masatoshi koshiba raymond davis jr. the nobel prize in physics 2002 "for pioneering...
TRANSCRIPT
Masatoshi Koshiba Raymond Davis Jr.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
S. P. MikheyevINR RAS Moscow
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 33
e
p
pp
p
e
e+ e+
n n
4He
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 44
1964 - Original Motivation
“… to see into the interior of star and thus verify directly the hypothesis of nuclear energy generation in star.”
4p 4He + 2e+ + 2e + 26.73 MeV
4R2 = 71010 sec-1cm-22 Lsun
26.73 MeV
1
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 55
Ј 15.0 MeV
B ЮBe* + e+ + e
pp – chain
p + p ЮH + e+ + e
p + e- + p ЮH + e
H + p ЮHe +
He + He Ю He+ 2p He + He ЮBe + He + p ЮHe + e+ + e
Be + e- ЮLi+ e
Be + p ЮB+
Li+ p Ю2 Be* Ю2
Ј 0.420 MeV
1.442 MeV
Ј 18.77 MeV
MeV, MeV
99.6%0.4%
0.002%
99.87% 0.13%
15%85%
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 66
CNO – chainC + p ЮN +
N ЮC + e+ + e
Ј 1.199 MeV
C + p ЮN +
N + p ЮO + O ЮN + e+ + e
Ј 1.732 MeV
N + p ЮC +
N + p ЮO +
O + p ЮF + F ЮO + e+ + e
Ј 1.740 MeV
O + p ЮN +
99.9%
0.1%
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 77
Bahcall & PinsonneaultPRL (2004)
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1)
Standard Solar Model (SSM)
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 88
e
e-
nn
p
np
ppp
nn
p
nn
p
np
ppp
n
Charge Current Reaction
+ ZA e- + Z+1A
ZA Z+1A
pn
e-
W+
2H 37Cl71Ga7Li
115In
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 99
e-
Neutrino Electron Scattering
+ e- + e- e-
W+
e-
e-
Z0
e-
ee,,NC CC/6
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1010
nn
p
np
ppp
nn
ZA
Neutral Current Reaction
+ N + N*
ZA ZA*
N
Z0
N*
e,,
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1111
+ 37Cl e- + 37Ar (B. Pontecorvo 1946)
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1)
7Be
8B
Threshold 0.814 МэВ
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1212
Davis’s experiment
C2Cl4
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1313
+ 37Cl e- + 37Ar
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1) Threshold 0.814 МэВ
Rexp
RSSM
= 0.335 0.029
Rexp = 2.56 0.23 SNU
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1414
RSSM = 7.6 + 1.3 SNURSSM = 7.6
– 1.1
+ 71Ga e- + 71Ge
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1) Threshold 0.233 МэВ
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1515
SAGE experiment (Baksan)
GALLEX/GNO experiment
(Gran Sasso)
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1616
RSSM = 7.6 + 1.3 SNURSSM = 7.6
– 1.1
+ 71Ga e- + 71Ge
Neutrino Energy (MeV)
Neu
trin
o F
lux
(cm
-2 с
s-1 M
eV-1) Threshold 0.233 МэВ
RSSM = 128 + 9 SNURSSM = 128 – 7
Rexp
RSSM
= 0.584 0.039
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1717
e
e + e- e + e-
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1818
40m
41
.4
m
Kamiokande/Super-Kamiokande
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1919
22385 solar events
(14.5 events/day)
e + e- e + e-
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2020
The Sun by Neutrinograph
e + e- e + e-
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2121
DataSSM
= 0.465+0.016-0.015 0.005
e + e- e + e-
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2222
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2323
1000 tones D2O
Support Structure for 9500 PMTs, 60% coverage
12 m Diameter Acrylic Vessel
1700 tonnes InnerShielding H2O
5300 tonnes Outer Shield H2O
Sudbury Neutrino
Observatory
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2424
e + d p + p + e- CC
x + e- x + e- ES
x + d x + p + n NC
FCC = 1.59+0.08(stat)+0.06(syst)-0.08-0.07
FEC = 2.21+0.31(stat) 0.10(syst)-0.26
FNC = 5.21 0.27(stat) 0.38(syst)
Detector SNODirection
Kinetic Energy
Position
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2525
Detector SNO
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2626
Bahcall, Gonzalez-Garcia, Bahcall, Gonzalez-Garcia, Pena-Garay, PRL2003Pena-Garay, PRL2003
1. Energy production in Sun: pp chain is the dominant mechanism LCNO < 7.6% (3)
2. Neutrino fluxes in pp cycle :
BP04fi =
fit
fpp = 1.02 0.02 (1)
fB = 0.88 0.04 (1)
fBe = 0.91 0.25/0.62 (1) Bahcall, Pena-Garay, JHEP2003Bahcall, Pena-Garay, JHEP2003
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2727
p + e- n + e
n + e+ p + e
x
N + N N + N + x + x
e- + e+ x + x
e + e x + x
x
x
Neutronization burst:
e emitted during 10 ms
Cooling through neutrino emission:
e, e, , , , .99% of the SN energy emitted in neutrinos during 10 s
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2828
Neutrino energies
MeVE
MeVE
MeVE
e
e
)2520(
10
12
~,,~,
~
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2929
2 44 2~ 9.3 10e p e
E см
0.5eE МэВ
e + p e+ + n
Neutrino burst
Relic SN neutrinos
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3030
Neutrino burst search
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3131
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3232
23 February 7:36 UT
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3333
Confirmed the neutrino mechanism of Supernova cooling
• Obtained constrains on some Supernova parameters
• Obtained constrains on some neutrino properties (masses, charge, etc)
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3434
23 February at 2:52 UT
LSD Detected 5 Events in 7 second
1
10
100
10 100Time window (sec)
Nu
mb
er
of
bu
rsts
5 10 15
23 February 1 day
LSD DATA
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3535
February 23, 1987
Optical
Geograv
LSD
KII
IMB
BUST
1 3 5 7
2:52:35,4
2:52:34
2:52:34
7:36:00
7:35:35
7:35:41
7:36:06
44
43,8 19
47
:47
21
5
2(4)
1 6
2
12
8
v m =6vm =12 m
observations
2:52:36,8
m
9 11
February 23, 1987
1 3 5 7 9 11
mv=6mmv=12m
Geograv
LSD
KII
IMB
BUST
2:52:35,42:52:36,8
43,82:52:3
444
2:52:34
7:36:00
7:35:35
7:35:41
7:36:06
19474721
2
12
8
6
5
2
1
(4)
Chronology
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3636
The Two-Staged gravitational collapse Model[Imshennik V.S., Space Sci Rev, 74, 325-334 (1995)]
12 MM
12
222 , JM
111, JM
e
ahead
aside
~,
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3737
Tc~5x1012
KTc~5x1010
K
The difference of neutrino yield between standard model and model of rotating
collapsar.
MeVE
MeVE
MeVE
e
e
)2520(
10
12
~,,~,
~
The main reaction – URCA-process:
MeVE
nep e
)5030(
e e
e~
~
~
e
e
e
e
e
314106.2~ smg
erg53~, 103.5 erg
eee
52~, 109.8
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3838
V.S.Imshennik, O.G.Ryazhskaya astro-ph/0401613
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3939
Liquid Scintillator Detector (LSD)
General view of LSD
Fe (2 sm)
Fe (10 sm)
H=5200 m.w.e. 72 counters 90 tons of СnH2n (n~9), 200 tons of Fe
4.5 m
8m
6 m
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4040
СnH2n
CoeFe e5656
СnH2n
CoeFe e5656
СnH2n
CoeFe e5656
МэВE 72.1
EEE oe
МэВE 82.1 МэВE 72.1
МэВE 4
МэВE 82.1
МэВE 7
e
МэВE 82.1EEE oe EEE oe
e
e
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4141
Energy spectrum of the particles, coming from iron plate of thickness 2,8 sm (Geant4 calculations; histogram – total energy deposit)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Энергия, МэВ
106
105
104
103
102
10
1
Events
Energy range, registered by LSD
Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya & V. Boyarkin
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4242
Many experiments stand Many experiments stand ready to observe the ready to observe the neutrinos of the next neutrinos of the next galactic supernova.galactic supernova.
• Baksan• MiniBooNE detector• LVD• AMANDA• KamLand• SNO• Super-Kamiokande
More detectors sensitive More detectors sensitive to SN neutrino are to SN neutrino are
planned or being built.planned or being built.
• Borexino• ICARUS• IceCube• HyperKamiokande• UNOand many others
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4343
In universe there is one supernova
explosion per second
There exist the flux of relic supernova There exist the flux of relic supernova neutrinos.neutrinos.
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4444
Super-Kamiokande published the Super-Kamiokande published the world’s best limits on relic world’s best limits on relic
supernova neutrinosupernova neutrino [M.Malek [M.Malek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.
9090 061101 (2003)]. 061101 (2003)].
1.3 cm-2s-1
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4545
GADZOOKS
adoliniumntineutrinoetectorealouslyutperformingldamiokande,uper !
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4646
S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w
Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4747
Detection of relic supernova neutrinos will:
No detection of relic supernova neutrinos also is very interesting.
verify the basic picture of star formation and death;
constrain star formation history