJIOTa ce ry611

3601' Tora ll1TU CC Ka3aH Mopa IIcnpa3HH

T11 3a HOBY, map)KY, DopeA Tora, rrcpuoAU'IaH paJ"!' JC HcnpaKTwraH H Y I1HAycrpl1-

jl1 RaAa CC pagu ca nCJIHKHht KOJIWIIlHaMa,

360r <Jcra ce rrpl1McH:,yje caMO 3a Mal-be

KanatJ,HTCTC.

PCKTU<pHKllU,UOIiC KOJIOHC ca KOU

TlmyammM pa,lJ,Ol\l. ~ KOJIOIIC OBora THna

npHMclhyjy cc YBCK Kana ce )KCJlll )J,06wnr nponyKT craJU-Ic KOll!wrt1vau,uje . .tIlcMu OBaKBe KOJlOHC npuK83ana .ic H3 CHilJ,H

143, KOI\ OBaKBC KOJIOOC, npcJ\la YCJlOHl1-

!\.1a KOjU cy YTBpbemr, c 003HPOM Ha )KCJhCHY KonqclrrparV1jJ-! (.j KOJ1Wnmy npo,tIYKTa, npoToK yna3ue TC'lHOCTII, pe(I)JIYKcHH O;.'iWC, 11 HallUH rpcjmhJ Mopajy OI1TH

CraJIHO HCTll.

I1oCT113mbC KOHCTUHTHOI' npoT01w :yna3ne CI-.-!CUlC perYJIHUJc ce na Ta] fHFU:IH

lIlTO cc Cl1pOBllHa rrO~lCTHC CMCruC HcnYiUT3 U3 1I3iUlfnYTor pC3Cp130apa Y KOMC ce

OHa Hi.LlJa:m YUCK Ha 11C'1'O\·j 1HlBOY. PcrYJH1CalbC CTaJlEOI' Hl1BOa Y pe3cpBoapy (8) YCJlOUJbaJ3a CTam·nt XI1ApOCTaTwIKH cry6, 1l.lTO oMoryhyje KOHCTaHTHH npOTOI(.

CHpoBa Te~lHOCT YJIa:m y pa3MClbHmt'·1 TOIlJIOTC (7), rAc cc 3arpCBIJ no lIoTpe6He

TCMnepaTYpc, a 3aTHlvl yEDAll rrerAc OKO CpCjJ,IIUC KOJ[OH~. 3a p~UJJI1Ky Ol~ ~OJlOHa ca

W'::PHO;~HT·IIlHM pa):~OM, rJ~e ~urraBa KOJlOlJa npefJ,CTJBJba JeAny 30HY Y KOJO.1 CC BplIlH

o6orahHBalbC JIUKlliC nCnarl)f~lIBe KDMnoHcHTc, KOn KOJIOHa ca KOIlTlUrya.'IInUv1

p<'.l,!J,m,t nocToj C ,Il,BC 30HC: 301m HenOA YJIa3a (1) rrO'"ICTfIC CjvlCmC, H 3011a HJHaA ynaJa

napHc CMellle (2). DpmnBoA, ooraT TC)KC l1CnapJbHBOM KOMllOHCHTO!.,{, YBOJ\I1 ce Y pC'lcpBoap (6), 3Go1' ecpeKTa KOjll cc jaBJhtl y 30HI1 (1), OHa ce lIa3fiBa aOHa OCupo·· ,.Hall/elba, nOI.UTO ce y H~Oj CMalhyje Kmlu,CIITPaI~Hja JIaKUlC HCrrapJhHBC KOMTlOneHTC.

napa In JOHC 1, nOMCU!(1H<t ca YJIa3HOM CJ\leUlOlvl, nCILe ce Earope Kp03 30HY

2, oGorahyjyhH ce nOCTcIlcno CBe l::IlllllC 1HlKlliC HCrrapJbHBOM KOMIlOlicHTOM. OBaj ,!1.CU KOJIOliC Ha:H1Ba cc :1011a oGorahI1B .. uh<.L "Ji TOKY paga, paI:HIOTC)l<.a ce ycnoCTanJb<l

;W:'K lUfTaBC KOJlOllC, TaRO W.l ce ;~CCTl1JlaT, npCIW KOIIJJ,CH3aTopa npa KOHCTi.UITHOl\·~

pcclmYKcHoM O;:l.uocy, CTi.UIllO ILl)..lBaja y' pC3cpBoap (5). OBaKBHM nocTynKoM cc

KOllTHuyaJlHO pa31J;Bajajy TC)KC H .TIaKl.UC KOJ\1ITOHCHTC Y Mal-be lIJUI BlUile (IHCrOM

CT~Uhy, HlTO :WBI1CH OH opoja IlO))OUa [l PCCIHIYKcHor oAHoca Y KOJtOHH.

Eq1HKaCIIOCl' PCKTII.pIlKU1IJIOHC KOJIOJIC

Eq:m:KaCUOCT KOJlOHC (l1).ie O,!1.HOC 6poja TcopnjcKllx (111) 11 CTBapllHx (11) no}W~ Ea: 11 ;:::: 11/11.

npH PCKTI1Ci:nlKaQHj11 Tet.lHa cpa3a Iwja KJhy~ra y Ka3aHY l.IHjH jc Mo.nCKH YAcO

JIaKIUC HCrrapJbHBC KOMnOHeHTC xI:. 11crrapaBa 11 MlIMOHJla311 ce ca Te~IHOM cpa30M KO

ja CC cmfBa ca nOAa II3HaA H.>era. Te~nlOcT Ha TOM nOAY, TaKo"e KJhy"lIa H HcrrapaBa,

a napa ce MHMOIIJIa3H Co. TC'HIOlIIhy' KO" -. , . .lei ce eJIIma ea cJlcgcher nOAa. OBa CliTVaIJ,HJ·a

ce nOHaBJbd eBe ,0;0 upxa KOJIOI-Je. ITtpa KO <' :-'

IIO)1,a KOI-I~~eli3yje ce {IaKO je I)",h C', HIJ,eH~paJJJ1Je Yj, O)1,JJaTH ca HaJBHlllcr '. .' _ .. e"vJIYKC TOTaJIaH. CaB KOH)J;eI-I3aT ce Bpalla Ha3ag v

KOJIOUY, rrpH.l.ICMY ;a:OJIa3H AO CJlHB<Uha TCliHOCTH ea nOAa nn non 11 ,_ ~ ca napoM KOP rrpoTlP-Ic Hara e ( . 1" . 1-\ Ml1MOI1JIa)l(eH~a

pen, 4,). To 3HatIH Aa ]C, npl1 TOTaJHIOM pe¢JlyKcy, rrpoToK MonOEa nape Harape jeAHaK UPOTOKY MonORa TCl.rHQCTH Ha;n:OJle:

f1pn TQTaJIHOM perl)JIYKcV nocTO'" .. . ~ r" 'i _, ~'. JH ]OIIl JCAHa 3Hal..J.a]Ha Je)J;HaKocT, O,!.,nOCHO ]c,QHaKocT MO.fCKIiX KOHIJ,eHTI)aI~HJa ¢a3a Koje ce !>.UJMOHJla3C. AKO ce HMa J BHn;v H3L{HH o6CJIC)KaBaI-b3 nogoBa (OA03fO HaAOJre), 3I-ra'-IH Aa je: :} ,. -

I1JlH, YOfInrre,

y.

1 Xo I t I ! x o

jY'l IXo

jY'2 V'

fh3 tX2

~ )';)(:::X3

Cmow 144

Vj 1.0

0,80

\_~!:O_~2~ _____________ 1 , y 2'0 63 2

:~: IY!~-# 3~ ~ __ ~ ~: :":Pi"''''---o.r

0,20 , , , ,

x K=D., 10 X 2"'°.14 : x 1"'O.6Q:

0.0 0,20 0,40 0,60

C./lllKa 145

, : Xd=p.72

0,80 1,0 X

'j

J

1 1 .~

j

1 I i

I ,

IToTpe6no .ie g06HTH p;eCTlIJIaT KOHu;eHTpaU;Hje Xl), a OR nacTaje KOHgcH3au;:uJOM nape ea nOAa (1), KOHI.J;eI-lTpaIJ,Hje YJ. To 3H3'1ll Aa je:

XD;:;: YI'

Ca,Il.a ce nprrMClhyje P;CCPHHlIlJ;l1ja TcopnjcKor nOAa, npcMa KOjO.1 cy cpa3c Koje Harryunajy nop; y paUHOTC>KH. To 3Ha"LIH ua .ie napa Roja HarrYUITa IlOA 1 (YI) Y paBHOTC)KH ea TC"LlHOllIhy Roja HanYUITa Taj aCTJI nog, a lInja jc KOHueHTpm~Hja Xl' ORa ce KOHu;eHTpm~Hja MQ)KC Hahn y paBHOTC)l{HOM wrjarpaMY. Tpe6a 3arra311Tl1.n.a CTCllCHHlJ;a IBBY"LICH8 nynoM JIIIJ-IHjOM ogHmapa jC)J;HOM (UpBOM) rro,I1:y. Pa3JIHKa

KOI-iI~eJ-ITpaU;Hja xD - Yr 03Ha'-I<:lBa o6orahcl-bc TC1.lHOCTli Ha npBoM TcopnjcKoM nagy. 06orahcI-Lc TClIHC cpa3C 0,0: O,I.l.J18CKa ca nOAa 1 AO Op;JIaCK8 ea no,u:a 2, 6nhe

X2 - Xl- 3na'-HI Aa Tpe6a OApe.n.llTH Konu;cHTpau,Mjy TC'HlOCTH Roja ce emma ea APYfor nona. Ta KOI-ruel-l'rpalJ,uja ee ,ll06nja TaKO UlTO ce 3Ha .ua je:

Y2 "" XI,

na ce na )J;njarpaM)" KOHcTpYHcanoM y npCTXOJl,HOM 33)V1TKY (CJT. 145), nOBml"IH BCpTHKBJTa II3 x no ,I])1jarOn3!1C l~njarpal\1a, r,n:e jc)' "" x, H O~II1Tana KOHl~eJITpall,Hja naplIc cpa3e (Y2)' Koja ec lvIHMOHJIa3H ca TC~mOl'>I Q)330M K0111~Cl-l'rpaI~Hjc (x).

Cap a jc KOHl\CI-rrp(H~Hja Te~moeTH Koja ee CHIna ea nO,lla 2 (x2) y paBHOTC)KH Gl IlapoM K01u~eHTpaU;Hjc),z, Koja ce ;~l-DKe e3 HC'J'or nO)Ia. To ce l\fQ:>Ke npo~JUTaTn 1I3 paBl-IOTC:>KI-IOf HnjarpaMa. CreneHHua 2 03Ha~IaBa npoMeHc na ,lJ;pyrmi lIo):~y, a npOMerIa KOI-ll~eHTpalJ,Hjc Te'lHOCTH 01( )Ipyror nO,IHl no npxa je:

xD ~X2;::;:; (XD-XI) + (XI +x2)'

Can,a Tpe6a 3HaTH KOJlI1KO he nOJJ;ona 6HTH IIO'I-pc6HO ,IUl 6n TClIllOCTH npoMe

HHJIe KOH:o;cIITpaU)1jy 0,1, Xi. 1(0 XD' 13poj rroTpe6HHx no;o;ona he 6UTH o,lJ;peben

~nn-beHl!lJ,Ol\f g3 )'KynHo o6oraheH~c Tpc611 )W 6Y1J:C jeW-IaKO 36upy nojc;v-mal.lHHX o6orat-icI-ha I-Hl cn3KOM no;a:)" Tj.:

(xD'-Xk) "" (XJ)-XI) + (x) -Xl) + .. + (x11+) -'Xk)'

l-Ia CJllU~l1 145 6poj nOTpe6wrx TcopnjcKHx no;a:ona (17:) H3Hocn:

n,:::; 3.

Tpeaa pChH )I8 H Ka3(jH npenCraBJb<l jcwUl nO)I (YJ xJ)' Eclm1G:lcHocT Konoue (l1).ie 3I-I<:I'IH OJlI-lOC 6poja TcopnjcKHx (111) H cTuapmu (II)

nO,lJ;OBa: 11 ;::;:; 11/11.

H3BO)J.

PCKTYHtmK3lJ,Hja cc npl11vtcJ-hyje 3a pa3unaj81-he Tel.1HnX CMCllIn ea KOMTIOHCHT3-

Ma ~IHja jc pCJIanmna ucnapJ"hl-iBOCT (a) 6nHcKa je;~lmlIn;cL no KOHCTpYKqI1jn peKTH{jHIKaWlOHe KO.Done MOlY 6HTH ea 3BOHaCTHM HnH

lUTHT3CTHM rro;a:OBllM3 H ca nyH~CJbeM.

ITo Ha'-lI1Hy pa)w KonOHe Mory 6nTlI ca nepnOp;WIHI1M 11 KOHTHl-IyaJIH11M pap;OM. Ha TeopujcKoM nop;y ce ycnoCTaB.Jb3 paBHOTe)Ka Te'-IHOCTH 11 nape Koje O,lJ;na3C

ea l-bera. Ha peaJIHOM no,Il,~ ee paSHOTe)l{(l He YClTOCTaBJba, ITa je H p(3)J;Baja1--be na

theMY Mal-be Hero Ha TeOpI1]CKOM.

273

PeqJJJYKCHl1M O,Il,HOCOM cc o;o;pe:l)yje nonpaTlta cTpyja Kp03 pCKTl1CjmKalJ:HoHY KOJIOHy .

. EqmKacHoeT pa3,lJ;BajaJ-ba je YTOJIHKO Rcha, YKonHKo.ie BCl:lli 6poj nO)lOBa H BeTIn pCcp.lTYKCHH O):(fIOC.

OliTAlhA

1. UITa .ie pe,JJaTUBfW HCrrapYhHIloCT?

2. 3al1JTo co Te)KH a;:mja6aTCKHl>.f YC.nOBHMa palla KO~{ pCKTmi)]1Katwje? 3. y ~JeMy jc paJ.JJHKCI H3Mcty Tcoi1HjcKor n pCa!1I-IOr nOJ\a? .

BE

4. Knjt' THTIOBe BOllona H03JlajCTc? OO_iilCllUTC l'bHxony CPYHKlWi\'? 5. Y 'TC\ry jt'_ p:nJllIKil H3J\1cl)" pCKTH(t)fu.:al~HoHe KOJTOI-le ea ~(~PIlO;\lJ'IHlI\l P;1;::(OM H pCKTmjmIGlIlJIOl!C KOJIOHC ca KOllTunya.TlUHM paJto,\jC)

6. IIlTn cy npoH3Bo;11l KOHTlI!ryaJ111C peKTlHlmKanujc?

EA

l'EKTU<l>HKA!UUA

3a i1anm J. Hr; OClW()Y ilo.flaiIiw:a lI'? tjJO.1IW'l gujuz{J(/)(f{I IWl-(P

iIiarTl/! PO(woiTtc.J/ow glljaipo.M aa (wgo-{u paclTt!wfJ eiIilLl' {f.i1}{()XOJI{/. 7(oopgllHaiIic porll-{()(],'iCJIOlO;X 9ujfl?paJiHl ilij)(~6a .flO nygy /.1O.f7Cl{U ygCJ1/{ Y iTtc'lIwj (x) u ilapnoj (.j;a3ll (y).

AHOml3tl U u3/hrga 3agaiilT{{L - PaBI-IOTOKIlH JlHjarpaJ\,L IGlO

UITO ,ie par-mjc pelfcno, npcllcraB.:h<l 3UBHCHOCT KOI-U~C-HTPaIl,Hjc 1Japm~ (l)(13C (y) 0;(

KOHIXC}lTpaI(Hje Te'IHC (l)~nc (x). Kalla c-y OBC y paSHOTClKH. On ce Bp.1l0 jCWTOCTalHIO

KOHCTPYHurc, aKO ce '[(PIKe Koje oAronapajy napoBHMa .r If y 3a BeT), TeMnepzrryr:v KJh~"Iaf-ha YHoce jC,LII-l<.l no je,.rora y IlHjarpaM. Tpe6a 3arra3HTH p;a OBaKO ,U06njcHH paHHOTe>KI-II1 l(l:ljarpmvl 06YXBclT3 KOIIIlCIlTPiUUljy f1pI1JG13aH)-! Kao l>laCeUH }/llC(; (kg A/kg A + kg B).

Ka,lJ;a cc J1Cl)J;C npopcI'TyHI-l. BC3<lHTl :~(j peKTJIrpHKaqnjy,. KOlH\CWrpalV,ljC. )WTC

Rao j\'f(1CeHC Yf\eJfC, Tpcfla npcBccTH Y MO.'jCKc Y)lCJ1C (mol A/mol /\ + mol B)_ T<liIa ce KOrmcTH jeiXII<PTHna Koja npHKaTyje B(3), \{(\eeHnX C~(J 11 hlO.'1CKH.'\ YiXC:I/1 )

TCl.H-IOj cprl3u:

X" /.11" xA

;::;:; -------'----- .

X,,/M.I +X/I/Mn

)Iii = 1 I '-. YA IM,\ +llJl Mfj

Y,jl Mil

['He cy Mil l-i iliff) MOJJCKC Mace KOMTIOHClJaTa A H B.

274 C

TaocJIa 9. ~ PaBHoTeIK3 CMcme BO)~a-eTlIJl~aJlKOXOJI

"'~--x~~' '-~'",!'=~}o~'--~l~"~~---~~' ~ .. ------~

o 100 1,90 I 17,0 I 95,5 7,21 '3E,91 89,0 9,66 43,75' 86,1

12,38 47,04 853 16,61 50,89 84,1 23,37 54.45 82,7 26.08 55,80 82,3 32,73 58,26 81,5 39,65 61,22 BO,! 50,7LJ 65,6':,. 79,8 51,98 65,99 79,7 57,32 68.41 79,3 67,6] I 73,85 78,74 74,72 /8,15 78.41 ~80,43 ,,~_,_L~ 89,43~ __ ~ ___ 78,15

KopHcreilu OBe jC,'lfw'lHHC H llHj;ll'PilM, csr. 13(1) (erp. 2(1) l\lO:'KC ce KOllcrp'y

HG1TH T}H)KCHU paBJl('nC)Kllll J--iHjaqnI\L OJ! Ce MO;,KC KOHcrpYHC<lTH H ,L(HPCKTHO

Ilpe/l.1a TaGC:lll 9 Koja OCiyxBc1'l'a TaGt\!lapm: nOnaTKC 3<l paIHlOT~)KHli Al1jarpaM, p,aTt

Y TP;DKCHHM MOJJCKUl>1 YJ-\C.llH1V!a. Y TOM C.;IY'Iaj}' KOPIICHO jc yllope!HI'l'll C'Ial"albe 2-,3 npopa'IyH<lTC BpefH-lOCTH ca nOrJ.:alJ.:1lJvta U] Ta0cJIC 9.

3a,],uTaK 2. OgpeguiTiu upuj ii·lC()puicJ;lCl (iogooa u ecjJlII{(lCfwdIi peKlTiwjJIllW· qtWIH' KU.'10HI..' {ipH fJu3g(jajau)y paC//i(wpa ()()ga-eful.l.-1-aJ1Kuxo"1, }'J Luo/ua//J-II{ pecjHl}·KC.

[1crrpeoua MCpCH)(J n npOpa[lyll. - OBaj 3<l,U,aT<1K 3aXTCB<l CBtTi.l flEa Mcpcn"a:

TpeGa OnpeW1TH KOHu,cwrpa!.VJjy TC'IIIOCTII Y K~naHy (XI;) II Y nOBpaTHO.td TOKY (Xo)· CaB OCTa;IH rrocrao ic paLl"VllCKO-rpaC!W!y.KC npHpO;.1e, II IlpiHz~naII je y 3Ham13H 3;V\iJTKa. He CMe CC ];:IGoinnirn! jta paB!lOTCiKHH ).UJjarpaM Tpc0a ;.~a C<:.tAl»J;Jl M0JlCKC

y,n,c:tc paBlloTciKllHX cj)(U(l, jcp ca.tlto Ji.l !.,.lOJICKC YHCJIC Ba:jKH f-l.<:l jc:

YIJ+l ::::XIi+i·

HJ[Jaga 3agafi.i!((( . . ~ KO:lOU)' T}x:Ga CKUl.l,Up,rru II n)'cTHTH y pag, TaRO l~a pC

(}L!I)'KC Gy)\C TUT'-UJall. To 31W'1l1 J~,UIC TpeGa 1I3J3o,r~Hnl :J.:CCTl'I:laT U3 KOJlOl:le, Bcn caB

KOH)J.:CluaT BpahaTH H,rrpar y KO:lOJlY. Ka~\a cy nOCTJ1rllYTll CT<tlJ,J10HapHH YCJ1013H

(o6Ht.mo Ka;~a TCMnep,.tT),pa l'.JljY'l<.llh'.l npcc["LlHC )~a cc i\{CH::.<.t, TpeGa l13M,;Pl1T11 KOH

i...!,CIlTpal.l,llje JElKWC llCnap,TblU3C KOMJlOHCf[TC y IW3aH)' (X k) 11 Y KOH,Il.Cl-!:3;:rropy (Xf)). KOHqcIITpat.l,lljy et ... tcwC a!IKOXOJl:.l 11 BO;~C jc lIajjc;!ltoC'ral3IUljc on;pC;:UITH MCpCI·bCl\·r

rycTHHc o.-1ClllC H o~nlT'lBal·bCl\l KOHl~cln'paJJ,lljc Koja u;~rcJl3apa llJMCILCHuj rycTHHH.

no nocTH3<tfhY' CralJ,HOnapHIIX YClOua n3McpCIlC cy CJIC!J.:cfic KOHlJ,ctrrpannje: y IW3alfY rycrmIa PI..:;;:: 0,982 kg/m:i. 115 Taoc:lc 9. O'll1Tilna ce Kouu,cwrpaqaja:

x" = 0,10 mol A/mol CMeme,

- y p:eCTfmJTY:

rYCTlIHa Pd = 0,863 kg/m\ KOHll,CI-rrpall,Hja Xo:::: 0,72 mol Almol C1\ferue.

Ha oeBony OEUX pC3YJlTaT3, Oripei)cH je 6poj n;J;eJJUHiX IlO,UOBa, Kao IIITO Ie nplm:a3aHo Ha CJU1U;r1 145 (CTp. 271) O)l,aKJIC .ie:

fl l :::: 3.

Hpe6pojaBaILeM cTBapHHx nOHOBJ KOJlOHC YTBpi)CUO je lW je:

fl :::: 6.

To 3Ha~Hl,o,a jc eq)lIK<1CHOCT KOJIOHe:

AIICOPIIll,JAJA

7.1. EP3l1HA ArICOrnIUUE

(j)U3lPlK3 If XCl\mjcKa ancopm~nja. - ITo:maTo je na CYMITOpHa KHCCJTHlfa, K30

H l\H-fOre fl.pyre C.1H'IHC cyrrcTaHI~e, nacrajc pacTBapm-hc-M raca y nO,IllT. PacrnapaH,c raCOBi1 y BOAH, lV1U Y npyrHlvf TC'IHOCTHM8., lIa31I1W ce <:InCOpm.l,lJja. AiJcopih(uja .1(. 31-1(f'1U. qlfcjJ)'3/W!W oflcpm(uja fipl! l{Ojoi cc HC!W IW.-1t/"iOlI('J-li-ila ape/well U3 ZOCo y iiic'lfWdU u paci1opcD}jc no rw,wj .MaCrI luc'u-wciTiu

Ancopm(uja ce jaRJha 06H'-IIIO If(l ;U;Ba Kl1paKTepnCTlPIl-W H(l'mHa. DPBH H(l'IHH je HC'KJ['Y'I11RO qm3wIKa npo:\lCHa Ka.rp ce paCTHapalhc)'vr H3 CMeme raCOB3 H3):(Bnja

rae Kojn ce JIaIW ancop6yje (paCTBapa) Y TCTIHOCTH H He Mel-La cnoj cacnIR. Onaj H31Il1H CC I1PUJI,-IClhY.le Ka,ua ce )KemI H3 CMClIle racon<l ll.'TH napa H3ABOJHTH. BeRH eac~

To.1aK .. TaKO ec, Ha npHl\fCp, npn rrpmI3RoJJ..fhH a.TJ.KOXOJJa, fbHXOBC napc H3Hnajajy RO

llOJl,f IT] CMellie ea APyrUl ... i raCOBlIl\Hl. H3HBajmbc eyMDopnc KHccnaHc. TaIW'l)C npcA

cran.rha CPU3WIKY ancoprru.H.1Y·

MPyru HWIHH je ancopmJ,Bja TlpH KOjOj je Q)U311 t (KO paciTilwpWhC ilpahcHO U

XCAllfjCl(lLH npO.MCH{UW. Y OB01\1 C.l1y'wjy, rae cc ancop6yjc, Kao 11 pauHjc. Y TC'I

HOCTrl, Tj. Y ancop6CBCY, caMO IUTO ai1cop6cl1C ciTiyila y PC({"'l.~ujy ca (lIlcop6o(5(lHu.M zaCOAt, A<:ljyhu H3BCCHO xel\UrjcKo jc,aHIbelbe. To ce, H<l npHJvfCp, OfJTc,aa npn aneopnI~Hjll <lMOHHjaKa y cyl\wopnoj KHCCJIHHH. A1IoHHjaK cc OBlle ancop6yjc Y CYMDOPflOj

KHCCJITiHH. npn 'tfCMY llocraje <1MOHHjYMcymp,lT.

,Llml}),3nja II :lncopmvtja. - npn rrpoy'wmuhY (mcoprn~H.ie, Jl.:OllLTJO cc ,ao 3(\KJbyrKii Jl,J lloeTojH CJ1WIJJOCT 113M(1)y 'IHH1Ll"au.a Kojr1 yTl1'TY lIa }bY 1((10 II n<1 ,apyre )l)lcpY:JHonc onCp'l1.~Hje H 'HlHB.'Jar~a Kojn yc.llOl3.Thanajy npc""1(l] TOITnOTC 0)1 jC)J)lG

cpe)lTnJe K8 npyroj. Y 06a CJf)"wja KO.nwnnw Koja cc npCHece y jCJI,HHBlJ,I-l npe1\'leHD (pRHH:je cncprnja Q, cllp:a 1\f<\ea HCKC KO\mOHC1Tre A. IJ1f l) 3ClnHCH on ne.'lHl.IHJ1C nonpmIHre c'n KPC)3 KOjy npona3H H op: Koeq)flll,HjeHTa W) Kojn :13BHCll H on: CnCl(H

q1wrHc llpHpo;~e M<rrcpnja,'T8, nJIIIIlUI npeHOC;:1 Jj norOHCKe cnne. TIofolIcKa CnJI<l

KO).\ npeJH133 TOTI:IOTe jc P<LUlHK8 TC)\,fIlCPZlTYpc, a KOP: ancopn:u;nje pa:mHKi.l napI~HjaJIHHX nprnHcaKa (t:,p), o;:U·rOCHO pa3JTHKC KOHIl,eHTpaqHje (6..-\"). ORO CC MO>Ke HClGl3aTH C.'1cn,efiOM jc,aHa~nmOM:

3a npCHOC y incy

HJIH 3a Tel.IlIOcr

3arra)Ka ce BeJIHKa Cm,p-lHOCT ca JCgH3 l IHHOM KOjOM ce ogpei)yjc npeJla3 TOnJIOTe:

2~, a·A· f1! = ~ , I .

(Cl·A)

Aa ?H ce YKa3<:l.'lO Ha CJlH'IHOCT ca KOC(PHI~Hjclrro:rvf rrpCJIa3a TOTL'JOTC' (ex).

:wcq:nnlJI.leHTH ITpOnOpl~HOHaJlHOCTJ1 y npBC ,aBC jC}lHa-':Il1IlC CC n<:l3HBajy Koc(imI~H" jCHTIIMa rrpe.rra3a Mace y r.1cy Wi<) Il Te'IHOCTII (~I)'

D;a 6H ce Oo.ThC pa3YMCJre OBe jC,IlHa'IHne, Tpc6a o6jaCIH1TH c.'lcnehu CJlY'wj. HCKa ce rac CaCraR.lheH 0;:.\ gEe KOMHonellTC (al"V1OHnjm:: H Ba3Jl:YX) HZL'l33JT wn:r Kpehc H3fW,a TC(IHOCTH (no.n:a). Y KojOj.iC .ic,auc! on r3CHHX KOMnOHCHTH paCfBOp.ThIIRa (.11\10-

HHjaK). Taga he nohn AO ancopm~Hje jCJ1.HC KOJl.IDOHeHTe Y Tc"mOCTH. Hpyra KOWIO

HCHT3 (Ba3gyx) Koja HHjC. llJUI.iC j\'1a]10 paCTBOpJblma, oCTajc CTaJIHO y racy. MO>KC ce 3aMHCJ1HTH)J<'l Ha rpamu~lJ H3MC~y raea H TC'IHOCTH IlocToje ABa rpan:wma CTOjo., 0):\ KOjHX .icAan npanaJ.Hl racy a Apyrn TC'-IHOCTH (CJI. 146). .

")l MaCH raca, MOJICKYJIH ee, npC1\1a Tcopnjn ;QHcpY3uje. Kpehy Y CBUM npaBl~HM<1, yCJfe:~ "LIera lIMaj), no neJIoj MaCH npaKTIJlIHO nCTl1 npHTHeaK (p). KOJl.trrOHcHTa

Koja CC ancop6yje (ft) npOlH1pafic y Te'IHOCT, TC he.ie Y Hcnocpcnnoj 6mnr!1m Te·· "(IHOCTH, "I~j. HZI rpm-nIIJ;II 6HTH eBe Mal·be If MaT-he (P.rJ TIoroHcK3 CIma he. 3H<l'Hl, 6UTJ-L

f1p = (p.~ p,).

I1HepTlIa KOMnOnCHTtl ce He ancop6yje Y TC'Y.HOCTH, Bch ce 3aAp:iKana H"3Ha;u: nOBpllJI1HC. Ha Taj Hwnnr he Ha rpaHHI~H raca 6UTl1 BlillIe ImepTlle KOr-WOHCHTC IUTO hc nOCT<lTll CMCTlb<1 3<1 npO.'Ttl3aK aKTHBHC KO)l.fnOTrCl!Te JJO Tc"mOCTII.

rACHA CMallA

PACTBOP

o

o

o

o

o

o o o TOO t 0 o ~ 0

o 0 0 ! o 0 o .00 •

OOOO~OOO

o

o

-D-fO!~-f~-fD-f~-fD-1 OO!OO!OO!DO!001'

OOD!OOD!Ooa)

OOOO,ODOD!f0DDO

0000,0000,0000

o AKfI.oIBHA KOMIlOHEHTA. / • HEAIffioIBHAKOMIlOHEHTA yrACY

[J HEAKTl18HA KOMnOHEHT A Y TE4HOCTH

C.fllUW J 46

rpAH\-14HH CJ10JfACA

rPNtH4HH CJ10J PACTsOPA

KaAa aKTl1BHa KOMIIOHCliTa npolje y rpanWIHI1 CJloj Te~lHOCTH, IbCHC ~IeCT1fi\e

He Mory 0AMax iW npOAPY Y Ay6JbC CJlOjcnc, OAI-lOCHO Y Macy TC'-IHOCHI (KBaApaTllhl1 03HaQaBajyr qecnu~e TCYJ-IOCTH). Ancop60BatH1 MOJICKYJIH KOMll0HCHTC, Koja ce

rrpCHOCl1, aarOMHJlaBajy ce Y TCL1HOM rpaHHtUIOM CJlojy rAe I1Majy KOHlWllTpall,Hjy xI'"

KOjOM he 6P311HOM MOJlCKYJIl1 ycncTH l1<1 rrpoAw:pYHAyjy 011 rpaHRYHC IIonpUlHl-lc J~o ;a,OlLe rpaHIIu;e TermOr rpaHI-PIHor CJlOja, OJ1HOCHO ,ao p;y6JhHX CJlOjcna (Mace) TC" QflOCTH, 3aBHCI[ npe CHera, 0;:1, KOHllCIfTpaU)1jc y MaCH TC'-IHOCTI1 (x), Tj. O,n noroneKe

crfJIe Lit == -- x).

PaCTl30p2bUBOCT facona. - -Y' npeTXO,Il,HOM H3Jlaral-b)' pa3MaTpaI-Ia je 6P3HI-ta

311COp6oB3H.>(! HeKoI' raea. ,IJ,OIlIflO ce,n:o 3aKJby~lKa AU he KOJUtLHma anCOp60BJHOr

raea Y jeJJ,HllHu,H npeMtH'd OUTH ynpaBHo nponOpUHOH<:UlHa p<umul,l1 KOHll,eHTp<'l!J,H

ja [JOcMLtTpaaC Kor-.mOllCIITC y racy!! Ha rpaUHll,H Cd TC'-lHOlllhy. :~Vlcl)YTHl\'l, raCOBH

cy MC~)yCOO1l0 paJJI1PlHTO paCrBOp!LHBH, lJJTO 3dBI1Cl! o~~ npHpO~l,C raea [! ·IT'IllOCTIl.

TaKo, Ila apm.1Cp, dMoHHjaK ce Y DO;..!,}! pJC-TBapa BPJlO !J,OOpO, ,L\OK c): KI1CCOIIUK H

;BOT TCWKO paCTBOpJI,i1DI1. I1pcr-ta TOMe:, Ja Ll.tvlOHHjaK he 6Wt'H l1(rrpCOaH HeKH

CaCDlitvt l\WJIH lIapu,Hjamll1 llpHTHcaK i13!ta~( TCllHUCTH, nLt _lin ra 6y,L\c CaCBl'llvl l~OBO JLllO pacmopcllor y BOl-~IL 3;;1 KIICCOllllK he, Mcl):n,'HI\L 3(1 11('1'0 TOllHKY pacrBopcuy 1(OJl11'l1111), OUTH rrOTpCOall gCOM<1 BllCOK napLl,Hjamm npIITIlcaK.

)J,pynl'mjc PClICIlO. nOCTaB:ba ce lUlTalbt KO}JHKO ce raca MO>Ke anCOp60Dt1TH

Y Te'lilOCTH KaJ.-\a ancopHlJ,nja npecrajc U YClloCraBJb:J ce paB1l0TDKJ. AKO cy ): lIcro,i TCllHOCTll pacTBop~l-U1 pa:3Hl1 racOBlI, y <IT!\lOCCpepH H3Han llie

liaJli13l1hc ce T11 HCTH raCOBI1. H.>HXOB jJaMwiileJ/CHu JJapl{ujaJIIILl Lipuiuucwc uuhr: OUplly[jjO {ijJ(}fioPI~U()I{(,IJW!l pacilI-GUp"bUJWCLUU. Ha oeHosy ORO I'" pa3Mi:iTp,,ULil, J.lO,aa311 Cl'- ;~o \WplL1a Ja paCTf30pJbIUlOCT l'(JC()Ba: Y!{()J1Uf':O je flap[~llj£Ulf-lLl tlpUiTiU~aJ,: 1I0{()2 2({C(I u:mag lTie</f-IOCLlill y l':OjUj je paciIiuopCfl ca llCllIO.H /{OlllWHfi'ipaLWfO.M

(jehu, ylZi(ulll{o je f-/.)C'/O()({ jJlIClU()(Jp .. NWOClTi .HtlIbtl. GDO jc y ear}l_aCHOCTl1 Cet X~H' PHjcBlItVl J<1KOHOM (p ::::: f-{ . x) KOjl1 YTBpl)yjc Aa he ce paCrBOpllTI1, lIt:! npl1~lep, gBet nVT<l Deha KOJU1'lHiia neKor raca aKO cc YADOCTpytrH ~berOHa KOHll,CH"rpall,HJa y rae lI~j cl)('13u. KO,lI[K<I he 1'<1 KOJIWUIHa crnapllO 6UT}!, 3aBucn 0)1 BCJIWHlIIC- XeHpHjeBc

KOlieTaIITC. 3a CB<lKH rac OWl UMa iJ,py'l")" Bpe)~l-IOCT. YKO.cnIKO je OlIa Belia, YTOJHIKO

he fi Taj rac Gl1Tl1 Malhe paCTBOp!bHB.

Te~lJJ('paTYI)(l, TaKo!)c, HMa yTm~Jja ll<l pacrBapal-be. MO>KC cc pelin, lI1TO Je ilpaB11JIO, JJ,Cl .Ie pocllwopJbuGocili oupll)'lTio ilPOtlOP[(Ll(jlltlJIIW IUCAHlepaiTiypu -wiIiu je rnC.-H1ACpatTiY[Ja GUlIW, paciii(}opJbU(-JOcat jc jo,UlH'{I.

Be.:un.:.a lL'lH l\laJI<l paCl"BOpJhHBocT.ie. ::IlIaLIajna 3a npH~1eHy jC,1,lIa'IHIle 3a 6p::lI-wy ancupnlJ,llje. AKO je pacTBop:hllBOCT BCmHG1. r~HCI)y3u.ia raea Kp03 TC'-lHOCT .ie BP:1O Gp"Ht. aIm H'-lCrajc YClC)t Tora illT(l rpaHWlHll ClUj TC'IHOCTH naKO Ilpltll-1<1 \W;leKYl!C

In rpaHWllwr CJloja raea . .leg/ifill ()LTiIlO[J, y mo.,11 C.'ly"/Ojy, jc y 2j){lH[/~Il-{(}.,H C-1Ojy Zclca.

y i-l.pyrm.-l CJlY'lajy, gaga jc jJ(fC{jj(WjJ.'Nwocfl'i AW.-'l(f, OCflO(Jfi), iipUljJO:y [lpeHu· cy LljJCgciTioo.tlAI [pm-tWlllU c-wi y iiieClIlOCUiu. 3602 lTioza 'iac ... ((OW g()~1(/3U uuto go

I70GjJWUllC {tlc'll-IocLTiu.

7.2_ AITCOPEEPl1

I1PHJIHKOM pa:-H.-I:1'rpaI-ba 6p3HI-IC ancopm~H.ic BI-I1\H cc .lla OI-Ia 3aBHCIl, H3Meby OCTa.1l0r, H 0,lJ; DCJlWH1HC [lOBpIlHuIe. 3aTo ce KO.u CBl1X anapaTa 3a ancopmWljy Hac-

- ------ -- - - --~ - --------------------------------

Tojn }J,a nO.BpmUHa gonl1pa u3Meby ABe cpa3C (TCt.IHOCTli H raca) 6yp;c WTO Bcha. lbY3CTaK JC, Mcl)ynIM, KaW1 CC ancoprrunja 6p::IO ,rI,CWaBa, liJIH KaJ~a cc ocn06ai)a HCYBHlllC Bc-:rI1Ka TOIUTOTa Iwja 611 1l,CJIOBaJIa lllTeTHO H<l caM TOl{ ancoplU_VijC. Y nc

hI-U-IH cnY'-lUJeB<1, aKO ce oU106al)a TOIUlOTi1 npI-i ancopnll,uju, no-rpe6HO .ie nOCTC

rreHO .XJIanl1T11 ,n:a CC HC 6.II CMa:EbHJla paeTBOpJbHHOCT. XJIal)Cfbc CC H3BO)J.H Ba3,lJ;y

xm.-1, Jom GOJbC BO,lJ;OM KOJa CC KOHTlIHy~UIHO cmma npCKO 3H;11oBa anapaTa. DpacaH p,op,np I13MClyy TC'lHOCTI1 II raca, Tj. nCJlUKa rrOBpUH-IHa 1l,01l,lipa,

IlOCTl-DKC ce: pacnpmaBathc!>.t Te'lHocTH, C'IHBaILCM Te'tHOCTI1 Hll3 BCJII1Ke nOBpunmc 11 6ap6oTllpaI-bCM raea.

. npH pacnpWlfBi1I-bY Te'lH(;CrH y cjmHc KanH l101\fOhy pacnpl1HIBa t la, uacynpoT l-bO] Kana nap;a Kao nuna, CTPYJI1 rae H ancopoyjc ce Y KaIU1M(l TCllHOCTH.

CrtllSal-hC TClfJ-lOCTH mn HelmKe 110HpWHlle. KOjuj y CYCPCT CTPyj11 rae MO>KC

,1a ce I13BOJ-(H KpOJ ,lJ;yr CHCTC!l-t l~eBH, KOjc MO[,Y }.(a 6YJW [lOCTaH}LCUC KaCKa;J.HO nJUI

BujyraDo jc;u!a HCnOn ;\pyre. TC'lHOCT _MO>!-:c ,'VI CC CJlJlLla 11 npCKO nylLtt-h<1 MalLUX

TCn<l pa3JIU'HITOr 06nIIl":'{l, 0 llL:M)' he KacIlHje 6HTH pe~UL

fTPI1 6apooTupalbY fac ce i--\OIlO!\!-1 t~C[;HMa Ila AHO CY1(<l Y KOMe cc HaJld3H TCqHOCT II rryuna I~a y l\lCXypIBl<l npoJw:3ll 1,P03 l\ILlCy TC'lllOCTH (GapooTupa).

OIla TjJll WFTlJlia ancop6oB;UL<t p~rJ.'lWll1TO cy KOHCTPYKTlIBlIO pernella. TpeGa llPOY'lHTIl caMO TpH OCl!OBlta THIla:

KOMOPC ca paCllplllHUcUbtlvL

-- KOHOHC ca n),l'hCf--helvl H

T)'PWIC.

KOlHope ca pacnpllllIBathCM. To ey UjJOCTOpUjC KOjC Mory 6nTH pa3JII1'-HlTOr

0001.11K'1. Haj~IcllIhe cy y l3lI~y RHCOKI1X W)'Il.'LlIX qILrll!!lil;ljl" Y KOjHMH ce pacllPwyjC. Tc~mOCT, l(OK rae c:rpyju 0il,03fJ,O. OJ~ MaTcpHja Koje ),'--ICCTByjy y ClncopfIu,l1jH, 'Jam-rcn KOjUM he M<lTCpl1j;:UlOM KOMopa

H3HyTpa 6HTl1 OOJlo)KCWI.

KOJlOHC ca rrYlbcJ-heM. OBe KOJlOHt

Haj~leLUhe ce npHMCI-byjy. To cy BCPTH-

Ki1 .. 'lHH W1JI1-lHn;pH, pa3;1~1'-lHTHX ,lJ;HMCH:m

ja. OAIIOC IhHxoue BllCliHC H npe'II-IHIG:1 .ie

UUH'IJ-IO OKO 3 : L OBC KOY!OUC- :-...wry 0Wl'11

BHCOKC [-I lJ.O 25 ID. Bmrrc cc IlajtICrnilc H¢

rpa;J.e, aJIII, i1KO 3aTpc6a, DC3yjC cc HCKO

JIHKO Ko.rIOIIJ Ila pCA. ·Y IlOrJlC;~y CCIJHK~I(,HOCTH, HCICYCTBO lIoKa3yjc I,:\a nOBei1.albe npe<IHHKa KOJlOI-lC TCJlJKO M())KC Ai) 1IJ/10-KUil)J;Jl BHCHHy. DOILe cy BlUnc KO}IOHC Ma

Iher npC'UII1Kil, Hero lUDKC a ne.'1liKOr npC~U1HKa.

KOJlOHC ce lICCTO upaRe CTaBJhJI-hCM

KpahHX I~HJIIfH}J;PHl:lJ.lHX tl}IaHilKa jennor npCKO APyror (c;1. 147). ·Y 3aBHCHOCTl1 OJl,

xCMrrjcKc npapop,e raca (ancOpnTllBa) H TC~lHOCTH (ancop6eHca), KY.nC 3a arrcoprr

IJ,Hjy Mory ga 6Y1\)' OA pa3HoBpcHor MaTe-

rAe

CJHJ,KO 147

pHjarra. TIpaBe ce Haj~leUIhe 0)]. KepaMHKe. HJTH CC H3HyTpa o6JIu)J{Y KcpaMHKOM, OJIOBOM., MCTaJIHMa KOjH HC KopO)lHpajy, 3 HeKa)], lIaK If )]'pBeTOM. KyJIe cy ncnYlbcHe MaTepH]anOM pa3HHx BCJIw,nma 11 o6mIKa, Tj. rrYIheIheM.

"YII.ClhC KOJIOU3: - Ua 6u ce Ky.rW UITO MaIbe OTlTepCnma, nyH>elbe Tpe6a J~a 6YAe UITO JIaKIllC n? ,lCAUHl:IUI1 3anpc!'.H-me. Tpe6a Aa I1Ma IUTO Belt}· il06PUiUHY·

TaKa Aa TClIHoeT KOJa ce CJlHBJ npeKO Ibcra HMa mTO nchy MoryhHocT )1;a J~ol)e v )lO)],Hp ca raCOM Kojn cc Kpehe nJmlIlle. 0/1 nYT-hClh3 ce 3aXTcna Aa OCTaBJLJ wiIlo ~(-)ef'iU cJ1060gaH apeaK, rrornTO CC Ha Taj n3(lHH CJ'vrclH~yje OTnop npOTliJJ)UhJ raca 11 Te'-IH()~

CTH. nopcp: Tora. OHO Tpe6a ,lJ;3 6YflC jecjnYiuf{o, "HCXOUU'i_KU gO(WJbHO. 'U3jJcifio U xc

.r.-rU/CKU oiTin0PHO. Kao nYl-bCfhC anCOpm~11(HlI1X Konona, MaT-hl-IX II je;XHocTaBHujnx npOl~cea_

npHMeH>yjc ce KOKC. BCOMa je jccpnm H no 3anpeJ-m:HCKoj MaCH naK. KOKC l\'Ie"~yTrIM. lIMa H )10CT<1 HC)10CT;)TaJ";:cL eTB;]pa Mc\J1H C]lOOOJJ;an npCCCK <!- OC]1M Tora. 110C~

TOjII MoryliHocr ;xa HCKH TherOBH HITa're c.rraoo pacrnopOlH cacTojl~H 11lIaK Tlpe1jy IT !' paCTBapa'-I. TaKO Ha npBlf nOrJICn T13L'le;\3 !\(l KOKC IH"r8 nemnzy nonpll1l-my. a aHa

JE- KOJI Ihenl, npaKTJI'IHO, ,n:OCT8 McUIa.

llmreK(l)1 ce 3(1 nyT-hE-IhC yno1p::6."'T,<1U'1 Hro6,"'T~CfIn KaMCH 11 TO, npe CRcf(J KI33pI\. On jc HOnCCall 181'0 lIlTO je XCl\mjcKH HeaRT_BBan. l-{cJl.ocTaTaK My jc l1lTO

HlvfCl neJIHKY 3aIlpCl\1HHCKY Macy. Cnel~HjaJIl-rH MaTcpnjaJIH :~a nYlhCthe 0):\ Iwjnx cc np_we pa3I-fH oo.:nnUl (CJH1Ka

148) cy: Kepal\·HIKa, nopu;ynaH H KaMCHHl-la. (J(W nY'bCfNJ ce f(opuclTte u Y KO.aOT-taJUf

an pC1,Jiiuqnllml~l//y. . Jen(IJ·j on naj'IcIlIhc- ynoTpCOJi,anaHHx 06mn..;:a nYfbcFha jc PanmroB npcTcH. To JC mymhH U,fUlJ1HJ\ap (cn. 149) KO)} Kojcr .ic OHHOC npc~·mHKa npcMfl BHcnHn 1:1-llieroB npelIHHK je O,!l_ 20 )~() 60 111m.

TYP"~lC. - OBaj Tun ancopm~VfOHHX ypci)aja YlfOTpcO.rb3Ba CC K3JJ)1 CC rac Bp.;l0 .naKO 11 6p30 ancop6yjc. Y TelmOCTH, a TIOrOTOBY OHJP Kana CC npn arrcopm~niH pa-3BRj3 TOTI.l10Ta Y Behoj Mcpn. Ko,u TypHJla ce, uHcynpoT paI-mjl1M anCOpm~liOI-nIM ypc'bajHMa, Te)KH CMai-bHBaI-hY )10)lJlpnC nOBpnmHC H3MCpy raca n TC~IHOCTH. l1C'ro~ nreMeno, Typn.l1e cy KOHCTpYHcanc TaKO H3 nocTojn npnnwmo BCJTHKa nonpnnma 3H!J.oBa npCMa OKOJIHOj CPC):J)HIH, lIHMe CC 06C36c1)yje X.1a'beu,c OKo:nmM Bl:i3ilY XOM . AKO je x.l1abClbC BCl3,ilyXOl\I l-IC)lOnO!hHO, nOHeKaA ce XJtaJJ:C VI BOHOM TaKO uno ce OHa

~II m

CJ1lff{C/ ] 48

281

npCKO T)/InL'lll npc.lHma. Haj'-Icmhc ce },'n(JTpe6Jbanajy HBC npcrc: ByJlCpOBC (C:1.

150) 11 qe.napn.lycOHG TypH.nc. 1-1 KO)1 ,ieJI)IHX 11 ROn npynIX 6an:pnje (c.'1. 1.')1) ce nOCTaK'l-,njy TaKO n3 TC.tlHOCT npCJIa3H I11,iC!J.UC Typmlc Y Jlpyry, ;J;OK l-Jacynj)c)T l-hoi crpyjn rae Kojn npeJIZl311 In jer\.lIC T31 TKC 'y' i1.pyry ;,OK nacynpoT IhOj CTpyjI1 rae KOjIJ

npc.rra3H caMO H'3llal~ nOBpllIHHe TClIHOCTH y cBaKoj TYPI1}]H.

I1pcna3chl1 H3 jCJJ:He TYPH:1C y !~pyry, pacfBop ce nOCTcnCHO 3acuhyje raCOM.

Ta1(Q Aa n~J1a3ehH 1[3 rrOCTIC)J,1bC nocTaje l\-taKCHMaJIUO 3acnhcH .. TIOC]TCIUh<l TypHJl3 paCTBopa JC HCTonpelvrcno npna TypU}]a raca, TaKO ;ua ee Y J-bOJ CHItty HajK01-ll~CHTpacm-mjn paCTBopH Brae Haj60ranrjn KOl\-fTIOHeHTOM Koja ec aucop6yjc. Kaga nu ce a{]copi71~ujo GjJllflUIO illQlw go cc i1apcuc,,1fW ('171'o(-)Ogr lTtcLtNOClTj u zac, Ccj)C1WlTt

au(Opi1-1~lfje 6[( 6u{) .1l-fm:t"IHo ).tCl/-bU.

HE:AnCOP50BAHH rAC

PACTBOP

"-..... CI/UIW 15]

r AC 3A ~ncopnul1.JY

.

_____ ,_1 ___ _

282 L~~_.

113BOU

I1PH 3nCOprn..l,lljH gOJI<t311 gO pacrnapal-ba raea no ~eJIoj MaCH TC'-llIOCTH. Allcoplll~Hja MO>Ke 6I1'fn cplf3WIKa, oe3 rrpOMene C<ICTaIHl KOMIIOHCHTe Koja ce 3n

cop6yje, If xeMnjcKa, npn KOjOj J~OJl(13H AO xeMHjcKIiX npOMCHa.

DOrOIICIGl CHna 3a ancopm~Hjy jecTc pa3JIUKU npHTl1CaK3 y racy H pa3]111Ka KOHI\eHTpal.l,Hja Y TCLIHOCTH.

Dp3HHa allcopnu.ujc je IIpOnopll,HOHaJIHa mmpU.lHHH KOUTaKTa raea H TeLlHO-CHr.

Ypebaja :.m anCOpm(Hjy Acne ce Ha K0}10He ca paCnplllHBaIbC!l.t, KOJIOHe ca rry

I-berheM 11 Typlillc ca 6apOOTllpaH,cM.

nHTAlhA

1. ;:(1 :Ill ce upu xeMlljCl.;oj. jall."b<l 11 q)Wm'IK<l ancopm.J)rja? HIT:,] .it: l-:oe("iJll~Jl.ieuT rrpcJ!~ua ~!acc:

3. lUTiljC HOl"OllCKa ClUil JCl Cl[[CUpn~Hjy? if. Kal";:U CC oCTBapyjc JlOTpeGIlJ !Ioupmuua KOflTaKi.l."l'a !'aca H TC'lHOCTn?

::; KaKO Tl'Mllepwrypa y'Tll'le Ira ancopmmjy?

6, lIlra.k KapaKTCpllCTl1K<:t PUCrB0P:LIIBUX [';lCona?

AIl CO PHIU1J A

BE EA '1l",aTaK 1. Y "O.Wllll ClI iipbefbeAl ua CMCllle uaagyxa If

yZJ1JCHgum.:cuga aiicopri}'je cc j'z,'beHguo/{cug y (wgu. EKcueplI.tll'/la/(/JIIiO ogpeglliiill aiicopu()(1(Ul}' A·(acy y'fJbcHgllOJ.:cuga.

ANLI.,'lIf.Ul 3ugcnU!UJ. - Tpe6a W:l!,..ICPUTH yJIa3Uy 11lT3JIa3HY Macy

yL~heII-J.vIOKCl1i\a Y CMCWH C,] nLl3,U,yxoM (cll. ISla). Pa3J1HKa II3MCl)y Y.lJa3HC H H3JJa-

:mc Mace yL'bCH"'J-iHOKcH:~a llpC;lC'l'aSJL<1

al1CopGoBJ.IIY Mac)" Oi~HOC!lO Mac), Koja.ic

npCI1UlIJ y BO~\y. McpelL<::t y raclioj q),Hn cy jCI~IIocTaBHlija aKO CC o;.q)l.:~l)yje 3anpe-WlIIa (-J(lIlPC1VtHHCKH npOTOK, 3alJpeMHIlC

Ka KOlUV.'llTp'H~!lja) 1:\o.ja ce KOPlllllhclbel\.'j

jeNlaL!lfHC cralha VJV ::: nRTj, Ha Kpajy, npopa'JyU<l y Mac)'. 3aTO ~C It OBiJ,C 6UTll

rrpUKJ.3<l1l npopallyH I1a TOJ ()CHOBH.

McpCH,e!'>1 )'.:j;CnHt' 'JanpCl\HlllC Clvl.C

we Ba:~!lyxa H )-T.'L.Clf-iHlOKCHg<.l (~.'J H

YJla:.:iHC 3anpCMHIICKC KOHl.l,eHTpaUHJC yr

fheH-J~HOKCHJ.1.a Y TOj 01eum (.1'11') l\1(})KC ce

OAPCfJ.l1TH 3<111PCl\HW<I CO2 Koja yi)c y KOJJOHY (V/I'):

V"i::: V/<· Y,/.

JC.LIJIlIHlJ,e one jCL\J:Ia"-UIHC cy: CJtlIKQ 751 a

283

Maca YfJbCH-AI10KCHAa Koja yiJe y KOJIOUY (m u') je oApei)eHa je,u,H3LII1HOM

C'raI-La, npHMelbeHoM ua CO2 Y CMellm:

OnaKJIeje

",:T 0130j jei'.1.H<PIHHH Pu' npC)lCfaB}L<l napll,JljaJIHH IIpHTllGlK CO2 Y CMeWH II 0;.1.

pd')l:H jc TepMOJ(mraMH'IKHM 0AHOCOM:

P;,-Pi!

rIOUlTO onile PI! npc,U,craHJL3 yKyllllH rrprlTHC3K CMellie raca n:1 yna3Y, TO ce 3aMCHOM y ropI'hY je,rW(l"-lfll-lY ,I~()611ja:

Ha rrOTnYHO :1H<lflOraH Ha"-ntH CC JlOoHja Aa .ie H::lJla3Ha fl..1aca yrJheH-AHOKCHJ~a

(m,'):

v 2 ·P··\l-·M' m'.::: -~-' '--'--.

i R .1;

Cag<1 je <lllcop6onaH<J Maca (m') jC,'J.U3KCl P;:l3.TlHI.l,H YJi33HC U H3JW3HC Mace:

171' ;::::; In ll ' - !n/.

Tpe6a 3HaTH.L\a CC H3JIa31la 3<'lllpCl>Hma He r-wpa MepHTli, jep C(~. M())KC OnpCITI1-

TH na QCHOflY ~IHl-bCUHl.l,c,u.a jl: Y:1<l:mil 3anpCMuua B33Ayxa H<l YJIa3Y ,]eD:HaIGl pa3JlH-

1l,11 )'KyITUe 3anpcr-..Hn-IC n 3anpCMHHC CO2 Ha yJIa3y

VII - Vii . Yu':::; VII (1 .- )'u')·

3anpCMHW.l Ba3;.~)'xa KOjH 113al)e HJ KOJIOHe jc:

Vi (l ~. Yi)·

I10IIITO ce na3AYx He ancop6yje y B01,n, OBe ABe 3anpeMHHC cy jeAuaKc (aKO ce

3aHeMapl1 npOMelIa npfITHCKa H TeMITepaType):

FII(l-.Vu')::: Vi(l-y/),

UITO 3HR'-m: ;o.:a je

IIoiItpe6Ha AtepOba u upopaLlyH., ~ Ha OCHOBY m-ramnc 3a.rraTKa, MO)Ke cc 3aKJhY'TffTII;o.:a je nurpe6no MCPUTU yKyIIHY YJIa3HY 3anpcrvUIHY 11 3anpcMHHcKC KOH

l\CIITpar~Hjc yrJbCII-)UIOKCli~(a Ha yJI33y 11 I:I3JW3Y. 3anpeMHHa raca cc MO)KC MepuTH ;r:J;upeKTJ-IO (racHHM caToM), I1JIH HHJ]JlPCKTHO MCPCIbCM 3anpCMJUICKOr npoToK3

(poTaMcTpoM) H HPCMCH<l Tpa.ia1b<l ancopnD;ujc. To 3H<l"m .n,a ce MCPCIhC II npopa·· 'LfyH Mory Cl{CTCM<lTH30BiHn CJlcnchoM Ta6cJIOM.

I

I Y.1l33 _.

! 113J133

KOHl~eH-1 np~:;;;~11"e\mep3-Tpar~H)a caK I Typa

I

--I I

Mepeno

IMaca' I CO2

H3paga 3agaiJiKO. Tpe6a CKIlll,IIp3TH arrap;:rrypy. TIpUTIpe1'vfliTH HnCTpYMCUTC

3(1 Mepefhe npOTOKa raca It KOHI.~eHTpm~nje CO2 (raCHll cal', O,I\HOCHO pOTaMeT3p_ II OpcaTOB anapaT). DYCTHTH K0]10J-lY Y pan 11 H::mpnUITH MCpCI-be TTpH l-beHOM ycT3JheI-JOM pany.

PC3y.;llTlanlll. ~ Ha oeHony npCTXO)lllHX yrrYTcTana (l06ujcn<l.ie c.llenefia Ta6e.1TJ McpeHHx PC3YJ!TaTa.

PC3YJTTaTH 3a npopwryI-J CC KopHCTe 113 npcTxogne Ta6efle. 3anpeMl1Ha npo··

TCKJHl Ha ).':1<1'.:\)' y [(on on)' 3<1 30 min .ie:

VII"'" VI/s' '[:;;:: 0,3 dm)/s . 30 min· 60 s/rnin = 540 dm 3.

3arrper.1HHa Koja npoTcKHC Kp03 H3J1ZU lf3 KOJIOne (npH'rnCaK II TeMncpaTypa REi y113'3y 11 wma3Y cy nplI6JUDKHO BCTH, UlJ;,U ropn>y Ta6e.1JY) je:

540dmJ. ,L.=- 0,15 = 483dm3. 1- 0, OS

3anpCl\IHHC yrJbeH~,Ll,nOKCHAa H3 yn33y n H311a3Y U3 KOJIOHC cy:

Vu' "" VI!' Yu';;;:; 540 dm3 . 0,15;;;:; 8i,0 dm3 = 0,081 m3 ,

Vi;;;:; Vi . Y/ = 483 dm3 . 0,05;;;:; 24,0 dm 3 :;;;; 0,024 1113.

Maca yrn.,eH-p:noKcHga Koja yY:;e Y KonoRY je:

0,152 . I, 01 . 10' N/m2 ·0, 540m' . 44 kg/kmol = 0,15 kg

83ISJ/kmol· K· 301· K

113 K0110HC U3JIa31I Maca:

y:2 P; F M' m: = ,

R .~ .0,05

2 ·),OI·)O'N/m

2 :,(),483m-'. = ° OISh

83ISJ/krno)· j(. 301 K "

TIpeMa TOMe, ancop60Bana tvraca CO:; .ic:

1111/ -- 111/ "'" 0,135 kg.

3ar~aTal{ L HaiJ1Icainu U Cl{ciJcPIl.MCI-d17a.1Ho flPOflCPWTiU .«aiTicpuja.'7l-1U 6H.!J(fH( YZJ'oeH.-guoKcuga iJpu al1copfu{lIju (3Og0.'\/ )' l{O ... WHU ca i7Yl-bObCA-i.

AHoJ1u3a 3agatilKa. -- Ancop6oBaH(I Maca YrJbCH-J1)lOKCn;aa ~13 raCHe D.-feme (~)1~ BOi_lIl CC BOfloM. 1\1a-repnjaJUlH 6n.nanc CO). MQ)KC ce npHKa3aTH ,lcrur,l'IHIIOl\\ y 1<OJoJ CC J13je;O;H3'-ryje CMal-bCl-bC Mace CO2 y racy (mil' ~ m,') 11 npnp'UIIT<l.l Muce CO2 y nO;J;n

33 nero BpeMe:

MaC(I CO2 Y HOlm"" mil' ~ m/.

Maca yrJbeH-J1)lOKCHI~a anCOp60B<1110r Y BOrn!, Jl.W>KC ce Onpe)1JITU MepCl-bCM

3anpeMVlHe BOnC KOj3 npOTeKHe 3a VlCTO npCl\-le Kao H 3arrpClvHnra raCHe CMemc y TOKY anCOprn(Hje If KOH1\eUTpaUHje yrsbeu-ifHOKClma Y BOrn-l.

Maca CO2 Roja 11311a3H ca BOgOM je:

V· Cj,

rAe je Cj M311a3Ha KOHuellTpal\Hj3 CO2 y nOJIH noore ancopnunje, M"lTa y jeJ-lInIHW1l\W

(kg CO,/m' H20) (Cil. 162). AKO, cBcwfya:n-IO, BO.D.a Koja ;aona3H 33 cHlcopnunjy I1M<1 BC1-l paCTBopeHor CO:,.

OHna je Maca CO2 Koja y1)c Y KOTIony C,l ROilC}]',,!:

nxe.iC ("II ym13H3 KOHl~ellTp,u~Hj3 COl' Ca;aa ce MO)1(C penH ,n:a je:

V· Cu,

V (C r ~ CIJ "" mu' -- m/. OBa jCp,-I'Ia'LUma npCp,-CT31:L1ha Tpa)KCflH M3Tcpnja:nm 6Jwanc. 011 ce CKCnCpn

MCHT3JIHO 1\W>KC npOBCpUTII MCpeH>CM 3,mpeMHHC (npOTOKa) Bone H npOM(:,:He KOH

UCHTpaqHje YfJbCH-,UHOKCHJ.\a y BO)]}!.

If3paga 3agaiZiKa. ~ ,TI,eo OBOra 33,I1,3TK3 je Bcn ypai)eH 3ap;aTKOM 1, TaKO )~a ean3 Tpe6a caMO nposepliTH na JIVi jc eBa Maca yrTbeH-nI10KCl1n3 113 raca npcUW3 y Te

l.IHOCT. To 3Ha'-IH;o:a llcTonpcMeHo (y TOKY npcTxonHor 3an3TKa) Tpe6a MepHTlI rrpoTOK BOnC n KOilll,eHTpau;njy ynheH~glloKCH)J,3. KOHucHTpa:U;H~a YfJheH-]U·lOKCI1):J;a cc

Meprr HeKOM OA MCTo.n,a KOjy nperropY"Tyje aHaJIHTll'lKa xeMHJa.

PeaYAL7iaifiu. ~ J-bMepeHI1 npOTOK BOAe je:

1/, = O,O~ m'/h.

TIOIIlTO je BpCMe ancopnu,Hje '(: :::: 0,5 h, rrpOTCKJIa 3anpcMHHa BOAc je:

1/ = 0,04 m'.

1131'\'lcpeHe KOIII~eI-I1'Pau,l1jc J13HOCC:

~ Ha YJIa3Y cu :::: 0,0001 g/ml:::: 0,1 kg/m\

~ na H3.'1a3Y C1 :::: 0,029 g/ml :::: 29 kg/m 3.

Maca YrJbCH-AHOKCI1)W Koja ce arrcopoyje y BO;UI ]a 30 MnH jt:' 3Ha t m:

V (c;- c,,) = (J,04m'· (29··0,1) kg!m' = 1,15 kg.

illTU.ie IIPI10JIl:DKIIO jel~IIaKO MaCH C02 Koja.ie aUCOp60Bi.Wa IU niCHe qnl'::lc (0.136 kg).

3ai~~nm\ 3, EKCl-:ieplLHcHLTuuUlo ogpcgwTiu 6pJlI!1Y {PU3U'IK!:' U xe"~tujcKc ai{Copfiquje YZJbell-gllOKcuga y tic/Tioj l'-Go'WlllI u fipu UC(i'/U .. H gpyZWt pagf-lu.H YC,/lO(lLUv((l.

Af-{{Ul{.3{1 H u3paf/a :w.WIlTh:a. Bp;Hma aH('opm~llje jt aIIcop()oBalILl J\Jaca yr-.'1JeIH~llOKClU\a y jei(B!lln~H BpeJ..-fell<l (f/l/(' --II1,·/t). ]cwraKa je pa3JlHUH :VJT<13HOr 11 H3-

o'l<l31-lOf IlpOTOKa Mace yrJLCH-HI!OKCI-f,aa a :'I.lO)Ke ce InpiFlylIaTlllI:3 nOAuTaKa iU06nj~Hnx y npCTXO)1!-lOM 3a;.raTKy. Ep3HlW DEC onepaqIlje jt: npO!lOpu.HOH~UlHa IlUrOH~ CKOj CUJm, O;UlOCl!O rjm3wIKo,j pa'LTBop:hIlHOCTU YL'bt::H-)1IlOKcHga y BO;'U1.

AKO Gn cc <lnCOpllIl,Hja EpUU!.IW IIC Y nOAn, Bcll y pacrBOpy NaOI-l, OH;~<l 6~L 360r pcaKI~Hjc CO2 11 NaOH, paCTHOpJhHBOCT CO2 6uJW BeaM] Be.!1HKa, n3 6IJ n xe~ MUjCK<:l allcopm.\Hja 6Hfla 6p)K;.t.

'YKoflHKo C~ nOA HCTl-I!>l yCJlOBHJ\ta ypaJJ;H npcTxoJJ;HH 3ailaTaK, ca!l--1O ce YMCCTO

BOHOr..l <lnCopIll.(l1ja wmpwu pacTBopoM NaUlt lv{Q)Ke ce OJJ;PC,L(HT!1 Tp;l)KCHa Op311Ha. I\1cpelhc 11 npop<PlyH c)' nOTnYllo HCTl!.

A)],COPIIll,IIJA

Ap;COpnIl,Hja jc qJJ-13IP·IKo-xcJ\mjcKI1 npou,ec IIpn KaMe ce MelLa KOlII.l,eHTpaJ.~l1ja l-la LloaprUUHU cjHl3C. Qua npOMCHa KOHll,eWrpall,Bje y neti11HH CJlYLlajeHa jc YCJlOB.Tbe

Ha nOBefian,CM KOHQClrrpaIl,Hjc na tlBpcroj IIOBpmMHH Koja Bpll!H af~COpnL\lIjy. GBAe ce, 3Ha~lH, y o6:mp Y3HMa QnpCT3 nonpmHHa Koja ce rpaml'U<l ca TC\.IHl1M HJlH racoBIITHM MC):tlIjYMOM. A,Ucopm\I1jy Tpe6a pa3.:1II,KOKtTJI Of], anCOpUL\Hje. Am.:- jc agcop

UlJ,Hja nojaua Koja CrBapa l7pu.HCHC 1{(Jlll~CI{/Tiplll(/.i.ie C(LH() I-lll ZPllI-lU'tlWf llU(1jJUlWILC

.wrr:le je <:lllCopmJ,Hja DpOAfCHG l'-Ofl1(CllITipal(uje I\uja ce O]JUlIi no L(C"'lOj AWCU.

Agcopnu,Hja CC ,\lO>I(C BpIllI:lTl1 H lla TC'-IHOCTHMCi H H3 raCUBI1THl>! )VIC)ll1jYMIlMa.

YKJtaJ-J.,'l1l,e IICIIQ)KC.'LHllX GlCTojaKa 113 yJJ~a lUll! yK!l~UbaIbe Bo;\ew:: uap01U Bi-n;WXd

cy' npmvlcpn Ja aACopnqHjy 113 TCQI-lOCTH 11 raea.

A,[1;coplllJ,ltona PUHlIOTC)f(ll. ~ A)lcopmmjaje J~o6po npoy\.ICWl H nocTojn nCKO

]mKO rrpH3HaTHX q)OP1..-fY;U: KOjc cc npaKTWIHO KOrmCTe. <l)PojHI~.'lnXOBa aJ-l,copn~ U,HOll(j H30TepM(l llpHMClh),Je ce y TCXHlILl,ll npJTO '-ICCTO;

(':::: _!lL::::(l 'xi/I!,

mad

rT1e C 03lUJlIaBa KOm~CH'rpaIl,Hjy cyncram~e lv!8ce M KOj8 ce ilJJ,COpGyjc (a;~coprrnlB) I-Ia je,aHHHu,H Mace mar! TCJJa Iwje apcopoy.ic (agcop6CHC), x KOHlI,CI-lTpannjy agcopnTlma y pacruopy Kojn ce H<lJU13H y paBIIOTC)KlI ca a,rlCop6cHCOM. KoeqmnujeHTH a H

n cy KapaKTepHCTll'-IHC KOHCTaHTC Koje 3almce op; npHpo)].e a~tcop6cnca Ii all,CopuTHBtl. AKO ce rpaq)wm:n npepCraBI1 npHK~nalIa q)OpM),Jla, IlpH (leMY ce Ha OPAHHaUTH), ocy naHoce npeJU-JOCTIi (c), a WI anCIWCHY ocy KOHll,Cl-rrpal(Hja (x), Aoouja cc JlOrapHTIlMCK<l KpllU<l [wja je npr1K;-13tlUCl na CJU:Hl,H 152.

Bet t:lHU,lI CC 1311,11I .ua ce no jCTvnm1J,u l\-tace Cl;lCop6cllca a;J.cop6yjc yrom1Ko

l:Hll1iC l\WTcpHja.:la YKGJIHKO jc neha KOllIl,u-rrpaqnja pacrHopa C KojnM jc a.u:cop6cHC y paBHOTe)KH. nOlJ.lTO UBa KplHla 38 Bclie KOHu,CH'rpaJJ,njc pJCrBopa nocTaje lIapa

Jlcm-ra ca allC!J)1CHOM OCO!\1. TO 31-ta(IH Ha npH HOBch;:1l:bY KOHL\CI-lTpall,ujc KOHJJ,eH~ TponaHHX paCrBopa Hehe ,Qotin ,QO TICmchalb<t a.I--\COp60B3He KOJ1lFlIJI1C. 3a OB3KBC CJIY'lajcBc Ka)KC ce ,J,ft je (lgcop6euc 3JCUi'iCH. Tpc6a BOT\HTH pa~lylIa f-iD CC OHa pa3-l>!aTP,Hh3 O,QHoce I-I<1 1){{(JHOLUCJffY agcop6ulca /.{ pacll'lrmpa agcvp{"hUW3a.

AKO ce paJ-l.H 0 '-l)1COpnU:Hjll raCOBlITHX q_)J!YHl~a, Ta):p je KOHI __ l,CI-lTpaIl,Hja KOMHOI-ICIITC (a,QcopnTHBa) nponOplJ,HomUU18 I-bCHOM napI~I1jaJlHOM npUTI1CKY· Y TOM C.'lY\.laJY <PPOjH)l.;Jl.IXOBJ cpopl\ly.:ra liMa oBaj 06mIIC

c:::: b. pl/m.

C j

I

I

C

( /1/1/(([ J.5 2

12 -

p

Cml/{(I 153

r!l,c cy h IJ In oJ;foBapajyhe KOHCTaHTC, a p rrapI~Hjam·Ul npHTlIcaK KOl\IT10HClITC Roja cc ancop6yje,

nopen npnpo)\c <Ul,COpnCHca ~{ ancopnnma, fID agcop{7.qu.iy 3HailifIO yiTiwfC /.{ We.MLlepaiT(i'pa. YRO.1HKO je TCMITCp,nypa Bl1l.IJ(L YTo:mKo ce a,.1J:cop6yjc MaB,;:] KOJIWIl1H3 i:l,llCOprrnma. OBO .ic Hapo'1uTO H3!X])KCHO npn ancopm~lIjn racOJ3a, Kao IUTO cc BIlD:I1 na cnU~H 153. Ha OB01\"f i.:\.HjarpaMY ):\aTO jc BlillC ai1COpm~HoHHx IBO

TeptdH KOjc B<Dl(C 3(1 p<'nHC TCMllcpaTYpc, a 03Ha'ICHC cy nOpCl\ cnaKC KpTIBC (i! < t;:,

< r.,,). Bn,D;u ce:rra cc npp, liCTOM rrapqnjamloM npHTflCKY (PI), ancopGyje MHoro \WJhi1 KO~TJH'nIHa raca (t-,) Ha mUl10j nero H3 HlDKOj TCMI1CpaTypn (tJ. DOlIlTO CC npBKa-3aI-IC KpHBC OJJ)-lOce na OJ.l.pci)cnc TCl\IT1CpaTYpc aJ\copm~Hjc, OBC cc H<13}majy (I)].COpllIl;IlOHC H30TepMC. OgaTJlC CC H KpHB3 KOjy n:ajc poju.anHxona CJ1OpMy.n3 m13}m;:l q)PojI-I,LVIHXOBa lBOTcpMa.

Pa3MaTpajyhn C)Raj IJ;njarpaM 1W)KC ce 3aIGhY\UITH;1<1 cc H3 HCTOM a;:rcopOCHCY MO)Ke 3PCOPOOB3TIl yiiJomll(() aulUC agcop[{iljww )'l((MW,:O Jc flcha !-beZ-O(W gOf/./{cn

iTlpm(uja U Y!{OAU]{O je 1{.1f.)1({{ LTic.Ml7cpmil),pa Ha KOjOj ce a;~COPJIl~Hja BpnlH. OmT 3aKJb)nll~H cy npno Ba)({HH 3<1 TCXHWIKY aHCornl~H.iy. jcp cc IbHMa PYKOB01I11 npn <1,J

copmmjn, Kao n npn cynponroj oncp31~n.iH. K<lJ);Cl C(: )KCJHl OC.TI060,!1,11TH a;xcop6CHC

Og anCopOOBanc j\·faTCpuje. Y o AO.·\I C1)"lOiJ: he cc f/gCOpfJClU; aa?pC6GlllU U !l()(wgu/.{(.II

Y Beay ea AJCgUjY.MOAf !{oju cagp}KU 1111110 .iWf/,(! U.1U ymfwiJic 1/C cagpJ/{U ),raiJi.cplIJ.)" 1-(Oja ce co ogcupfiol.co Y" ... laJNf, iiii gecnpfiy/c.

Jlecoprru:nja o1vtOryhaBa ;nCl cc (1).l,cop6cHCfI yrroTpc6Jhimajy l\1Iforo nYT<I. 33 aJ~copnnnjy. Donno ce a,n:copocHC, nop: )J.aTHM YCIlOBHl\Ia 3aCHTH. OIT cc Jlccop6YJc H TaKO nOHOBO oCIIoco6Jhana 33 ancopnnujy.

IIoC'fojc nBe npCTC aTlCOpm~Hje: c]:nDWIK<l 11 XCMUjcK,L Jlpll rjm.3Wllwj agcopi7-[([(in J..{O .. 1Cf{)!J1H agcojJiJ.iiiU(·j{{ cc (leay;), pe.·wt'iiU()HO C.,1.06IL·\1 (rjmaut{!(u.M.j CI.W(UW aa

iJOGpUIlLHY ogcop6eHca. AfW cc j.{O ... 1CgY.·111 agcopi1iIiu()o (3cayjy ?(I fiOBPUll1!,IY '':C.,HIIJ

C1W.H C/.I/W~WOJ {)(-la (~e3a ie Mf/OZO jaIl({ u iTiaga ce Hil3Ur){f XC.1H1JCll:([ agcopl1/.(u/a /.{JlU

XCJ>f./.{copilupja.

,IJ;OK ce MOJT.eKYJIH KOjlI cy 3£1 IIoBpuumy Be3£1JIH caJvIO q:nBWIKHM CILlaMa naRO ,!.iecop6yjy (un rrpliMep, CMal-hel-heM nplfTlfcKa y3 3arpeB3}he), ,n:OTJIe cc MOJIeKYJIH BC3aHH xCMHjCKIiM CHJTaMa npJlo TClllKO !\wry )..(ecop60BaTII.

Iip3~lIa aAcopm~Hje. ~ Kao II KOg OCTanrrX .ll:ncpY3HOHI1X OnepaIJ;nja, 6p3HHi1 aJJ:COpI1U:II)e npe,o;CTaBJbU npOTOK Mace a;n:cop6aTa (m!t) H 3aBlICH 0)], KoecpHll;njcHTa IIpeJ1a33 Mace Kp03 rpaJUI'IHH CJIOj WI)' nOBpUlliHe agcop6eHca (A) 11 rroroHcKe eH.ne ("'x):

mit ~ (0,) . A . fu.

fIorOHCKa CTIna .ie pa3JllfKa KOHI(CflTpaIJ;nja cyrrcTaHIJ,C Koja )lH<PYHgyjc Kp03 rpaHJPIHH CJIoj: 6x:::: x - xii' 3naTlajHo je yO'-IHTH;:ra IWlIlfCHiXipaupja J-W C((MOj zpanu-4U paClTwopa agcop6cHca (xx) 3ll6UCU og lCOAU'UlHC agcop6oaaue MaiIiepujc y agcop-6CHC), It ga je y pocmoi11e.1I(U ea !()O.Af. To 3Ha'lH ga je Xx O;a:pCl)CHO 3Acopnu;rroHoM H30TCpMOM. Ka,TJ,<J je KOIIneIITPaI~Hja pacfsopa x neha o;u: xg• ;O:OJI33H AO a,ucopnUJIjc. AKO y ancop6ency paCTe KOJJWIHlW (JlXcop6aTa, pane H paBHOTC)KH(l K(Jln~eIJ TpaIJ;uja IBJ-IaJl lhera (x,,). YKomnw je Olta Reha on: KOHIWIITpau,nje aJ(cop6aT;:1 y paCTROpy (x), jaB.!ba ce }l;CCOpm~Hja l1 a;~cop6aT rrpcm:l3n fl3 a;o:copoenca ")' pacmop. Cnwmo ce MQ)Ke pchI1 11 33 J)1COpmwjy racona.

Aji;COpOCHCIf. A)Jcop6cHCH cy :"WTcpnjc KojC H<I CB0.l0j rronpUlHHH l\wry Wl BC)KY HelmKe KOJfIPIHHC 3pCOpTIn1Ba. 3a J)1cop6enc je npJTo B,DKHO na Ul\la lIiTO (-leliy (i()GPllllfHY, nOl1lTO 6am no H.,oj Tpe6a na cc BC3yjy a]1cOp60n<lHlI J\wJ1eKFIH 3001' 1'01'3 cy ancop6cncn fiOP03fW, Wy17JhlflWBO iIic./w. Ha.i'-rcUlhc yrroTpe6J1,aBallH ancop6encH cy: m..:iliu(>HU yZu./l'J ClI.JUFf({f?C.,1, {{,.1~VeHUll/I'-V./tWJ{cug, maUU6Ha u w-ujJY JOPUjCK(J 3eA·UlJa, mdfiu6HC 2.M{He 11T).1 . .Tcnan KHJTOrpaM aKTHBHor yrJha, KOjl! je O)VlH'~IaH anCop6cHC, H:Ma nOBpllHnIY (yp<l1'IYllaBajyhn Ty lloBpIIumy nopa Il rrpcKo

nnw Y lheMY) OKO ] 500 000 ml., liTO rrpc,n:CTaBJLa H3n3npC,1:\1W RC':I!!KY' I)(!3yl)cny

YHyrpaWH,Y H CTIOJhHY IIoRpuumy.

CB<lKH o,u: fJaBe;:~CllHX aAcOpOeHC;] m .. f(j cBoje Cne1V1qnJlIHC ocooune, Koje cc napCFIHTO JI3j1mKanajy Y }-J(lK.lIOHOCTH rrpn·I(j 3LIcopmiHjH pa3}JU1.1HTUX MO.nCK),JJa. TaKO, nn npUMep, aKTHBHn yraJh C'1Y)IGT 3a a/lCOpITI\Hjy napa op1'aHCKHX paCTHOra, KHcemIX H 6a3JIHX napa, Kao If opnmn:ux jC,UHJhCfha. CnnHKaJ'eJl 31lcopGyjc H3BaHpe;a,HO )lo6po Bony n Tlapc oa3HHx oprallcKHx jC)lHlhelha> AJlYI\H11mjYMoKCHJl: m.,.ta CJllPJHC oco6HHe Rao H CHJ1HKarC.n. AKTHBHe 3el\fJbC II nUlHc a,!1,copoyjy !(OOPO 000-jCHC MaTcpHjc y naqJTH 11 YJhHJ\fJ, ITa, rrOJUTO C)-.' jeBTlme, yrroTpCOJbanajy cc y HJIitycTPHjH 33 npcpany Haqnc II )KHBOTIIHX lTaMHpmn~a.

AHcopm~lija H3 TC~1II0CTH. - Aucopm~B.ia l\lo)KC il8 CC nrUnI l~nojm{Q: K,l/!, CE' "pehe Q).,1),flg H3 Kojera ce BpllHl a;a,copllI\Hja. a agcopocflc je fleiJm.:pclTi.afl, lLTTH 1«l;:\

ce I1 cj)/I}'lIg U agcop6cf{c KjJchy. On Tora KaI<O hc ce a;cl.COpm~H.ia Bpunnn 311RHCC 06nHK Ii BCJHl'IHIIa nojCIl,HHnX 3J.1Haua a;lcop6Cl!Gl. Y rrpnOM CJly\Jajy KojH ce 10BC H nCpKOJIaIJ,HOHH nocTynaK a;aCop6CHC cTojn HenOKpCTaH, y 06JIHKY 3pHa npe\JHJUca o;:~ 2 AO 5 mm, a Kp03 lhcrony Macy crpyjn Cj)}l y'HJ( H3 Kojer cc B])run a)lCOpm~Hja. TIo JJ.pyroM llocTynKy. aJl,COp6eHc cc y HHA)' cpHllor npaxa cycncHllyje MeIlJ3I-bCjVl y qJ.llYH

i\Y, 06WIHO Te'-mOM. Pa3ABajaH~c 3ncop6cHca nOCTH)J{e ce IherOBHM T'l.nQ)J(ClhCM Btl )J;Hy cyga, 110UITO cc rrpCCTane ca MelWlIbCM.

CHTH03PHH (lp,COp6eHC .ie jCBTHHlTjn OA KpymI03pHof, If 06:WIHO CC rrocnc

a,ucopnIJ,llje RHUle He pcreHepHIllC Hero CC o;a,oauyjc, AAcoprn~lIja MOlKe na CC BpUlH c}:nmTpnpaIbCM Q)JlY111 .. P npeKO TKaHnHe Koja I1Ma aTl:COpnUHOHY cnOCOOHOCT. Ha 'raj H31.IlII-I ce 06WIHO YKJ1aIba ne)I(CJbena o6ojcHa iVIaTCpnja Koja p:aje pl)aB l\·mpliC mIM YKYC. lVIap:a ce IlpH 3arpeBaH~y a;a,copnq110n3 crroco6HOCT CMa}hyjc, ImaK ce rrpn

T

onaKBHM IIOCTYIIIJ,I1Ma Bpno '-reCTO ,II,OnO)J,H TOilJlOTa 3aTO lILTO ce na Taj Rat{l:H-I y6p-3aBa )J;HcpY3I1ja MOJIeKYJIa Kp03 nYKOTHHC a,LlCOp6eHGl 11 UITO ce cMan,yje BMCK03I1--reT Te'-lHOCTll, lIITO orreT nonOJbHO YTWIC Ha )J,WPY3Hjy MOJICKYJIa.

All,copnuuja In l'aconU" napa. ana a,r:l;copnr~Hja ce nplllH BPJlO pC!-lTa611nHHM nocTynKoM. ORC raCOlHlTe MaTepl1je Ko,ie cy y HeKHM CJIy~u~jeBHMa (nOIIl'fO rrx jc 611.'10 Bpno MaJlO y racHoj qJa3H) o,tJ,oanl1BaHC y aTl\lOc¢cpy Kao I-leyrroTpe6JbHBC ca;Ll,a ee al-wop6yj}' 11 3aTO OBa a.acopUI~Hja nocTajc eBe Ba)J{HHja y IIHAYCTPl-1jH. Y cne~~ crrel~H<tH1~IHOCTH nojC.lvnmx JAcop6ell;lTa .aa a.u;cop6yjy HeK(~ raCOBHTC KOMIIOHCHTe, W)K Apyre He Mory, JIaKO je Morytno lbHXOBO pa3)J,Bajalhe. 360[' Tara je ap;copmlHja !lonYHCKa oncpaU;l1ja y TOKY HeKC npOlI3Bop:lbC. aHa jc T-IlIHH eKOHOMWlHl1jOM, nOlllTO 3arW>KUBa cKynOll,Cnc npo,uyK'rc UJ1H I1X oCJlo6a~a UC>KC;bCI:UIX cacTojuK<l.

I-1a CJlHIJ,11 154 lIpHKa3,-ul je jC,QilH O~\ ypei)aja KOjlHvl ce Aaf-laC Haj'-leIllhc cnpKII npH JIJ,copnqujH. I10iUTu <1i-\Copl1lJ,uja Huje KOHTl1HyaJma (mepau,uja, jep ce, Y CTBJ

PH, caerojH In Al~e oel-WBlle <-pa3C, uJ.\copnqujc H ~\CCOprn~Hjc <1Acop6cnca, ll()TpeGuo jc Aa liMe! llujl\1alhe WHt cy,u,a <1!-\CopGcpa. Y jC)J,IIOM CYAY CC BpUJH a,u,copm~Hja, a y np)TOM ce a,u,cop6cuc ]lccop6y,ic Ii rtplIllpCMU :Ja lIapCAHU llJ1L1yC. Kao LUTO CC H3

GIl1KC BHAH, a~,copGepH cy BepTl1K<1JIHH 3i.1TBOPCHH UIiJU111Apn (111 2) Ha tU1jC!vJ ce pCUIcTKaCTOl\-1 gil)' (3) U;:Ufi.I'_H1 3plI<1Crn a)WOpOeHc (4).

113MCi)y ancop6e.Hca H JUla, Ha.r l(1'H1 ce Kpynuujll 3puacT l\\(l'rqmjaJl (5) KOju Tpc6a WTO paBl-loJ\wpHllje JJ,a paCnOpCHl1 raCOBllTll cp:ryn,f.\, KOjl1 Ce .u:OBO)~H I1~IlOp, AHa. Ha CJIIu~1l154 jc IIpHK(13aIl MOl\lCHClT KJ)J,tl ce, I1oMohy BeHTl1.!I<1TOpa (6), y0all,yjc r·ac IZOjH C<11.q1)l{y! napy KOjy Tpc6a <1p,COpGOBl:iTH y aAcopGepj! 1. IlpoJIa3eim Kp03 'CJIoj <lACopGcHca ne6JhHllC OKO ] MCTap, rac cc oCJlO6ai)a napc H a KO je 6e313PeJl<:lH nYillTa CC KpOJ \lyn<lK (7) Y <lTMOCq)CPY.'. Y 3.rJ,cop6cpy:2 BplUH ce rrCrOBpC!vlenO iWcOPJll~l1ia HapC Koja ce npcTxoAno ar\COp60Ha.~la loW aKTHBllOM X~hY. GHa ce Bprnn: nOMoh); upcnc nape Koja cc YBOiJ,H O)J,03ro, 113HalJ, aKTHBHor ynba Kp03 BOP; (8). napa npOJl,nn Kp03 a;u,copGclIC H 3arpCB<:1 ra, 360r \101'a aKTHBllll yTan, OTIIYillTa napy. BO)J,cna lIapa ca napalvl<J pacruapa(Ia lUJta3U Kp03 fl,OIbt! OTBOP (9) na a)J,copGcpy (2)

CiWKa 154

II <?ABop;rr ec y KOH)J,cH3aTop r.n,e ce KOH,Il,CH3yjy CBC napc. KOHAcH3aT O)J,na3M Y pa3;u.BaJa'-l TC'-lHOCTH y KOMe HacTajy ABa cJIoja BOAe IT paCTBapa'-Ia. . PaCTBapJl--l ce Bpaha y pC3cpBoap Aa 6ll CC Morao nOHOBO Y ~~;1Toi ¢a6pUKaIJ,H,jll ynoTpe~HTll. ,Ua 6ll cc OBaKO ,u:ecop60naHll aKTHBHH yraJb Morao· ynoTpe6uTll, nOTpe6Ho .Ie Aa ce OXJla)J,n II OCYlllH:. To ce nOCTrr){{e HaKHa)J,HI1M Y)J;YBanaH,eM X..-1a,n:~ora Sa!Ayxa. ilocTynaK a)J,copIIll,I1je H )J,ecopIII~H:je, Kojrr CMO OBAt orm:caJIll, n03HaT

Je Kao BaJepoB nOCTynaK. OR HMa Qe1'l1pn cpa3C: - a.n,copUIJ,I1jy napa H3 raca, - .n;ccopnU;l1jy rroMohy RO)1,CHe nape, - cymclLc agcop6eHca 3a1'pcjaHHM racoM, - XJrat;elbC a.a.cop6eHca XJltl)J,HUM raCOM.

113BOA

npH a,~coprrqrrjn )J,omr1H )J,o BC3HB;UL.a ap;COpIITIma (M~lTepl1je Koja ce a)J,coD-6yjc) ITO rrOBplUllI-ut U;'I,COp6cHca (MaTcpI-l,jc KOjC a,u,cop6yjc). A,aCOPU1:HB 11 (1;'1,C01)-

6eJ-le ce t.wry Bc:mBUTH ct)l13WIKlUIJ H XCMHjCKHM CHmlM~L A.n,cop6cHClI HMajy BC1IHKY nOBpuumy no jC,u:JHlHIJ,U 3arrpCMl-Hle. KOJIW!Hll<l

a,acop6oBaHc M<:tTepnje, Koja je y paBI-IOTe)KH ca a,n:coprrTl-IBOM y racy IUIH Te"Y:IIoCTl1, ol~pel)eIla.ie a,u:copnlJ,HOHoM H30TCpMOM. OnepalJ,uja a,u,copnIJ,uje e.e KOPHCTll 3a 1-13~ ABaj<UbC KOMIlOHCHanl. 113 raca 11JlH paC'n30pa.

PercnCpl1Calbe J]lcop6cnca ce Bpllm ,u:ecoprrlJ,I1joM aACOpnTl:1BJ 113 JiJ,cop6eHca. Accopnu,uja ce y6p3aBa, a a,u:coprrn:rrja ycnopana rrOBHUIClhCM TeMrrcpuTYpC.

nJlTAlhA

1. Y '-reM)'.ie P.-:WUiK3 H3Mei)y aACOpHJ.,!l~je n ancopnuuje? 2. Harrullune 11 qJ<.H:jHPIKH nplIKa>KWre q)pOj;:l)lHXOBt 1130TCpMC.

3. 3aulTo ee aJJ;cop6euc craun..d y alla.'lHTH'IKY nary, 3 33UlTO Y q)PIDKH!-ICp? 4. Koje a~cop6eHce n03Haje-re?

5. 06jaOUl'fC EajepoB ili\Copnu,uOIll! nocrynaK. 6. WTa he ce 1,eCltTH ea 60jo\l [~pHOr BHlW aKQ ce Y !-bcra craSH HCKll ancop6CHe?

AJ\COPITUIlJA

iIiE- ];A 3aAllTaJ( 1. EJa.'fiepu.Mclllila.fllW ogpcgwIiu all6ucHociTi 6paw-te agcopf7.u,uje AictliLult!J-IO{Q2 tlJW60Z U3 soge lill CU.1uKUZeJl.}'.

AHcwu3a 3agaWgu. -" TIoroHcKa Cl1JJa 3a aACOpl1l~Hjy jc pa3JlH-1(a KOl-Ill,elUPJl~llje (MaTcpujana KOjU cc alJ,cop6yje) Y pacrBopy (x) II na rpanwIHoj nOBp1lll1lfl1 pacTBopa H a.n;cop6eHca (XN) , 'fj. paBHOTC)lG-lC KOHll,CI1TpalJ,ujc H3Ha,n ai1,COp6eHca. 3I-IaQn, norORCKa CHJta ::: (x -- xN). Y TOKY aAcopIIu,uje OBa nO['OHCKa clma orrap,a, .iep Konn:eHTpal\uja MCTHJIeHCKOr IlJlaBOr y paCfSOpy onaAa. Mcl)ynllVf paB1-lOTCEHH KOHu;eHTpaU;lija. H3Ha,u: a,llCop6cHca paC1'e jep ce IIOBehaBa a.n,cop6oBaRa KOJlWIllna (m) Y '-IBPCTO] <}Ja3u (Bl:IJII1 aAcopm~uoHy H30TCPMY). Bp31U-Ia ai1,cop-

l

I i ! , i

~ ~ 'i i1 " ~

'I 1 J " J

! 'I

1 1 'i I

I ,~

nU;Hje 6FI, 3HR'-IJi, Tpe6aJI3,n:a onaAa aKO cy nOBpmfIHa H KoeqnUJ;HjcHT I1pCna33 Mace HCTI1. QBY npeTITOCTaBKY caAa Tpe6a II CKcrrepliMCHTaJIHO rrpOBcpHTH. Ep3HH3

a;n:copnu::uje .ie, y CTBapn, rrpOTOK Mace MCTFIJIeHCKOr TIJIanOr II3 paCTBopa Ka CHJU1-Ka rcny. npCMa TOMe, Tpe6a IICIIHT3TH 3aBHCHOCT Mace (m) MCTHncnCKor IIJIaBor y paCTROpy 0):( BpCMCHa, a 3aTlIM 6p3IIHY KOjOM ce Ta Maca Melha (m/'r), liTO .ie HCTonpCMCHO II 6p3HHa 3,n;coprnJ,Hje.

flouJpe6fW MCPObQ U i1popa~{yH. - ilpOMcua Mace MCTIUleHCKor TIJIaBOr y paCTBOpy (m) MO)KC ce npaTHTH rrpOMCHOM KOHll,eHTpaU:llje:

m =-x· mR,

rJJ:e je mil Maca paCTBopa. 3Ha""UI 1\a Tpe6a npnTIlTH MepeI-be rrpeMa Ta6eJIlT.

BP~Me=1~~ Maca Y pacTBopy

i

, . ' I ,

DPOTOR Mace -r---'-I

T In) -m') ,tV 1-2 = .--.... -----"'.

T2 - 1:)

I ; x2 I '2 r-------------··----- ------j

MereBO pa~IyHaTo ! ___ .... ____ L~_~. ____ ., ___ ._. ____ ·_·J

DPOTOK Mace (6p3HHCl Cl)]'copnnnje), N I_2 go6nja cc Kao Cpe;.I,lha BpCgHOCT 3<1 npCMCHCKJ-l ncpnon y KOjCM CC pa~IyHa (CJIWIlIO 6p311HH cyurCl-ba):

ntl-1J12 (Xj- X2)'mR N )--2 = m / 1 = ---.~-- = -------.---~-.

12 ~ 'tl '12 ~ 1:[

J1apaga aagawxa. ~ Tpe6a CKI-U~HpaTH anapaTypy. TIurpe6no je Ha~m.HHTH paCTROp oApe:l;eHe KOHI~eHTPal\lije, CraBl1TH ra y eyrl;. yKJby'-II1TH Mem3mm,Y. a 33-TUl\-f ,n:o,n:aTH cnJIlmareJI 11 rrOBpeMCHO Y3I-n"lanf Y30pKe (JI.-laJIe ROJIWIlUle), pan;n Me

peI-b(l KOHl~elrTpall,IIje. KOHlJ;CJ-ITpaI\ujy 60je y paCTBOpy HajjcgHOCTam-I'n.ie je l\-repl1-

Til KO.ITOI)}IMeTpOl'.-f.

Peay.afilalTtu. Y 10 kg BOile pacTBopcH.ie 1 r MCTHJTeHCKOr nmmor. 3H3'tlll: mR ::: 10 kg, In l = 1 g.

To 31-J<1'-TH lila.ie nWICTfla KOHI~eHTpall;Hja MCTH.lTCHCKOr n:rIaBOr y HO;aH: Xl::: m)/mR = 19/JO kg::: 0,1 g/kg.

npO.1<1 ynyTcTB)' 33 InpaJ~Y 3a,a,aTKa, Y3IlMaI-Ii1 cy y30pl~H paeTBopa y o~peryCHHM npelvteHCKHM nepIW)))TM3 11 no6njcl-Ie CIlenefic MepCHE .. ~ npe}J)-IOCTH.

293

Pe3ynTaTH U3 OBe Ta6eJIc rrpHKa33HH

cy na AnjarpaMY (cn. 154a). KOpl1IIlhelLeM aBe Ta6enc, Mory ce H3paQYHanI 6p31UJC aACOplIl1lIje Y ITOieAlIlIlIM BpeMenCKIIM neprrOPJ1:Ma.

13p3HI-Ja a,n:coprrD;nje y rrcpHoAY o,n: nO"'-ICTK3 (1:] = 0) ~o l:lCTCK3 npBor MHHVTa (12~ 1 min)je: '

N]'2 = miT = .m) - '?!L ~:.!!._jXi ~.-~J. 1 2 -T1 1 2 -1:)

i '--__ .~,_. ____ c ____ ' ___ ------L~_

5 '" '. 'G "'''0'

CJlUKG lS4a

IOkg(O,l-- O,OS)g/kg ~ --~--. ... = O. 2g/min

(l-O)mm

'-rp~6Cl Hl\'faTH Y BYl)],)' J1.Cl je OBO cpeJVha Op3HHJ Y TOKY npnor MHH)'TZl H ;J.(-! je 3;:1 .. TO nailHprpalYfY YUlyraiia y 06JIHKY npKH Koja CC OJ~HOCl1 fI3 npBB MIUly'L .

Ha 3I-Ia.'10raH Ha'tIHI:j, H3PWIYH3Te cy 6p3HHC (jHcopm~Hje 3a OflTOBapa.1yfie Bpe

MeHCKC ncpnonc n Tl:06IT.1CHH cy PC3Y.'lTaTII npHIG133HH y CJTenehoj TCl6e.'IIL

l71R = 10 kg ,--------..,---I BpCMC f KOHl(CllTpill\Jlja

(mm)! (g/I,!!)

i-I-!

--------,,---i Vli1ca Y lX1CTHOpy npOTOK Mace

(g) (op'mlla ilHCOpnW-1jc g/min) --------+---'

'I = 0 XI"" 0,1

._._---------""j nil "-m~ (1-111\)[1;

NI 2 = .----~ = -:----,.:.::... "" 0,2 "2 - 'J {l·- O)min

IIJ- ;:c O.B

, _.1112- 111 3 (O.8·-0,63)g ~ iv 2-3 _. 1:3 -1:2 "" --'-"(2'~1)';~i;:;---" "" 0, I!

X, == 0,063

mJ. = 0,52

m'i;:;; 0.41 i\/~_I:l ",,!?!..,S-m(, == (O,41 .... 0,37)g

, "(> -- '5 {13-·· R)mm 0,008

I

· ..1.'5'" 0,(}41

i

'-__ ,,~ ___ ... L.~~ : _~~: ;_J~_~ __ J_~;~_' ~_' _:_~_ .• _~~_7 __ J_ N , ·7 " ~: = ;:-_:!~~17~~I~)~;'~ " 0, (:'J "6 = 13

1:7 = 18

Ha oCHony one Ta6erre KOHcTpyucaH je AI~jarpaM rrpl:IKa3aH Ha Cmll~H 1546.

r

3a,!l,aTRK 2. Ha OCHORY PC3YJITaTa 113

npeTXO;D;HOr 3agaTKa, OApe,IJ,IiTH OTI10P a,IJ,copnm1je.

AfUUlU3a u uapaga aagaiIix.a. I1POTOK MeTIwcHcKor rrJIaBOr je 6p:mHa a;QcopnI(Hje. Kao II 3a CBaKY orrcpal~Hjy, Y TCl.IHoj.cpa-3M MO)J(e ce pehH,IJ,a je:

rn/' = N = r . A . ex - Xg ),

OTI10P

(~I .. 0_01B r 00115 i

OOH r 0_012 t mR~ 101rg

0_010 ~ m,· 19

BA x

N ~! ~ .... .-----,-~--.. ~--~-.-----'--

4 8 jJ 16 2() ,(m",)

Ca.//lW 154(!

),' OBOj jCfJ,lta'Il:lH11 x ,ie KOI-ID;crnvaU,l1ja

Mace paCTBopa, ,\~ KOlil~ellTpal(l1ja MeT1UIt>

HCKor IJ:WBOr Ila qJ<lHHU,H CllJIHKareJW 11 pacrnop:}, a l·-/ 6p31-Hla aiJCopnl~Hje. Ha IlO-'LJCTK)' ap;copnUHjc, Ka.u.a y cn:mKareJlY lIMa MaJlO MCTHJICHCKOr nJ[~BOr, c;;;;: 0, OlliW

.ic H x.~ 0:::._ 0 (rm.oJI iliWopmJ,!Wuy 1130TCPMY)· Ha nWICTKY Up,COPIllJ,HJC, Y TOlCY npnOl MliHyTcl, 6p:H111il .ic:

/\:'1 .. '2:::;0 0,2 g/rnin.

KOHI~eHTparVlja Mace pacnmpa y TOK), npImI' hU1HYTa ce MCH.>a O.u X, ::::; 0.1 g~g l-iO X2:::;O o,ms g/kg. Cpc.uILa KOHIJ,eJ-lTpall,Hja Macc pacrBopa Y TOKY IlpBor Ml-IHyra JC,

3mv1CHOM y jC.r~W1'IHHY 3a OTIlOP AOOllja ce:

(X] .. 2 - 0) (0,09- O)g/kg _. ::::; .. _. __ .. ___ ~_ O:--~ -.-.. -,,~- •• ---::::; O,<.1-::)lDm/kg.

A . f3 N j .,,2 0,2g/min

EKCTP AKUMJA

9.1. EP3HHA EKCTPAKUl1JE

PaCTBapal--LC je nojaBa Koja jc y BC3li ca ;QH<PY311jOM. TaKo cc II cKCTpaKll,Hja,

cner~IIq)l{l-JaH H<PJ!1I-l pacTBapaH~a, 3acmma un .1l:IICPY3110H0Il1 npoI(ecy MaTepHjc Koja cc pacrnapa 11 npC}Ia3H 113 CI1POlUUIl':. Y pacmapa'--l. EKCil'ip(fl{{~uja ce H(/ll.tl/C

ripwvlCfuyje (JJ-lga gaga (iipeua HC/"U KOPW:W(//i caoTio;a,,: Ll3g60jU{UU paciii6apa!-bCcH

UJ CUP0(JUHC Y l{ojoj CC Oft HLUW311 3ajcgllo ca /-{CKILM Heplluu60pJbUGWd AwiilCpU

jaRo,H. To IB;wajal:-hc lI1(»KC Jl<l f)ygc H3 tll3pcre hIaTCPl1jc (cnpOlH1ll<1 6HJbHOr, OJJ),lOC

i HO )KHBOTIJI-bCKOr, WHi MHHcpa.'lllor nOpC1(,lla) HIm H3 HCKC Te'U-WCTH. Kao 11 KO).\ CRUX OCraJllLX J..\ml))'3HoHHX llpOlJ,cca, 11 KO~~ cKcrpaKJJ,Hje ct jalD_,ajy

(tCTlt '-nJl-U!Ol~H 1(0.111. yTwry JW 6p31my paCrBapalha. 01W J-lCKe ~lCCTHl~e '-mpCTt rvwTepajc HJ1H K<1nU n~~IllOCTll, CTuapa cc rpaHWIHH CJlOj paC'rHapa'-la. OH, npaKTWlHO, MHpyje 11 CTnapa UCKY OllU)' 1l3.MC-9)! qCCrHl~a 11 TClfHOCTH Koja cc OKO 1-he KPCi1C. Taj C'1oj npCp,CT<1B}bll CMCTH.,Y 3a npCn(1)KCI-Le cyncTaHL~C (pacTBopKa) H3 CH

pOBI1He y paCfBOp. Kpc)3 rpamf'-lHH CJIOj, MO!leKYJIlI paCrBOpKCl cc Kpehy YCllen ,QH

<i)Y3UjC. Ka,aa ce Kp03 lbcra npo6ujy, A<l!bC ce mlKO npeHoce MCWaILeM )' Mac), qlJlYHp,<l paCl'nap'Fla. npaBHJlO je J,Xa CC MOJICKYJll1 BCOMa JIaKO npCHoce KOl--JBeK

D;njoM, a ga jt:" rnamUl urnop Gaw ClIopa ,IJ)JcjJY3uja Y rpamFmOM CJlOjy.

r- "Y rpamr·IHOM ClUjy nOCTojc ABc rpallwllle KOHqcIITpal1,ujc c~/nCTaHIJ,e Koja ce paCTBapa: jCAHa Ha rpaHwllwj nOBpUlllltH y3 call-to '-lBPCTO TCJlO (.\lJ a APyra jegnaKa Konu,CHTpau,nju y "'laca (IJ]lYll;~a, (CJl. 155) flU cno.'hIloj IlOBPUllHIH rpaHH'LlIwr cJloja (x). floIlrro .ie Xg Behc og.1:, MOJICKYJIH JJ,HqJYI-IJJ,j-ty ca nOBpWIIHC TCJHl Y Macy cl)JIyu)J.a. Pa3JIIIKU OBHX I-IBejy KOlH.!,cllTpau,Hja npCnCraBJh<l norollcKY CIUY cKC'rpaK··

u.njc. bp3llIla eKCTpaKIJ,uje je:

m/I :::;0 ~I . A . ~- x).

fJ.(C jc m Maca CKcrpaXOBaHC CYUCTiUlll,C,

/lilt 6p:mHiJ cKCTpaKJJ;ujc, A OKBaillClia HO~pillHI-la -.::mpcre tICCTHqC, a ~.' Kueq.mll,H.leBT npcHocCl cynL'TaI-n~e Kp03 TC'lllH rpa

HH'--lHJ.1 U1OJ.

EKcrpaKIU1ja jc, 3f-lalfH, p-ClCTBapal-bC Cnp0BriHC Koja I-Hlje 01-\ jCAHopo;~uor M(l

TcpHjarra, Bcll cc cacTojn 0.0, pa3HHx caeTojaKa. Jep;3n oJ.\ }bHX ce pacTBapa y ynoTpe6JbCHOM pacfBapal.IY, a oC'raJIH oCTajy HcpacTBopeHH. ( .. W!{(l155

uA

296

Ka,D,a ce MaTepl1jaJl33 CKCTpmru;njy H3JIa3H Y HeKOM paCTBapWIY, nOCJle JJ:YJKer BpCMetJa he cc 113je)J,Ha'-lHTI1 KOHu,cHTpalI,Hja x Ii x'" TIa he pac-rB0p Ha Taj na"urn 61lTH BeOMa 60raT cRcrpaxoB3HHM cacTojKoM, AmI, IlOCTaBJh3 ce nHTaH~e CKOHOM1i

"(fROCTR TaKBe eKCTpaKl\uje, nOUJTQ aHa ;n:yro Tpaje. Ka)l,a je paCTBOp pa36Jla)Kcn, AHq)Y3JIja paCTBopCUHX MonCRYJIa je 6p3a. Me'bYTHM, KacHRje, Kag pa3AuKil KOH

[{eHiIipm~uja [iocillaHc MaH~a, jep ce ilOBCitar-W lWF-U~eHiIipau,uja paCut60pKQ, pacil1-eapalf,c /',toJlel(YJW i10cmaie we ci"i()Pl~ic, 3aTO je nOTpe6rw 3a noje)J,IIHC eKCTpaK

I ll,Hje O;npe,IU-ITH H3JIIorO;rl,HHJc BpCMC.

. -- KoecJ)uuJtjcHlli ilpOLQ3u ( B,) je nporropUHOH3JHlI-I TCMucpaTYpn. Kan je paCT~ Bapa~I 3JrpcjaH McmaH.>C je 6OJhC, 6p>K<-1 je PJ·1(pymja. na je 11 cKcTpaKlXHja 6p)Ka.

Y noje,I1}IItHM CJJY'IajeBHl\-1(I, Kfii18 cc jann H noj<wa OCM03e (KaO KOA eKcTpaKunje mehepa H3 pene) Ha IIomulieHoj Tc)\.mepaTyp111~Ona3H HO pa3apaT-b3 henujcKe omre. na mehepm-T COK mum !(Hcpyn;ayje JI3 hC}Tnjc y B0Jl.Y.

nmleKan je nOBHillCIW TCMnepaTyp8 UlTeTI-I3., jep M())KC JJ:a nope H ;0,0 paCT' BapaI-bi:l HCn())J(CJbHHX cacTojalGl 113 eKCTpaKnnOHC M3Tepnje.

1<01\ eKC'rpaKl~Hje jc BCOl\I<l Ba>lOlO Y KOMe OHUOCY CC Mt:'.majy paCTBap,l'l H Ma~ TcpnjaJI 113 1<Or3 CC BpUJH eKCT1)(lKI~Hja. Ar«) Ie r>r:lia I(O/I/{'-nUl({ paClTwapfl'Ul, 6cho if. 6palU{{,I u3[lAaj(lH,(1, 11 Iv1af-f,e KOpnC}fOr M3Tepn.ia.n8 Kao ry6UT<:lK O,rVTa3H ca OTnaJ~nOM CHPOBHH01\·t. fJ(JuHlln Ie Iwul\cniTipOl(llja ()(Wf{($07- paciTicwpa .Ha.fW, iJo(ilpc6,./O ie, pag/( IWrniCl-llVpUC(lfba rmpUCf-I_p cupO(-)1mc, yil1POllilflUU BI1U(C rDnil/lolTiJU' fl-/CjJlllit an YJ{vuaOOlbC onm:rlO2 jJadfi(lOpa. TIPCMd TOMe, l10Tpc6HH cy H Behn y-r.:yRwm.

11] q)OpMy.nc 3;) 6p3lHTY CKCTpaT(lmje BH~Vl ce Jia je 6p~nm<l ynpaBHo rrponopI~110Ha';lm\ nOBpnnn-nL [J()(Wnat-l,e i/OG!HUUI1f' l7aciTiuJ/cC CC CUiZllM'I-6C.M ('UP0rJUHC.

I10HCfW.lbCM ncmplln-me MCXm-HPIKH CC oMoryhyje npncTyrr pacrBapE~lY,!J,O '-ICCTUl\Cl KopnCHC' 1\TCl'repHje, 3aTISOpCHl-lX Y HcpaCTBopcHoj MaCH. To je HapwIHTo HcDKHO KO)},

eKcTpaKqnje 113 heJlllj3 6HJhlIOr H >l(IJBO')HI-hCKOj nOpCKJl<l. npH MJICBcrhY M3TCPHja.TW 3<1 CKCTP<lKlJ,Hjy, Tpe68 BOnIlTH p~PlylIa ){3 CC noonjy 'tTeCTH1J,e CRH"IHC Kpyn

Hone, IZaKO on ce crrpC"!HJlO 11a CC ITpH npO!!3CKY pacn)ap3~-ICl Kp03 OBaTI::aB MaTcpHjan nojctBc KamlJIU. Kag cy a[JHo .MniJicpIlIn/1({ paallc ({C.;1lf'Il1/-tC, paciTi6ap{l1{ flpu fipo,r7((Cl{Y Kf)()3 H>cz'a Up(JH(UW.J1I f-{((joHI1H)/{ OIilii"ap, (o61Pfno H3MCi-)y 1·leCTII1J,8 Benc KpynHohe rne oCTajc CJI0601l311 npocTOp) ria 3fwil1aH geo _Hfuuepujn . .-w onvajc Gml ciTia.'1!-/O7 gO[]llJ7fi C({ paC[lhwp(Plc,M. YKOJ1l1KO CC M3Tepnja.n: cymnue HCHTHVl. pacTRapa' ) TemKO npOJ"J(nVl, TI<1 ra jc TI{n'pcono l\fCIWlTH.

I1pn: CKCTjX1KHHjn lIOCCOHO je 311,1'1lljan fnoop paC'fHapa'Ia. T-IcCTO cc cKcTpaKqnj<l HCKOI' M<1TCpl1j,m;] hW)J(C npmllTll f1Cl3In-i!,-1 pacTRap<.I'IHlvra, TC je Uof11P.e6J-1o ogpegwull najilogecl-/uju. PacTBapa'l Tpc6a ITa cKcTpaxY.lc KO\1TIOncHTY KOFl ce )l{CJUL 8 na npn TOJl.IC He paCTBopn H neKC [jcnOTl)(~6HC lLrnr 'lIaR H UlTCTHC cacTojKe, 1.'.1. Tpc6a in) je CCJleKTHR3H. J.iCOIlxcmllo.ie ;:18 0YI-lC jC:u.Hopo.aaH, 'lHCT, HcarpCCrm<1I--1 H(l anapaTYPY H na CC JJaKO 1I3)lB3ja 113 OCTaTaK<l cnpomme. PaCTBapa'I Tpe6a WI 11M3 HHCKY Te1'>tnCpCl'fYPY KJhYIl.Iafha, l\'WJTY TOl1JTOTY ncnapancll:-bfl, a 3a npcxp3M6cHY H ¢apMaI~CYTCKY l,mnyC'rpHjy .ie BU)KllO l-W He 6YHe OTPOB3H H IlU Ile OCT3BJh<:l HcnpnjaT8H MHpHG. Ii-duma p<lCTBapa'-la .ie 3arraJbl1Bil, H3 una Tpe6a I-mPC}"lJHTO rr33J-ITl:L

Kao pac113apa'tIII Haj'tIelllhe ce ynoTpe6Jh;:majy BOWl, 6CH30Jl, CTHR-<l)"IKOXOJT H a11,eTOH. Onn",! IbfIX. 3HUTHO ce KopnCTC H yl'JbOBO)Jomu~n:.

9.2. EKCTPAKTOPH

C o63Hpm.1 ua BeJIHKY pa3HoBpcHOCT MUTepHjana H3 KOjUX je nOTpe6Ho BpIlUl:TH eKC"rpaKIVI.iy. IIocTyrrUIf H arrapaType cy BeOMa pa3HOBpCHll. Ha""IHHH eKcTpaKrmje cc Mory IIOP;CJIJ1TH y Tpli rpyne:

- CKCTpaKU)·lja 113 KpYlIHor MaTepnjaJIa, - eKCTpaKll,I-fja 113 MJIeBeHor MaTepnjana II

- eKCTpaKll,Hja 113 Te'tnIOCTli .

Tpe6a 3naTIl p;a ce eKCTpaKll,n:ja H3 '-IBpCTOr M3TepHjaJJa BpJlO '-IeCTO Ha3HBU JrY)J(CIf,e. Ka.n:a cc Ka)Ke CKCTpaKll,I1ja, Haj'tlcmfie CC MllCJTI1 caMO Ha eKcrpaKlxnjy H3

Te'-UIOCTll.

EKCTpaKI~lfja H3 KpYI1i10r MaTcpnjaJIa. - Ka,rra cy Y m-ITaH~y Kpym-m KOMa;a:H MaTcplijana, rrpUMel-hY.lJ-r ce anapaTH Y Kojl1Ma CC M3TCpl1jaJI 113 Kora ce Bpum eKCTpaK]~Hja He Kpche. AnapaT ce nanYHlI CHpOB1-mOM, a pacTBap3'-I CC nycTH )la o6mma MaTcpnjaJL HUKOH lIlTO pacTBopn: KopneHY KOMTIOHeHTY, pacTHapa'-f OTB""JC H<1 nan:>y rrpepflllY. 0)]. aII£1paT£1 KO,iH CC ynoTpc6Jb£1Bajy 3a CKCTpaKIInjy Kpymmjux KOMap;a, rne ce MaTcpHjaJl He Kpefic, TI03HaTH cy:

~ OTBopenlI TaHK (CKCTpaKIJ,HOHa 6£1Tepnja) H

~ AHQ)Y3JIOH8 heJlHja (.n:ncpY3110H£1 6aTcpnja).

OTBopcnll TanK - OBo.ie HajcTapn.in H najjc,r(l-IO)2TI1BHJ-ljn 06}1llK eKCTpaK1J,IfOHOI' anapaTa. OTBOPCHH TaHK je MCT3JIHH nnu ;o:pneHli. o6u""JHO U;UJ1IIHllpWU-m CYIl, Koin 1I3Han ~lU3 TIMa Ilperpa;ay. O}],l-IOCl-IO .TI<:DKHO jUlO. H3 KOjc ce HaCJIa)KC M3Tcpnjan 113' K01'a CC BpUIII CKcrpaKQl1ja. DpemlBajyhH cc rrpcKO r.mTepn:jaJIa, paCTB(1)(I'-T P3cTBupa KoplIcny KOMHOHCI-lTY, a npOJT33efiu Kp03 JI3)KIIO P;HO, JlocneB8 y MCl)y

[fPOCTOP H3H31~ npaBOI' fum, O;a:4:1KJlC ce Kp03 oARo,rur), U;CB OTa'-re. J},DKHO AHO .MO>KC ;a:a 6y}]'c BPJIO pa3HOJHIKC KOHCTPYKI~UjC. To Mory Aa 6yp;y neTBE': T-l3Ha,n KO.lH~ ce pa3anHc TKaHI-II-Ia 3a CPHJTTPOBaIhC, HJUI ):PCKC ca II36ymeHI-IM oTB~pnMa (CJr. b6): K£1O H je.n:nocTamm CHCTeM TpoYI'aoHo llpH3MaTu'-lHHx JreTEll Ha KO.1e ce uacnt. 010.1

lU.ThYHKa KOjl1 3aMClhyjc TK'HIHHY. TIPOllYlliT<UbeM paCTBapaqa Kp03 oTBopcn T3HK HanYIbeH M3TcpnjaJlOM, nOCTIDKC ce eKCTpaKIJ,Hja. CahlO jCJlHl1M nporryIlITaI-LCM,

Haj~Ielllhe ce HC nOCTI-DKe J'OBOJI~Ha ecj:H1KaCHocT . .uY)KHM ;U:O;U:UpOM pacmapa'tI<J IT

M£1Tepnjana IIOCTIDKe ce 60Jbc H3J1Y'-IHBRI-bC. ,Il063p eqJCKaT cc rrOCT}DKC aRO pacTBapa'tI BllIllC nyT.:l KPYJKHO npoTH'-IC Kp03 MaTepnj4:1n y TaHKy.

EKcTpaKl~nolla fiaTcpnja. ~ 3naTHo Beha CKOHOMll'--IHOCT cc BOCHDKe aKO ce mIme OTBOPCHHX T3HKOBa Mci)yco6HO TIOBClRC l~eBHMa, TaKO )w paCTBOp npCJI33H l:I3 jenHor TanKa y upyrl1 r;a:c CC nOCTeneno o6orahyje HCTOM KOMTTOHCHTO.M. PaCTBOP KoiTl IBaf)e H3 nocRCiHber TanKa, Ca)1]l)KH 1\WKCHM<l.1ll\· K()Il11ClITr";-llllqv eKC-

~:::OO~: ~~ 0<;><:>0<:>00

'" ., '" 0:> '"

.."" "" <>

C.flUlW 156

TpaKTa. DpOJIa3eiH1 Kp03 TaHKOBC, paCTBOp nocTajc CBe 60raTI1jl1 KOPI1CHOM KOMnOHeHTOM. Ha HCTII Ha'UIH MeH,a ce li KOUu.eHTpalJ,l1ja jom neCKcrpaXOBaHC K01\1-

IIOHeHTe no TaHKOEliMa. Y npBOM TaRKY Y MUTepHjaJlY oCTaje HajMaIhc KopllCHe KOMIIOHeHTe, a Y cBaKOM J-Iape.n:nOM liMa je CBe BUllIe.

To je CaCBl1M pa3YMJbl1BO Ka.n:a ce 3Ha Aa y npBil TaHK YJIa3H Ql1CT paCrBOp, TaRO Aa je 6allI y fbeMY pa3JII1Ka KOHueHTpaUHja KopnCHe KOMllOHeHTe y paCTBOp)' 11 MaTepl1.iaJIY HajBefia. Y.n:pynt a nOfOTOBO Y CHaKn naJbll TanK, Y . .'1a3H paCTBOp CBe 3aCHheHI~jH KopnCHOM KOMllOHeHTOM, TaKO p,a je pa3JIlIKa KOHI~eHTpaIJ,Hja cne ]vWfba" a THMe 11 KOJIIFHTHa, OW-toCHO 6p3HHa paCTBapalh3. OBO pa3Mi1'rpaI-bC Ba)KTI caMO 3a rrO~leTaK paAa KaAa cy CBe 6aTepuje lICTOBPCMCHO nal1YlhCHC CBC)I(11M M<ITepuja.rrOM. Y OBaKBI1M eKCTpaKI~IWI-lHl\t 6aTepl1jaM3 llJ.TJY)KI1BaIhe CC, npaKTU"Lll-lO, ol1,plK(lna KOHTImyamIO. ')" 6aTcpajH ce npBO f1CLq)TI11 npBH TaI-IK, nOlllTO je y Iht:My HajluDK(] KOHlJ,cwrpaLtl1ja Kopuene KOMnoHCflTc Y MaTep_Hja!lY. II Y Kora Y:laTH

LIneT paCTBapa"<-l. Ka)J,J jc H3 npllOI" TcmKa Man;pnjaJl nOTfIYIlO HCI'!'pneJI, O,IJHOCHO nCL~pneH ilO rp;H[Hl~C CKOllOMlF-IHOCTH, 011 ce HCKJhy~IH H3 l-lJ:na, a paCTBOp CC YBogH Y Jlpyrn TalIK Kojn ca;(;1 nocTajl: I1pEH Y 6:-lTcpu:jn.

113 6nfHllcr upBor T.:lHK.:i HCU,PUCU MiJ'[cpnjaJ[ ce f'uoal(yje py"Lll-W lOU-I t-I<t-1I1I1HCKl-L nOTOl\! ce Hal1YHH CBC)1(OM cnpCmm-lOM Ila ce noroJl1ll1M CHeTC_MOM neml

!3C)KC HJ Kpa.i mna, TaKO !~a ca;~a nocrajc nOCJ1Cf-lJhH q}IaH 6<:i'repnjc. (CnCTCM W;:UT:l

KOiJ; CKC'rpaKu,IWHe 6aTC:pHjc je TaKO ypai)en Aa ce CnpC'l1IOM l\·t(lllIllr'\!:Wl(HjOt-i BC,HTlL'la MO}KC CBaKn TallK yKJhy~mTH l-Ia )I("CJ}'CHO MeCTO Y llH3y.) TaMe ce nOCTI-DKe f-i3 naj3acuhGl-IHjn pacnmp HOHa:m Y !lOJIHP ca CBe}KOM ClIPOBI1HOM. OB<1KBHM CI1CTCMOM palW oCTBapyje ce KOHTIwyaJlt-H)CT CKCTpaKI{Hjc.

.Il.nq}Y3l10na hCJlltja Ii )l,U(ilY31-1OU3 6~JTcpuja. - Y MHorUM CJIY~lajeBHl\1a CKCTpaKl(rrje nOTpc6no je ga ce rrpo~ec J-13HOnU Ha nOBlilllcHoj TCMnCpi.lTypl1 H npHTHcKy. bHJ10 je pe~U-1 0 CKcrpaKuHjn COKJ 113 11lChcPHC pene, rAc jc nOBIlUICIHI TCMnepaT),pa HeOnXOWtH YC)J()B 3a ilo6py cKcrpaK1Vljy. Y Ty CBpXy ce Yl1oTpe6Jbana )J;UCPY-3uona hem-Ija (OL 157), a BHIue nOBC3aHl1X henuja npe.ucTaBJbah AWPy3uOUy 6aTePHjy. CBaKH ~Ulall 6aTcpnjc, J{W:jJV311011a hCJIHja, cacTojl1 ce 113 MeTammf lUL'lI1H

p.pWlHor TCJra (1), )J;HtPy:$Opa, Kojn y ropl-hcM It nOH,eM ilcny npeJIa3H Y KOHYC. Ca ropl-be CTpane KOllyca l-ra~l<Ul1 CC MeTaJIHI1 nOKJIonaIJ; (2) Kojn ce, 33BpTalhCI\I, MO)KC XCPMCTl1'lKH npUTCrI-IYTIL Y ltoI-heM )leJry JJl1C}))-'30pa, yrpai)efw jc pCmeTKJ Ha KOjy i-\.OJIa311 cHpoBfllla. Hcnoi'l The jc }J,HO en KOjC cc npnTW)K'tB(:I npOTltBTCrOM (411-0;~BO,lI,Ha ~eB (5) 3a K01lL~el-rrpOm1IJIl paCTBOp KOjH ce npoBOi-\.H y npc,ru-pej,p-l (6) jc Hcrrog PClIlCTKC.

Y npenrpcj<:Fry Ce pacrBop 3arpcBa 11 THMC OCllOcoo.1J,ana 3a )laJbY CKCTPalZU,Hjy Y AP)TOM ,Iutcpy:mpy. Pa~t Ol)tlKBlIX oaTcpnja (C.11. 158) jc Beot--w CJIWIaH parJ,)' eKcTpaKl~IIOHI1X 6aTcpuja.

EKCl'palHVI,ia MJiCneuOI' MaTcplIja.!ta. ~. Y OBY rpyny cnaJlajy anapaTH Y KOjHMa ce I\1Cllla MaTeplIja:I 113 Kojcra CC BplllH eKCTpaKu,nja. l\1CllJalheM ce nOcnDKC O.fa}bCl-be )lc6Jb1-1UC rpaHJFlHOr CJloja OKO ~lCCT1il~a, ~mMC ce nOBchaBa 6p3ima )Ul~ ciJY3uje, OAnOCHO 6p3HHa CKC'rpaKunje. OCUM Tora, Memal-bCM CC oMoryhyjc ncno·· cpe)umjl1 AOilHP -"lUTaBc noupm1-1ne QCCTI-1u,a ca paCTBapa"'ICM. O,u, anapaTa Kojn ce ynoTpe6Jbanajy 3a OBaKBY Bperl' /l.-WTcplljaJJ_a, l-1ajn03uaTlljn je ;G0POB U3JIY>K1IBa"'1 (anrraTOp ).

)l,OpOB 1I3JlYIKllnaQ (arHTaTOp). - OBaj anapaT jc 0611l;IllO npOCTpaH U,UJIUHApl'fLIan CYA, Cil npe'-IHHKOM OA HCROJIHKO MCTapa (CJJ. 159). Y CpeAI1Hl-l myIIJbC oco~

CWKll 157

Cnuw 158

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Jt' HajKapaKl'epI1CTHlHmjn P,CT3Jh (BUA-rr C~H:KAyH)-1'5k9P)o3H~oJ'Y ce }BO~H B.a3,[~yx, UITO yTB ~ (') ~ . a ,ll,m-bCM kpan' ocomme rl)a~y~HH cy rKP~~ll,H -~ ca ~oco npli':wpmhCHI-iM JIOrraTHll,aMa, y 06!IIIK'y rpa6VJba.

- hC rroKpeny MarCpUjaJI, KOJH ce TaJIO:>KI-i Ha' , . , ' I~eBaCT()j OCOBHHH y Cpe,ll,MlliTy cKcTpaK'ropa Kpo' llJ-l), rroTl1cKYDIU-i ra CT~1:HO Ka

. 3 lllynJby OCOBllHV MaTepUja ~~:~o(~a)' H Y TC'1HOCTli, rrOTHCKHBan McxypnhuMa Ba3)J.yxa, nel-be ce' HaBHIDC ~oJI :PY~~

~ na roplbeM AeJIY OCOBHHe KpaUli 2 ce cycneH311' a . . cy HarrpaBJJ,eHH Y 06JlMKY OJlYKa Y Ko'e Haj"-ICllIB J YJII-iBa, OAaKJIC .ce pa3JIlffia rrpcKo TCt[HOCTH Y I~IIJIHH,n:py. OJIY~H C;,

e, paAR paBHoMepHH]Cr pa3!IHKOBaIba, H36ymeHU. Ha Taj Ha'l1Ul je OMO~

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ryhcHo .o:o6po MemaH.,e, a THl\IC II HCToBpcMcna eKcTpaKI~Hja, Ca gOpOBJ1M H3.Tfy)I(H~ BaQCM MO)J(C ce paHl1'rn KOHTIlHyamIO If AHcKollTImyaJIHo.

Tpe6a pelm .n:a ce .n:OJ-bH KpaU;Ii Mory JIaKO nOJJ:nl'in. Ha Taj H3~IHH ce, no npe~ C'FaHKY pap,a, cnpe"'-IaBa 3aKonaBaH":.C KpaKoRa, Kojn CC. IUIa'-IC, 3601' oTDopa. rrpn rrOHORHOM rryUJTaJ-hy y pa.n: HC 6u MOfJII1 IIoKpeHYl"H. AKo je pagH CCPCKT3 cKcTpaKI~Hje IIoTpe6Ho 3arpcBalbe, OHO ce Haj'-ICIIlne BplllH napoM, Roja ce npoBogl1 Kp03 CI1npaJIHe I~CRH, rrpI1'-mprnliene Ha 3HgOBHMJ U3JI],)KHB<l'-Ta.

3al'BOpelin eKcTpaKTopli. - OBaKBn THrrOBH cKcTpaKTopa npIIMcH~y:iy ce Ka,o, JC pacTBapa"'-f oTpOBan HJIH BCOMa I1crrap-IbliB. AKO je pacTBapa'-L nopeil BemiRC l1CrrapJbIIBOCTH Imu OTPOBHOCTH jom H cKyn, nOTpe6HO je BpUIHTH eKCTpaKWTjy ca UITO M,UhOM KOJIWIl1I-IOJvl. Y Ty CBpXy ce KOpIICTe pa3HH THlTOBfl 33TBopeHHx anapaTa, KOP; KojVfx.ie eKC"rpaKl(Ifja neno·· cpe)J,Ho rrOBC3aH3 ca .n:eCTI-L'lal~lljoM. Kpy-)KHH I(HKnyc KOP; OBaKBllX anapaT3 6nfic o(''T~apeH Rap; paCTROp II3 cyp;a 3a eKC1'PaKUM]y rrpcna3U y )lccnmaIJ;110HI-I J~eo, ogaKJIe ce, Rao JIaRO HCnapJhHB H KaO ~mCT ,n;eCTYlJTaT, ITOHOBO Bpaha H3 eKCTpaKunjy. OBaKBII arrapaTlT cy BpJlO pa3HOBpCHe KO~ HCTpYKu;nje. l103HaT je, Ha npUMCp, THIT

COKcneTOBor anapaTO (C11. 160) KOjl! ce

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ITpHMefbyje y JW60paTopn:jaMa. TIo3HaTH cy II Tl1ITOBJJ OBaKBUX arrapaTa Behux .D;IIMeH3Hja: Rao, H3 npuMep, MepI~on arrapaT 3a CRCTpaKuujy 6lIJhHHX cnpoBliHa.

EKCTpaKU:J:lja 113 TC1J.HOCTH. - Ona Tpeha BpCTa eKCTpaKUJ-Ije, Koja ce Bpllm 113 Te'-I~IOCTH nOMohy pacTBapa'Ia KOjH .ie, TaKobe TC"'-IHOCT, rr03HaTa.ic Ao6po y iIHJJ;ycTJ'IlJI!.

CaM nocTynaK eKCTpaKQllje je pa3HonpCTaH, TaKo.n:a ce He MO)KC rOBOpIl'I'I-r 0 craU)lap.IlHHM THnOBHMa eKC'TpaKTopa. MebYTlTM, Haj'-lemfie je y yrroTpe6H IIOCTyTIaR Kag CC y CKCTpaKUHOHH TopaIb TC'IHOCT Behe rycnme YBOgII Og03[O 11 cJUIRa HamDKe, a TC'-IHOCT MaIbC rYCTIlHC (06Tf'-lHO paCTBapa'f), pa3611jeH3 Y KaITH, Kpehe Harope, na pacTBapajytm Kopncny KOMrrouelny J-ICTIf'-IC Kp03 OTBOP Kojn ce Ha.na31:T H3Ha,Il, OTBopa 3a YJIa3 cnpone Te"'-JHOCTH.

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EKCrraKJ{Hja jc paCTf~apalhC O)l,pei)CHC cyncTauue 113 CHpOBHHe OJ!: pa3110-pOAHoI' l\{aT~;,pHja)1a. P(lCTBapa'l KOjIIM ce Bf!llHl eKCTpaKIJ;IIja T1'c63;aa 6YJ!:c CC}ICI-:THEdH, Tj. T1'coa na paCTBapa Cal\fO )J(C.1beHY cynCTtlHJJ:Y, HeOITXO,HllO je p;a 111\-1(1 BlICKY TeMllcpaTYPY KJI,ynralb<l H Many TonnOTY I-lcnapanaJ-ba, lXa 6H ce Kaomje yrrapaBaH,CM ]JaKO KOHll.CJITpnCaO J{o6HjeI-IH paCTBOp. ilmI<CJhHO .ic Jl,a 6Ylle H xc:rvmjcKlJ nnepTaI-L BP3HH3 CKC'rpaKuHje, Kao H KOJ{ ApyrHx ~lHcpy3HOHHX oncpaqHja (ancopTIQHja, paCTBapaJ-be UTA.) rrporropUHOHamra je nOBpIIllUIH KOHTaKTa Ii pa3JlHIlH KOHu.eHTl)£U~Hj(l y rpaHIPIHO:t>.1 CJlojy. EKCTpaKlUljn ce J(eJIH ua eKCTpaKQujy 115 '-IBPCTOIMaTepnjaJta (JlY>KCI6C) H CKCTpaKIlJ1jy H"3 TetIJ-IOCTH.

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4. IIITa eBe ~'TH'Y.e Ha 6p3HlI)' cKcTpaKHHjc? :'i. KaKRu jc pa3JIUK<1 H3MetjY cKcTpaKl~}JOlIe 11 )llHpY3HoHe 6aTepnje?

6. KarHI ce KopncTc 3aTBOpCIn! cKcTpaKTopn?

Jlp CBCTOMI1P U1JHjOlH-fO )IP Ci!06o)JaH KOH'lap-'nyphenHh

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masine,aparati i operacije

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