Market trends & developments for CO2 in

Commercial Refrigeration in Europe

ATMOsphere Europe 2012 Conference, Brussels

Speakers: Christoph Brouwers / Lothar Serwas

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AGENDA

CO2 projects & systems evolution at

Carrier Commercial Refrigeration

CO2 high-efficiency solutions for

warmer climates

Integrated systems, managing

thermal energy flows of buildings

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HybridCO2OL (Projects) CO2OLtec (Projects) CO2 Systems (subcritical & transcritical)

CO2 IN COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION

Project & systems evolution at Carrier

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HybridCO2OL (Projects) CO2OLtec (Projects) CO2 Systems (subcritical & transcritical)

CO2 IN COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION

Project & systems evolution at Carrier

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HybridCO2OL (Projects) CO2OLtec (Projects) CO2 Systems (subcritical & transcritical)

CO2 IN COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION

Project & systems evolution at Carrier

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CO2 Systems (sub- & transcritical)

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CO2 HIGH EFFICIENCY

Viable solutions of increasing transcritical CO2

system efficiencies in warmer climates

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annual_Average_Temperature_Map.jpg#filelinks

Demonstrable market acceptance

of CO2 DX systems:

Attractive energy performance at

average annual temperatures up to

+15 °C in line with EPEE statement

and energy data recording

CO2 DX systems next generation:

Different technology options

showing the path to achieve

attractive energy performance

across whole Europe

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POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS

Standard CO2 booster

(MT part of system)

Expander Economizer

Ejector

Mechanical

Subcooler

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FACTORS FOR EVALUATION

Efficiency

Potential of efficiency improvement

Safety & reliability

Reliable and safe operation are mandatory

Environmental impact

Low GWP of refrigerant used combined

with high efficiency ensures best TEWI

Modularity

Easy integration into existing design

Total life cycle cost

Initial investment, energy & service costs

* Analysis conducted by Carrier

*

*

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ECONOMIZER (PARALLEL COMPRESSION)

Conventional 2-stage cycle,

various implementations exist

Advantages:

Known technology

No new components

No fundamental change of CO2 booster concept

Disadvantages:

Part load operation

Oil return

Efficiency potential lower than other solutions

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EXPANDER

Mechanical work extraction from expansion process

Advantages:

Theoretically high efficiency potential

Disadvantages:

New technical territory

Part load operation

Oil return

Expander work demand/supply management

Reliability (moving parts, design)

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EJECTOR

“Fluid-dynamic” work extraction from expansion process

Advantages:

High efficiency potential

Few new moving parts

Few additional parts in system

Ejector (theoretically) similar to expansion valve

Disadvantages:

New technical territory

Part load operation

Oil return

Reliability (compressor may run outside operating envelope)

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MECHANICAL SUBCOOLER

External chiller / CDU cools CO2 after gas

cooler below ambient temperature

Advantages:

Option to use hydrocarbon refrigerant for

“all natural” solution

Known technology

No new components

High efficiency potential

Potential of space heating & cooling implementation

Disadvantages:

Additional space required for installation

Individual customers may not accept hydrocarbon refrigerant

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PERFORMANCE COMPARISON Performance comparison

Simulations and tests conducted at Carrier

laboratories to assess efficiency

Ongoing research at Carrier

Aim to improve all solutions to fulfill expectations for

highest quality standards and superior performance

Current status

Mechanical subcooler offers the greatest potential,

based on components available today

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VIABLE SOLUTIONS – WHAT TO CHOOSE?

One solution might not fit all

Further to laboratory tests

and simulations. Carrier

conducts field tests on

selected solutions

Outlook

To develop a set of standard

solutions based on customer

input, field experience and

upcoming EU regulations

Expander Economizer

Ejector

Mechanical

Subcooler

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INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

Managing thermal energy flows of buildings

Total thermal supply from one

system avoiding use of fossil fuels

Range of modular system

components & dynamic controls

architecture constitute key elements

refrigeration

domestic hot water

comfort “cold aisle” heating

space heating

Summer operation Winter operation

space cooling

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Energy Costs Electricity and Fossil Fuels (Gas)(typical hypermarket project; 0,15 €/kWh electric; 0,08 €/kWh thermal)

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R404A HybridCO2OL CO2OLtec HybridCO2OL CO2OLtec

cost thermal [%]

cost electric [%]

- 3%- 6%

- 33%- 35%

With gas heating Integral

HybridCO2OL® HybridCO2OL® CO2OLtec® CO2OLtec®

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

Managing thermal energy flows of buildings

* Analysis conducted by Carrier

*

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Equivalent CO2 Emissions(typical hypermarket project; avrg.leakage rate 10%/a; emission factor el. 0,477 kg CO2/ kWh (weighted average EMEA); emission factor th. 0,25 kg/kWh)

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R404A HybridCO2OL CO2OLtec HybridCO2OL CO2OLtec

Emissions leakages [%]

Emissions thermal [%]

Emissions electric [%] - 26%

- 40%- 44%

- 58%

With gas heating Integral

HybridCO2OL® HybridCO2OL® CO2OLtec® CO2OLtec®

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

Managing thermal energy flows of buildings

* Analysis conducted by Carrier

*

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Company restricted information 18

Thank you for your attention!

Carrier has the right refrigerant for every application, but every

application will not have the same refrigerant solution.