marine turtles in bahrain khawla al muhannadi president of environment friends society
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Marine Turtles in Bahrain
Khawla Al Muhannadi President of Environment Friends Society
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Glossary
• Fasht : Reef• Fasht Al Adhim, Fasht Al Jarim: Names of areas of
coral reef in Bahrain.• Environment Friends Society (EFS): Bahraini NGO
very active in environmental public awareness and as a pressure group.
• The Commission: The Public Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, Environment and WildLife (Governmental Agency)
• BCSR: Bahrain Center for Studies and Scientific Research
• Sulhuf: an NGO Project for saving Marine Turtles
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Source of Information
• Literature: Limited
• NGO findings: Sulhuf Campaign– Internal Reports, Press Releases, Interviews– (Fishermen, government officials,
researchers)
• Limited Interest in turtles
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Status of turtles: Literature
• 1Two species of turtle were recorded in the Regional Water of Bahrain:– the Green turtle Chelonia mydas, – and the Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys
imbricata. • 2One other species mentioned in old literature
Loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta
1. (Vousden, 1988; Miller et al., 1989; Bell, 2001) in (AlZayani, 2006)
2. (Gallgher, 1971) in (Basson et al., 1981)
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Status of turtles: Literature
• 1985 : Fishing Log Scheme (shrimp trawl fishery data)
• 1995 to 1998: The Meteorology and Environmental Protection Administration (MEPA) conducted a survey on the distribution of sea turtles in the western Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea.
• This survey found two species of turtle in the Gulf, the green turtle Chelonia mydas, and the Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata.
• They were both classified as endangered species in the 1996 IUCN Red Data Book, for Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.
(Miller, 1989 )in (AlZayani, 2006)
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Status of turtles: NGO’s Reports
• Sighting of Turtles– More often dead than alive– Alive: Mainly juveniles
• If Caught:– Freed and let back to the sea
– Taken Home– Sold in the market (US$ 40)– Killed
EFS, 2005
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Status of turtles: Literature
• No Records of nesting of turtles in Bahrain– Arial Survey 1975-1979 (Fish, Shrimp)– Researchers– GDPMR
• Fishermen– Nesting was witnessed in several occasions
(Last observation 12 years ago)
(Miller, 1989 )in (AlZayani, 2006)
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Status of turtles: NGO’s Reports
• Nesting:– Sighting in Mashtan, Umjaileed, Al-Mueteridh, Juazer
Al- Daar
• Sighting (Alive)– Fasht al adhim(juvenile) ,
– Getat jaradeh(juvenile) ,
– Fasht el jarim (bigger),
– Jabali, mashtan , el meteridh ,tqhaileb and abuthur triangle (bigger) tens
EFS, 2005
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Status of turtles: NGO’s Reports
GEOMATIC, 2005
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Threats: NGO’s Reports
• Continuous dredging and reclamation and its impacts on marine habitats
• By catch in Shrimp trawling (Abdulgader, 2000)
• Fishermen attitudes: Aggressive attitude towards turtles
• Fast boats• Lack of awareness and link towards marine
turtles• Food?• Plastic Bags?
EFS, 2005
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Existing Laws: Direct
• Decree (2) year 2002 . Article 19:• It is not allowed to catch larvae or fingerlings of marine
fishes the size of which less than the size permitted. It is also not allowed to catch turtles, seals,
sea cows or any other sea mammals or abuse their settlement areas along the coastline of the Kingdom or in the fishing waters.
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Existing Laws: Direct
• Decree (2) year 2002 .– Section 6:Punishment: Article 33:b
Imprisonment for a period not exceeding a month and a fine not less than three hundred dinnars and not exceeding one thousand dinnars or with either of the two punishment
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Existing Laws: In-Direct
The Charter :
The Constitute
Environmental Law 1996
EIA
Marine Laws (starting 1981)Membership in ROPME, CITES, Unified Law for
the Protection of Wildlife Species (GCC), Bon Convention for Migratory Species
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laws
• Limited Enforcement
• No clear mechanism of action/reactions
• The power of the authority (legally)
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Ongoing Conservation Projects
• Gov. (The General Directorate of Marine Resources)• NGO : Environment Friends Society and the EAPFA
Sulhuf Campaign
• Research and Study Firms (BCSR, AGU, UOB)
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Ongoing Conservation Projects:Government
• Old study implying relationship between shrimp trawling and turtles (Abdulader, 2000)
• Modifying the shrimp nets (BRD =By catch Reduction Device)
– Local experimental nets (starting 2000)– Bilateral with KSA (2001)– Regional through Fisheries Commission of the
FAO (2003, 2004).– Preparation of a National Plan
GDPMR, 2006 ; BCSR, 2006
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Ongoing Conservation Projects:Government/ Research Center
• FAO + UNEP (GEF)– The "Reduction of environmental impact from tropical
shrimp trawling" project is a global project wth 12 participating countries and 1 intergovernmental fisheries body.
BCSR, 2006 ; DGPMR, 2006
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Ongoing Conservation Projects:Government/ Research Center
• The Study of Abundant and Distribution of Turtles and Dugongs in Bahraini Water
• Started 2004 – For 18 months (originally)
• MOU : GCPEMW and BCSR
BCSR, 2006 ; DGPMR, 2006
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Ongoing Conservation Projects:Government
•the resulting distribution of sea turtles, categorized into three thematic areas, representing the recorded density of animals as high, medium, and low (Highest # of recorded species = 3, medium # of recorded species = 2, low # of recorded species No recorded species = 0).
Al-Zayani, 2003
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Ongoing Conservation Projects:Government
•Recent Helicopter survey + Zalaq Fishermen recorded sigting of turtles in Western coast (SULHUF, 2006)
Al-Zayani, 2003
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NGO’s Initiative
• The National Campaign for the Protection Of Marine Turtles : SULHUF Campaign Begins August 2005
• Environmental Alliance for the Protection
• of Fasht Al Adhim (EAPFA) = Environment Friends Society, Fishermen Union, The National Society for Marine Hobbies
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NGO’s Initiative
• Need and Justification– EFS spotted and kept
an injured sea turtle but failed to find an expert in Bahrain to be able to treat it
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NGO’s Initiative
• Need and Justification– EFS found sea turtles sold in the market– EFS found injured sea turtles in traps
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NGO’s Initiative
• Need and Justification– EFS, FMU and NSMH
found (many times) dead and injured (mainly dead) turtles in the sea and on the shore during shrimp catching period (Aug – Dec)
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NGO’s Initiative
• Need and Justification– From structured and semi structured
interviews with old fishermen and sailormen, EFS believes there may be unrecorded nesting of turtles on Bahraini Islands.
– EAPFA believes strongly that Marine Turtles are in great risk
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NGO’s Initiative
• Need and Justification– Part of EAPFA
Campaign for the Protection of FASHT Al Adhim
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NGO’s Initiative• Mission: Protection of Marine Turtles in Bahrain
Waters• Objectives:
– Monitoring and Recording Sightings of Marine Turtles (Dead and Alive) in Bahraini Waters
– Building baseline data of the distribution and status of Sea Turtles
– Collecting all existing literature, reports and findings and building a databank on sea turtles
– Coordinating and joining efforts with NGOs and Regional Organizations in the area
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NGO’s Initiative
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Sulhuf
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الحملة الوطنية لحماية ورصد السالحف البحرية
التكتل البيئي لحماية فشت العظم
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NGO’s Initiative
• Steps Taken– Media Campaign
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Integrated in Marine Conservation
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NGO’s Initiative
• Steps Taken– Meetings– Awareness
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NGO’s Initiative• Steps Taken
– Meetings– Awareness
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NGO’s Initiative
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Involvement
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NGO’s Initiative
• Steps Taken– Capacity Building
using limited Resources (We put all the information we have together and wrote our own reports, articles, stories and put together lectures and seminars and educated out volunteers first then the publish starting with the media
people)
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الحملة الوطنية لحماية ورصد السالحف البحرية
التكتل البيئي لحماية فشت العظم
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Awareness
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Awareness
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Awareness
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Bilateral and Regional Plans
• Testing the modified nets (KSA, Region )
• Bahrain currently is preparing for joining IOSEA Marine Turtle MoU
• NGOs established communications with NGOs and Researchers in the area as a base for a regional project.
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Gaps and Challenges• Destruction of important marine habitats for turtles (reclamation and
dredging)• Lack of baseline data of turtle population, distribution, and status• Lack of studies on impact of on-going Megaprojects on the Arabian
Gulf on marine turtles and their habitats• Lack of protected marine dedicated areas• Shortage of funding to research and studies• Resistance from local fishermen to the use o the modified nets• Limited Utilization of NGOs • No detailed mechanism and set of steps for putting the law in action• Lack of Intra- and Inter- Cooperation and coordination on regional
level• Lack of Follow-up monitoring
EFS, 2005; Al Zayani, 2003; Hamann, et al.; 2006
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Recommendation
• Urgent efforts towards marine habitat protection• Mandatory inclusion, regarding sea turtles, in the EIA
study of any new marine project or extension of a project
• Cooperation between Sulhuf and GDPMR regarding RBD.• Adaptation and support of the NGOs initiative: The
National Campaign for Protecting Turtles (Suhuf)• “Abundance and Distribution Of Dugongs and Sea
Turtles in Bahraini Water” Study should create a partnership with NGOs who are in this field.
• Link to existing projects in the region• Regional Combined Initiatives
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Source of Information
• BCSR– Dr. Mohammed Al Romaidh– Dr. Adel Al Zayani (left)
– Dr. Ibrahim Abdulgader
• DPMR– Mr. Jassim Al Qasir
• Fishermen Union
• Sulhuf
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List Of References• Abdulqader, E.A.(2000 ). Turtle Incidences in Shrimp Trawl Nets During the 1997-
1998 Shrimp Season in Bahrain Waters. Asian Fisheries Science 13:187-296. Philippines.
• Al-Zanyani, A. K. (2003). The Selection of Areas (MPA’s): A Model for The Kingdom of Bahrain. PhD Thesis Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
• GEOMATEC, BCSR 2006. Marine Environmental Geographic Information System (MARGIS II). Report submitted to the Government of Bahrain, GEOMATEC, BCSR, August 2006.
• Hamann ,et al. (2006). Assessment of the conservation of the leatherback turtle in the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia. IOSEA Marine Turtle MOU Secretariat. Thailand.
• GCPEMW (2006). Semi-structured interviews with Mr. Jasim Al Qassir .• BCSR (2006). Semi-structured interviews with Dr. Mohammed Al Romaidh, Dr
Ibrahim Abdulqader and Dr. Adil Al-Zayani.• The Study of Abundant and Distribution of Turtles and Dugongs in Bahraini Water.
Reports.• http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=484&ArticleID
=5327&l=en• Regional Meeting (2006)Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and
Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia . Oman.
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Thank You!
Khawla Al Muhannadi
Environment Friends Society – Bahrain
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• Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) are the only sea turtles recorded in Bahrain
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تسجيل • تم البحرين لمملكة اإلقليمية المياه فيالخضراء وباألخص السالحف نوعي من العديد وجودوالشمالي العظم فشت حول الشرقي الجانب فيحول الجنوبي الجزء في وكذلك اليارم فشت تجاهالسالحف بعض تمسجيل كم حوار، وجزر مشتان
. أيضا المياه تلك في الحجم الصغيرة(Miller, 1989; Bill, 2000; Al-Zyani, 2003)
السالحف • هذه تستخدم موقع أي قط يسجل لم. البحرين سواحل في البيض لوضع
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• There are seven living species of sea turtles, of which two are common in the Gulf.
• The green turtle Cheloria mydas is the commonest species locally.
• The hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbrica
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• The Project is funded by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), implemented by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and executed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the governments and private sector of the twelve participating countries and SEAFDEC. For details, see the REBYC brochure (PDF
• The "Reduction of environmental impact from tropical shrimp trawling" project is a global project with 12 participating countries and 1 intergovernmental fisheries body.
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Status of turtles: Literature
• Few information available on the abundance and distribution of green turtles in Bahrain Water.
• These data were gathered from different studies (Miller et al., 1989; Preen et al., 1989; Mohamed, 1991, 1993; King, 1999), and survey reports (Bell, 2001; King, 2002; BCSR, 2005; EFS, 2005) and other reports from fishermen.
(Miller, 1989 )in (AlZayani, 2006)
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Ongoing Conservation Projects:Government/ Research Center
•Data Collected from different sources: DGPMR, BCSR, recorders
•The points’ data was input in the GIS (digitized) and transferred to maps (representing the geographical coordinates of the recoded sittings) were digitally converted into areas/polygons to make them suitable for spatial analysis.
•These output polygons (generated in ESRI Shapefile format) were created using the “assign proximity” utility analysis in ArcView 3.2. This utility creates a grid of discrete zones (Theissen polygons) around the target points, by assigning each cell to the nearest target feature.
Al Zayani, 2003
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Status of turtles: Literature
• In survey in 2000 • The shallow offshore area to the south east of
Bahrain had the highest densities of turtles (6.5/km2 )
• The second is the area between Bahrain and Hawar (0.6/km2 ).
• The highest density of turtle foraging was observed between the headland of Hadd al Jamal (50o 37.50’ and 26o 51.00’) and the shallow area of Jabbari (50o 40.00’ and 26o 55.00’).
)Al Zayani, 2003.(
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NGO’s Initiative
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لحماية الوطنية الحملةالبحرية السالحف
The National Campaign for Saving Marine Turtles (Sulhuf)
المهندي خولة البيئية الباحثةKhawla Al Muhannadi
العظم فشت لحماية البيئي التكتل ممثلةالبيئة اصدقاء جمعية رئيسة
First Press Conference المؤتمراألول الصحفي
2005سبتمبر 5
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Press Conferences
الغاية : • البحرية السالحف لحماية الوطنية الحملةواألهداف
السالحف : • واقع الوطنية الحملة قبل ما فرضيةالبحر مرتادو يراه كما
الموارد • الستعمال المنظمة واللوائح القوانينالبحرية بالسالحف والخاصة البحرية
ماتم : • البحرية السالحف لحماية الوطنية الحملةوالخطوات- – العمل خطة األولي االستنتاج
القادمة