marwari writing system proposal

13 13 13

$ amp() + amp

ݨ ݪ ښ $ سنڌي

$ $ - amp amp 0 13

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

English

Marwari Language amp Resource Center ndash Pakistan

httpwwwmlrc-pakhes78com

Proposal for ldquoMarwari writing systemrdquo by Kashali Page 2 of 61

MARWARI WRITING-SYSTEM PROPOSAL

Copyright Note copy 2006 ndash 2008 Dr Younis kashali

All rights reserved

Presented By Dr Younis Kashali

Presented to 1 MLTC ldquoMarwari Literacy amp Translation Committeerdquo 2 MCDO ldquoMarwari Community Development Organizationrdquo 3 KSLP ldquoKinship Systematic Lead Panelrdquo 4 mlrc-Pak ldquoMarwari Languageamp Resource Center ndash Pakistanrdquo 5 MCF ldquoMarwari Christian Fellowshiprdquo 6 SLDP 7 IAL 8 KOQ 9 lsquoand torsquo Marwari Leaders

Special Thanks Mr Simon Ager

The Online Encyclopedia of Writing systems amp Languages httpwwwomniglotcom

Re-Published on this 2012 AD


sg6Ouml Iuml

- 12 3 134 56 7 8139 lt = gt 6 A $ Blt CD $ E FG 13 H 0 IJ K LM N O 13

P Q FG RS T U 6 V W + FG Q U Y 6 A V Z [ amp 13 0 H F FG ] _

T à 6 ]b FG cd e Q f lt Q$g gt 56 h ] Fi 13 13 lt W F Fj k

T l $ m l lt T 0 n W Z E o p bqG ] r gt s$ 0 tu0 1 gt CD W v $ 2 D H H O O _

r 0 tu0W v lt Q$g 7 w gt 6 W v 6 13 xy z l | lt Q$g wj 1 13 N~ FG 13 13 13 lt

w gt 6 v z 0 z 13y w gt 6 w ld z 0 z 13 13 j 13

$ r = m 6 v - l | CD N 0 Otu0 G 0 j 1 13 ~ F H

W `d lt v $ $ lt v $ f lt [ n Z RD $ 13 13 13 H 13 H _ FG

$ $ E m l m lt 13 6 7 81397 2 W `d ) O 13 W 2 f lt 13 13 (

gt lt 13 W 2 P gt 6 F 4 f 6 = 0 e f lt = W lt f w = 13 0 0 + 0 z

lt A $+ 0 P Q f lt W ` 3 iexcl m l f lt 13 13 cent pound _ j + FG Lcurren 0

lt B yen$ + j amp FG U m lt+ brvbar)0 sect o l RS f lt Qg uml copyg0 ordf ك j not ) 13 amp FG

m shy reg A macr ldeg [ plusmn 13 j j sup2 sup3 acuteV Elt 3 micro 7 paraf Z middot Z B E+ ) j

Z 7 13 sup1]0 13 Proposal n W shy Aacute v AcircAtilde FG 9 0 1 Auml Aring AElig 13

o I 0Ccedil Elt+ lt 13 13l o o Egrave fj Eacute G nlt Ecirc Euml 3 l nIgrave N notp _ Iacute j brvbarG o lt Qgj not ) 13 amp

[ plusmn Q 313 ( sup2 sup3 acute IcircG Fxy 7 6 Q n Z lt n ld RS f lt = nlt8139 L Iuml N Nj 13 ) 13 0

ld j 13 ETHD ` v AElig UEgrave ]b 0 UNtilde$ Z 7 F Fx Gy amp + amp 8139

ZA x y

$ amp() + amp


o $ltj

]Ocirc A Otilde Z0Ouml shy Ecirc timesEgrave m Q lt amp]b G 13 13 [n lt Q Ugrave $ AElig Uacute z

W d l [ plusmn f o lt 7 13 F] ) 13 ( sup2 sup3 acute j j not 13 ( ) lt Q$g = Ecirc 13 0 Ucirc 13Uuml]lt Qg 13 amp[

o j not ) Yacute amp 0 E o THORNszlig Q 3 IcircG agrave H OlshyjT W d $ e E 13 13 N~ ltaacute l o 13 acirc j 13 j F

[ plusmn m lt Qg Z f lt Igrave 7 7 sup2 sup3 acute 13 13 amp 8 curren 139 ) Z atildelt E E o Y gt 13y13 amp j not )

e E QIgrave V13 13 aumlz ]13 g lt Z sa Atilde aring d Ecirc Ecirc not L Ucircbrvbar)0 centaelig ccedil z Uuml 13 p _ M 13 Q$ Q13 amp

o Egrave f lt Qg [ G 13 amp H _o l o j Eacute13egrave ) j 0 LM v - sect Bdeg m d Ecirc 0ordf ك j + 13 notp _

o eacutej 04nlt N [ plusmn 3 AElig13 ( sup2 sup3 acute O n13-

1 m lt Qg 0 0 IcircG 13 amp

2 V 3 o Q$ Qg gt iacute lt j not 0) 13 amp 139 brvbar)

3 o amp 0 THORNszlig Egrave o Yacute 1 FG Eacute13y

4 Atilde aring eth6 m ntilde ograveoacute ocirc gt Q$ Qg 13 _ 13 FG O 13 amp

AElig n W o G 13 Ecirc f l o otilde$ f lt d lt ouml Eacute Gnotp _ j j divide FG 0 13 130 13

Euml [ Z _Iacute H 7 Qoslash Ecirc 8139 1 Ucirc13Uuml U 7 E lt 8139 13 AElig n ld r ntildeD j 13 i

Ecirc T 7 T Ucirc 13Uuml F F F] ] 8139 z z Uacute UacuteG lt brvbar)0T lt T brvbar)0 FG

ltaacute 13 acirc

$ amp() + amp


Section ASection ASection ASection A

lt Qg 13 ampv g ugrave sup1G sup1 G


1 Quacute d ugrave v lt O 13 sup1 G 13

lt E ltlt E ltlt E ltlt E lt++ ++ 1313 1313

Qgamp

Ecirc Ecirc Ecirc Ecirc ucircucircucircucirc1313 1313 uumluumluumluuml

lt0 FG brvbar) r]13 13 13 tyacute thorn $micro gt $lt r Egrave lt A D 13brvbar 13Uuml z z F G amp 13 13 tyacute N

A $ m r Igrave 3K 13 13 tyacute 13 l amp 0a aacute G 13 _ amp 13 Igrave $lt a FG curren 13 1 z

T $lt lt Qg $ sect 7 13 131 13 amp 0FG O ordf ك 8139


$ gt $ gt $ gt $ gt OOOO 1313 1313

1997 $ 13 gt lt Qg 3 ouml O 13 13 amp 132 3 Q brvbar F

$ deg $ gt lt Qg lt F 1 13 HO O 13 13 amp G brvbar)0 A 7 2 `deg 3 89 j j 2008 3 ouml

f Ecirc J Ucirc13 13i10Qg $ A $ D 7 T e amp j ~ K Eacute pound 8139 13 0 13 lt 13 13

l lt 7 7 `f $ gt F F] + aelig j G O m gt $ $ ograveoacute 5lt amp 0 j aeligcurren 13 + divide]

r 13 G7 - 8139 1 $ 13 gt lt Qg O 13 13 amp132 lt F FG brvbar)0

yen$ $ 13 gt lt Qg1 O 13 13 amp W V F Ecirc Ucirc13 13i m lt 3 Q + LIuml

r 13 G lt [ FG brvbar)0 H _ $ nIgrave gt Ocirc lt Qg O UacutebrvbarG GegravebrvbarG not 13 13 amp d d d d00 00ltltltltNN NN

m Blt m Blt m Blt m Blt FFFF 00 00 W $ W $ W $ W $ GGGGEcirc Ucirc13 13i Qg $ Ylt amp FG aelig 13o 3 7 U E T Eacute Eacute amp amp9 9 8139 +

d ltamp xy 13 F] W lt $ Euml 7 $ f n W ( Z A 0 F] amp 0 Iacute 8139 j ( 3 gt 13

f lt Q$g = C m Igrave QE lt Qg n W 7 Z 13 13 0 O brvbar x amp brvbar 13 amp aelig 9813

-$ v lt m lt 7 lt Q Ugrave $ + 13 ) Uacute zT l sect 0ordf amp Qg $ك

7 81393 13 Igrave aacute m lt ) FG amp brvbar brvbar)0 uumlT 7 $Igrave F] 8139 amp amp brvbar

Q $ gt lt v RQ $ gt lt v RQ $ gt lt v RQ $ gt lt v R++++ m Ud m Ud m Ud m Ud ~~~~ 13 13 13 13 1313 1313 + + + +

lt Qg v R+ m Ud 13 amp + eth Ueth Ueth Ueth U 00 00 amp +amp +amp +amp + eth Ueth Ueth Ueth U amp +amp +amp +amp + U U U U 11 11 amp +amp +amp +amp + brvbarbrvbarbrvbarbrvbar1313 1313 zzzz

W

m ltm ltm ltm lt 1313 1313 $ $ $ $ OOOO 1313 1313 uuuu

gt deg6 7 amp z + not ) - Ecirc v 2 ETH $6 _ 0 brvbar13 O amp z amp aumlldquo brvbarG Igraveamp Igrave amp Grdquo ) m S 2 n HIuuml j ) 13

T deg 2 g v Aring m deg$ r G+ + 13 amp 13 13 ( 4 5 m 2 Egrave gt iacute deg$ r m139 139 G+ 13

ethlt Z n Z r Z AEliglt T 7 v lt 3 gt agrave 6 Y- ethlt H 13 13 13 L M 13 tyacute ]b N 7 O O Glt 313


T 2 Egrave m 13u lt lt Qg FG brvbar)0 13 amp80 ld 4 5 m 13 13 139 v lt FG 13

W 3 aumlLIuml degd Z o v m lt Qg + 13 sup1]0 13u 13 amp7 8139 7 lt Qg $ n W Q8 8139 13 amp

o m W Ecirc 3 E lt Q j F 13u 13 Uacute$ 9 j not sup2 sect 0ordf - vك sup1Gl AElig6 g T n ldquoThe Marwari languages are a subgroup of the ldquoRajasthani languagerdquo of

Hindi dialectsldquo n W 7 Z 8139 W lt 3 f lt Qg F] 13 13 j amp 3 g Ecirc J amp 13 F

g f lt 9 ld U m Wamp 13 not J sup2 13 13 + lt Q Z T o ethlt `r L M ]b 13 brvbar

$ 56 9 2 lt 2 T 6 e m $ 3 ethlt not 13 auml not sup2 j ) 13 13 13 ]13

W iexcl ltaelig brvbarG 0 13 7 m lt c T W $ E lt Qg = AElig D 8139 13 13 FG ] amp 13 0

T lt 9 2 + not sup2 j ) g6 gt a j G 7 FG Ucircsup1 Eacute1397 g gt Qiacute gtaacute 7 szlig0tCcedil amp 9 9 acirc amp 7x Qg amp

Q Uacute Igrave curren gt 5 5 [ T ethlt 5 5 A $ ethlt lt ouml not G 13 Mauml F H _ ] 13 13 13 L H q divide 13

v lt m o f lt l o 2 v gt e G + not not aelig 13 13auml auml 0 13 13 y 13 brvbar FW lt$ o 9 Znot 13 auml not sup2

lt = 13 13 V f lt T AEliglt f 13 13 13lt Qglt Qglt Qglt Qg 1313 1313 ampamp ampampW ltd D N 13 ]b f lt = ograve Z Ecirc 13 B 13 13 13 _ + )

T`f E j C f lt E m l Z lt Acirc 3 J 13 + sup2 lt m+ [ m v H _ 13 brvbar FG

lt Qglt Qglt Qglt Qg 1313 1313 ampamp ampampD D ]b eacute 7 ograve Z v lt H 8 MG p _ ( 139 B 13 L _ 13 FaeligEGT

W lt F6 lt m f $ 2 n W D 3N 1 FG 13 13 O ]b lt v AElig A 13 amp 13

n 2 - gt 5lt 2 lt Qg f 130 u j j) )+ 13 amp amp 0W iexcl aelig brvbarG QEgrave gt 13u

W a 3 j brvbarG 0yacute g m $lt A 13 13Blt lt lt Q 0 0 FG brvbar) 13 amp`D G amp 13 v 5lt +

5lt òacute d m r + j J 0 Uacutebrvbar 13z brvbar FGW d `d v v 13 13 13u 13 brvbar FG

ethgethgethgethg6666 gtgtgtgt a iexcl a iexcl a iexcl a iexcl j j j j GGGG qqqq OOOO

16 amp 0 Accents


1 A $0 +K amp2 Igrave lt Gamp 13Q 3 Muacute ~Q 4 ltamp brvbar O13Q 5 O0 13Q 6 Ugrave ltamp 13 N 0 7 $0P 13Q

8 Igrave Lnot 134Q

9 amp GQ

10 r amp Q

11 5

12 r 13Q

13 `Q 13 R

14 SfT

15 yen$amp amp

16 amp

4 Qgamp òacute j J 13uDialects )r m òacute r 13 G brvbar H O j J 13 9(

1 W amp amp )QW amp amp W amp ( 2 amp Y 3 `Zamp amp sup2 ) ` amp amp brvbar( 4 Ecirc r 0 T 139

7 ` lt brvbar)0`D G 13u sPakistani Sociovernacular

1 Ugrave$Ugrave$Ugrave$Ugrave$ 1 0 Upper sindh region

2 00 00 ampamp ampamp aeligaeligaeligaeligacute amp Lower Sindh region

3 1313 1313 9999 r 0 tegrave 8139g amp centaeligy

Punjab region

4 dltdltdltdlt00 00 00 00 lt0 Over Indus

INDIA

Proposal for ldquoMarwari writing systemrdquo by Kashali 0 of 61

Balochistan region 5 (( (( 9999QiacuteQiacuteQiacuteQiacute Thar desert region

lt)0 d gt W 2 j gt lt f 13 13 13 F 4 brvbar 13z 0yacute amp 13 brvbar H O u 0 F0 G

ld 13 1313 1313 9999 f 13u lt7 7 7 7 UcircUcircUcircUcirc BB BB~~~~W ltd D 7 N 13 ]b 8139 C Aringlt m FG J z 0

ld 13 13 f 13u2 lt2 lt2 lt2 lt zzzz Z Ecirc W ltd D 7 13 13u + 13 ) N ]b 8139T 9 v R+ m ld not sup2 13

lt 5 3 ograve v k gt Ecirc Qiacute 13 u13 N~ 13 913u ] 7 yen$7 yen$7 yen$7 yen$TT TT ampamp ampamplt lt lt lt 1313 1313 [ W yen$ E F 0

U W ltd 9 dN 13 brvbar H O FG 13u not sup2 0 D E lt 5 3 f Ecirc Qiacute v - H G 13 13u 9

W cd o lt 7 yen$j not ) 13 T amp$ amp + O f amp v - sect 0ordf T oك THORNszlign ldquoDhatki also known as Dhati or Thari is a sociolect of Marwari dialect of

Rajasthani languagerdquo

l 13 m lt Qg v - j 13u 13 amp

16 amp 0

4 ` z Uacuteòacute j J 13u

7 ` lt brvbar)0D G 13u

4 (9m lt Qiacute 13 13u

31 $ ograve O T amp

l Egrave gt AElig amp 9 u0 13 13n o Z Ecirc 7 O 13egrave + lt 5 3 Ecirc Qiacute 13 13u 9

f gt m eacute W n F auml] 13 j 0 0 13u LIuml 0divide] 13 Ecirc 213u ) + shy E YE lt lt Ecirc 0 13

W ltbrvbar)0 òacute ` j J 7 iacute lo Ugrave$ f 2 lt p f 7 f F FG ~ G z 9 j Iacute 13 13u u 13 Ucirc B 13u

S ld D a timesEgrave m lt f Qg ld m 7 yen$13 j amp13 13 G J 13 u amp ampaeligacute 13u 13 T

d [ $ gt oacute lt uacute AcircIgrave 0 H O _ O 13u j J brvbar)0 curren ld j 13 macr m lt Qgamp 0 13 amp micro gt 13

Ecirc W Aring deg 5 5 A T F 3 micro sect v $ 3 3+ ) 0F ] 13 G N Y 13u ordf9 G ك


$ m G `D `P A $ K=6 13 W `d lt e 13 j 0 q Uuml aelig d m òacute cedilr 13u 0 brvbar H O j J 139

Z famp Eacuter Z W d ltD 13xy V T $ gt lt d V Z Ecirc W d ltyen 13 13 13u 0 + 13 y) x amp

gt gt gt gt 00 00 yacuteyacuteyacuteyacute 1313 1313 uuuu OumlOumlOumlOumloumlr oumlr oumlr oumlr 1313 1313

d ` lt d f 2 T $ gt d d T ld Ylt lt 0 0 0 0 Lbrvbar)0 0 u Iuml O FG O 13 13 13 13

` 13u z Uacute lt reg AElig n W Z + 0yacute f reg $ s $lt f 5 13 E ntildeeacute 13 13

n W Egrave V D 1 ] 2 T nIgrave deg Ecirc 2 lt d ` 0 13 u O UacutebrvbarG 13 O ucircuuml FG brvbar z)0 13 0

d ` r 13u 0 13 z brvbar Uacute FG 13Uuml z z13tyacute jlltj 0T ld 13 [ F 6 t Ylt H _ 13

lt brvbar)0 `D GW ltd E N 13 13u - vm lt Qg 13 amp V d ograve$ ouml 0 13u 0 13 G

Z Ecirc Igrave YE ld lt$ + 13 ) ]13 j V m u 13 13u 13uT

`D ` lt iexcl 13u G brvbar)0 q O

1Ugrave$ Ugrave$ Ugrave$ Ugrave$ 1 0 Upper sindh region

2 00 00 ampamp ampamp aeligacute)Ugrave z( amp Lower Sindh region

3 1313 1313 9999 r 0 tegrave 8139 gamp (y centaelig Very Upper area Punjab region

4 dltdltdltdlt00 00 00 00 lt0 Over Indus Balochistan region 111111 11 2222 ltltltlt00 00 3333 ampamp ampamp 4444 ggggampamp ampamp

2 y QgLjM amp

Q 7 Ugrave $ y gt lt Qg Uacute Ucirc B~ z Lj M 13 ampW 2 e v lt =6 A $ qUuml aelig 13 13 K

2 notaelig ccedil Ogt Q$ wEgrave SOV (Subject Object Verb) W copyg Ecirc eth Q$ lt G FG 13

T ld llt iexcl ntilded 13 j 0 13 q brvbarG n Z Acircd v R+ Y8 lt Qg 13 amp(Fusional)W sz$

] lt FG brvbar)0 Qg LjM amp 7 g ybrvbarG j O 1 0i 0m $ E Q$ `f 3 ] j 13 JW F[


3 nd `P E lt Qg 13 amp


31 oslash m lt Qg 13 ampe I J

Vowel Charts

1 Marwari Oral Vowel Chart

Front Central Back Unrounded

Rounded

Long Vowel Short Vowel Short Vowel Long Vowel

Close i u ɪ ʊ Half Close e o ə Open α

2 Marwari Nasalized Vowel Chart


Rounded


Close ĩ ũ ɪ ʊ Half Close ẽ otilde ə Open α

amp - ntilde$g amp3 31gt $ m d - 13 amp 0 G FG T RS $5 lt Igrave 13 0 G F G


23Q Igrave iexcl Qg 0 ك amp z 13 Fnoty amp ) Marwari syllable structure(

Regularity Marwari words in IPA Syllables Regular [α] V

Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC

Regular [αdh o] VCV

Irregular [αkɽo] VCCV

Regular [αuʈ] VVC

Regular [αoɾα] VVCV

Regular [əpip] VCVC

Regular [kʰα] CV

Regular [kʰαo] CVV

Irregular [ᶑαɪɳ] CVVC

Regular [kʰαɾ] CVC

Irregular [kəʃʈ] CVCC

Irregular [ɾəvto] CVCCV

Regular [kαko] CVCV

Irregular [kɾodh ] CCVC

Regular [kɪɾodh ] CVCVC

Irregular [ɡɾənt h ] CCVCC

4 [ plusmn Qg Bltsup2 sup3 acute amp

N eacute lt A W E ` v R+ 3 Blt gt lt Qg13 FG 13 brvbar)0 G 0 13

N amp

m l ` 0 Elt $lt + 13 13 QNtilde$ W ugrave m Blt ` gt [ plusmn m lt Qg sup1 sup3G N z Uacute sup2 acute 13 amp


W v - sect T l AElig6 g AEliglt $ 0ordf ك sup1G 13 13 j ldquoMarwari as a written language

has a 1500 year historyrdquo lt Ecirc FG brvbar)0 Ucirc13 13i gt $ j Q f lt QgL M z 13 amp

f aumlbrvbar ~ Q$ Qg FG 13 amp [ egrave brvbarG 1 H _ eth 6 m e j 13 O AEliglt gt l m 13 1

E 7 7 o $ j Q f lt Qg l Qg 7 7 Igrave m D 13 notegrave z 8 8 8 13 139 913)j ) z G 13 amp amp ) 13 O

2 r Gthorn5 E $ j Q f lt 7 w Ecirc z 13 8139 13 13 13 F ) F] Qg Aring a 13u amp 13 G

3 amp 1 0v Q r Ecirc v [ plusmn $ m Ecirc macr IcircG 9 not j brvbar GG 0yacute amp 13 sup2 sup3 acute + ) j D m j 0i 13u

E o ugrave v 7 7 Eacute 8 sup1 O 13u 13 9 )7 `f 8139 j sup2 Ouml d Z 9 Uacute 0 F] la Z Q Ecirc Igrave n rj ]b 13 IcircG u G

)Ecirc + )n W 7 Z 8139 f g = 0 $ 7 `f ]b F] j amp 8139 j( V Z 13 13 [ plusmn Qg n r sup2 sup3 acute amp 9

uacute Auml Z d `f E l cd ` E lt fz 13 j 13 G FG brvbar)0

W cd e lt 7 l lt Q f lt Qg n D $ n Fi N 8139 FG 13 13 amp ) 0 134

8 7 degd Z 8139 + 13 W `d 7 oumlagrave lt Qg n W Q 13 szlig FG H O 13 amp FG z Uacute

A Qlt$ lt Qgamp 0 xy + 13 ampo W `d 7 vj not ) 13 szlig $ j sect g 0ordf ك sup1GT l AElig6 ldquoMarwari had two scripts before the present Devanagari script The script presently is a modified form of the one used for Hindi with the most notable difference being the

addition of a retroflex lateral ळ This character is found in Sanskrit but not in Hindi

Some publications in Marwari also use some other characters in substitution for accepted lettersrdquo

lt Qg V U gt A 3Atilde lt 3 Ecirc not 0) 13 amp 1313 amp 0 xy F G 13brvbar) Ucirc13 13i o [ plusmn oj j 13 sup2 sup3 acute

ntilde V Z middot B V Z 3 v 2 U T macrG 13 q jG 13 aelig _ 13 jllt Q j 0 13 Icirc

ethg6 gt a iexcl j G q O

1 Qg Y 3 ntilde $g v [ plusmn Ugrave [ 3Atilde 1 amp aelig z13 O _ sup3sup2 acute H amp 13 rdquoݪldquo

2 ntilde $g v [ plusmn $ [ 3Atildeaelig13 O _ sup3sup2 acute amp H 13$ Qg Y 1 amp rdquo ݨݪ ldquo

3 g Y 3 ntilde [ plusmn R 3 $g v Ugrave $ 3Atilde aelig I z13 O sup2 sup3 acute sup2 t amp 13 Q 1 rdquoݪldquo amp


deg Ecirc Z13 O notnoty 1968 4 5 m ouml 139 plusmn Qg $lt m Atilde ograve amp 13 13

n W Z 8 gt llt Z Q ntilde l Z B m R 13 0 13 IcircG 13 q jG sup2 sup3 acute [ plusmn Ugrave [ sup2 sup3 acute z H _

ograveoacute o r [ plusmn Qg $g v 13 j Uumlnot 13) 13 13brvbar 13 tyacute sup2 sup3 acute amp r ntilde ograveoacute ntilde aelig9 F] Icirc 13z 13 _ Ecirc + )

r oumlagrave $ shy9 I 13 G 0HO $ v 13 divide]D ltdeg [ plusmn Qg sup2 sup3 acute amp amp v A

gt $oacute e [ plusmn 3 sup3LIuml sup2 acute FG 13 z v Z $ D lt D F] G

$ n P 13 )r 13 13 tyacute z(D ltdeg $ f gt O [ plusmn Qg 3 - sup2 sup3 acute amp 13

D lt 3 micro gt l Q E 13 xaelig + 0egrave ]0 IcircG AEliglt NICF Ecirc Auml timesEgrave m 2 g Qg l notp _ amp

$ m l V 3 Q n ld ltdeg [ plusmn R 3 n 0 13 Icirc G I13 j 13 sup2 sup3 acute sup2 t ) x $lt Ecirc + 0

v ZP ugrave E 2 g z 13 sup1 O v r 13 9 m [ plusmn Qg R l LM F tG sup2 sup3 acute amp I sup2 9

l Q gt $ leacute o v [ plusmn Ugrave oslash amp 13 j j z F M acutesup2 sup3 Lldquo rdquom Z E m 2 z 0 J

D òacute 7 [ plusmn R 13 j sup3 J sup28139 acute Isup2 t[ plusmn Z sup2 sup3 acute N Euml gt $5 lt Qg Iacute L 1 M 13 FG 13 amp

Igrave 7 D E m u lt Q o l ntilde middot 7 ` 8 8 curren 13 139 9j 0 i aelig aelig13u not 13 IcircG j ) Icirc ccedilz F9 ]

d13 +~ 13 v l Ecirc Z F] j H G 7 3 [ plusmn Z n Z Ecirc E lt 8139 F ]b 13 sup2 sup3 acute N 13egrave + 13

W ntilde F] aeligIcirc zleacutejOcirc egravebrvbarG 0i7 aelig sup1 Om e 13 ) Ugrave$ r e Z 0 amp 0 tegrave 8 M139 13 ) L

macr o 5 5 j szlig FG 13uT `D Elt gt [ plusmn Qg lt W Z ]b + sup2 sup3 acute amp FG brvbar)0


Section Section Section Section BBBB

$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems

lt Q$ 13 m o THORNszligYacute amp 0agrave E H OE lshy j lt Qg AElignot ) 13 amp [ plusmn osup2 sup3 acute j d 3 o v l uml j 13 sup1] 0 0 F lt Q$ n T o 13

l Script or Writing system 2 O deg $ f E lshy agrave j HOm lt = 13 0 o THORNszlig

amp 0plusmn o Yacutej not ) W [ ) 13 sup2 sup3 acute Q$ Writing systemsT v f f

Writing systems

Arabic Baybayin Bengali Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Chinese Cyrillic Devanagari Geez (Ethiopic) Georgian (Mkhedruli) Hebrew Latin Tifinagh

lt ouml n T o $ divide 13 13 G THORN 13Writing systems 7 ethlt f f U gt szlig 13 13

T Vd Ugrave 13 amp 0Igrave 3 o l [ plusmn Qg Z Z n W o ]13 13 j G not ) 13 ( sup2 sup3 acute amp sup2 13 D G

E1Example lt 13 qg6 agrave r `ltaacute l j G 13 acirc j 13

Arabic alphabet

Arabic Azeri Bosnian Dari Hausa Kabyle Kashmiri Kazakh Kurdish Kyrghyz Malay Morisco Pashto PersianFarsi Punjabi Sindhi Siraiki Tatar Turkish Urdu Uyghur

Please note some of these languages such as Bosnian and Turkish were once written with the Arabic alphabet but nowadays are normally written with a different alphabet such as Latin or Cyrillic

Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog

Bengali alphabet (Eastern Nagari Eastern Neo-Brahmic script)

Bengali Assamese


Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics

Blackfoot Carrier Cree Inuktitut Naskapi Ojibwe

Chinese script

Modern Standard Chinese Cantonese Japanese (kanji) Korean (hanja) Vietnamese (chữ-nocircm)

Cyrillic alphabet

Abaza Abkhaz Adyghe Avar Azeri Balkar Bashkir Belarusian Bulgarian Buryat Chechen Chukchi Church Slavonic Chuvash Crimean Tatar Dargwa Dungan Erzya Even Evenki Gagauz Ingush Kabardian Kalmyk Kazakh Khanty Komi Koryak Kurdish Kyrghyz Lak Lezgi Lingua Franca Nova Macedonian Mansi Mari Moksha Moldovan Mongolian Nanai Nenets Nivkh Old Church Slavonic Ossetian Russian Ruthenian Serbian Slovio Tabassaran Tajik Tatar Tsez Turkmen Tuvan Ubykh Udmurt Ukrainian Uyghur Uzbek Votic Yakut Yupik

Devanagari alphabet

Hindi Marathi Nepali Pali Sanskrit Sindhi

Geez (Ethiopic) script

Amharic Geez Tigrinya

Georgian (Mkhedruli) alphabet

Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet

Hebrew Judeo-Arabic Ladino Yiddish


Latin alphabet

Abenaki Afaan Oromo Afar Afrikaans Akan Albanian Aleut Alsatian Apache Aranese Arapaho Aromanian Arrernte Asturian Aymara Azeri Bambara Basque Belarusian Bemba Bikol Bislama Breton Burushaski Catalan Cayuga Cebuano Chamorro Chechen Cheyenne Cimbrian Chickasaw Choctaw Comanche Cornish Corsican Croatian Czech Danish Delaware Dinka Drehu Dutch English Esperanto Estonian Ewe Ewondo Faroese Fijian Filipino Finnish Folkspraak French Frisian Ga Gagauz Galician Ganda Genoese German Gooniyandi Greenlandic Guarani Gwichrsquoin Haida Haitian Creole Haumln Hausa Hawaiian Hiligaynon Hixkaryana Hopi Hotcąk Hungarian Icelandic Ido Igbo Ilocano Indonesian Interglossa Interlingua Irish Kaingang Kala Lagaw Ya Italian Jegraverriais Kabyle Karelian Kashubian Kinyarwanda Kiribati Kirundi Klallam Klamath Kurdish Kwakiutl Lingala Latin Latvian Lingua Franca Nova Lithuanian Livonian Lojban Lombard Low Saxon Luxembourgish Maasai Makhuwa Malagasy Malay Maltese Manx Māori Marshallese Meriam Mir Mikmaq Mohawk Montagnais Murrinh-Patha Nahuatl Nama Naskapi Navajo Naxi Ngiyambaa Noongar Norwegian Novial Occidental Occitan Oodham Old Norse Ossetian Piedmontese Pitjantjatjara Polish Portuguese Potawatomi Quechua Romanian Romansh Romany Rotuman SaamiSami Saanich Samoan Sango Sardinian Scots Scottish Gaelic Serbian Shavante Shawnee Sicilian Sioux Slovak Slovene Slovio Somali Sorbian Southern Sotho Spanish Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tatar Taiwanese Tlingit Tok Pisin Tongan Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Tuvan Twi Uyghur Venetian Vietnamese Volapuumlk Votildero Walloon Warlpiri Waray-Waray Welsh Wik-Mungkan Wiradjuri Wolof Xhosa Yapese Yindjibarndi Yolngu Yoruba Zhuang Zulu

Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight

n r $ l 0 12 `deg j j 0 =6 l lt 13 L0 13 MWriting system ograve deg f amp B~1

= degI G 0 Q$ j Q f lt Zz 13 13 l 0 1 8 F6 e 3 brvbar 13 amp 13 ] FG j sup2 13

n )Writing systemslt v Aring A T v e 13 FG ]13 l ntilde $ aeligIcirc z

T e 13 Uacute n T l Z 13 13 FI0 uumlWriting systems T ntilde $lt v Aring FG aelig Icirc z 13

T ldeg Aring 5 3 7 + E v Aring o lt Qg nlt13 G 13 j not ) 13 amp aumlLIuml NWriting system

Ègrave l D E 1 FG 0j i ]v R+ m ntilde = aeligIcirc z Writing systems Aring gt ethg6 gt a Ecirc o j G 0 sup3 H [


Writing systems gt= ntilde aeligIcirc z $ v R+ m 13 Q ~

1111 Latin alphabet 2222 Cyrillic alphabet 3333 Arabic alphabet 4444 Chinese script 5555 Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics and Devanagari alphabet 6666 Geez (Ethiopic) script and Georgian (Mkhedruli) alphabet 7777 Baybayin syllabary and Bengali alphabet (Eastern Nagari Eastern Neo-

Brahmic script) and Tifinagh alphabet

3 13 LM Writing systems U gt 13 Aring gt lt ld 7 FG M 13 L 13 szlig

E lt Qg 13 amp7 lt8139 F]b + F] W3 7 o lt Z v Icirc _ j F Iuml L 13 13 Ecirc notj brvbarGEuml Fsup1 0i

Ecirc reg Egrave timesEgrave timesEgrave m lIuuml 1 W 7 8139lt Qg m A 7 Igrave AElig Ecirc 13 amp amp ucirc ) 13 ) 13 O + o j not )

7 7 8 139 )Writing system T o r E xy 13 sup2 tyacute + 5 3 o lt Qg iacute lt j not ) 13 amp 0 9 Script 2 O

T o oumlagrave xy 13 ( HO

$ e [ plusmn Qg xaelig brvbarG FG 13 N~ sup2 sup3 acute amp 3 7 7 macr $ AElig 8 139 ) j j 0Writing system Z T l D E j 0i 6 Qg amp

o lt Qg j not ) 13 amp lt Egrave ` 13 q 1 + qG j cent pound n eacute AElig F 4 x] 0 lt Qg 13 amp

5 3 o j not )Script o d lt j 0 +Z Q LIuml v A W $$ ograveoacute -eacute 13 13 f j aumlLIuml

cd Bdeg d F Fxy ] j + Q LIuml QEgrave ld Auml lt e j 13 FG 0 Z c$ 13

lt [ plusmn E 3 n W sup2 sup3 acute _ j Script w n W ntilde V 13 1313 xy 13 qG 6 QEgrave lt H G

) iacute lt uuml 09 V Q LIuml Q l l E eth6 ) Q Ecirc L LIuml Iumlj uuml + )


M iexcl ethg lt 0 Lcurren 0 13 ethdeg f 7 3 7 j 1 not xaelig sup1 O x H FG B y Z U n

lt = 7 `f AElig 13 j 8139 j 7 v Fxy G 8139 13 13 AElig C A 7 7 7 8 O )139 P v ntilde

d $0 V Z T divide] F] n Igrave ]13 $5 AElig13Writing systems FG V7 v)3 E

r sup2 tyacute + E $ j Q Q Ecirc Q [ Z f lt Qg 13 13 13 G FG z Uuml IcircG Ucirc H _ 13 amp

lt FG brvbar)0 6 m lt Qg 13 13 ampWriting systems

1 Arabic alphabet 2 Devanagari alphabet 3 Latin alphabet AaBbCc

ethlt deg ld Ugrave 7 $5 U m lt 13 L 13 M O 13 amp 0 szlig 13 + brvbar)0 ntilde A 3AtildeaeligIcirc z amp 0 xy 13

T V A Qlt$ o e yen$ timesEgrave timesEgrave m A 3Atilde $ A amp amp0 0x x y y+ j not ) 13 ) 13 z

T W ntilde 7 aeligIcirc z 8139 z Z F x] W V Z E o Igrave $ f A p q 13 0G x THORNszlig 0 LM amp y

A Z namp 0 xy 3 gt 6 Qg FG ampW ltd ltg m A yen$ N 13 + 0 amp 0 xy - N~

$5 Igrave 13 0 13 LMLatin Script lt A brvbar)0 FG H q lt lt ntilde lt ` 13 13 aelig O x F F N ] Icirc z G

W 2 Y =j n D m A 3Atilde lt A Z13 H G amp amp0 0x xy F y13 G brvbar)0 3 micro gt ntilde 13 qG

W D r D $ m Aring deg i 130 0 Uacute 13 O G v gt ntilded P

ethg m 2 $ gt 2 13 brvbar sup3 acute Oe 2 Q$ 13 N~ j 0| 13 N~ FGo d ` v - sect j 0 0ordf ك

1 Latin alphabet AaBbCc 2 Devanagari alphabet 3 Arabic alphabet


a q Ol j 13A 13 sup2 egrave FG Writing system

1 Latin alphabet AaBbCc

Latin xyAamp 0g sup1G L 13Mg6 gt a j G

Latin alphabet

bull Ancient Latin alphabet bull Roman alphabet for Latin bull Irish uncial alphabet bull Old English alphabet bull Modern Latin alphabet bull Accented letters amp special characters bull Languages written with the Latin alphabet

Ancient Latin alphabet

The earliest known inscriptions in the Latin alphabet date from the 6th century BC It was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC The letters Y and Z were taken from the Greek alphabet to write Greek loan words Other letters were added from time to time as the Latin alphabet was adapted for other languages and many letters had several different shapes

Other versions of the Latin alphabet

Ancient Latin Irish Uncial Old English

Roman alphabet for Latin

The Romans used just 23 letters to write Latin

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z


There were no lower case letters and K Y and Z used only for writing words of Greek origin The letters J U and W were added to the alphabet at a later stage to write languages other than Latin J is a variant of I U is a variant of V and W was introduced as a double-v to make a distinction between the sounds we know as v and w which was unnecessary in Latin

Modern Latin alphabet

The modern Latin alphabet consists of 52 letters including both upper and lower case plus 10 numerals punctuation marks and a variety of other symbols such as amp and Many languages add a variety of accents to the basic letters and a few also use extra letters and ligatures

The lowercase letters developed from cursive versions of the uppercase letters

Uppercase

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Lowercase

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Accented letters amp special characters

Accented letters

Many languages supplement the basic Latin alphabet with a variety of accented letters

These accented letters can have a number of different functions

bull Modifying the pronunciation of a letter bull Indicating where the stress should fall in a word bull Indicating emphasis in a sentence bull Indicating pitch or intonation of a word or syllable bull Indicating vowel length bull Visually distinguishing homophones


Some extra letters

Eth Thorn Yogh and Wynn were used in Old English Eth and Thorn are also used in Icelandic the dotless i is used in Turkish and the schwa is used in Azeri The other letters are used in various other languages particularly those spoken in West Africa

Ligatures (two or three letters joined together)

These are used in a number of languages including French German Icelandic Croatian and Dutch


2 Devanagari alphabet

Latin alphabet A Qlt$ l Igrave $ m mamp j0 13xy + 1 0 L M 13 13 O sup2 13

E T o d F j 13nAElig Devanagari script d [ plusmn Qg $g v 0 sup2 sup3 acute amp T Z lt 1

A amp 0 xy lt 5 o [ plusmn Qg j not ) sup2 sup3 acute amp F] W 5 n l 7 Z U 8139

) ) F] Introduction

The Nāgarī or Devanāgarī alphabet descended from the Brahmi script sometime around the 11th century AD It was originally developed to write Sanksrit but was later adapted to write many other languages

The name Devanāgarī is made up of two Sanskrit words deva which means god brahman or celestial and nāgarī which means city The name is variously translated as script of the city heavenlysacred script of the city or [script of the] city of the Gods or priests The origins and meaning of the name are uncertain

Devanagari scriptg6 gt a j G


Consonants

Variant letters

Some letters are two forms the Classical Northern or Kalikata (Calcutta) form is used in the north of India while the Modern Southern or Mumbai (Bombay) form is used in the south India and has become the standard form


A selection of conjunct consonants

There are about a thousand conjunct consonants most of which combine two or three consonants There are also some with four-consonant conjuncts and at least one well-known conjunct with five consonants

Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet

A 3Atildeamp 0 xy 13g sup1G L 13Mg6 gt a j G Arabic script

Origin

The Arabic script evolved from the Nabataean Aramaic script It has been used since the 4th century AD but the earliest document an inscription in Arabic Syriac and Greek dates from 512 AD The Aramaic language has fewer consonants than Arabic so during the 7th century new Arabic letters were created by adding dots to existing letters in order to avoid ambiguities Further diacritics indicating short vowels were introduced but are only generally used to ensure the Quran was read aloud without mistakes

There are two main types of written Arabic

1 Classical Arabic - the language of the Quran and classical literature It differs from Modern Standard Arabic mainly in style and vocabulary some of which is archaic All Muslims are expected to recite the Quran in the original language however many rely on translations in order to understand the text

2 Modern Standard Arabic - the universal language of the Arabic-speaking world which is understood by all Arabic speakers It is the language of the vast majority of written material and of formal TV shows lectures etc

Each Arabic speaking country or region also has its own variety of colloquial spoken Arabic These colloquial varieties of Arabic appear in written form in some poetry cartoons and comics plays and personal letters There are also translations of the bible into most varieties of colloquial Arabic

Arabic has also been written with the Hebrew Syriac and Latin scripts

Notable Features

bull The Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters Some additional letters are used in Arabic when writing placenames or foreign words containing sounds which do not occur in Standard Arabic such as p پ or g گ

bull Words are written in horizontal lines from right to left numerals are written from left to right

bull Most letters change form depending on whether they appear at the beginning middle or end of a word or on their own

bull Letters that can be joined are always joined in both hand-written and printed Arabic The only exceptions to this rule are crossword puzzles and signs in which the script is written vertically

bull The long vowels a i and u are represented by the letters alif ا yā and wāw و respectively

bull Vowel diacritics which are used to mark short vowels and other special symbols appear only in the Quran They are also used though with less


consistency in other religious texts in classical poetry in textbooks children and foreign learners and occasionally in complex texts to avoid ambiguity Sometimes the diacritics are used for decorative purposes in book titles letterheads nameplates etc

Arabic consonants

Arabic vowel diacritics and other symbols

Arabic numerals and numbers

These numerals are those used when writing Arabic and are written from left to right In Arabic they are known as Indian numbers ( م_àأر dèfgه arqa-m hindiyyah) The term Arabic numerals is also used to refer to 1 2 3 etc


The first set of numbers are Modern Standard Arabic The others are Moroccan Arabic

lt AElig 13A 3Atilde amp 0 xy 13ldeg $ o [ plusmn Qg f j not ) sup2 sup3 acute ampgt lt 7 FG brvbar)0 8139

$ D ])2 ( Writing iacute o Egrave ograve zamp 1 G IumlL B amp Ugrave 3amp z z plusmn lt ograve 0 j T B

$ [ sup2 sup3 acute[ plusmn lt ograve $ sup2 sup3 acute 0 j T B amp z Q8 e lt f lt v ]13 + FG 13 13 n

o [ plusmn Qg W ograve f v f o [ plusmn Qg j j Uuml not not 0 ) )sup2 sup2sup3 sup3acute acuteamp amp13 4 z z B amp amp O F aumlG B LIuml

3 micro e 7 Z j lt ]13 ] 13 5 V 13 j 1 Igrave nlt T l l $ ]13 N 0 BUuml amp z

cd Bdeg j +

1 [ plusmn Qg ograve Ugrave sup2 sup3 acute amp amp B amp z z

2 [ plusmn Qg ograve $sup2 sup3 acute amp amp B amp z

iexcl q O l j 13A 3Atildeamp 0 xy 13v ` lt $g brvbar)0 $ Ugrave z A amp xy

1 [ plusmn Ugrave 3Atildesup2 sup3 acute z amp 13ethg6 gt a j G

Arabic script for Sindhi ( الفابيٽالفابيٽالفابيٽالفابيٽ سنڌيسنڌيسنڌيسنڌي )

Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language with about 17 million speakers in the south-eastern province of Sind in Pakistan and about 28 million people in India

The Sindhi language first appeared in writing in the 8th century AD Sindhi literature in particular lyric poetry began to appear towards the end of the 15th century During the 19th century the Landa script was adapted to write Sindhi


The modern Sindhi abjad is based on the version of the Perso-Arabic script used to write Urdu and was adopted under British influence in 1852 In India Sindhi is also written with the Devanagari script

Numerals

2 3Atildeamp 13 [ plusmn $sup2 sup3 acute ethg6 gt a j G

] Ecirc o 0 sup3 H [


Urdu ($$$$) Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language with about 104 million speakers including those who speak it as a second language It is the national language of Pakistan and is closely related to Hindi though a lot of Urdu vocabulary comes from Persian and Arabic which is not the case for Hindi

Urdu is also spoken in Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Botswana Fiji Germany Guyana India Malawi Mauritius Nepal Norway Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia South Africa Thailand the UAE the UK and Zambia

Urdu has been written with a version of the Perso-Arabic script since the 12th century and is normally written in Nastaliq style The word Urdu is Turkish for foreign or horde


Urdu numerals


Section Section Section Section CCCC

Z sup2 13


AElig l MLTC U gt 13IAL Orthography Egrave uml m e amp L Bpound lt brvbar)0 Q$ Qg sect gt13 amp 0ordf ك

3 0 FG n d Z nlt gt ` Fxy 13 N amp m _ Writing system f

T $ e T v - sect Bdeg cd 0ordf ك j +

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic

Ugrave $g v A 3Atilde z amp 0 xy 13lt oumlagrave $ H O lt ntildeeacute m [ plusmn Qg 2 13 13 0 0sup2 sup3 acute amp 13 FG

T sect Bdeg m 0ordf ك j +

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu


f oumlagrave Qlt$ 2 Q Qg r m m GH O + O 13Uacute amp j sup2 13 sup2 sup2

T $ e 2 Igrave $ Ecirc O auml 0 1313 LM Ucirc 13iW oumlagrave H O O3Atilde 13 Igrave Qoslash 13 LM 10W

o D E [ plusmn Qg ograve Ugrave v A 3Atilde r m sup1 z] 00 j i sup2 sup3 acute amp amp 13 B Gamp z F yG amp 0 x 13 amp 0

W Igrave $ $0 13 LM amp $lt E W 7 Z 3 gt 8139 13 ZP z 13 Z lt shy

gt Qg n W 7 amp xy 8139W ZP FG z 13 lt Qg m 13 amp 13 O j sup2 13

W t Egrave V D r E A [ plusmn E 1 ] 13 sup2 tyacute sup3+ F yG amp 0 x sup2 acute AElig x lt brvbar)0

eth6 m r 13 13 tyacute o U ocirc 7 f Q$ Qg Uumlxy F F] + O 8139 13 amp HG G brvbar 13 13

lt ouml vdivide 13 13 G 13 Writing systems [ plusmn 5 o lt Qg v sup2 sup3 acute j not ) 13 amp FG

T o d E lt U6 m q F j 13 + p O B v Bdeg AElig nlt Fxy xLIuml j + 0 N Ecirc V Z [ Ucirc13Uuml F] H _

Q$ Qg gt iacute lt n [ plusmn 3 o lt Qg13 amp amp139 brvbar)0 13 Fxy 13 sup2 sup3 acute O j not) 13 3 o j not )

V

] ugrave v lt Qg AElig n W s lt2$ Z o v d L M sup1 F brvbar G 13 amp G x z + sup1]0 j 13

cd D $ l [ plusmn Qg v = n T iexcl $ g G auml FLIuml G 13 sup2 0sup3 acute amp sup113 G

Qg $5 n d 7 Z U amp 13 F brvbarG x 13z 0 ]b 89 f d m $5 ltT 0 1 13 FG 13

iexcl $ 8 iacute 3 F 0 9 13 wEgrave gt ld lt Qg n ltL Iuml 1 N 13 13 FG 13 amp

deg RD 2 lt lt Qg a f h n ld lt otilde$ N H G13 13 F FG G amp G 13 j 13 T ld l 13 j 3

cent E D v meacute 7 ugrave m C n W pound F sup1] G 0H LG Iuml u 8 139 J 13 13

8 7 n W gt [ 8 C v 8139 H _ Writing system o lt Qg j not ) 13 amp

l ` gt $5 lt Qg aelig L ccedil 1 M 13 FG 13 ampm oslash Q 3 ocirc IcircG O [ plusmn sup2 sup3 acute

mld deacute ugrave j 13 0 sup1 G `ltaacute 13 acirc[


1 l Igrave o o v Aring ] ]1 0 13 L M sup1 sup10 0 13ldquoQlt$+ rdquo [ plusmn o lt Qg U gt A sup2 sup3 acute j not ) 13 amp 13 amp 0 xy

T meacute ugrave v 0 sup1 G

Marwari alphabet from Devanagari script Marwari normal LETTERS

ब त ट प ज

ʤ ج p پ ʈ ٹ t ت b ب

द ड र ड़ ज़

z ز ɽ ڑ ɾ ر ɖ ڈ d د

स श क ग ल

l ل ɡ گ k ک ʃ ش s س

म न व ह च

ھہ v و n ن m م h چ ʧ

फ़ य j یے f ف

Marwari additional LETTERS

ब ख़ ळ ण ड

ᶑ ڏ ɳ ݨ ɭ ݪ χ ښ ɓ ٻ

Marwari aspirated LETTERS

भ थ ठ फ झ

t تھ bʰ بھ h ʤʰ جھ pʰ پھ ʈʰ ٹھ

ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़

dh دھ zʰ زھ ɽʰ ڑھ ɾʰ رھ ɖʰ ڈھ

amp ख घ )


lʰ لھ ɡʰ گھ kʰ کھ ʃʰ شھ sʰ سھ

ऩ ख़ ड़ छ

mʰ nʰ χʰ ڏھ ᶑʰ 13 ʧʰ

ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ

Marwari LETTERS for VOWELS

आ-ा अ ओ-ो ऊ- उ-

ا α ا ə او o او u ʊ

ई-ी ए- इ-ि

ای i اے e ɪ

Symbol for Nasalized Vowels

gt 3 m e oslash o l 2 f 2 H O 0 IJ 13 I G j not ) 1 currena G िमयाळो नानानाना

कशाली ह हहहह मीर पर ampार मCमCमCमC ररररहीहीहीही आनआनआनआन मारवाड़ी बोली त कामकामकामकाम

ककककरीरीरीरी आज हहहह डाधो ख श हाहाहाहा क मCमCमCमC ए आलफ़ा बट ठाही ह ठीक

amp - Q$ f A 0 amp 0 xy Left to Right W ltd r N 13 szlig o f A THORN szlig amp 0 xy 0 amp 0 aumlaelig

deg 6 Qlt$ 3 U o amp + amp + j not )MangalOTFT l AElig6

l lt U6 l cd v A 0 + p q O B amp 0 xy 13T l A x

U6B 1 f [ plusmn Qg curren v A Qlt$ (lt m l A s$ 3sup2 sup3 acute amp 13 amp amp0 0x xy y + +

e ]13 ld Qg vj 13 ) brvbar0 O FG amp


2 D Yacute f lt =6 Q$ lt Q A U gt [ plusmn Qg G F G amp 0 13 13 Uacute x aumlz 13 sup2 sup3 acute amp

cd

lt + p q O 1 ltbrvbar)0 lt s6 gt lt AElig l 13 brvbar)0 j FG]lt $ 13 [a lt `ltP G 13 13 j Ugrave z

f lt 7 7 n yen Q brvbar 7 `r 13 8 Ucirc O139 ) divide 13 13 13Uuml auml B~ brvbar0 13 tyacuteDevanagari type Qgamp

V Z sect V Z U gt [ plusmn F Fx xy yamp 0 13y 13 sup2 sup3 acute n W A Z LIuml H q

Uoacute middot sect Z V W lt gt e v lt =6 Q B ] L) 13 y 9 N amp 0 z 13 13 13 Iuml

2 f gt lt Qg o Ugrave lt $ 2 Qy [ ltamp amp0 0 0 13 j amp zszlig O LM H _ FG brvbar)0

sect F Fxy ] 13y 2 ODevanagari type [ plusmn Qgsup2 sup3 acute amp o Z lt x

z FG brvbar)0lj

o j not ) Uoacute F] G B

3 l ltj FG brvbar)0Devanagari type o [ plusmn Qg 13 0 szlig amp 0 sup2 sup3 acute amp

Elt l m 2 sect g QE Q Q ltE+ FG G Eacute13 13 ) _ F Ucirc amp9 13

T plusmn lt $ Ugrave z Ecirc O z 13 13 ) + ) [ FG sup2 sup3 acute

4 Devanagari type $ $ Atilde d [ plusmn Qg aumlz 0 13 sup2 sup3 acute amp

R l v gt F Fxy amp 0 ] 1

5 Devanagari type A Ugrave lt $ f o [ plusmn Qg j amp 0 xy z szlig amp 0 sup2 sup3 acute amp

D v THORNszlig D D amp amp0 0 THORN Px z sup2 Z $ 9 j V e iexcl 7 uml brvbar 13G ] Lcurren

6 f $ Qg $5 13 amp 13 aumlLIumlDevanagari type lt ograve [ plusmn Qg amp 0 + 13 N~ FG sup2 sup3 acute amp

lt e C amp ` iexcl Z 13 q 13 Icopy j ]acirc cent +pound Lcurren

Igrave Igrave curren curren


l Igrave $ T o d auml 1 0 13 LM F j 13 13) O (g $g v A amp 0 xyE [ plusmn Qsup2 sup3 acute amp

Marwari alphabet from Latin script Marwari normal LETTERS

B-b T-t Ŧ-ŧ P-p J-j ʤ ج p پ ʈ ٹ t ت b ب

D-d Ď-ď R-r Ŕ-ŕ Z-z z ز ɽ ڑ ɾ ر ɖ ڈ d د

S-s Ŝ-ŝ K-k G-g L-l l ل ɡ گ k ک ʃ ش s س

M-m N-n W-w H-h Ĉ-ĉ ھہ v و n ن m م h چ ʧ

F-f Y-y

j یے f ف


szlig-Б X-x Ł-ł Ň-ň eth-ntilde



Bh-bh Th-th Ŧh-ŧh Ph-ph Jh-jh t تھ bʰ بھ h ʤʰ جھ pʰ پھ ʈʰ ٹھ

Dh-dh Ďh-ďh Rh-rh Ŕh-ŕh Zh-zh dh دھ zʰ زھ ɽʰ ڑھ ɾʰ رھ ɖʰ ڈھ

Sh-sh Ŝh-ŝh Kh-kh Gh-gh Lh-lh lʰ لھ ɡʰ گھ kʰ کھ ʃʰ شھ sʰ سھ

Mh-mh Nh-nh Xh-xh ethh-ntildeh Ĉh-ĉh

ʧʰ چھ ᶑʰ ڏھ χʰ nʰ نھ mʰ مھ


Łh-łh Ňh-ňh szligh-Бh

ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ


Aacute-aacute A-a O-o U-u Ů-ů ا α ا ə او o او u ʊ

I-i E-e Ị-ị ای i ےا e ɪ

Ecirc ordfNasalization o l 2 f j not ) ]ntilde [ AumlEgrave [ plusmn ) gt FG sup2 Jsup3 acute _

amp - Q$ 7 f A 0 8139 amp 0 xy Left to Right W ltd r N 13 szlig Qg m amp _ plusmn

D m [ plusmn Qg $g v Qlt$ [ F FG G13 H G sup2 sup2sup3 sup3acute acuteamp + spirateda T Egrave ` oslash 1 j cent +pound

Ecirc LM + )aspirated [ f oslash o H _ j not ) 1h 9 Qlt$ Ecirc W D 2 amp not i sup2 FG + Ucirc 13 13 )

W ntilde E g aeligIcirc z J

T l A l lt U6 l cd v A x x y 0 + p q O B amp 0 13

U6U6U6U6BB BB 1 3 lt Qg 13 amp $ amp ampamp aumlzScript ld 7 j 13 szlig FG 2 O

World level 0

2 U gt [ plusmn Qg 13 sup2 sup3 acute ampEnglish o D sect Yacute o f lt THORN G 0 ordf ك FG amp 0 szlig 13

3 ograveoacute e Igrave e lt 6 laquolt5 [ plusmn Qg 13 aeligFG 13 amp Ucirc T~ ]13 0amp B~ 0 13 jB~ T auml sup2 sup3 acute amp

ntilde aeligIcircz

lt + p q O 1 lt)0 lt s6 gt lt AElig l 13 brvbar brvbar)0 j FG]lt $ 13 [a lt `ltP G 13 13 j Ugrave z

f lt 7 7 n yen Q brvbar 7 `r 13 8 Ucirc O139 ) divide 13 13 13Uuml auml B~ brvbar0 13 tyacuteLatin type gt [ plusmn Qgsup2 sup3 acute amp


V Z sect V Z U F Fx xy yamp 0 13y 13 n W A Z Iuml IumlL H q =6 Q 13 L

Uoacute middot sect Z V W lt gt e v ltB ] ) 13 y 9 N amp 0 z 13 13


sect F Fxy ] 13y 2 OLatin type Uoacute o o [ plusmn QgG B j not ) szlig amp 0 sup2 sup3 acute amp

F]

3 l ltj FG brvbar)0Latin type ltE o [ plusmn Qg 13 13 0 szlig amp 0 sup2 sup3 acute amp

T Elt l m 2 sect g QE Q Q + FG G Eacute13 13 ) _ F Ucirc amp9

[ plusmn $ lt Ugrave z Ecirc FG sup2 sup3 acute z 13 13 ) + )

4 Latin typeQg amp gt $ $ Atilde d [ plusmn aumlz 0 13 sup2 sup3 acute

R l v F Fxy amp 0 ] 1

5 Latin type v A Ugrave lt $ f o [ plusmn Qg j amp 0 xy z szlig amp 0 sup2 sup3 acute amp

D THORNszlig D D amp amp0 0 THORN Px z sup2 $ 9 j V e iexcl Z 7 uml brvbar 13G ] Lcurren

6 $5 13 aumlLIuml f $ Qg 13 ampLatin type lt ograve [ plusmn Qg amp 0 + 13 N~ FG sup2 sup3 acute amp Z

lt e C amp ` iexcl 13 q 13 Icopy j ]acirc cent +pound Lcurren


gt A 3Atilde W ` Qlt m A Qlt$amp amp0 0x xy y auml13 1 13 13 O + n T iexcl $ AElig n 0 134

lt E$ A 3Atilde )0 auml yLIuml amp 0 x 13 o ntilde m A j not ) aelig Icirc z amp 0 xy F G brvbar 3Atildeamp 13 lt Ugrave z

$ A amp 0 xy lt D v + j 0i FG m [ plusmn Qg f [ plusmn $ Ugrave iacute sup2 sup2sup3 sup3acute acuteamp z j 1 09

T o d 0Ccedil13 0 r Euml AElig n lt Fxy 13 sup2 tyacute + Iacute N

] l Ecirc Euml 3 d m - F aumlG _not 13p M Iacute LIuml j L AElig6 D + G centj pound[


T m eacute o [ plusmn Qg U gt A Ugrave 3Atilde l Igrave - 0 j znot ) sup2 sup3 acute amp 1313 amp 0 13xy amp 1 LM N~ 13

Marwari alphabet from Arabic based Sindhi script Marwari normal LETTERS

ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ


زھ ڙھ رھ ڍ ڌ


لھ گھ ک شھ سھ



ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ

Ecirc ordf Nasalization o l 2 f j not ) ] ن[ [ plusmn FG sup2 sup3 acute ntilde E ) aeligIcirc z J

amp - Q$ f A 0 amp 0 xy Right to Left W ltd r N 13 szlig o f A THORN szlig amp 0 xy 0 amp 0 aumlaelig

T l AElig6 M6 3Atilde 7 U o not sup2 ampamp 13 8139 + j ) m 2 m _ j ) J 6 3Atildeamp 13

T - $ e M e g G 0 cent ucirc13 uuml amp amp +~ amp )


U6B

1 ld r yen Ègrave lt [ plusmn Qg ograve Ugrave [ j 13 13yamp 0 B 1 13 sup2 sup3 acute amp amp amp z z z FG H _


lt + p q O

1 Q$ Qg gt lt 13 amp brvbar)0 0 v [ plusmn Qg ograve Ugrave q sup3brvbarG sup2 acute amp amp B amp z z

T d AElig n 0 134 F Fxy ]

2 E ntildeuacute gt g gt - gt Qlt$ [ plusmn Qg ograve Ugrave z J sup2 1 + amp FG sup3 acute amp B amp z z

W Ecirc notj brvbarG ograve Ugrave AElig T [ plusmn Ugrave D 2 B amp z z z yacute F9 G sup2 sup3 acute 0 13 O amp

$ not 7 [ plusmn Qg GH F FG 9813 sup2 sup3 acute amp W lt lt $lt F ] 13 aeligIcircG + 9

3 Ègrave lt ethlt =6 Q$ lt $ o [ plusmn Qg ograve Ugrave F] 1 13 13 13 amp zszlig amp 0 Bsup2 sup3 acute amp amp z

Fxy amp 0 T ograve $ deg [ plusmn Egrave $ Ecirc amp B amp 13z O sup2 sup3 acute + )

oslash 1 1 j $ ocirc 3 [ plusmn Qg r m A $ 3Atilde l F y F Gamp 13 O 0 Gsup2 sup3 acute amp x13 amp 0 amp 1

Marwari alphabet from Arabic based Urdu script Marwari normal LETTERS

ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1


زھ ھڑ رھ ڈھ دھ


2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ

Ecirc ordfNasalizationl 2 f [ plusmn o FG sup2 sup3 acute j not ) ] ) shy shy shy shyO ( [ E ) J

ntilde aeligIcirc z


T l AElig6 M6 3Atilde 7 U o not sup2 ampamp 13 8139 + j ) 3Atilde m 2 m 13 _ j ) J 6 amp

T - $ e M e g G 0 cent ucirc13 uuml amp amp +~ amp ) o ograve $ Acircd j not ) B amp z x Nastaliq E$ 6 amp

T l llt Auml A 6 m Acircd A T A 6 ugrave m 2 0 F ] H H G Gamp amp _ sup1 )brvbar O _ j


U6B

1 m ld o o Yacute Ègrave lt lt [ plusmn Qg ograve $ 13 THORN13y szlig amp 0 B 1 13 FG brvbar z)0 0 sup2 sup3 acute amp amp amp

ograveoacute13 o W `d `yen 7 $ Egrave timesEgrave m lt Ugrave Ecirc j z z F 13 j amp 0 8139 1 13 FG + )

[ plusmn sup2 sup3 acute f Egrave D D r 1 ] Eacute 13y FG 13brvbar 13Uuml z13tyacute

2 $g v [ plusmn s6 sup3sup2 acute LIuml Egrave M u 3 reg 7 2 1 sup2 13 macrz Ucirc O

3 Egrave ntilde E 1 aelig Icirc 0z aeligFG amp auml U CeacuteA g Ecirc amp + amp B + ) deg 1 $ = amp amp 0 0

f [ plusmn lt $ sup2 sup3 acute 13 FG 7 brvbar O L 813M 139T l AumlEgrave $ m plusmn J Q

T ` AElig6 $ $ 7 amp amp 0 amp T~ 0 aumlz 8139 auml0 aelig

4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp


5 Ègrave lt 7 f lt Q$ ld 7 lt U gt [ plusmn amp 0 13 1 13 138 13 9 13 szlig FG brvbar)0 13 sup2 sup3 acute

ld sect j 13 13yIgrave curren

lt + p q O

1 plusmn Qg ograve $sup2 sup3 acute amp amp B amp zU gt [ 13 D f Qlt$ AElig F Fxy ] amp 0 _ O +

middot d yen timesEgrave m Ègrave = 7 f Ugrave 13 F] amp 0 1 z 8139

2 plusmn Qg $g v $ f $5 [ plusmn Qg $g v [ plusmn Ugrave amp amp sup3 sup3 13 FG sup2 sup2acute acute z

lt ograve [ amp 0 + 13 N~ FG sup2 sup3 acute

A l x LM 5 o lt Qg n W shy v - sect m j brvbarnot ) 13 amp 0ordf ك 13 O

ouml agrave H OWriting systemso d ` v - sect Aring gt j 0 0ordf ك

1 Arabic alphabet 2 Latin alphabet AaBbCc 3 Devanagari alphabet

v A 3Atilde F yG amp 0 x 13o d ` 7 sect e $ m $ Ugrave j z 0 O 0ordf ك 13 N~ G

1 [ plusmn $sup2 sup3 acute

2 z[ plusmn Ugravesup2 sup3 acute W o Egrave Ecirc G LIuml 13egrave + Qg A f n W lt r v A amp amp 0 x xy y NO + 13 13sup2 tyacute + auml FLIuml G amp

lt 5 ntilde ograveoacute nIgrave Q$ Qg Egrave Uoacute $lt o lt q13 aelig L Icirc z 13 0 Mbrvbar notG G F 13 amp 1 L M B j ) 13 Z [ H _

Veacute 7 ugrave m lt 8 139 sup1 F G 13 ] [ plusmn Qg g f v A n W Dsup2 sup3 acute amp J xFG amp 0 y 0 4 LIuml 0i

5 ntilde ograveoacute Egrave n ethd yen o 13 _ 13 1 13 j 13 0 j not ) ) 7 g [ plusmn Qg A ampj acuteO 1 13 O sup2 sup3 amp xFG y N

T o Egrave 7 $ G LIuml 8139 brvbarG(


Section Section Section Section DDDD

13

Proposal


v ntildeD Igravesup2 13 i G n Z n Ylt 8 gt o sect o m ] b 13 0F] 13ك ]b ordf 13 13 O j Qgamp

W 5 o lt Qg D E [ plusmn $g v A $ 3Atilde o lt i q G j j not not ) ) 13 13amp j 0 sup2 sup3 acute amp 0 xy amp 13

8 V Z 7 iacute ]b F x(G 08139 9 r d Z iexcl v Ecirc 9 Uacute 0 F (G 13 _ j sup2 13 + ) lt Qg n 13 amp

Ugrave 3Atilde middot Z Z [ plusmn $g v A n Z r o z amp 13 sup2 sup3 acute amp 0 xy auml 0 j not )

8 [ plusmn $g v A sup2 sup3 acute amp 0 xy W ` | 3 D Igrave Aj 1 13 N~ FG i G 13 v 0 1

gt e 7 m l 7 ltr 3 13ordf not L N O 0j 0 1 + tsup2 pound r Acirc6 deg l D P13y F F G ( sup2 amp 13 Ecirc + )

7 sect a 7 `f xy 0F] 8 813 139 9ordf ك sup2 Ouml sup3 j 3 Aring AElig 13 AElig eacute lt E Auml AEliglt 04 13

8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G

n W V Z QIgrave 13 G ldquoldquoldquoldquog v A $ 3Atilde o lt Qgg v A $ 3Atilde o lt Qgg v A $ 3Atilde o lt Qgg v A $ 3Atilde o lt Qgampamp ampamp 00 00 xxxxyyyy amp amp amp amp 1313 1313 jj jj notnotnotnot )))) 1313 1313 ampamp ampamp [ plusmn $ [ plusmn $ [ plusmn $ [ plusmn $sup2sup2 sup2sup2 sup3 sup3 sup3 sup3 acute rdquordquordquordquo

T V lt AElig ugrave v lt U6 m [ plusmn 0 sup2 13 sup1 sup3G + p q O B acute d ltdeg f A 0 + 0 1 F (G 13

l n F (G v A F yG amp x N v R+ m e = ldeg [ plusmn Qg 0 FG sup2 sup3 acute amp

Q `famp 0 F] j Igrave m Z Ecirc A G 13 O sup2 13 + 0 [ plusmn Qg A $ r sup2 sup3 acute amp amp amp 0 xy 13 sup2 tyacute+

d ltr uml gt Ecirc m u ethlt A $ microP para6 m ldeg v 3 0Uacute 0 + 0 tegrave ]0 13u K13 L 13M 13 13 1 F (G

Ylt 7 `f QIgrave v QIgrave Aring n W o 13 aelig H j FG 13 13 G G G 13 0 1 G 13

2 j ethg6 8 7 -a QIgrave j 8139 G

oslash Q$ o [ plusmn Qg $ j not ) sup2 sup3 acute amp amp

ر ڑ ز س ښ ش ف ك گ ل ݪ م ن ݨ و ہ ڏ د ڈ چ پ ت ٹ ج ٻء آ ا ب

( ی ے

Aspirated W 7 اور ) ں $ o oslashaeligj not ) rdquoھldquo


o [ plusmn Qg $j not ) sup2 sup3 acute amp amp ] oslashrdquoamp اور ݪ ښ ڏ ٻldquo plusmn Q$ m $sup2 sup3 acute

T $5 F F] 13 G middot ڏ [ plusmn Ugrave sup2 sup3 acute zamp[ plusmn 7 sup2 sup3 acute Ucirc B~T v ݪ lt Qg 13 amp

W oslash curren A v V o 13 sup2 egrave FG ~ j not ) Ecirc Ucirc13 13iښW ` ntilde 3 - j gt j F] aeligIcirc zz 1 j z

5 lt Qg Acircd l f13 F FG G 13 amp (ltdeg o m 3 $ 1 j F lt Qg lt Z 13 amp FG brvbar)0 1

W `d `lt 7 lt Q$ sect m 13 j 0 8 O139 0FG brvbar13 ordf ك auml 0 J f o lt 1 j aumlnot ) 13 brvbar0 O ldquo 13 rdquo j z

W ltd 2 vN 13 )

oslash `M $ [ plusmn Qg $ 13 j j FG sup2 sup3 acute amp amp shy gt l A 13 13 sup2 egrave FG

ڏ ٻ 1

11 ldquo middot rdquo W lt o Acirc G FG brvbar)0 j not) 1 sup2 ethlt deg 13 L 13M O)a G Ugrave z

ethlt A $ o ugrave v e 7 13 K Eacute Ucirc sup1 y O z Uacute aelig B~ ( j W $5 Z h nz 13 1 FG 13

T l ntilde o f notaelig Icirc z j ) 1 v 1 13 l o F (G j not ) oslash ntilde E aelig) Icirc z

rdquoڏldquo 12 d 7 7 n ethlt ld Ugrave [ o 13 138 13 9 szlig 13 13 13 FG z z H _ j not ) 1

TT ` ntilde j V Z aeligIcirc zz 7 Ecirc Ucirc B~ Ucirc13 13io j not ) 1 ldquo $middot amp rdquo Icirc13 Oldquo$amp rdquo 3 m 0 +yacute

T l ntilde E aeligIcirc Hz O Ugrave l o [ plusmn Qg l 2 f z F (G j not ) sup2 sup3 acute amp 1 [ plusmnsup2 sup3 acute

$5 13 FGldquoڏ rdquoW 3 Qg Ecirc D o f j FG z amp + ) 0i j F z Q$

ld lr $ 5 v m e = j lt ) Z D m g 13 0 Gtu J J0 G G 13 H ordf 0 z F 13

Egrave 1 FGW

2 amp sup1W ` ntilde [ plusmn m lt 7 j Z aelig Icirc B zz FG ~sup2 sup3 acute 13 Ucirc [ plusmn Ugrave ntilde$ m sup2 sup3 acute z 13 FG

FG ldquoڻ rdquoZW ` ntilde j aeligIcirc zz [ plusmn 7 l Asup2 sup3 acute Ucirc B~ G F ( ldquoamp rdquo o f j j F z


nlt DN 0ildquoamp rdquo ldquoamp rdquo Ègrave lt x Faelig 1 13 O G $ Z w Ecirc 13 13 + ) m [ 7 ntildeuacute H z )

T ` V 7 3 ntildeuacute gt T `d 7 $ 134 13z szlig FG G a G

1 GETHf amp amp amp 0 مناں کوٹڻو پڑ گ 2 یو

ݪ 3

Blt gt [ plusmn Qg lt n n deg V o n ugrave v j F F F sup1G G G N sup2 sup3 acute amp brvbar)0 0 sup1]0 ( 134 G z

$ r v13 13 tyacute z W cd e LIuml 0 centucirc13 uuml r f j v l z 13 F (GEcirc Ucirc13 13i

ethlt Q$ f o 13 13 1 1 j not T ` ntilde rdquoۯ ldquo( 7 f j aeligIcirc zz 8139 $

v ntildeuacute FG zldquo ݪ rdquo j gt n n W 7 Z E o v Gz 134 8139 p q 40 ldquontilde rdquo 2 v13 uuml 2 I

W lt Qg FG 13 7 rdquo ݪldquo amp lt $ Ugrave w f RD ) z 13 13 H 1 =6 Q$13 lt 13

RD $lt T l agrave H ccedil aelig FG ldquo ntilde rdquo VT ld ograve 13 13 N~ FG

l rdquoښldquo ښ 4 1 Q$ v V lt Qg 0 FG 13 amp plusmnoacute $ e 3 j p O 13 13ordm r

W f $ l p O F (G75 p _ o o lj j not not ) ) 1 f jdeggt rdquo ښldquo z a G-

F6 YE 7 $ gt d T oacute d lt Qg F F FG ~ G Graquo B 1 13 u 0 0 13u j J 13 amp

W f Ecirc 3 1 13u ldquo rdquo Ecirc $ 13u ldquo rdquo- N~ Ecirc 13uldquo- rdquo

Ecirc p 13u $ T lrdquo ښldquo0 c FG ldquoښ rdquo 1ldquo- rdquo v A W 2 2 I13 uuml

ldquo- rdquo lt Qg W gt F FG 13 amp ]ldquo- rdquo Qg o W j lt 7 amp j F F] 13 8139 1ldquo- rdquo

fldquofrac14 rdquoT Yacute 13 0 amp deg gt shy V 13 ouml0 l F (Gldquo ښ rdquo m D sect f i 0ordf ك 1

f Qg n ltdeg 1 amp 13 ldquo rdquo o T - gt13 j not ) 13ldquo 2 - O


ش س

E j rdquo ښ V 3 7 o m T - gt1 z 8139 j F 13 T W iexcl $ n 0 1 134 ldquo

7 rdquo ښ j gt8139 z ldquo rdquo 6 v13 W

v j V 3 Z o 3 N notz j ) 1 divide]

Egrave 1 D Ylt 13ldquo- rdquo $ f - gt 1

n W Z D QIgrave o Ecirc l G Hz j not ) 13u

r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G

o j not ) 1 F] 0ldquo rdquoE ntilde aeligIcirc z gt a gt F6 d G F F G G 13u 0 13

ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں

d ں زDںآDں اD1

5 oslash A $ AumlEgrave [ plusmn K FG sup2 sup3 acute

Z nlt T o timesEgrave m AcircAtilde v [ plusmn $ oslash A $ m oslash curren U N j F M acute sup2 Jsup3 L K N

iacute G 139 e E u F Fxy 13 13 13 aumlz 13m Ocirc oslash $ 13u Ecirc q13 Ooslash o [ plusmn Qg j not ) sup2 sup3 acute amp 13

T o j F F]c $ n o j F Qg 7 amp 1 +W lt F F] G 13

$ 13 gt [ plusmn Qg sup2 sup3 acute amp

1 ntildeuacute gt oslash [ Ocirc oslash gt 0 z H _ 13u W 2 13 FGh n 13 Qg gt oslash h amp 1 13

T lt FG 13 W [ plusmn m lt Àtilde - = n - j lt FG sup2 sup3 acute 13 13 13 13 7 8139

o o A T 8 [ 5 5 Z Eacute 13y aumlz H NUuml

3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ


ldquo lt brvbar)0 rdquo C o THORNszligldquo lt brvbar)13rdquo ldquobrvbar rdquo fldquo7 Ordquo ldquontilde 09 rdquo fldquontilde6 rdquo ldquofrac1213 rdquo

fldquo 13 J rdquoT o THORNszlig T l deg v lt = Ecirc 13 0 + ) m lt = l 13 0 9

W Z timesEgrave O p) 7 n Z T W iexcl ntilde lt Q$g = n T d ) szlig 13 13 0 13

gt $ ]T B frac34 2 m o 7 lt - j j ) THORNszlig 8139 FG 13 O 3 uacute O

agrave 5 T l ntilde agrave H H O O T 13 aeligIcirc z[ v Atilde13 aumlz 13 l l o ugrave F (G j F

$ oslash E lt Q$ 7 3 [ plusmn Qgamp F F] 13 8139 G sup2 sup3 acute amp leacute jldquo rdquom Ecirc + )

lt Z Z Igrave 1 FG sup2 13 G WW shy timesEgrave m lt Qg ntilde E n FG 13 aelig amp Icirc z 1

2 macr o A oslash 5 5 o gt lt Qgj j j sup2 13 egrave FG not M ) L 1 13 ampT

3 oslash Ocirc oslash FG 13u T v R+ m $ O v 13 9 otilde$ aumlbrvbar O D lt ] +

Egrave 1

4 2 Qr O 139Aspirated e agrave E o o 13 aumlbrvbar H THORN O szlig j not ) 1 Ugrave zW Egrave D m 1 ] Ecirc + )

lt E W 7 $ [ timesEgrave m oslash o Qr + aelig H _ 13 I 9G j not M ) L1 13 Ugrave Ecirc z Ucirc13 13i

T l 2 v g 9 - gt Qlt$ J not sup2 +

5 r m agrave m $ o 2 13 G H O j not ) 1 currenldquo rdquo lt ntilde E+ aeligIcirc z Egrave agrave Z 1 H O

W $Egrave lt W Ecirc oslash Z n W j sect degr Z [ plusmn Ugrave Ecirc 13 i 13ordf Ucirc brvbarG 0 ordf ك + 0 tu sup20 G sup3F acute z Ecirc + )

z ) V 3 o Ecirc Ugrave J j not ) ordf ldquo rdquoT l ntilde aeligIcirc z

6 l Q ` $5 [ plusmn $ [ plusmn Qg amp 13 amp 0 13 F FG Gsup2 sup2sup3 sup3acute acute amp ldquo Q rdquo AumlEgrave 7 8139

W j V 3 7 o $ [ plusmn Ugrave Ecirc z 8139 j znot ) 1 FG sup2 sup3 acute Ucirc13 13ildquoي rdquoW Z c$

o Euml oslash ntildeuacute F] j not ) Iacute z T e oslash Z A IJ gt v T 5 $ 13 1

lt ntildeuacute 5 $+ zW lt Ègrave YE o o N 1 ~ j Eacutenot ) 13y


7 R 2 T oslash AElig $ oslash m lt Q$ n Iuml O L 1 13G 13 134

3 f oslash o Igrave F ouml Acirc $ R Acirc 134 curren 1 m oslash 3 0

a 2 ograve m o U gt [ plusmn Qg v W D G sup2 O B G THORNszlig 13 sup3 acute amp 13 )

cd uacute v ograve m Igrave 7 Pamp Eacute0 B G 0yacute Ecurren

8 Z W $g v [ plusmn $ [ plusmn Z Ecirc divide +] sup2 sup2 sup3 sup3acute acute 0Qg amp [ plusmnsup2 sup3 acute Q$ Qg Q FG 13 amp 0

W ograveoacute m l ntilde m [ plusmn m u13 aeligIcircz 0 sup2 sup3 acute 13

9 T o ntilde Ègrave lt v d m lt Qg xy aelig Icirc z 1 13 13 13u 0 amp

10 v R+ m 7 Esup2 Ouml 13 ugrave f oslash $5 [ plusmn n Z U Fsup1 brvbar O 13 G sup2 sup3 acute

ograve 3Atilde lt Ugrave FG B amp z 13 z7 8139 r Ègrave lt szlig 1 13 d13yW x

$5 Q$ o [ plusmn Qgj not ) sup2 sup3 acute amp

l o ldeg iexcl f [ plusmn Qg n n $ n F (G j not ) Liquest sup2 sup3 acute amp 0 0 13 deggt W rdquo ښldquo 4 oslash

W $5 6 Q$ 7 `f o o v n W Q8 ltdeg 7 Z aeligF] 13 amp 8 813 139 9j j THORN not auml ) szlig 0 amp 0 + 13

l v F (GT ldeg 6 sect o l f 7 j amp 0ordf ك j not ) 0 aelig oslash m [ plusmn Qg AElig nlt sup2 sup3 acute amp N

famp 0 aumlaelig 0 iexcl 7 Fxy szlig 8139

T ldeg oslash deg `f o [ plusmn 7 w AElig n W Z E $ e 6 Z not M + pj sup3j ) sup2 13acute 8139 13 13 qG L N~ amp

E$ ntildeEgrave Blt o Igrave gt 0 j not auml ) brvbar O amp brvbar 0 amp 0 aeligT l ldeg v AcircAtilde 6 Z l AEligltj N amp F (G

w Igrave n T13 13 13 brvbar O amp brvbar 0 amp 0 aumlaelig v 7 T laacute plusmn oacute f [ plusmn AElig A8139 8amp9 j sup2 sup3 acute

D THORNszlig 0 amp 0 aumlaelig Qg l m M6 amp F(G J sup2 amp Key board layoutsT o deg 7 j N 8139

$ plusmn nltamp N Egrave Igrave 1 0 currenKeysU gt 13Ègrave lt 1 13middot d r 13 szlig


Ecirc E u l 13u 13 j 13 13 Q$ v ltdeg [ plusmn 813 + sup2 sup3 acute 2 g lt n divide 13 W YE V lt v GF] + A

W Q8 curren 7 D E m u lt Q o m 8139 j 0i 13u F 13 IcircG j nltN sect AElig8139 0ordf ك 13 7LM szlig

sect Ègrave lt m Q$ Fxy 13y 1 13 13 ld o - 3 [ plusmn - = 2 13 szlig sup2 sup3 acute LIuml 13 O

V 3 7 Ecirc 8139 13u lt Egrave $5 5 5 n W Z Uoacute v Aring E amp amp0 + F auml] LIuml B 13 13

o ugrave v Ecirc atildeEgrave V 3 Anot M ) O Eacute sup1 13 u L oj $5 V 3 A $ 13aumlLIuml K O

Aring13u 13 degr 5 5 o 0 j not )

Qg m A $13u M M amp L L H qQ IcircG 13uT Ecirc Q f 3 7 v ]b 13u IcircG ) 13

Y lt timesEgrave m $ p O + 13u ugrave m m u lt AElig A sup1 G 13u 13 13 `f nj O

o sect Ègrave lt Aring n ld UNtilde$ Ecirc 13xy 13y 1 13 13 j amp13 amp + 13u eth n T $ AElig E lt 0 0 13

W 9 Ecirc 3 T 6 m $ 3 not 13sup2 u 13 13u Z QIgrave o m 9 13 G sup2j F u 13 not

- gt 7 yen$ f Ecirc n Z Igrave v Aring n WT amp 1313u ]13ld lt$ $ D E lt 5 j 13 H G 13 13 O

ld v 5 r m E E atildeEgrave Ecirc A $j 13 ) K13 G 13u 13 FG u lt E m 9 + 13u _ not sup2

W ldquo amp Y rdquo )Agraveamp amp 0 ( m Ecirc AElig o AElig Ecirc F FG 13u ) raquo ~ ] O +

T Elt + ) z UacuteW v 5 atildeEgrave gt o Ecirc 7 13 j not ) u 8139 FG(

o eth Yltj not ) 13u 13n W v - sect QIgrave 0ordf ك 13 G iexcl $ 7 agrave E d Qg AElig 8139 brvbar H O 13 J amp

0 ugrave m T sup1 uG 13 7 8139 YE uml T 0 divide] d 3 2 amp 0 F F(G G z

lt N o d lt f Ecirc E u n T o amp U V $ iexcl $ v j x0 + O 13u 13 y 0+ 1 d amp 0

lt n g6 ugrave v o v0 LIuml F sup1 amp uG 13 sup1]0 d `D eth òacute 13u 0 G j JT Ylt 13

` $ l 6 Aring v `D d V G 0 13 F aumlG 13u G 0 LIumlW Ecirc 40 13u


o d lt Ugrave$ Ecirc E u n ltr j lt l shy brvbarj 0 + + 13u 13 0 t u0 Eacuteamp9 13 0 1 W Ecirc ` $ Z Ecirc 13u ) G +

g vamp amp FGlt 13 W ltd r EgraveN 113 13y Egrave ethd Aacute 2 1 j 13 0 FG z 0 O amp

sect lt Ugrave$ timesEgrave m13y 13 T o F llt sect Ègrave lt lt gt Ecirc 0 13y F] 1 13 13 Ucirc13 13i r13 13 tyacute ldquo 139 rdquo

T o sect timesEgrave m Ègrave Q lt gt 7 F 13y 1 amp 13 13 8139 Ecirc brvbar 13Uuml Ucirc13 13ildquodlt0 0 rdquo $ 1

W V deg uacute o Ecirc Z v T Ugrave$ O 134 13u 13 n W Z Q$ 13 0 amp u f Ecirc13 13u

9 v Ylt [ m D $ W E lt 7 yen$ Ecirc 3 ld ltdeg Ecirc E Uumlnot 13 13sup2 13 u 13 13 H N ] 0 T amp j u u 13

T a G ldquoiexcl +1 rdquo fldquoiexcl +rdquo ldquoE rdquo fldquof rdquoT l $ - gt Igrave curren a RD V Z G H

ldquoiexcl + rdquo ldquof rdquo o lt Igrave szlig FG 0 curren e V sect E RD ethd Auml l13 IG 0ordf ك H j 13 j

uacute F O Aldquoiexcl +1 rdquo ldquoE rdquo V Z E l o lt g j szlig N 0 amp amp

W n uacute e 13 F O 13 IG 3 7 AElig n W r v Z n W V Z e E o 0) 13 IG ]b

m u f 13 13u m F 0i 0 13u $ m d n Z Igrave v G 13u 0 aumlLIuml ]13

o d Ecirc j 0 40 13u deg $5 `$ AElig = n N 13 FG 13 5 o Ecirc 2 n UEgrave A $ j not O) 13 u K O 13

` atildeEgrave 5amp 0 lt lt $5 g Ecirc + FG 0 amp amp + ) ntilde 13 qG g amp] 139 j lt 0 13

E J [ g $5 F FG Gamp amp amp n V Z cent E ograve B G divide]ldquof iexcl + rdquo o THORNszlig

dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp


l gtj 13 ldquoE iexcl +1 rdquo E RD $ ld r Icirc O H p G j 13 szlig v Aring ntilde ograveoacute UNtilde$ ntilde 13 _u 13 amp13 13 amp + 13

Ecirc brvbar13 O ntilde E RD ) aelig HIcirc z ld j 13 Ecirc Z n W Z `f nlt13u FG j N Igrave G F] 3

timesEgrave m Ecirc llt Z o Qo gt n ld r ntildeD 7 E lt n lt Qoslash 13 13 u 0 u Ucirc 1313Uuml j j0 amp Acirc i 8139 13 13 1

p O) $ l F (G g 2 gt Ugraveamp amp )j 13u lt 0T gt e Tamp brvbar FG Yacute amp 0 9

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z lt yen$ Qg o e yen$ n W Z QIgrave v R+ m agrave 13 amp j not ) 13 ) aelig 13 G ccedil

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lt gt 6 7 m lpound eacute - a 13 1 1 8139 13 O 13 FG z Atilde V Z 2 | V Z 13 j j 13 N~ FG

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`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0

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7 Z 7 n W o ) ) 0 1 G 13 13 8 3 0 egrave egrave]0 13 + QIgraveLIuml G auml W V Z v agrave brvbar

V Z 7 v Ccedil lt 8139 + 13 Ecirc brvbar13 On W CD Qg 6 Qg lt Qg H O amp amp amp 13

cd 6 f $ Qg IJ 13 amp n W timesshy Aacute Ecirc QIgrave FG 0 1 notp _ 0 13 G


1 ntilde ograveoacute QIgrave 13 _ 13 13 G ) n W A $ 3Atilde [ plusmn E lt Qgamp 0 xy amp 13 sup2 sup3 acute 13 amp

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ltaacute 13 acirc

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$amp amp $ amp() + amp 1 Post office Box No 07 Khairpur Mirrsquos

2 Kashali house Model Town Near Marvi Kanta Sindhri Road Mirpurkhas

E-mail youniskashaligmailcom


13

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d ograve $ m f l ntilde 0Uacute 0 Iuml0 1 j

Looking forward

Proposal for ldquoMarwari writing systemrdquo by Kashali of 61

MARWARI WRITING-SYSTEM PROPOSAL

Copyright Note copy 2006 ndash 2008 Dr Younis kashali

All rights reserved

Presented By Dr Younis Kashali

Presented to 1 MLTC ldquoMarwari Literacy amp Translation Committeerdquo 2 MCDO ldquoMarwari Community Development Organizationrdquo 3 KSLP ldquoKinship Systematic Lead Panelrdquo 4 mlrc-Pak ldquoMarwari Languageamp Resource Center ndash Pakistanrdquo 5 MCF ldquoMarwari Christian Fellowshiprdquo 6 SLDP 7 IAL 8 KOQ 9 lsquoand torsquo Marwari Leaders

Special Thanks Mr Simon Ager

The Online Encyclopedia of Writing systems amp Languages httpwwwomniglotcom

Re-Published on this 2012 AD


sg6Ouml Iuml







$ r = m 6 v - l | CD N 0 Otu0 G 0 j 1 13 ~ F H


$ $ E m l m lt 13 6 7 81397 2 W `d ) O 13 W 2 f lt 13 13 (









ZA x y

$ amp() + amp


o $ltj















ltaacute 13 acirc

$ amp() + amp







Qgamp






$ gt $ gt $ gt $ gt OOOO 1313 1313















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16 amp 0 Accents



8 Igrave Lnot 134Q

9 amp GQ

10 r amp Q

11 5

12 r 13Q

13 `Q 13 R

14 SfT

15 yen$amp amp

16 amp







Punjab region


INDIA











16 amp 0




31 $ ograve O T amp






















2 y QgLjM amp









Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


sg6Ouml Iuml







$ r = m 6 v - l | CD N 0 Otu0 G 0 j 1 13 ~ F H


$ $ E m l m lt 13 6 7 81397 2 W `d ) O 13 W 2 f lt 13 13 (









ZA x y

$ amp() + amp


o $ltj















ltaacute 13 acirc

$ amp() + amp







Qgamp






$ gt $ gt $ gt $ gt OOOO 1313 1313















W
























16 amp 0 Accents



8 Igrave Lnot 134Q

9 amp GQ

10 r amp Q

11 5

12 r 13Q

13 `Q 13 R

14 SfT

15 yen$amp amp

16 amp







Punjab region


INDIA











16 amp 0




31 $ ograve O T amp






















2 y QgLjM amp









Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


o $ltj















ltaacute 13 acirc

$ amp() + amp







Qgamp






$ gt $ gt $ gt $ gt OOOO 1313 1313















W
























16 amp 0 Accents



8 Igrave Lnot 134Q

9 amp GQ

10 r amp Q

11 5

12 r 13Q

13 `Q 13 R

14 SfT

15 yen$amp amp

16 amp







Punjab region


INDIA











16 amp 0




31 $ ograve O T amp






















2 y QgLjM amp









Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward







Qgamp






$ gt $ gt $ gt $ gt OOOO 1313 1313















W
























16 amp 0 Accents



8 Igrave Lnot 134Q

9 amp GQ

10 r amp Q

11 5

12 r 13Q

13 `Q 13 R

14 SfT

15 yen$amp amp

16 amp







Punjab region


INDIA











16 amp 0




31 $ ograve O T amp






















2 y QgLjM amp









Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


$ gt $ gt $ gt $ gt OOOO 1313 1313















W
























16 amp 0 Accents



8 Igrave Lnot 134Q

9 amp GQ

10 r amp Q

11 5

12 r 13Q

13 `Q 13 R

14 SfT

15 yen$amp amp

16 amp







Punjab region


INDIA











16 amp 0




31 $ ograve O T amp






















2 y QgLjM amp









Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward




















16 amp 0 Accents



8 Igrave Lnot 134Q

9 amp GQ

10 r amp Q

11 5

12 r 13Q

13 `Q 13 R

14 SfT

15 yen$amp amp

16 amp







Punjab region


INDIA











16 amp 0




31 $ ograve O T amp






















2 y QgLjM amp









Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward



8 Igrave Lnot 134Q

9 amp GQ

10 r amp Q

11 5

12 r 13Q

13 `Q 13 R

14 SfT

15 yen$amp amp

16 amp







Punjab region


INDIA











16 amp 0




31 $ ograve O T amp






















2 y QgLjM amp









Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward











16 amp 0




31 $ ograve O T amp






















2 y QgLjM amp









Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward
















2 y QgLjM amp









Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward





Vowel Charts



Rounded





Rounded







Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward




Regular [αo] VV

Regular [αʤ] VC



Regular [αuʈ] VVC



Regular [kʰα] CV












N amp









































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward








































$5 o gt lt13 j not ) 13

E lshy agrave j H O


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


Writing systems




Writing systems





Arabic alphabet



Baybayin syllabary

Ilocano Tagalog


Bengali Assamese




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward




Chinese script


Cyrillic alphabet


Devanagari alphabet





Georgian Laz Svan

Hebrew alphabet



Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


Latin alphabet


Tifinagh alphabet

Kabyle Tamazight










































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward




































Latin alphabet














Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward






Uppercase


Lowercase



Accented letters





Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


Some extra letters









) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward






) ) F] Introduction





Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


Consonants

Variant letters





Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward




Numerals


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


3 Arabic alphabet


Origin







Notable Features









Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward



Arabic consonants











cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward








cd Bdeg j +










Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward



Numerals








Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward






Urdu numerals



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward



Z sup2 13





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hindi Latin Arabic

Hindi

Latin

Arabic



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sindhi Urdu

Sindhi

Urdu












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward












V














ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward





ब त ट प ज


द ड र ड़ ज़


स श क ग ल


म न व ह च


फ़ य j یے f ف


ब ख़ ळ ण ड



भ थ ठ फ झ


ध ढ ऱ ढ़ ज़


amp ख घ )



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward



ऩ ख़ ड़ छ


ऴ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ





ای i اے e ɪ












cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward



cd







z FG brvbar)0lj



















F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward








F-f Y-y

j یے f ف












ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward



ɭʰ ɳʰ ٻھ ɓʰ











World level 0



ntilde aeligIcircz








F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward






F]



















ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward




ج پ ٽ ت ب


ز ڙ ر ڊ د


ل گ ڪ ش س


چ ھ و ن م


ي ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ڻ ݪ ښ ٻ



جھ ڦ ٺ ٿ ڀ







ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward



ڇ ڏھ


ٻھ ڻھ

ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ


ي ی

ای i اے e ɪ






U6B



lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


lt + p q O










ج پ ٹ ت ب


ز ڑ ر ڈ د


ل گ ك ش س


چ ھ ہ و ن م



ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


ی ف

j یے f ف


ڏ ݨ ݪ ښ ٻ



- 0 1




2 3 4 5 6


13 ڏھ


ɭʰ ɳʰ ɓʰ


و و ا آ



ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


ے ی ی

ای i اے e ɪ


ntilde aeligIcirc z






U6B








4 cd 6 f $ lt Qg 13 13 amp




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward




lt + p q O

















13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward



13

Proposal









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward









8 m ` E FG 0 13 G

G










( ی ے








W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward







W ltd 2 vN 13 )


ڏ ٻ 1









Egrave 1 FGW







ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward





ݪ 3
















ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward


ش س






r V e T v j 0 H ]13 z G


ethg6 j

a ںں 1آ

b آ2ں 12ں

c آ3ں 13ں










3 FG 13 V ld o 13 13y T

W V 3 7 2 gt 8139 G

ښ











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward











Egrave 1


































































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

0 amp















`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

o g Uj sup1not ) G





13



















Looking forward
























































dlt0 0

r 0 tegrave 8139

0

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`d Q$ 7 lamp 13 F] 13 8139 0











Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

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13



















Looking forward







Fxy 0



ltaacute 13 acirc

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Looking forward


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Looking forward

marwari writing system proposal

Education