Proposal for Research Study

CLASSIFICATION OF MARL SOILS

by

Antonio Bobet Associate Professor of Civil Engineering

Purdue University

and

Daehyeon Kim Geotechnical Research Engineer

Office of Research and Development Indiana Department of Transportation

and

Nayyar Zia Siddiki Supervisor, Geotechnical Operations Office of Geotechnical Engineering

Indiana Department of Transportation

Joint Transportation Research Program Project No.: C-36-36XX

File No.: 6-14-49 SPR-3227

Proposed as a SPR Part II Study in Cooperation with the

Indiana Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration

Department of Transportation

Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana

November 2007

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1. Introduction: Background and Problem Statement

Large deposits of organic soils are encountered across the State of Indiana (Hwang et al.,

2004), with depth of the organics in the tens of feet. Foundations, embankments,

excavations, and other ground works on these deposits become very difficult and often

require costly treatments (Hwang et al., 2003; Santagata et al., 2007). The presence of

deep organic deposits increases the risk of foundation failure or inadmissible settlements.

Also small quantities of organics may affect the engineering properties of subgrade soils

in pavements, rendering them inadmissible for construction.

Figure 1 shows a conceptual cross section of organic soil deposits. Typically a thick layer

of organic soils are encountered first. This is followed by a layer of marl soils and then a

clay deposit. The water table is often found at the surface. Both the organic and marl soils

are characterized by significant amounts of organic.

Figure 1. Cross Section of Typical Organic Soil Deposit

Marl is the classification used for those soils that appear below moderately to high

organic soils and peats. The term marl, also “bog lime”, is loosely used for a variety of

soils, which are generally clay mixed with carbonate or lime. The origin of marly soils

strongly depends on the depth of the water table below the surface and the vegetable

species from which the organic matter of the soils originates. The calcite that may be

present in these soils is produced by precipitation from water saturated with calcium

bicarbonate. Plant roots release organic acids which react with bedrock (limestone,

commonly found in Indiana) and dissolve it increasing the concentration of calcium in

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the water. Organic carbon content in natural marl soils ranges from 5%-30%. Generally

marl soils form a layer 2 to 72 inches (5-183 cm) thick above the limestone bedrock or

the underlying soil.

The poor engineering properties of organic soils are due to their chemical composition

and interaction with the soil particles. Because of the various chemical components, non-

living organic matter is usually divided into humic and non-humic substances (Hayes and

Swift, 1978). Non-humic substances refer to all recognizable plant or animal debris plus

all of the identifiable classes of organic compounds in their original or transformed

stages. The organic compounds are amino acids (including polypeptides), carbohydrates

(including monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide), and lipids (including

fats, waxes, resins, and so on) according to Schnitzer and Kahn, 1972. Humic substances

refer to “a general category of naturally occurring, biogenetic, heterogeneous organic

substances that can generally be characterized as being yellow to black in color, of high

molecular weight, and refractory” (Sparks, 2003). These materials cannot be identified as

belonging to an established group of organic compounds. They are further classified as

fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin. Non-humic substances are easily attacked by soil

micro-organisms and exist in the soil for a relatively short period of time (Schnitzer and

Kahn, 1972, Sparks, 2003). Therefore, the term, soil organic matter, is usually used as a

synonym of humus. In a strict sense, soil organic matter refers to compounds that

accompany soil particles smaller than 2-mm (SSSA, 1996).

Fulvic acid is the colored soil organic matter that is soluble in both alkali and dilute acid.

Humic acid is the dark-colored organic matter which is only soluble in alkali. Humin is

the soil organic matter fraction that is insoluble in alkali and remains after extraction of

the humic and fulvic acids with dilute alkali. The distribution of these three fractions of

soil organic matter varies with soil types and depth; however, the elemental compositions

are very similar. They generally include Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N),

Oxygen (O), and Sulfur (S). Humic acids have a typical elemental composition of 54-

59% C, 3-6% H, 1-6% N, 33-38% O, and 0.1-1.5% S. Fulvic acids are composed of 41-

51% C, 4-7% H, 1-3% N, 40-50% O, and 0.1-3.5% S. For humin, the range is very close

to that of humic acid (Schnitzer and Kahn, 1972).

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Associated with increasing organic content is an increase in natural water content, Liquid

Limit, permeability, compressibility, and a decrease of strength of the soil (Edil and den

Haan, 1994; Edil and Wang, 2000). Because marl soils have a significant organic content,

they are classified as “problem soils”.

Recent work at Purdue University provided a classification for soils with low to moderate

organic content (Huang et al., 2006). The proposed classification consists of two parts,

classification system and screening approach. The classification system divides soils into

four groups: (1) mineral soil (O.C. < 3%) where O.C. is the organic content; (2) mineral

soil with organic matter (15% > O.C. > 3%); (3) organic soil (30% > O.C. > 15%); and

(4) highly organic soil (peat) (O.C. > 30%). Two screening systems were developed, one

for design where the classification is made based on laboratory testing, and the other for

field identification where the classification is done based on simple tests. Figure 2

provides a summary of the recommended field classification for soils with low organic

content.

Figure 2. Field Classification for Soils with Low Organic Content (Huang et al., 2006)

The classification is based on a combination of tests. First the colorimetric test is used on

the soil following AASHTO T 21-05 or ASTM C 40-04, where the soil is mixed with a

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reactive. If the mixture has a color index smaller than plate No. 3, as defined in the

standard, the soil is classified as non-organic and it is acceptable for use in construction.

If the color index is larger than three, depending on the percentage of fines and liquid

limit ratio (ASTM D4318) the soil is accepted or rejected.

Such classification applies to sandy, clayey, and silty soils, but not to marly soils due to

their content on calcium carbonate and/or lime. The goal of the project is to develop a

classification for marl soils similar to that developed for soils with low to moderate

organic content. The following sections provide details regarding the scope of the

research, work plan, anticipated implementation and benefits of the study, and

organization and budget.

2. Objectives of the Study

The goal of the project is to provide a classification for marl soils similar to that for

organic soils (Huang et al., 2006).

The objectives of the research are:

(1) Provide a classification that expands and is compatible with the classification that

exists for soils with low organic content. The goal is that the final product can be

used seamlessly for any type of organic soil regardless of its calcite or lime content.

(2) Develop clear and simple definitions for marl soils. In the literature the definition of

marl has different meanings, from a rock that is made of calcite and clay minerals, to

a fresh water sedimentary deposit of calcium carbonate (Michigan DOT), to a soft

low-organic soil with calcium carbonate in Indiana.

(3) Prepare recommendations for performing characterization tests on marl soils. Similar

to what was done for organic soils, the objective is to develop recommendations

based on simple laboratory tests that can be used to classify the soils during design

and simple field tests to identify and characterize the soils by the field personnel.

Such classification has proven useful for organic soils and is of interest for marl soils.

These objectives will be pursued through:

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(1) A state of the art review of the methods and procedures used both in the US and

abroad to characterize and classify marl soils;

(2) In depth characterization study in the laboratory of a number (6-10) of marly soils

sampled throughout the state of Indiana;

(3) Analysis of the results and development of the classification system.

3. Work Plan

The following tasks will be completed in this project:

Task 1: Literature Review

Prior to initiating the experimental work, which represents the core of the proposed

research, a comprehensive literature review will be performed. The objectives of this

phase are to:

- assemble information on classification systems and criteria used for marl soils both in

the US and abroad (with emphasis on countries such as Canada, Russia, Scandinavia,

Ireland and the Netherlands, where organic soils are commonly encountered);

- compile a database with the index properties of a variety of marl and marly soils

available in the literature;

- examine the soil science and agronomy literature for alternative procedures for

characterizing basic properties of marl soils and criteria for their classification.

Task 2: Development, distribution and analysis of survey

As a complement to the literature review, this research project will involve the

development, in close collaboration with the SAC, of a short survey to be distributed

amongst practitioners and selected US Departments of Transportation to get information

on classification criteria, characterization methods, and threshold values used to assess

suitability of a marly soil.

Task 3: Sampling

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Samples of 6-10 marl soils will be obtained throughout the State of Indiana. These

samples will be chosen to reflect different geography, composition, and nature of the

marl deposits. The number of samples is a preliminary estimate and it is based on the

previous experience gained with the work on the classification of organic soils. The

number may be adjusted as the research progresses.

Three sources of soils are envisioned: natural soil from local geotechnical companies,

from INDOT, and artificial soils prepared in the laboratory. In previous projects

geotechnical engineering companies in Indiana have been an excellent source of soil

samples. Selected companies will be contacted to obtain soil material from their past

projects as well as information pertinent to the sites from where the soils were retrieved.

The second source is INDOT, as on-going soil exploration and construction projects are

potential sources of soil. While there are fundamental differences between natural soils

and artificially-prepared soils, the latter has been successfully used in the past to

characterized unusual soils. The artificial soils are created by an intimate mixture of the

soil constituents; in this case mineral substrate, organic soil and calcium carbonate and/or

lime, with proportions typically found in the field. The preparation procedures in the

laboratory cannot reproduce well nature processes, which through geologic times

accomplish and intimate contact between different chemical compounds at the grain

level. Nevertheless for classification purposes the range of soils obtained from the field

can be expanded using laboratory techniques (Huang et al., 2006; Santagata et al., 2007).

Given the nature of the tests (see section below), undisturbed samples will not be

required. However care will be taken to obtain samples sufficiently far from the surface

so that the results are not affected by surface conditions (e.g. the chemistry of the surface,

run off water, the presence of deicing salts, etc.).

Task 4: Testing and Analysis of Results

Testing of the marl soils gathered through the sampling program will first involve

traditional soil classification tests including particle size distribution, Atterberg limits,

pH, specific gravity, etc., following AASHTO and ASTM standards. It is also of interest

to gain understanding on the micro-structure of marly soils, in particular on the

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interaction between mineral substrate, organic and calcium carbonate/lime. For this

purpose Scanning Electron Microscope analyses will be conducted on the natural soils.

A specific emphasis of this phase of the experimental work will be the measurement of

the organic and calcite and lime contents of the soils using both loss on ignition methods

as well as alternative approaches such as thermo-gravimetry (TGA) and XRD analysis.

This work will be aimed at assessing under what conditions the LOI provides an

inaccurate assessment of the organics and calcite/lime contents, and possibly identify an

alternative method, or modify available procedures. For example, when the LOI index is

not a good soil descriptor, we expect that a combination of LOI, Atterberg limits and

limited soil chemistry may be used to accurately describe the soil.

The results collected will be analyzed to develop guidelines for classifying marl soils and

recommendations will be made for the methods and the procedures to be used.

Task 5: Report preparation

A final report with the data collected, the analysis of the results and recommendations for

implementation of the findings will be prepared during the last stage of the project.

Throughout the project, in addition to regular meetings with the SAC, timely reports will

be prepared and sent to the SAC to keep all participants informed on the project progress.

4. Anticipated Implementation and Benefits of the Study

The research will complement the recently completed project “classification of organic

soils” (Huang et al., 2006), where a practical classification system was developed for

soils with low organic content. A similar classification system is needed for marl soils,

often encountered with organic soils, which will be provided at the end of the research.

The benefits of the project consist of a unified classification system for the organic soils

encountered in the State of Indiana. With the existing classification, soils with low

organic content, less than 2%-3%, and with low calcium or lime content would most

likely not pass the requirement from INDOT of loss on ignition, and thus could not be

used for some geotechnical applications. Similar to what was found for soils with low

organic content, the loss on ignition may be caused by the clay and the lime or calcite

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fractions of the soil and so the loss on ignition may not be entirely due to the organics. In

this case the soils could be used for geotechnical applications, which would result in

construction savings. Nayyar Zia will be responsible for implementation of the research

results.

Overall, this proposal addresses a topic that is of interest at the national and international

levels. The impact of the research is therefore expected to be significant also outside the

State of Indiana.

5. Reporting Plan

The project is scheduled to start January 1, 2008 and has a duration of 20 months, with a

completion date of August 31, 2009. Interim reports will be prepared following JTRP

guidelines. The draft final report will be completed April 30, 2009.

6. Work Time Schedule

The project schedule is as follows:

Task 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Task 1

Task 2

Task 3

Task 4

Task 5

Report review

The total duration of the project is 20 months, including four months for report

review.

7. Cost Estimate

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The total budget for this project is $75,431, which includes a half-time graduate

student, as well as Prof. Bobet spending four weeks in summer and 10% of his academic

year time, for the life of the project.

By Task:

TASK PERSON-

MONTHS

COST

1. Literature Review 4 $ 10,106

2. Survey 4 $ 10,205

3. Sampling 6 $ 15,020

4. Testing and Analysis 8 $ 34,100

5. Report preparation 4 $ 6,000

TOTAL $ 75,431

By Item:

ITEM TOTAL

1. Salaries $ 66,931

2. Travel $ 1,500

3. Supplies and Services $ 6,000

4. Reports & Duplication $ 1,000

TOTAL $ 75,431

7. Research Team

Professor Bobet, Dr. Kim, and Mr. Siddiki will be the principal investigators of this

project. The resumes of the PIs are attached at the end of the proposal. One graduate

student will assist with information collection, testing, analysis, and preparation of the

final report.

SAC Members

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Dr. Kulanand Jha (INDOT Materials and Tests) (317) 232-5280 ext. 222, Fax: (317) 356-9351, e-mail: kjha@indot.state.in.us Dr. Daehyeon Kim (INDOT Office of Research and Development), Tel: 765-463-1521 ext. 244, Fax: 765-497-1665 DKIM@indot.IN.gov Nayyar Zia Siddiki (INDOT Office of Geotechnical Engineering) (317) 610-7251 ext. 228, Fax: (317) 356-9351, email: NSiddiki@INDOT.in.gov References Edil, T.B. and den Haan, E.J. (1994). ”Settlement of peats and organic soils.” GSP

No.40, ASCE, 1543-1572.

Edil, T.B., Wang, X. (2000), “Shear strength and K0 of peats and organic soils.“

Geotechnics of high water content materials: ASTM STP. 1374, Ed. Edil and Fox,

209-225.

Hayes, M.H.B., and R.S. Swift (1978). The Chemistry of Soil Organic Colloid. In D.J.

Greenland and M.H.B. Hayes (Ed.), the Chemistry of Soil Constitutes, Wiley-

Interscience, New York.

Huang, P.T., Santagata, M.C., and Bobet, A. (2006). Classification or Organic Soils.

Report FHWA/IN/JTRP-2006/35 for the Joint Transportation Research Program.

Hwang, J., Bobet, A. and Santagata, M. (2003). Laboratory Evaluation of the

Compressibility of a Highly Organic Soil. Great Lakes Geotechnical and

Geoenvironmental Conference: Advances in Characterizing and Engineering

Problem Soils. Paper # 6.

Hwang, J., Humphrey, A., Bobet, A. and Santagata, M. (2004). Stabilization and

Improvement of Organic Soils. Report FHWA/IN/JTRP-2004/38 for the Joint

Transportation Research Program.

MDOT. Uniform Field Soil Classification System (Modified Unified Description.

Michigan Department of Transportation.

Santagata, M.C., Bobet, A., Johnston, C., and Hwang, J. (2007). One-dimensional

Compression Behavior of Highly Organic Soil. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and

Geoenvironmental Engineering. Accepted.

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Schnitzer, M., and S.U. Khan (1972). Humic Substances in the Environment. Marcel

Dekker Inc, New York

Sparks, D.L. (2003). Environmental Soil Chemistry 2nd Ed., Academic Press, Amsterdam,

The Netherlands.

Soil Science Society of America (1996). Glossary of Soil Science Terms, Revised

Edition, SSSA, Madison, WI

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ANTONIO BOBET CONTACT ADDRESS 550 Stadium Mall Drive School of Civil Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 Phone: (765) 494-5033 Fax: (765) 494-0395 E-mail: bobet@ purdue.edu PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION 1992-1997 Sc.D. in Civil Engineering. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge, MA, USA Thesis title: “Crack Propagation and Coalescence in Rock Type Materials” Advisor: Professor Herbert H. Einstein 1977-1983 Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos 6 year degree program, equivalent to BS and MS. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. With Honors. APPOINTMENTS 2003-present Associate Professor School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University 1997-2003 Assistant Professor School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University 1992-1997 Research Assistant Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. 1988-1992 Construction Manager FERROVIAL, S.A. Construction Company. Spain 1990-1992 N-II Bypass in Girona (Spain); $80 million project. 1988-1990 Seu-d’Urgell-Andorra (Spain); $5 million project. 1988-1990 Road “L’Obac” (Andorra); $6 million project. 1984-1988 Project Engineer in the geotechnical engineering division EUROESTUDIOS S.A. Engineering Consulting Firm. Spain.

Major projects involved: geotechnical design and supervision during construction of the Terrasa-Manresa highway (200 million project); geotechnical design of N-I freeway from Tolosa to Ikaztegieta; geotechnical design of N-I freeway from Ikaztegieta to Legorreta; a number of projects related to foundation design, slope stability, and tunnel design.

REGISTRATIONS 1983-present P.E. (Spain). Registration No. 8084 (Inactive) PUBLICATIONS

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Professor Bobet has more than 70 publications in refereed journals, conferences and technical reports. The following is a list of the refereed journal publications in the last three years. 1. Mutlu, O., and Bobet, A. (2005). Slip Initiation on Frictional Fractures. Engineering Fracture

Mechanics Journal, Vol. 72, pp. 729-747. 2. Lee, H.S., and Bobet, A. (2005). Laboratory Evaluation of Pullout Capacity of Reinforced

Silty Sands in Drained and Undrained Conditions. ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 370-379.

3. Bobet, A. and Mutlu, O. (2005). Stress and Displacement Discontinuity Element Method for Undrained Analysis. Engineering Fracture Mechanics Journal, Vol. 72, pp. 1411-1437.

4. Huo, H., Bobet, A., Fernández, G., and Ramírez, J. (2005). Load Transfer Mechanisms between Underground Structure and Surrounding Ground: Evaluation of the Failure of the Daikai Station. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 131, No. 12, pp. 1522-1533.

5. Bobet, A. (2006). A Simple Method for the Design of Tunnel Support with Anchored Rockbolts. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 315-338.

6. Parra-Montesinos, G.J., Bobet, A., and Ramirez, J. (2006). Evaluation of Soil-Structure Interaction and Structural Collapse in Daikai Subway Station During Kobe Earthquake. American Concrete Institute, Structural Journal, Vol. 103, No. 1, pp. 113-122.

7. Nam, S. and Bobet, A. (2006). Liner Stresses in Deep Tunnels below the Water Table. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 626-635.

8. Mutlu, O. and Bobet, A. (2006). Slip Propagation along Frictional Discontinuities. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 43, pp. 860-876.

9. Huo, H., Bobet, A., Fernández, G., and Ramírez, J. (2006). Analytical Solution for Deep Rectangular Structures Subjected to Far-Field Shear Stresses. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 613-625.

10. Nam, S. and Bobet, A. (2007). Radial deformations induced by groundwater flow on deep circular tunnels. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 23-39.

11. Bobet, A., Lee, H.S., and Santagata, M.C. (2007). Drained and Undrained Pullout Capacity of a Stiff Inclusion in a Saturated Poroelastic Matrix. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 715-734.

12. Bobet, A., Nam, S. (2007). Stresses around Pressure Tunnels with Semi-Permeable Liners. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. Vol 40, No. 3, pp. 287-315.

13. Bobet, A. (2007). Elastic Solution for Deep Tunnels. Application to Excavation Damage Zone and Rockbolt Support. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. In press.

14. Santagata, M.C., Bobet, A., Johnston, C., and Hwang, J. (2007). One-dimensional Compression Behavior of Highly Organic Soil. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. In press.

15. Simth-Pardo, J. and Bobet, A. (2007). Behavior of Rigid Footings under Combined Axial Load and Moment. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. In press.

16. Bobet, A. (2007). Ground and Liner Stresses due to Drainage Conditions in Deep Tunnels. Felsbau, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 42-47.

RESEARCH GRANTS AND AWARDS (LAST THREE YEARS) 1. Stabilization and Improvement of Soils with Considerable Organic Content (Co-PI). Joint

Transportation Research Program. (INDOT-FHWA). September 2004 to August 2005. $25,000

2. Slip Initiation on Frictional Fractures (PI). American Chemical Society. September 2004 to August 2008. $80,000.

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3. Soil Treatment with Thixotropic Fluids: An Autoadaptive Design for Liquefaction Prevention (PI). National Science Foundation. September 2004 to August 2008. $340,000.

4. Classification of Organic Soils (Co-PI). Joint Transportation Research Program. (INDOT-FHWA). August 2005 to October 2006. $70,000.

5. Post-Construction Evaluation of Lime Treated Soils (PI). Joint Transportation Research Program (INDOT-FHWA). August 2005 to January 2008. $135,113.

6. Effect of Inclusions on Material Performance - Investigation Through Micro-Continuum, Discontinuum and Nano-Indentation Approaches (Co-PI). National Science Foundation. August 2006 to July 2009, $598,920.

7. Liquefaction susceptibility mapping in the Evansville, Indiana, region including an investigation of 2D amplification and duration effects due to bedrock valley structure (Co-PI). USGS. January 2007 to December 2007. $50,000.

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DAEHYEON KIM

Office of Research and Development Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) 1205 Montgomery St. West Lafayette, IN 47906-2279 Phone:(765) 463-1521 Ext. 244 dkim@indot.in.gov 1. Education Aug. 2002, Purdue University, Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering Ph. D study was related to the behavior of subgrade soils. This is closely related to the proposed study. 2. Research Experience Jan. 2000-Aug. 2002: Research Assistant at Purdue University Sep. 2002-Present: Geotechnical Research Engineer, INDOT Research & Development 3. Past and Current Research Projects

1) Simplification of Resilient Modulus Testing on Subgrades in Indiana (PI) 2) Family of Curves for Lime Modified Soils (Co-PI) 3) Problems of Wet Subgrades (CO-PI): FE analyses using ABAQUS were conducted to

investigate how the geogrid improves the wet subgrades. 4) Development of Prediction Method for Pile Setup/Relaxation Times (Co-PI) 5) Geotechnical Design based on CPT and PMT (PI) 6) Beneficial Use of Steel Slag (Co-PI) 7) Geotechnical LRFD (Co-PI) 8) Behavior of Unbound materials (PI) 9) Potential Implementation of Concrete Piles in place of Steel Piles (PI)

4. Relevant National Level Activity SHRP 2 Expert Group member for a research project (Geotechnical Solutions for Quick Embankment Construction) 5. Proposal Related (Soils and Soil Improvement) Publication

Peer-Reviewed Journals

1) Yamamoto, K. and Kim, D., “Bearing Capacity of Spread Foundations on Sand Overlying Clay”, Lowland Technology International (LTI) journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, December, 2004, pp. 33-45.

2) Zia, N., Kim, D., (Corresponding author) and Salgado, R., “Use of Recycled and Waste Materials in Indiana”, Transportation Research Record, No. 1874, TRB, December, 2004, pp. 78-95.

3) Kim, D., Myung, S.and Lee, Y., “Effects of Fines Contents on the Mechanical Properties of the Decomposed Compacted Granitic Soils”, Journal of Contruction and Buiding Materials, Elsevier, Vol. 19, Issue 3, April, 2005, pp. 189-196.

4) Kim, D., Salgado, R. and Altschaeffle A. G., “Effects of Super-Single Tire Loadings on Subgrades”, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 131, ASCE, October, 2005, pp. 732-743.

5) Nantung, T., Chehab, G, Newbold, S., Galal, K., Li, S. and Kim, D., “Implementation Initiatives of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guides in Indiana”, Journal of Transportation Research Record, No. 1919, TRB, 2005, pp. 142-151.

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6) Chen, R. P, Daita, R.K., Drnevich, V.P., and Kim, D., Laboratory TDR monitoring of physicochemical process in lime kiln dust stabilized clayey soil, Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 28, NO. 2, Feb., 2006, pp. 249-255

7) Daita, R.K., Drnevich, V.P., Kim, D., and Chen, R. P., “Assessing the Quality of Soils Modified with Lime Kiln Dust: Measuring Electrical Conductivity with Time Domain Reflectometry, Journal of Transportation Research Record, No. 1952, TRB, 2006, pp. 101-109.

8) Kim, D. and Kim, J., “Resilient Behavior of Compacted Subgrades Under the Repeated Triaxial Test”, Contruction and Buiding Materials, Elsevier, Vol. 21, Issue 7, 2007, pp. 1470-1479.

9) Kim, J. Kang, H., and Kim, D. (Corresponding author), Park, D., “Evaluation of In-Situ Modulus of Compacted Subgrades using Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer as an alternative to plate bearing load test”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 6, ASCE, 2007. pp. 492-499.

10) Kim, J. Kang, H., Kim, D. (Corresponding author), and Lee, Y. , “Viscoelastic Analysis of Constant Creep Tests on a Silicate Grouted Sand at Low Stress Level”, (In press) Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering, ASCE, September, 2007.

11) Kim, D., Siddiki, Z. and Sagong, M., “Mechanical Characteristics of Fine-Grained Soils Mixed with Lime Kiln Dust and Hydrated Lime” paper submitted for Publication in the Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 2006.

12) Kim, D., Nantung, T. and Zia, N. “Implementation of the New Mechanistic-Empirical Design of Subgrade Materials”, paper submitted for publication in the Journal of Transportation Research Record, 2006.

13) Kim, D. and Kim, J., Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation of Resilient and Permanent Behavior of Compacted Subgrade Soils, paper submitted for publication in the Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE 2007.

14) Kim, D., Chung, Y., Siddiki, N., Shin, Y., and Kim, J., “ Mechanical Characteristics of Indiana Loess for Highway Embankments”, paper submitted for publication in the Journal of Transportation Research Record, 2007.

15) Siddiki, N., Khan, A., Kim, D. (Corresponding author), and Cole, T., “Use of In-Situ Tests in Compaction Control of a Bottom Ash Embankment”, paper submitted for publication in the Journal of Transportation Research Record, 2007.

16) Siddiki, N., Kim, D. (Corresponding author), and Cole, T., “Development of Quality Assurance using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer for Chemically Modified Soils”, paper submitted for publication in the Journal of Transportation Research Record, 2007.

17) Jung, C., Bobet, A., Siddiki, N., and Kim, D. (Corresponding author), “Long-term Performance of Lime Modified Soils in Indiana”, paper submitted for publication in the Journal of Transportation Research Record, 2007.

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NAYYAR ZIA SIDDIKI EDUCATION: B.Sc. (Hons) 1975 –Aligarh University, India BSC (Civil Engr) 1980 Aligarh University, India MSC (Civil Engineering) 2002 Purdue University, Indiana LICENSES: PE 19900506 WORK EXPERIENCE: Indiana Department of Transportation January 1989- Present -Worked as Geotechnical Engineer in designing foundations for roadway, bridges and other related structures. In addition, responsible in helping Research projects as study advisory committee member. -Evaluated the several design procedures on lime-soils modification and developed the soil-lime procedure for Indiana 1991. -Worked as supervisor, Geotech operations since 1992. -Improved geotechnical drilling and sampling techniques. -Participated in numerous research projects and implemented the research findings. Recently, implemented the use of cone penetrometer test (CPT), Dynamic cone penetrometer (DCO), Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) in Geotechnical practice. -Participated in CPT user’s group in nationwide video conference, INDOT is second in Midwestern state in the use of CPT. -Participated and developed several specifications in subgrade, light weight cellular concrete, retaining structures, geotechnical instrumentations and recycling materials (coal ash, foundry sand, tire shreds, and crushed glass). -Worked with North Western University and helped in the use of TDR at SR 62 in Perry County. -Worked with university of Rolla Missouri and helped in the use of horizontal wick drains in Landslide Corrections. -Implemented the research findings by constructing several demonstration projects in use of bottom ash, co-mingled ash, fly ash, foundry sand, tire sand mixture, crushed glass, and air cooled blast furnace slag. -Performed the research in the use of DCP test chemical-soil modification on several projects and developed an alternate compaction control to nuclear gauge and Sand cone tests. These findings are implemented with the recent directive by chief engineer. -Current Research Projects: -Working with Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) along with DCP on chemically modified soils. Working as co-principal investigator on Post construction evaluation of lime modified soils, Resilient Modulus, CPT based bridge design, Geodgrid etc. Representing office of Geotechnical in numerous researches on steel slag, granulated slag, tire-shreds, Clegg Hammer, CPT etc. PUBLICATIONS: -Authored Published a paper on “Loess and Fly Ash Mixture as Road Bed Material” in TRB, 2000. -Authored and presented a paper” Use of Georid in Subgrade Stabilization” in Geosynthetic Conference 2001. -Co-authored and presented a paper on “Lime Kiln Dust and Lime- a Comparative Study” in TRB 2003. -Authored and published a paper on “Use of Recycled and Waste Materials in Indiana in TRB 2003.

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-Co-Authored and presented a paper on “Construction Of Tire Shreds Embankment” in TRB 2003. -Co-Authored and presented a paper on “Field Compaction Evaluation with DCP, Clegg Hammer, and Nuclear Gauge” in TRB 2004. -Co-Authored and presented a paper on “Resilient Modulus on Indiana Soils” in TRB 2005. -Co-Authored and submitted a paper on “Construction of High Volume Fly Ash Embankment” in TRB 2005. -Co-Authored and published a paper on “Construction of a Test Embankment Using Tire-Sand Mixture as Fill Materials” in the Journal of Waste Management, Vol. 26, issue 9, 2006. ACCOMPLISHMENTS: Selected as paper reviewer on base and subbase material by the “International Pavement Journal” held in Belgium, 2006. Selected as paper reviewer on Landslides by “1st North American Landslide conference” held in Colorado 2007. DUTIES: Serves as a section head to the Operations Section overseeing drilling, laboratory and field testing activities of the section and reviewing subsurface investigations; administers the section activities, implement Department policies, guidelines and Directives and advises and counsels INDOT and Consultant Engineers and others on policies, procedures and programs pertaining to subsurface investigations and construction materials. Supervises drilling, laboratory and field testing of the section; interviews applicants, trains employees, assigns workload, measures performance and performs evaluations; designs and administers drilling, laboratory and field testing procedures and section operations; holds staff meetings; maintains pertinent material and personnel records; authorizes leave of section personnel; authorizes orders and requisitions for supplies and equipment. overseeing field and laboratory testing (including AASHTO T100, T208 and T216); Sign plans &/or other documents as a registered professional engineer. Initiates and participates in research and implement their findings on demonstration projects. Acts as a coordinator with the Industry, Federal, other State, and local agencies on the Utilization of Waste Projects on INDOT Geotechnical Projects Performs QARS on consultant subsurface investigations. Introduces new technologies to update INDOT procedures and materials, then establishes procedures and writes specifications for the use of these new technologies. Represents the Office on Geotechnical Committees, TRB, JTRP, and other new/recycled products committees. Performs miscellaneous other duties such as: giving tours, maintaining inventory for the section, organizes workshops and seminars, etc.

Proposal Review 1 3227

4

3

4

5

Complete and thorough.

The number of samples is only a preliminary number and may need to be adjusted. What are the risks / impacts to the budget?

CONCEPT OF PROBLEM:

RESEARCH APPROACH:

APPLICATION OF RESULTS AND ANTICIPATED BENEFITS:

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):

SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT:

AVERAGE RATING: 4

RATING COMMENTS

Friday, November 09, 2007 Page 1 of 1

Proposal Review 2 3227

5

4

4

5

The proposers have an excellent understanding of the problem and nicely differentiate it from the problem addressed in a recently completed project.

The research plan is systematic and addresses the problem with procedures and tests that will likely lead to usable results.

The results of the research will be a classification system for soils with appreciable amounts of marl. It would be good for the project to identify shortcomings associated with these soils and possibly instances on how they may be modified or used.

The PI is exceptionally well qualified to conduct this research and his teaming with two INDOT persons should be advantageous in securing soil specimens and evaluating the usefulness of the results.

The PI might consider having a clay mineralogist on the SAC. Such a person could provide helpful insights.

CONCEPT OF PROBLEM:

RESEARCH APPROACH:

APPLICATION OF RESULTS AND ANTICIPATED BENEFITS:

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):

SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT:

AVERAGE RATING: 4.5

RATING COMMENTS

Monday, November 12, 2007 Page 1 of 1