mark twain lake/salt river ceap – cswqru columbia, mo overview of the mark twain lake/ salt river...

Mark Twain Lake/Salt River CEAP – CSWQRU Columbia, MO

Overview of the Mark Twain Overview of the Mark Twain Lake/ Lake/

Salt River Conservation Salt River Conservation Effects Assessment Project Effects Assessment Project

(CEAP)(CEAP)Contributing Contributing Scientists:Scientists:Robert N. LerchRobert N. LerchNewell R. KitchenNewell R. KitchenKenneth A. Sudduth Kenneth A. Sudduth E. Eugene AlbertsE. Eugene AlbertsE. John SadlerE. John SadlerWilliam W. DonaldWilliam W. DonaldJohn W. HummelJohn W. HummelRobert J. KremerRobert J. Kremer

Chung-Ho LinChung-Ho LinD. Brenton MyersD. Brenton MyersRaymond E. MasseyRaymond E. MasseyHarlan L. PalmHarlan L. PalmGab-Sue JangGab-Sue Jang

Contributing Contributing Scientists:Scientists:Robert N. LerchRobert N. LerchNewell R. KitchenNewell R. KitchenKenneth A. Sudduth Kenneth A. Sudduth E. Eugene AlbertsE. Eugene AlbertsE. John SadlerE. John SadlerWilliam W. DonaldWilliam W. DonaldJohn W. HummelJohn W. HummelRobert J. KremerRobert J. Kremer

Chung-Ho LinChung-Ho LinD. Brenton MyersD. Brenton MyersRaymond E. MasseyRaymond E. MasseyHarlan L. PalmHarlan L. PalmGab-Sue JangGab-Sue Jang


National CEAP effort.National CEAP effort. Mark Twain Lake/ Salt River CEAP.Mark Twain Lake/ Salt River CEAP. Water quality research projects in support Water quality research projects in support

of CEAPof CEAP Development and Evaluation of BMPs for Improved Development and Evaluation of BMPs for Improved

Watershed Management. Watershed Management.

TopicsTopics


The USDA Conservation The USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Effects Assessment Project

(CEAP)(CEAP) A Cooperative Effort to Assess A Cooperative Effort to Assess

Environmental Effects and Benefits from Environmental Effects and Benefits from Conservation ProgramsConservation Programs


The NRCS-led The NRCS-led national national assessmentassessment provides provides estimates of conservation estimates of conservation benefits at the national scale. benefits at the national scale.

The ARS The ARS watershed watershed assessment studiesassessment studies provide provide for more detailed information for more detailed information on conservation on conservation effects/benefits in selected effects/benefits in selected benchmark watersheds.benchmark watersheds.

CEAP has Two MajorCEAP has Two MajorComponents and Reporting Components and Reporting

ScalesScales


12 ARS Benchmark Watershed 12 ARS Benchmark Watershed Assessment Studies Assessment Studies

S. Fork Iowa River

Walnut Creek

Mark Twain Reservoir

U. Washita River

U. Leon River

Town Brook

St Joseph River

U. Big Walnut Creek

Yalobusha River

Little RiverGoodwin CreekBeasley Lake


Mark Twain Lake/ Mark Twain Lake/ Salt RiverSalt River CEAP ProjectCEAP Project

Project Objectives Establish a comprehensive monitoring Establish a comprehensive monitoring

network within the Salt River basinnetwork within the Salt River basin Validate and improve watershed models to

better assess the impact of field- and watershed-scale management practices on surface water quality.

Development and evaluation of BMPs to reduce herbicide, nutrient, and sediment transport in surface runoff.

Salt River Basin


Mark Twain Lake/ Salt River Mark Twain Lake/ Salt River BasinBasin

Three 8-digit Hydrologic UnitsThree 8-digit Hydrologic Units Nine 11-digit Hydrologic UnitsNine 11-digit Hydrologic Units ~2,500 sq miles in area~2,500 sq miles in area Mark Twain Lake is major public water Mark Twain Lake is major public water

supply in the regionsupply in the region Serves ~42,000 peopleServes ~42,000 people EPA 303(d) list for Atrazine until 2003EPA 303(d) list for Atrazine until 2003

Claypan soilsClaypan soils High runoff potential High runoff potential Surface water quality a major concernSurface water quality a major concern

Extensive USGS hydrologic monitoring Extensive USGS hydrologic monitoring network already in-placenetwork already in-place


Basin-Scale Basin-Scale MonitoringMonitoring

13 Monitoring Sites13 Monitoring Sites Automated samplers for runoff eventsAutomated samplers for runoff events 2 grab samples per month 2 grab samples per month 9 existing gauged sites9 existing gauged sites Rating curves to be developed at 3 sitesRating curves to be developed at 3 sites

Mass balance for Mark Twain LakeMass balance for Mark Twain Lake Identify 11 digit watersheds Identify 11 digit watersheds

contributing highest loads to the lake contributing highest loads to the lake Identify watershed specific problems Identify watershed specific problems Measurements: Measurements:

DischargeDischarge RainfallRainfall Herbicides (atrazine, acetochlor, Herbicides (atrazine, acetochlor,

metolachlor, metribuzin, selected atrazine metolachlor, metribuzin, selected atrazine metabolites)metabolites)

Nutrients (total and dissolved N and P)Nutrients (total and dissolved N and P) SedimentSediment


Nested Watershed Nested Watershed MonitoringMonitoring

Long Branch WatershedLong Branch Watershed Evaluate scale Evaluate scale

dependence of dependence of contaminant contaminant transport.transport.

Perform model Perform model calibrations and calibrations and validations from validations from sub-watersheds to sub-watersheds to whole watershed whole watershed scales.scales.


Goodwater Creek WatershedGoodwater Creek Watershed Surface water hydrologySurface water hydrology

~35-yr record~35-yr record SedimentSediment WeatherWeather Water table depthWater table depth

Water qualityWater quality ~15-yr record~15-yr record NutrientsNutrients PesticidesPesticides Surface and Ground Surface and Ground

waterwater Initial SWAT model Initial SWAT model

calibration is based on calibration is based on this sitethis site

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●

● ●

●

▲

▲

▲

▲Weirs

● Rain gauges

Weather station


Key QuestionsKey Questions

Will we see differences in water quality Will we see differences in water quality at the watershed scale that can be at the watershed scale that can be attributed to conservation practices?attributed to conservation practices? Yes, but only if sufficient implementation Yes, but only if sufficient implementation

has occurred.has occurred. What if past implementation of What if past implementation of

conservation practices is insufficient to conservation practices is insufficient to affect water quality at the watershed-affect water quality at the watershed-scale?scale?


Expected OutcomesExpected Outcomes Assess water quality differences at the watershed-scale.Assess water quality differences at the watershed-scale.

Contaminant transport normalized to watershed area or area of Contaminant transport normalized to watershed area or area of specific crop types (e.g. kg atrazine/ kmspecific crop types (e.g. kg atrazine/ km22).).

Loads as a percent of applied mass in the watershed.Loads as a percent of applied mass in the watershed. SWAT Model will be used to determine the most SWAT Model will be used to determine the most

hydrologically vulnerable areas within watersheds (i.e., hydrologically vulnerable areas within watersheds (i.e., areas contributing most to contaminant transport).areas contributing most to contaminant transport). Field verification of the model needed.Field verification of the model needed. Develop ability to model BMP impacts on water quality.Develop ability to model BMP impacts on water quality.

Develop site evaluation guidelines for targeted Develop site evaluation guidelines for targeted implementation of conservation practices.implementation of conservation practices.

Project StatusProject Status Negotiated a cooperative agreement with Missouri Negotiated a cooperative agreement with Missouri

Corn Growers Association to conduct basin-scale Corn Growers Association to conduct basin-scale monitoringmonitoring

Implemented basin-scale monitoring in Spring 2005Implemented basin-scale monitoring in Spring 2005 12 sites installed with autosamplers and area/velocity or depth probes12 sites installed with autosamplers and area/velocity or depth probes Rating curve work to be conducted for nested watershedsRating curve work to be conducted for nested watersheds

ModelingModeling Calibrated SWAT to Goodwater Creek discharge data at annual and Calibrated SWAT to Goodwater Creek discharge data at annual and

monthly time scales; daily discharge more challengingmonthly time scales; daily discharge more challenging Spatial and temporal delineation of crop type to improve land-use input Spatial and temporal delineation of crop type to improve land-use input

datadata FAPRI was awarded CSREES proposal in support of our CEAPFAPRI was awarded CSREES proposal in support of our CEAP USDA-FSA has provided locations of the conservation practices within USDA-FSA has provided locations of the conservation practices within

the Salt Riverthe Salt River


DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BMPs FOR EVALUATION OF BMPs FOR

IMPROVED WATERSHED IMPROVED WATERSHED MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Herbicide transport from different cropping Herbicide transport from different cropping systems systems

Precision Agriculture System (PAS) Precision Agriculture System (PAS) implementation implementation


Herbicide Transport from Different Cropping Systems

Plot-Scale Research ObjectivesObjectives

Evaluate the effects of corn herbicide application methods and application timing on Evaluate the effects of corn herbicide application methods and application timing on surface water quality.surface water quality.

Develop equations to predict herbicide concentrations in surface runoff.Develop equations to predict herbicide concentrations in surface runoff.

Herbicides studied – atrazine and metolachlorHerbicides studied – atrazine and metolachlor Cropping SystemsCropping Systems

CS1 – mulch-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast and incorporated.CS1 – mulch-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast and incorporated. CS2 – no-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast, not incorporated.CS2 – no-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast, not incorporated. CS5 – no-till; corn-soybean-wheat rotation; herbicides broadcast, not incorporated; CS5 – no-till; corn-soybean-wheat rotation; herbicides broadcast, not incorporated;

adaptive approach used to determine atrazine rates and timing.adaptive approach used to determine atrazine rates and timing. Split applications, reduced pre-plant rates, post-only application. Split applications, reduced pre-plant rates, post-only application.

Corn phase of the rotation was monitored during the growing season Corn phase of the rotation was monitored during the growing season from 1997-2002.from 1997-2002.


Runoff and Herbicide LossesRunoff and Herbicide Losses††

CS1CS1

(Mulch Till; C-S)(Mulch Till; C-S)

CS2 CS2

(No-Till; C-S)(No-Till; C-S)

CS5 CS5

(No-till; C-S-W)(No-till; C-S-W)

RunoffRunoff(mm)(mm)

59.7a59.7a‡‡ 67.3a67.3a 70.8a70.8a

AtrazineAtrazine(g ha(g ha-1-1))

24.9b24.9b 55.0a55.0a 55.3a55.3a

Atrazine Atrazine (% of Applied)(% of Applied)

1.61.6 2.52.5 5.75.7

Metolachlor Metolachlor (g ha(g ha-1-1))

15.0b15.0b 24.7a24.7a 8.48.4

MetolachlorMetolachlor(% of Applied)(% of Applied)

1.81.8 2.02.0 2.02.0

†Six year averages.‡‡Means within rows with different letters were significantly different ( = 0.10).


Herbicide ConcentrationsHerbicide Concentrations

Days After Application0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Con

cent

ratio

n (

g L

-1)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

CS10

100

200

300

400

500

600

CS10

100

200

300

400

500

Days after Application

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400

100

200

300

400

500

600

CS2 CS2

Atrazine Metolachlor


General Model for Predicting General Model for Predicting Herbicide Transport in Surface Herbicide Transport in Surface

WaterWater

tkeQ

RaC

Where:Where: [C] = Computed atrazine or metolachlor concentration [C] = Computed atrazine or metolachlor concentration

(µg L(µg L-1-1)) R = Herbicide application rates (µg haR = Herbicide application rates (µg ha-1-1)) Q = Runoff measured for the events (L haQ = Runoff measured for the events (L ha-1-1)) t = Time after herbicide application, dayst = Time after herbicide application, days a, k = a, k = CoefficientsCoefficients

tkeRaQCLoss

Rearranged to solve for loss (i.e. total mass transported):

tkea*100

R

Q[C]*100applied of %

Rearranged to solve for relative loss:


Herbicide Transport from Different Cropping Systems

Conclusions

No-till systems (CS2 and 5) did not reduce total runoff No-till systems (CS2 and 5) did not reduce total runoff compared to the mulch-till system (CS1).compared to the mulch-till system (CS1).

Herbicide loss was generally higher for no-till than mulch-till Herbicide loss was generally higher for no-till than mulch-till cropping systems.cropping systems.

A generalized model for estimating herbicide concentration A generalized model for estimating herbicide concentration was developed based on the observed exponential decrease was developed based on the observed exponential decrease in in concentrationconcentration combined with combined with flowflow and and application rateapplication rate. .

A key management challenge for claypan soils is A key management challenge for claypan soils is development of a cropping system that both minimizes soil development of a cropping system that both minimizes soil erosion and reduces herbicide loss to surface runoff.erosion and reduces herbicide loss to surface runoff.

Implementation of a Precision Implementation of a Precision Agricultural SystemAgricultural System

OBJECTIVE: OBJECTIVE: From a 14-yr history of water and soil From a 14-yr history of water and soil quality and spatially-variable crop and quality and spatially-variable crop and soil information, to develop and soil information, to develop and assess a precision agriculture system assess a precision agriculture system that will improve farming profitability that will improve farming profitability and better protect soil and water and better protect soil and water resources when compared to past resources when compared to past management practice.management practice.


Field 1 Research Site36 ha field established for

research in 1990

Cropping System (1991-Cropping System (1991-2004)2004)

CS1 – mulch-till; corn-CS1 – mulch-till; corn-soybean rotation; herbicides soybean rotation; herbicides broadcast and incorporated.broadcast and incorporated.


200 Years of Erosion200 Years of Erosion

The spatial variability in soil loss over the last 200 years controls the soil quality, water quality, and crop productivity patterns currently observed within this field.

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mar-91 Mar-93 Mar-95 Mar-97 Mar-99 Mar-01 Mar-03

Nit

rate

-N (

mg

/l)

2.3 m

7.0 m

9.7 m

0

5

10

15

20

25


Nit

rate

-N (

mg

/l)

2.7 m

8.5 m

11.5 m

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


Nit

rate

-N (

mg

/l)

2.7 m

8.5 m

14.2 m

0

5

10

15

20

25


Nit

rate

-N (

mg

/l)

2.7 m

6.8 m

14.4 m

0

5

10

15

20

25


Nit

rate

-N (

mg

/l)

2.7 m

6.8 m

13.4 m A

B

C

D E

TotalResidualN (kg/ha)

780

520

A

B

C

D

E

Decade TotalDecade TotalNitrogen Fertilizer Nitrogen Fertilizer Left on the FieldLeft on the Field(N fertilizer – Grain N)(N fertilizer – Grain N)


Atrazine Persistence


Spatial Variability in Average Crop Profit (1991-2004)


Priorities Identified for the Priorities Identified for the Precision Agriculture SystemPrecision Agriculture System

Production(profitability)

Surface WaterQuality

Soil Quality(sustainability)

Ground WaterQuality

1. Reduce costs2. Achieve stable yield3. Improve water use efficiency

1. Reduce sediment loss2. Reduce herbicide loss3. Reduce nutrient loss

1. Greatly reduce topsoil loss2. Improve soil structure to enhance infiltration3. Build organic matter

1. Decrease nitrate leaching


Whole Field: no-till grade to remove ponding problems variable rate P, K, and lime variable rate N for wheat and corn

PAS Management ApproachPAS Management Approach

AA Area A.Area A. 2-year rotation of 2-year rotation of

wheat-cover crop hay-wheat-cover crop hay-soybean.soybean. no crop during droughty periodno crop during droughty period no soil active herbicidesno soil active herbicides cover crop during high erosion cover crop during high erosion

timestimes perennial crops reintroducedperennial crops reintroduced

BB

Area B. Same as A but with grass hedges in the channel

CC Area C. 2-year rotation of

corn-soybean


SummarySummary CEAP will facilitate:CEAP will facilitate:

Water quality assessment at the large watershed Water quality assessment at the large watershed scale.scale.

Modeling to:Modeling to: Identify hydrologically vulnerable areas within Identify hydrologically vulnerable areas within

watersheds.watersheds. Assess water quality impacts of BMPs.Assess water quality impacts of BMPs.

Integration of research over multiple scales.Integration of research over multiple scales. Develop site evaluation guidelines for targeted Develop site evaluation guidelines for targeted

implementation of conservation practices.implementation of conservation practices.


Project Partners Project Partners

Missouri Corn Growers AssociationMissouri Corn Growers Association USDA-NRCSUSDA-NRCS University of Missouri- Columbia (UMC) Water University of Missouri- Columbia (UMC) Water

Quality ExtensionQuality Extension UMC School of Natural ResourcesUMC School of Natural Resources Food & Agric. Policy Research Institute (FAPRI)Food & Agric. Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) MFA, Inc. CooperativeMFA, Inc. Cooperative Clarence Cannon Wholesale Water CommissionClarence Cannon Wholesale Water Commission

mark twain lake/salt river ceap – cswqru columbia, mo overview of the mark twain lake/ salt river...

Documents

washita river

salt river basin slide

area mark twain lake

region mark twain lake

mo national ceap effort

support of ceap development

place slide

digit hydrologic units