martin j. savage quantum information science and nuclear ... · qis/qc initial planning in us...
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Quantum Information Science and Nuclear Physics
IUPAP WG.9 Nuclear Science Symposium at University of Notre
Martin J. Savage NSAC QIS and QC Subcommittee
London, England, August 2, 2019 (45 minutes)
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Nuclear Physics in the QIS/QC Landscape
NP is defined by the exploration and application of strongly-interacting quantum many-body systems and quantum field theories.
NP can benefit from and contribute to cutting-edge developments in Quantum Information Science and Quantum Computing in multiple ways.
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Quantum Information Science and Quantum Computing
The Impact of Quantum Mechanics
QE1 - Quantization, eigenvalues/states, uncertainty principle
QE2 - Entanglement and non-locality
Paradigm shifts (today or anticipated)- Sensing- Communication- Computation and simulation
Advances- Information- Detection and Sensing- Control of entanglement
- over macroscopic distances and times - quantum devices, quantum computing
U.of New South Wales
https://phys.org/news/2017-09-flip-flop-qubits-radical-quantum.html
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Quantum Computing and Simulation
Dave Wecker (Microsoft)
Quantum Chemistry
on ~200 ideal qubits
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Feynman’s Vision
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Quantum Sensing
QE1 - Sensors
A device that measures a quantum property such as one op4cal photon in an entangled pair
Sensors whose performance explicitly depends on quantum phenomena
QE2 - Sensors
Sensor or measurements that makes use of superposi4on, entanglement, or squeezing
Credit: Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo
Joel Ullom, 2019, presentation in Seattle
Ligo
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International Quantum Push
FNAL to ANL
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QIS/QC Initial Planning in US Nuclear Physics
Quantum Computing for Nuclear PhysicsNovember 14-15, 2017 Intersections Between NP and QIS
Argonne National LaboratoryMarch 28-30, 2018
Near-term Applications of Quantum Computing, December 6-7, 2017
INT Report 18-008
Stony BrookSeptember 10-12, 2018
Computational Complexity and HEPJuly-31 — August 2, 2017
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NP,QIS,QC US NSAC Subcommittee
Douglas Beck (UIUC) Amber Boehnlein (JLab) Joseph Carlson (LANL) David Dean (ORNL) Matthew Dietrich (ANL) William Fairbanks Jr (CSU) Joseph Formaggio (MIT) Markus Greiner (Harvard)
David Hertzog (UW) Christine Muschik (Waterloo) Jeffrey Nico (NIST) Alan Poon (LBNL) John Preskill (Caltech) Sofia Quaglioni (LLNL) Krishna Rajagopal (MIT) Martin Savage (INT)
Photo by Michelle Shinn
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National Laboratories Universities
Government Agencies
TechnologySector
Investors
At ``Scale’’
ManufacturingSector
Potentially a 1/2 Trillion dollar ``Quantum’’ economy - think Silicon
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“First Qubits” for Scientific Applications
NISQ-era quantum devices for applicationsHemmerling, Cornel, https://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=64150
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The Basic Elements of Quantum Computing
Qubits Unitary Operationsand Measurements
Entanglementand Superposition
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e.g., for a 3-bit computer (23 states) Classical computer in 1 of 8 possible states
Quantum computer can be in a combination of all states at once
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At the Heart of Quantum Computing Parallel Processing, Nonlocality and Entanglement
Once system mapped onto qubits, unitary operations used to compute and process information
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Science, December 2016, based on David Dean slide
Quantum Computing: Qubits
Collaborations involving Universities, National Laboratories, Technology Companies, and other government agencies
Science, 2016
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Hardware Advancese.g.,
U.of New South Wales
e.g., Trapped Ions,Superconducting,Implanted nuclei
Innesbruck - 20 entangled qubits
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Nuclear Many-Body, Quantum Field Theories and Fundamental Symmetries• medium and large nuclei, dense matter• entangled ground states• (in)definite particle number• gauge symmetries and constraints
Classical Computing • Euclidean space• high-lying states difficult• Signal-to-noise• Severe limitations for real-time or inelastic
collisions or fragmentation
Quantum Computing • Real-time evolution• S-matrix• No sign problem(s) (naively)• Integrals over phases
Real-Time Dynamics• Parton showers• Fragmentation• Neutrino Interactions with nuclei• Neutrinos in matter• Early Universe, Phase Transition - creating Baryons• Non-equilibrium • Nuclear reactions
Quantum Computing for Nuclear PhysicsTarget Systems and Attributes
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t = 0: A First Quantum Computation in Quantum Field Theory: 1+1-Dim QED
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Based upon a string of 40Ca+ trapped-ion quantum system
Simulates 2-spatial-site Schwinger Model with 4 qubits Real-time evolution of the quantum fields, implementing > 200 gates per Trotter step
2016
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``Time = 0`` for Quantum Computingin Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Physics
http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03897
Cloud Quantum Computing of an Atomic Nucleus E.F. Dumitrescu, A.J. McCaskey, G. Hagen, G.R. Jansen, T.D. Morris, T. Papenbrock, R.C. Pooser, D.J. Dean, P. Lougovski. . Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 120 (2018) no.21, 210501
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A Toy Model forInelastic Neutrino Nucleus Interactions
2D Hubbard Model
\
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Quantum is Creating New Ways of Thinking, e.g. QFTs
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(Lattice) Field Theory for QIS and QC ?
Toric Code is Z2 lattice gauge field theory
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Heavy Ions to Chiral Qubits ! ?
Dima Kharzeev, Santa Fe, Jan 2019 Stony Brook and Brookhaven National Lab
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NP Driven Quantum Devicee.g., LLNL
Single classical control line with frequency multiplexed signal drives all qudits.
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NP Applications on Developmental Quantum Devicese.g., ORNL
Created by
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Simulation in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) Era > 5-10 Years
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John Preskill - Jan 2018• No or little error correction in hardware or software
[requires > x10 qubits]
• Expect to have a few hundred qubits with modest gate depth (decoherence of devices)
• Imperfect quantum gates/operations
• NISQ-era ~ several years • not going to be a near term magic bullet• will not replace classical computing
• Searching to find Quantum Advantage(s) for one or more systems
• Understanding the application of ``Quantum’’ to Scientific Applications, and identifying attributes of future quantum devices.
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Expectations ?
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• QC computations to compare directly with experiment • generally estimated > 10 years
• Put in context of Lattice QCD• started in 1970s, now at physical point for simple systems.
• Going Forward• algorithm design• co-developing quantum devices taylored to NP challenges• to complement DOE ASCR, technology companies, other
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Selection of Sensors
• Transition Edge Sensors (TES)•micro-calorimetry
•γ-ray, x-ray •ν-mass measurements - implantation
• Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPD)• avalanche breakdown of superconductor
• 10 ps - good for timing • ~90% quantum efficiency
• Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs)• photons break Cooper pairs, GHz frequencies
•remains superconducting
germanium)
microcalorimeter)
Ullom
Nico
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Selection of Sensors
•Josephson Parametric Amplifiers (JPA) , (TWJPA)•quantum noise limit via nonlinearity in J
• squeezed microwave and RF • squeeze the vacuum • project-8, ADMX
•NV centers in Diamond• optically addressed, robust, inert, compact/
small • defect has spin • magnetometers, electrometer, thermometers • NV centers have been entangled
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Nuclear Isotopes
Low backgrounds are crucial for sensing and computing
e.g. 28Si is J=0, while 29Si is J=1/2
e.g., 31P implanted in 28Si for 2-dim array of qubits for a logical qubit
U.of New South Wales
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Quasi-Particles in Superconducting Qubits
Non-thermal distribution of quasi-particles
~1/cm2/min ~1 GeV cosmic μ’s creates ~10 QP/day/μm3
persistence level of ~0.01 QP/μm3
Experiments underway, PNNL+MIT, to produce 64Cu to implant in qubits to quantify radioactivity mechanism
NP has extensive experience in large-scale low-background experimental efforts
Brent VanDevender, Joe Formaggio; Alan Poon
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⊗
|1> |1>|11>
|00>
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Quantum Sensing, Metrology and LithographyNonlocality and Entanglement
e.g., consider a new type of coupling H ~ β σz
|0> |0>
[ Slide content from talk by Alexey Gorshkov at ANL, Intersections Between Nuclear Physics and Quantum Information, March 2018 ]
20th Century Detection ``independent qudits’’
Uncertainty in measurement scales as
Δβ ~ 1/(t √N)
21st Century Detectionentangled ``qudits’’
Uncertainty in measurement scales as
Δβ ~ 1/(t N)
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NP Neutron EDM Experiments
• Magnetically quietest place on earth!
• Coherent atomic states are used to enhance the magnetic field measurement, employs a ``dark state’’
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Examples ofPotential Contributions from QIS and QC to NP
Insights into NP processes from quantum simulations of simpli6ied models with similar challenges
Equation of state of dense matter and neutron stars The phase diagram of QCD without the ``sign problem’’
Electroweak processes in nucleons and nuclei Dynamics of low-‐energy nuclear reactions and 6ission Neutrino dynamics in astrophysical environments
Quantum Era-‐1 Sensors
Quantum Era-‐2 Sensors
https://physics.aps.org/articles/v10/41https://physicsworld.com/a/diamond-defects-and-quantum-logic-give-nmr-a-boost/
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Examples ofPotential Contributions from NP to QIS and QC
Isotope enrichment and rare isotope development
Development of high complexity readout systems in highly sensitive and complex environments
Expertise in quantum 6ield theories, lattice gauge theories and quantum many-‐body systems, and their numerical simulation.
Information scrambling and de-‐localization.
Designing and developing new high-‐Q cavities for RF systems
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Examples ofPotential Contributions from NP to QIS and QC
Understanding the impact of radioactive backgrounds on quantum devices
NP techniques in quantum Monte Carlo calculations
Organizational infrastructure to collaborate across large networks and multiple institutions
Development of new atomic clocks using radioactive isotopes, e.g., 229Th
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Ahead?
• Quantum Ecosystem(s) for NP• Simulation/Computing and Sensors are central to NP mission• close collaboration within NP• close collaboration with other domains, QIS, QC, BES, HEP, …• close collab. among universities, national labs, tech. companies, government agencies, private industry• Important elements
• Co-development of algorithms, devices, sensors, • HPC
• Workforce development• Essential
• Exploratory pursuits are essential • Single PIs, small-scale, medium-scale, …• Competition is good
• Community engagement
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Summary
Nuclear Physics Grand Challenges require capabilities that may be co-developed with QIS and QC and other domains.
Addressing NP’s Grand Challenges will create expertise, techniques and technology to advance QIS and QC
Close collaboration among technology companies, national laboratories, universities, private sector, and other government agencies, and other science domains is required
A sustainable quantum-smart NP worksforce is needed
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Fin