marine resource use in wakatobi 2006-2009
TRANSCRIPT
i
July 2012
Indonesia Marine Program
Report No 4A/12
Marine Resource Use in Wakatobi National
Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia (2006-2009)
Compiled by:
Purwanto, Anton Wijonarno, Joanne Wilson, Hardin and La Fasa
In collaboration with
Wakatobi National Park Authority and WWF Indonesia
ii
Published by: The Nature Conservancy, Indonesia Marine Program
Contact Details:
The Nature Conservancy - Indonesia Marine Program
Jl. Pengembak No.2, Sanur 80228, Bali, Indonesia
Phone +62-(0)361-287272, Fax +62-(0)361-270737
Email: [email protected]
TNC – WWF Wakatobi Joint Program
Jln A. Yani, Desa Mandati II, Wangi-Wangi,
Wakatobi, Sulawesi Tenggara - Indonesia
Tel/Fax: 62-404-21851 / 62-404-21881
Suggested Citation:
Purwanto, A. Wijonarno, J. Wilson, Hardin, L. Fasa. 2010. Marine Resource Use in Wakatobi National
Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia (2006-2009). The Nature Conservancy – Indonesia Marine Program. Report
1A/12.
© 2012, The Nature Conservancy
All Rights Reserved.
Cover Photo: Marine resource use in Wakatobi NP ©TNC-Indonesia Marine Program
Available from:
The Nature Conservancy –Indonesia Marine Program
Jl. Pengembak No.2 Sanur 80228
Bali, Indonesia
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Foreward
The resource uses monitoring program in Wakatobi National Park was carried out in collaboration with
the Wakatobi National Park Office and the TNC-WWF Program Wakatobi, with technical support from
TNC CTC Bali.
This report provides a snapshot of the spatial and temporal patterns of resource uses in Wakatobi, thus
illustrating the nature of local dependency and pressure imposed on Wakatobi National Park. We hope
that these findings prove useful to the management of Wakatobi National Park and will help to tailor
current management efforts so that they become more effective and adaptive to the current situation
and future dynamics of resource use in the Wakatobi area.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to the Head of Wakatobi National Park Office, the Wakatobi
TNC-WFF Project Leader, the TNC-CTC Training Team, and everyone else who helped to make this
monitoring activity a success, from the planning stages to the implementation stages. We would also
like to express our deepest gratitude to Dr. Joanne Wilson and Mr. Stephanus V Mandagi from the TNC-
CTC Science Team for their corrections and technical input and suggestions, and for their patient
guidance in completing this report.
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Executive Summary
An area of 1.39 million ha around the Wakatobi archipelago in Southeast Sulawesi was declared as a
Marine National Park by Ministerial Decree in 1996 to protect its highly diverse coral reefs and coasts
and promote sustainable fisheries and tourism. Since 2003, TNC and WWF have been cooperating to
assist the WNP authority and District government to achieve sustainable development and conservation
goals. In 2007 the zoning and management plans for WNP were revised to protect its biodiversity and
provide sustainable fishing for local fishers.
WNP is one of the most densely populated Marine National Parks in Indonesia with about 100 thousand
people residing within the National Park in 2007 (Wakatobi District statistics agency, 2008) most of
whom rely on marine resources for food and income. A program to routinely monitor the high level of
resource use and compliance with the zoning regulations in WNP was initiated in June 2006 and was
carried out by Wakatobi National Park Office with support of the TNC-WWF Wakatobi Joint Program.
The monitoring revealed that fishing is the most common marine resource use in Wakatobi. Fishermen
from outside of Wakatobi, although few in number, were efficient in obtaining large catches compared
with local fishermen from Wakatobi because of their larger boats, fishing techniques and the long time
they spent at sea. The monitoring revealed an increase in compliance with the new zoning plan as
compared with the previous one, with 86% of fishermen operating in the local use zone, 1% operating in
the core zone, 2% in the marine protected zone, and 11% in the tourism zone. Hook and line is the most
popular fishing gear with local fishers, while fishermen from outside Wakatobi use lift nets to catch
small pelagic fish, gaffs for octopus and squid, and purse seine and fish traps (rumpon) to catch pelagic
fish in deeper water. Catches (kg recorded per sortie) decreased continuously over the years surveyed
from 1,600 kg in 2006 to 552 kg in 2007, 302 kg in 2008, and 283 kg in 2009. This decline is likely the
result of an already reduced fish biomass as well as a reduction in the number of fishermen from outside
of Wakatobi.
To obtain a more accurate and detailed picture of the spatial and temporal patterns of resource use in
Wakatobi National Park, monitoring surveys must be continued, but with some adjustments.
Specifically, surveys should be conducted in the morning and evening (not only in the afternoon) when
many fishermen are working at sea.
The results of these resource use surveys could improve adaptive management efforts in WNP and
could also be used by the Wakatobi District Government for the formulation and regulation of
sustainable fishing policy in Wakatobi National Park.
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Table of Contents
Foreward ...................................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iii
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... iv
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 5
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 6
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. 7
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Target Audience ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2 Method .................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Boat based surveys – frequency and location .................................................................................. 11
2.2 Recording activities .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Monitoring team .............................................................................................................................. 11
2.4 Data entry and analysis .................................................................................................................... 12
3 Findings and Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Time .................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1.1 Survey days and boats sighted .................................................................................................. 13
3.1.2 Number of work days of resource users ................................................................................... 14
3.1.3 Working patterns of fishermen ................................................................................................. 15
3.2 Users of Wakatobi National Park ..................................................................................................... 16
3.2.1 Origins of fishermen .................................................................................................................. 16
3.2.2 Types of use ............................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.3 Forms of transport used by resource users............................................................................... 18
3.3 Types of fishing gear used by fishermen .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.1 Types of fishing gear .................................................................................................................. 20
3.3.2 Types of catch ............................................................................................................................ 22
3.3.3 Volume of catch......................................................................................................................... 23
3.4 Fishing locations ............................................................................................................................... 26
6
3.5 Permanent resource uses ................................................................................................................. 29
4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 31
5 Recommendations................................................................................................................................... 33
References .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Appendices ................................................................................................................................................. 35
List of Figures
Figure 1. Resource use monitoring route in Wakatobi National Park June 2006 – March 2009.
Monitoring system divided into nine sectors of proximity of route. ....................................... 12
Figure 2. Number of survey days, by month and year ............................................................................ 13
Figure 3. Number of boats sighted by month and year .......................................................................... 14
Figure 4. Average number of days worked, by origin of fishermen ........................................................ 15
Figure 5. Number of boats used by resource users, by month and year ................................................ 16
Figure 6. Percentage of vessels by port of origin over time.................................................................... 17
Figure 7. Percentage of boats, by type of use ......................................................................................... 18
Figure 8. Percent type of transport used by resource users, over time ................................................. 19
Figure 9. Forms of transport sighted during the survey ......................................................................... 19
Figure 10. Percent type of transport used by fishermen from Wakatobi (left) and outside Wakatobi
(right). ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11. Types of fishing gear used ........................................................................................................ 21
Figure 12. Types of fishing gear used, by month and year ....................................................................... 21
Figure 13. Fishing gear used by fishermen from Wakatobi (top) and outside Wakatobi (bottom) (in
percent) .................................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 14. Volume of catch by gear type over time .................................................................................. 23
Figure 15. Volume of catch by gear type over time .................................................................................. 24
Figure 16. Volume of catch, by origin of fishermen .................................................................................. 25
Figure 17. Volume of catch by type of fishing gear, in percent ................................................................ 25
Figure 18. Volume of catch by type of catch and type of fishing gear ...................................................... 26
Figure 19. Map of distribution of resource users, by Wakatobi National Park zone ................................ 28
Figure 20. Fishing gear used, by Wakatobi National Park zone ................................................................ 29
7
List of Tables
Table 1. Number and percentage of vessels by port of origin ................................................................... 17
Table 2. The old zoning system of Wakatobi National Park and number of boats sighted ....................... 27
Table 3. The new zoning system of Wakatobi National Park and number of boats sighted ..................... 27
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1 Introduction
1.1 Background
The Wakatobi archipelago is located in Southeast Sulawesi, eastern Indonesia. The name Wakatobi is an
acronym from the four major islands in the archipelago: Wangi Wangi, Kaledupa, Tomia dan Binongko.
An area of 1.39 million ha around Wakatobi was declared as a Marine National Park by Ministerial
Decree in 1996 to protect coastal and marine ecosystems so that they can continue to provide services
such as fisheries, tourism and coastal protection. Wakatobi National Park comprises a total of 39 islands,
surrounding mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs, as well as offshore areas.
Wakatobi was established as a new independent District in December 2003 and the entire marine area
of Wakatobi District is now inside the National Park boundaries. Since 2003, TNC and WWF have been
operating a joint program in WNP actively assisting the WNP authority and District government to
achieve sustainable development and conservation goals. This has been done through implementation
of a multi-faceted conservation program and through the support for a National Park Management Plan
and a District Strategic Development Plan.
The zoning plan for WNP was recently revised in 2007 (Appendix 2). There are now five types of zones in
Wakatobi National Park including the core zone, the marine protected zone, the tourism zone, the local
use zone, the general use zone, and the special/land zone. The core zone is a fully protected ‘no go’ area
which has been applied to the small and remote island of Moromaho in the south of WNP which is
important for seabird nesting. Areas designated as marine protected zones are ‘no take areas’ that serve
as 'fish banks’ by encompassing coral reef areas. The tourism zone is dedicated to tourist activities
where extractive uses (fishing, collecting) are prohibited. The local use zone is the largest zone and is to
be used exclusively by the local Wakatobi community. The general use zone pertains to deep waters,
four miles offshore from reefs or islands, where development of large-scale pelagic fish farming is
permitted. The special/land zone encompassing approximately 46 370 ha is for infrastructural projects
for the people and government of Wakatobi. Non-extractive use zones in Wakatobi National Park
account for just 3.7% of its total area but encompass 37% of ecologically important habitats. The
zonation system has been designed to protect the biodiversity of WNP and provide sustainable fishing
for the local people of Wakatobi and surrounding areas.
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WNP ranks as one of the highest priorities for marine conservation in Indonesia. The coral reefs are
extremely biodiverse with 396 scleractinian corals and 590 fish species, and the area is also important
for nesting of endangered turtle species and home to at least 12 species of cetaceans. WNP suffered
extensive destructive fishing in the past and coral reef fisheries are now threatened by overfishing.
Other threats to the Marine Park include coral and sand extraction by local communities for
construction. WNP is one of the most densely populated Marine National Parks in Indonesia with 99 492
people residing within the National Park in 2007 (Wakatobi District Statistics Agency, 2008). Their
dependency on marine resources is high, because fishing is their primary or secondary source of income.
Without proper regulation in Wakatobi, social conflict threatens the long-term viability of natural
resources and fishing (as a livelihood) in Wakatobi. Monitoring is therefore crucial to fully
understanding the spatial and temporal nature of resource use in the Park.
This monitoring activity is also meant to gauge the level of compliance with the zoning system of
Wakatobi National Park. These surveys, which have taken place since June 2006, were carried out by
Wakatobi National Park Office with the support of the TNC-WWF Wakatobi Joint Program.
1.2 Goals
The main goals of marine resource use monitoring in Wakatobi National Pak were to:
Assess the effectiveness of zoning uses
Identify the level of local dependency on resources
Identify trends in the pattern of resource use in WNP in terms of areas used and the nature of
activites, fishing gear and catch
Identify the users of resources
Provide input for evaluation of the management
Increase interaction with marine resource users
Identify resources used by peopl
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1.3 Objectives
The output of this resource use monitoring activity is expected to be used by the outreach team to raise
public awareness and as input for the Wakatobi National Park Office and Wakatobi District Government
in natural resource protection and conservation efforts as well as in further developing sustainable
fishing policies in Wakatobi.
11
2 Method
Resource use monitoring in WNP was initiated in July 2006, using a protocol specifically tailored for
WNP (Wijonarno et.al, 2006). This protocol was modified from the resource use monitoring protocol
developed for Komodo National Park (Mous et.al, 1996).
2.1 Boat based surveys – frequency and location
Users of WNP were surveyed over a six day period every month by speedboat along a pre-determined
route (Figure 1). One six-day survey is termed a sortie for the purposes of this report. The surveys
focused on documenting uses of resources in Wakatobi National Park, including mobile uses (fishing
boats, passenger boats, and tour boats) and non-mobile uses (guiding barriers, huma, fish aggregating
devices, and fish traps). A map of Wakatobi National Park zoning is presented in Appendix 2.
To simplify observations and reporting, WNP area was divided into nine sectors and all sectors were
then monitored during every survey.
Between July 2006 and March 2009, a total of 31 monitoring surveys were conducted, for a total of 143
work days, with each sortie lasting an average of 4.6 days (Figure 2). Thus many surveys were les than
six days, for reasons that included inclement weather, technical issues with the speedboat and illegal
activities that all resulted in unplanned distractions to monitoring efforts.
2.2 Recording activities
The surveys involved interviewing the captains of vessels that were sighted along the pre-determined
survey route. The aim of the interviews was to obtain information about the vessel and its activities such
as the captain’s name, the boat’s name, the number of crew, their origin, their activities, their fishing
gear, their type and amount of catch, and the number of days working. The time, location and the GPS
(Global Positioning System) coordinates of the encounter were also recorded. The location and type of
fixed gear was also recorded every three months. These interviews and observations were recorded
using the forms shown at the end of this report in Appendix 1.
2.3 Monitoring team
The monitoring team consisted of staff from WNP, Wakatobi Fisheries Department, TNC-WWF, and one
local community representative. Through this representative, the community could become aware of
the nature of the surveys and how to exercise control to prevent violations taking place within the WNP.
12
Division of tasks and roles among team members was dealt with before surveys, by the team leader, as
shown in Appendix 2.
When the monitoring team witnessed boats or fishermen committing crimes such as using explosives or
poison to catch fish the team reported these activities to the nearest police station. Fishing boats from
outside Wakatobi that were fishing illegally (i.e. not in accordance with the zoning system) were taken
to the Wakatobi Marine and Fisheries Office for prosecution. Local fishermen from Wakatobi who were
unintentionally fishing in the wrong zones would simply be re-directed to the appropriate fishing areas.
2.4 Data entry and analysis
Microsoft Excel was used to compile and analyze data gathered in the field. GIS software was used to
draw maps of resource use.
Figure 1. Resource use monitoring route in Wakatobi National Park June 2006 – March 2009. Monitoring system divided into nine sectors of proximity of route.
13
3 Findings and Discussion
3.1 Time
3.1.1 Survey days and boats sighted
Figure 3 shows the number of boats sighted during each sortie. The actual value is the number of boats
sighted during the sortie, and the standardized figure is the estimated figure had the six-day sortie been
completed. The number of boats sighted fluctuated and did not suggest any fixed pattern during the
study period. The most boats sighted in one sortie was 80, in February 2009, the second-most was 71 in
June 2006. In December 2008, only one boat was sighted in three sorties. This was due to bad weather
and the fact that the sorties coincided with the Wakatobi District anniversary celebrations, which meant
that not many local fishermen were out fishing (Figure 3).
Figure 2. Number of survey days, by month and year [notes: jumlah hari survei = number of survey days, Mei = May, Agt = Aug, Okt = Oct, Des = Dec]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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Agt
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Jan
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Mei
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Mei
Jun
Jul
Agt
Sept
Okt
Nov
Des
Jan
Feb
Mar
2006 2007 2008 2009
Ju
mla
h h
ari
su
rvei
14
Figure 3. Number of boats sighted by month and year [notes: jumlah kapal = number of boats, Mei = May, Agt = Aug, Okt = Oct, Des = Dec, tahun-bulan = year – month, aktual = actual, standardisasi = standardised]
3.1.2 Number of work days of resource users
The average number of days worked at sea for fishermen from outside Wakatobi (4.8 days) was higher
than the average for local fishermen (2.1 days) (Figure 4). Fishermen from outside Wakatobi generally
use larger boats with more fish-holding capacity, which means that they can stay at sea longer than local
fishermen. Fishermen from Mola, Wakatobi worked an average of 2.8 days at sea, more than fishermen
from any other areas of Wakatobi. Fishermen from Kaledupa Selatan worked the fewest days at sea,
averaging 1.5 days. Of all fishermen from outside Wakatobi, those from Sinjai Bulukumba worked the
largest number of days in Wakatobi, with 9.1 days at sea, followed by fishermen from Menui Sapuka
with 4.1 days per trip. Fishermen from Sinjai Bulukumba generally focused on catching small pelagic fish
(anchovy) using lift nets and taking their catches straight back to their villages. Fishermen from Menui
Sapuka generally fished for octopus, and made some trade with collectors in Wanci, so they spent fewer
days at sea (Figure 4).
0
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90
Jul
Agt
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2006 2007 2008 2009
Tahun - bulan
Ju
mla
h k
ap
al
Aktual Standarisasi
15
Figure 4. Average number of days worked, by origin of fishermen [notes: rata-rata hari kerja = average number of days worked, luar Wakatobi = outside of Wakatobi]
3.1.3 Working patterns of fishermen
There was no pattern to the months of the year worked by fishermen. The largest numbers of resource
boats were sighted during surveys in July 2006 (64 boats), February 2008 (52 boats) and May 2007 (48
boats), while the fewest boats were sighted in May 2008 (6 boats) and January 2007 (7 boats) (Figure 5).
June through August is the season of the eastern monsoon and December through February is the
western monsoon, when there are usually large waves in Wakatobi but fishermen were still sighted at
sea despite the waves and bad weather. The incessant demand for fish from local communities and
especially international markets is most likely what drives many fishermen to still go to sea even when
the waves are large and the weather is poor.
0123456789
10
Mola
WangiW
WangS
el
Mantig
ola
Kale
dupa
Kale
dupaS
el
Waiti
iLam
anggau
Tom
ia
Tom
iaT
imur
Bin
ongko
Sin
jaiB
ulu
kum
ba
MenuiS
apuka
Daera
hLain
Nas
LuarN
egeri
WangiWangi Kaledupa Tomia Binongko
Wakatobi Luar Wakatobi
Ra
ta-r
ata
ha
ri k
erj
a (
ha
ri)
16
Figure 5. Number of boats used by resource users, by month and year [notes: jumlah kapal = number of boats, Mei = May, Agt = Aug, Okt = Oct, Des = Dec, tahun – bulan = year - month]
3.2 Users of Wakatobi National Park
3.2.1 Fishermen home ports
Wakatobi fishermen from Mola made up the largest number of fishermen native to Wakatobi sighted
during surveys, followed by fishermen from Wangi-Wangi, Tomia, and lastly Waitii Lamanggau. Few
fishermen from other subdistricts in Wakatobi were sighted fishing in Wakatobi. Boats of fishermen
from Menui – Sapuka (Central Sulawesi) and Sinjai – Bulukumba (South Sulawesi) made up a major
portion of sightings for boats from outside Wakatobi, in addition to fishermen from Buton Island, Flores,
and Makasar. The average number of boats from outside Wakatobi sighted per sortie decreased during
the study period (Table 1, Figure 6). This decline may have been the result of the new zoning system in
WNP, which was announced and established in July 2007. The new zoning system in WNP designates
most of the marine areas around reefs and islands as local use areas, which means that they can only be
used by native fishermen from Wakatobi. Fishermen from outside of Wakatobi are allowed to fish the
waters starting at 4 miles from offshore from the closest reef or island. This new policy is meant to
prevent escalating competition for fish between local and foreign fishermen. Map of resources use
pattern based on the origins of fishermen is presented in Appendix 3.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Jul
Agt
Sept
Okt
Nov
Des
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Mei
Jun
Jul
Agt
Sept
Okt
Nov
Des
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Mei
Jun
Jul
Agt
Sept
Okt
Nov
Des
Jan
Feb
Mar
2006 2007 2008 2009
Tahun - bulan
Ju
mla
h k
ap
al
17
Table 1. Number and percentage of vessels by port of origin
Origin 2006 (Jul-Dec) 2007 (Jan-Dec) 2008 (Jan-Dec) 2009 (Jan-Mar)
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Wakatobi 129 72 273 84 226 95 66 89
Outside Wakatobi 50 28 52 16 11 5 8 11
Total Number 179 100 325 100 237 100 74 100
Figure 6. Percentage of vessels by port of origin over time per year [notes: persentase jumlah kapal = percentage of boats, Luar Wakatobi = Outisde Wakatobi]
3.2.2 Types of use
The main users of the area are fishermen, with about more than 90% in total boats numbers, followed
by fish collectors and tourist businesses (Figure 7). There were fewer fish collectors during 2009 as
compared with previous years. A map of resources use based on gear types presented in Appendix 4.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mo
la
Wa
ng
iW
Wa
ng
Se
l
Ka
led
up
a
Ma
ntig
ola
Ka
led
up
aS
el
To
mia
Wa
itiiL
am
an
gg
au
To
mia
Tim
ur
Bin
on
gko
Da
era
hL
ain
Na
s
Me
nu
iSa
pu
ka
Sin
jaiB
ulu
ku
mb
a
Lu
arN
eg
eri
WangiWangi Kaledupa Tomia Binongko
Wakatobi Luar Wakatobi
Pe
rse
nta
se
Ju
mla
h k
ap
al
2006
2007
2008
2009
18
Figure 7. Percentage of boats, by type of use
[notes: persentase jumlah kapal = percentage of boats, nelayan = fishing, penampung = fish collectors, wisata =
tourism]
3.2.3 Types of vessels
Sampans are the most commonly used vessel in WNP, followed by larger boats, dugouts, riverboat, and
some resource users did not use a boat (Figures 8 and 9). More than 50% of fishermen from WNPO used
sampans and more than 85% of fishermen from outside Wakatobi used onboard engine boats (Figure
10). These different forms of transportation are related to the distance of fishermen must travel to
reach the fishing grounds: fishermen from outside Wakatobi have to use large boats to reach WNP,
while fishermen from Wakatobi can just use sampans to fish nearby areas of the islands where they live.
Between 2006 and 2008, the number of sampans increased, while at the same time the number of
boats decreased (Figure 8). A map of resources use based on the vessel type used is presented in
Appendix 5.
99
12 2 1 -
90 90 93
8 68
-
20
40
60
80
100
120
2006 2007 2008 2009
Pers
en
tase j
um
lah
kap
al
(%)
Nelayan Penampung Wisata
19
Figure 8. Percentage of transport type used by resource users, over time [notes: persentase jenis kapal = type of boat, tanpa kapal = no boat, bodi batang = dugout, pompong = river boat, kapal = boat, Mei = May, Agt = Aug, Okt = Oct, Des = Dec]
Figure 9. Forms of transport sighted during the survey [notes: jumlah alat transportasi = number of forms of transport, tanpa kapal = no boat, bodi batang = dugout, pompong = river boat, kapal = boat,]
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ju
l
Ag
t
Se
pt
Okt
No
v
De
s
Ja
n
Fe
b
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r
Ap
r
Me
i
Ju
n
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l
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t
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pt
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v
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b
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r
Me
i
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b
Ma
r
2006 2007 2008 2009
Pe
rse
nta
se
Je
nis
ka
pa
l
TanpaKapal Sampan BodiBatang Pompong Kapal
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Sampan Kapal BodiBatang Pompong TanpaKapal
Ju
mla
h a
lat
tran
sp
ort
asi
20
Figure 10. Percent type of transport used by fishermen from Wakatobi (left) and outside Wakatobi (right). [notes: Luar Wakatobi = Outside Wakatobi = no boat, bodi batang = dugout, pompong = river boat, kapal = boat,]
3.3 Gear and catch
3.3.1 Types of fishing gear
The most commonly used type of fishing gear sighted during the surveys was hook and line, followed by
lamba nets, gaffs and lift nets. Hook and line are generally used to catch reef fish, both live and dead,
which are dried and sold in Wakatobi. Gaffs are usually used to fish for octopus, or to glean reefs at low
tide. Lamba nets are used to catch reef fish in flat, shallow water reefs (2-5 m). Lift nets are used to
catch small pelagic fish (e.g. anchovies) and is most commonly used by fishermen from Sinjai and
Bulukumba.
Fishermen from Wakatobi most commonly use hook and line, the main type of fishing gear on 53% of
the 667 boats sighted. Also quite common are lamba nets, gaffs and other gear, such as arrows and
spears, lift nets and bamboo and netting fish traps (Figure 11). On the 147 boats of fishermen from
outside Wakatobi, the most common types of fishing gear were lift nets, gaffs, lamba nets, and purse
seine (Figure 12, Figure 13). Lift nets were most commonly used by fishermen from Sinjai Bulukumba.
Gaffs were most commonly used by fishermen from Menui Sapuka, for catching octopus.
Wakatobi (684)
1%
53%
20%
15%
11% TanpaKapal
Sampan
BodiBatang
Pompong
Kapal
Luar Wakatobi (147)
1% 3%9%
86%
TanpaKapal
Sampan
BodiBatang
Pompong
Kapal
21
Figure 11. Types of fishing gear used [notes: jumlah alat tangkap = number of fishing gear, pancing dasar = hook and line, jaring lamba = lamba net, ganco = gaff, lainnya = other gear, bagan = lift net, bubu = fish trap, pukat dasar = drag net, kompresor = compressor, tabung selam = scuba gear, pukat cincin = purse seine, bombius = explosives/poison]
Figure 12. Types of fishing gear used, by month and year [notes: jumlah alat tangkap = number of fishing gear, pancing dasar = hook and line, jaring lamba = lamba net, ganco = gaff, lainnya = other gear, bagan = lift net, bubu = fish trap, pukat dasar = drag net, kompresor = compressor, tabung selam = scuba gear, pukat cincin = purse seine, bombius = explosives/poison, Mei = May, Agt = Aug, Okt = Oct, Des = Dec]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Pancin
gD
asar
JaringLam
ba
Ganco
Lain
nya
Bagan
Bubu
PukatD
asar
Pancin
gT
onda
Kom
pre
sor
TabungS
ela
m
PukatC
incin
Bom
Biu
s
Ju
mla
h a
lat
tan
gkap
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Jul
Ag
t
Se
pt
Okt
No
vD
es
Jan
Fe
bM
ar
Ap
rM
ei
Jun
Jul
Ag
t
Se
pt
Okt
No
v
De
sJa
n
Fe
bM
ar
Ap
r
Me
iJu
n
Jul
Ag
t
Se
pt
Okt
No
v
De
sJa
n
Fe
b
Ma
r
2006 2007 2008 2009
Ju
mla
h a
lat
tan
gkap
PancingDasar PancingTonda PukatDasar PukatCincin Bubu Kompresor
TabungSelam JaringLamba Ganco BomBius Bagan Lainnya
22
Figure 13. Fishing gear used by fishermen from Wakatobi (top) and outside Wakatobi (bottom) (in percent) [notes: Luar Wakatobi = outside Wakatobi, pancing dasar = hook and line, jaring lamba = lamba net, ganco = gaff, lainnya = other gear, bagan = lift net, bubu = fish trap, pukat dasar = drag net, kompresor = compressor, tabung selam = scuba gear, pukat cincin = purse seine, bombius = explosives/poison]
3.3.2 Types of catch
Fish is the most common catch on fishing boats sighted in WNP, followed by octopus/squid, live fish, sea
slugs, seaweed, as well as others. Fish is the main catch in Wakatobi for fishermen from Wakatobi and
for fishermen from outside Wakatobi (Figure 14). This has to do with the type of fishing gear that the
fishermen use. Trawl nets, lift nets, lamba nets, and seine nets all target fish, while gaffs target octopus
and squid.
Wakatobi (667)
53%
3%5%
1%
9%
3%
0%
10%
6%
0%
3%
7%
PancingDasar
PancingTonda
PukatDasar
PukatCincin
Bubu
Kompresor
TabungSelam
JaringLamba
Ganco
BomBius
Bagan
Lainnya
Luar Wakatobi (142)
3%
8%
6%
25%0%
28%
17%1%
1%4%
3%4%
PancingDasar
PancingTonda
PukatDasar
PukatCincin
Bubu
Kompresor
TabungSelam
JaringLamba
Ganco
BomBius
Bagan
Lainnya
23
Figure 14. Volume of catch by gear type over time [notes: jumlah hasil tangkap (kg) = Volume of catch (kg), ikan = fish, ikan hidup = live fish, teripang = sea cucumber, gurita/cumi = octopus/squid, Des = Dec]
3.3.3 Volume of catch
There has been a downward trend in the volume of catch by fishermen in WNP. The average fish catch
per sortie was 1 582.5 kg in 2006. Since 2006, catches have been declining to 551.3 kg in 2007, 305 kg in
2008, and 282.7 kg in 2009 (Figure 16). A decrease in catch was also reported by several fishermen using
guiding barriers (in Kaledupa), lift nets and hook and line (Beloro, La Asiru - private communication). The
results of the Kahedupa Taudani Forum (Forkani) research (in collaboration with the Darwin Institute)
also indicate a decrease in the volume of catches, and in the size of fish caught by fishermen in Kaledupa
(Forkani, 2008). This decrease is most likely the result of the Park’s new zoning system which restricts
non-local fishermen from fishing close to shore. Another possible reason for the downward trend, which
needs to be studied in more detail, is a decrease in fish resources. But this needs to be confirmed by
further research and more detailed surveys across Wakatobi.
The highest volume of catch in 2006 came from the use of lift net (bagan) and lamba net (jaring lamba)
and still commonly found in 2007, but they decreased to almost zero 2008 and 2009. There was an
increase in gaff (ganco) catch in 2007, but it was only high during that year. In 2008 there was an
increase of hook and line (pancing dasar) catch and decrease in 2009, however the volume of catch was
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Ikan IkanHidup Teripang GuritaCumi
Ju
mla
h h
asil
tan
gkap
(kg
)
2006 (Jul
- Des)
2007 (Jan
- Des)
2008 (Jan
- Des)
2009 (Jan
- Mar)
24
highest amongst other gear type. Map of resources use pattern based on the volume of catch presented
in Appendix 8.
Figure 15. Volume of catch by gear type over time [notes: jumlah hasil tangkap (kg) = Volume of catch (kg), pancing dasar = hook and line, jaring lamba = lamba net, ganco = gaff, lainnya = other gear, bagan = lift net, bubu = fish trap, pukat dasar = drag net, kompresor = compressor, tabung selam = scuba gear, pukat cincin = purse seine, bombius = explosives/poison, Des = Dec]
In general the highest catch volume in 2006 was from outside of Wakatobi particularly fishermen from
Sinjai Bulukumba, but tends to decrease to zero in 2009. From Wakatobi, the highest catch volume
came from Mantigola – Kaledupa and Mola – Wangi Wangi in 2006-2007 and reduce within the years
after.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Pancin
gD
asar
Pancin
gT
onda
PukatD
asar
PukatC
incin
Bubu
Kom
pre
sor
TabungS
ela
m
JaringLam
ba
Ganco
Bom
Biu
s
Bagan
Lain
nya
Jum
lah
has
il t
ang
kap
(kg
) 2006 (Jul -
Des)
2007 (Jan
- Des)
2008 (Jan
- Des)
2009 (Jan
- Mar)
25
Figure 16. Volume of catch, by origin of fishermen [notes: jumlah hasil tangkap (kg) = Volume of catch (kg), Des = Dec, Luar Wakatobi = Outside Wakatobi]
The overall proportions of catch volume mainly from lift net for more than 30%, flowed by lamba net
and hook and line for about 20% to 25%.
Figure 17. Volume of catch by type of fishing gear, in percent [notes: persentase hasil tangkap = percentage volume of catch, pancing dasar = hook and line, jaring lamba = lamba net, ganco = gaff, lainnya = other gear, bagan = lift net, bubu = fish trap, pukat dasar = drag net, kompresor = compressor, tabung selam = scuba gear, pukat cincin = purse seine, bombius = explosives/poison, Des = Dec]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Mo
la
Wa
ng
iW
Wa
ng
Se
l
Ma
ntig
ola
Ka
led
up
a
Ka
led
up
aS
el
Wa
itiiL
am
an
gg
au
To
mia
To
mia
Tim
ur
Bin
on
gko
Sin
jaiB
ulu
ku
mb
a
Me
nu
iSa
pu
ka
Da
era
hL
ain
Na
s
Lu
arN
eg
eri
WangiWangi Kaledupa Tomia Binongko
Wakatobi Luar Wakatobi
To
tal h
asil t
an
gkap
an
(kg
)2006 (Jul-
Des)
2007 (Jan-
Des)
2008 (Jan-
Des)
2009 (Jan-
Mar)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bagan
JaringLam
ba
Pancin
gD
asar
Ganco
Bubu
PukatD
asar
Kom
pre
sor
Pancin
gT
onda
Lain
nya
PukatC
incin
TabungS
ela
m
Bom
Biu
sPers
en
tase h
asil
tan
gkap
(%
)
n = 20.009 kg
26
Fish were the main catch of fishermen with various type of fishing gears, mainly using hook and line,
lamba nets and lift net, and some catch of octopus/squid and live fish mainly using hook and line. Map
of resources use pattern based on the type of catch presented in Appendix 7.
Figure 18. Volume of catch by type of catch and type of fishing gear [notes: jumlah hasil tangkap (kg) = Volume of catch (kg), belum ada = none, ikan = fish, ikan hidup = live fish, teripang = sea slug, kima = clam, penyu = turtle, udang/lobster = shrimp/lobster, siput/mutiara = snails/pearls, rumput laut = seaweed, gurita/cumi = octopus/lobster, campuran = mixed, pancing dasar = hook and line, jaring lamba = lamba net, ganco = gaff, lainnya = other gear, bagan = lift net, bubu = fish trap, pukat dasar = drag net, kompresor = compressor, tabung selam = scuba gear, pukat cincin = purse seine, bombius = explosives/poison]
3.4 Fishing locations
During surveys between July 2006 and June 2007, when the old zoning system was still in place, the
majority of fishermen (45%) were sighted in the rehabilitation zone, with 33% sighted in the traditional
use zone, 7% in the use zone, 7 % in the protected zone, and 8% in the core zone (Table 2). Starting in
July 2007, data collection followed the new zoning system, and from that date the majority of fishermen
(86%) were sighted in the local use zone, with 11% in the tourism zone, 2% in the marine protected
zone, 0% in the general use zone, and 1% in the core zone (Table 3).
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Belu
m a
da
Ikan
Ikan h
idup
Ikan h
iu
Teripang
Kim
a
Penyu
Udang/L
obste
r
Sip
ut/M
utia
ra
Rum
putL
aut
Gurita
/Cum
i
Cam
pura
n
Ju
mla
h h
as
il t
an
gk
ap
an
(k
g)
PancingDasar PancingTonda PukatDasar PukatCincin Bubu Kompresor
TabungSelam JaringLamba Ganco Bom/Bius Bagan Lainnya
27
Table 2. The old zoning system of Wakatobi National Park and number of boats sighted
No Old Zoning Number of Boats (July’06-June’07) Percentage
1 Core 24 8
2 Protected 23 7
3 Rehabilitation 142 45
4 Use 22 7
5 Traditional Use 106 33
Table 3. The new zoning system of Wakatobi National Park and number of boats sighted
No Old Zoning Number of Boats (July’06-June’07) Percentage
1 Core 3 1
2 Marine Protected 10 2
3 Tourism 56 11
4 Local Use 427 86
5 General Use 2 0
In the period prior to July 2007 when the old zoning system was still in place, the fact that the majority
of fishermen used the rehabilitation zone indicates that the zoning system was not being applied
consistently. It also indicates that the designation of this zone as a rehabilitation zone was not
appropriate, i.e. a rehabilitation zone should be for ecological rehabilitation, not for resource use.
During this period, the use of the core zone and protected zone was also high, with 15% of all boats still
observed during this period. This indicates that the old zoning system was not being applied consistently
and indicated that the designation of these zones was not appropriate. This becomes part of the reasons
for the revision of the zoning system in Wakatobi National Park that had began in 2003. After the new
zoning system designated in May 2007, the survey findings until March 2009 indicated that 86% of boats
observed were fishing in local use zone. In addition, the increase of surveillance by Park authority drove
fishermen from outside Wakatobi, and also thought to be the reasons for the decrease in the use of the
core zone and marine protected zone. This also indicates that the new zoning system is suited to the
local condition, and takes into account the aspects of conservation and use by fishermen.
28
Figure 19. Map of distribution of resource users, by Wakatobi National Park zone
29
Figure 20. Fishing gear used, by Wakatobi National Park zone [notes: jumlah alat tangkap = number of fishing gear, inti = core, pelindung = protected, rehabilitasi = rehabilitation, pemanfaatan = use, pemanfaatan tradisional = traditional use, zonasi lama = old zoning system, perlindungan bahari = marine protected, pariwisata = tourism, pemanfaatan lokal = local use, pemanfaatan umum = general use, zonasi baru = new zoning system, pancing dasar = hook and line, jaring lamba = lamba net, ganco = gaff, lainnya = other gear, bagan = lift net, bubu = fish trap, pukat dasar = drag net, kompresor = compressor, tabung selam = scuba gear, pukat cincin = purse seine, bombius = explosives/poison]
3.5 Permanent resource uses
In addition to obtaining data on resource use by fishermen using boats or other mobile equipment, data
for permanent resources uses were also recorded. Permanent resource uses include the following:
Guiding barriers (sero): Guiding barriers are most common on Kaledupa Island. Their mainly
catch reef and coastal fish, i.e. Siganus sp, Lutjanus sp, and other coastal species. The nets used
for barriers in Kaledupa usually have a 1-2 inches mesh size, which not allow juveniles to escape.
This fishing method responsible for the observed decline in catches and the decrease in fish size
in this area (Forkani, 2008).
Fish aggregating devices (rumpong): FADs (Fish Aggregating Devices) were found in high
numbers in western of Wanci Island, eastern of Hoga Island, and near Tomia and Binongko. With
the exception of those to the west of Wangi-Wangi Island, placements of FADs are generally
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Inti
Pelin
dung
Pem
anfa
ata
n
Pem
anfa
ata
n
tradis
ional
Rehabili
tasi
Inti
Perlin
dungan
bahari
Pariw
isata
Pem
anfa
ata
n
lokal
Pem
anfa
ata
n
um
um
Zonasi Lama Zonasi Baru
Ju
mla
h a
lat
tan
gkap
Lainnya
Bagan
Ganco
Jaring lamba
Tabung selam
Bubu
Kompresor
Pukat dasar
Pancing tonda
Pancing dasar
30
dictated by wave direction during different seasons. During the western monsoon from
December to March, more FADs are located east of Hoga, Kaledupa, Tomia and Binongko
islands. During the eastern monsoon, from June to August, FADs are moved to the west of
Kaledupa, Tomia, and Binongko Islands. FADs mainly attract pelagic fish. FADs to the west of
Wangi-Wangi Island are mainly owned by fishermen from Mola, Wanci, Wandoka, Sombu and
Waha, all of which are villages on the western shore of Wangi-Wangi Island. These FADs are
mainly used to attract different species of tuna, that caught by various fishing methods,
including spears and purse seines. Spears are commonly used to catch large pelagic such as
skipjack tuna. Purse seines were often used to target small pelagic fish such as ikan lajang and
ikan kembung. Purse seines were most commonly used by fishermen from outside Wakatobi,
especially those from Sinjai-Bulukumba and Makassar.
Humas: are shelters constructed on beaches or on shallow parts of coral reefs and are used by
fishermen to rest or to dry fish that they have caught (see top image on report cover). Most
humas are constructed by groups of fishermen or by fish collectors. Most are found on the reef
at Kaledup and Kapota, while three were sighted on Koko reef, five on Koromaha reef and three
on Otiolo reef.
Traps for collecting live fish: were constructed by businesses and live fish collectors. There is a
noticeably large trap (with around 20 compartments, measuring 4 meters by 4 meters) for
collecting live fish on Kaledupa reef. This trap belongs to Tjiu Abubakar, the owner of Baubau-
based PT Winka. On Kapota reef there was another large trap (with 20 compartments) that
belongs to Haji Gega, a businessman from Moal, and who works in collaboration with Tjiu
Abubakar that sold live fish collected by fishermen. Most of these live fish collectors provide
fishermen from Wakatobi with capital (in the form of cash or equipment) in return for their
catch. Plectropomus sp and Epinephelus sp are the main targets of the live fish trade. There are
boats from Hong Kong or boats belong to PT Winka that occasionally travel to Wakatobi to
collect the live fish caught in traps. In addition to these two major traps, there are other several
smaller traps targeting live fish (2-10 compartments), on Wangi-Wangi, Kaledupa and Tomia;
they belong to local fishermen from Wakatobi.
31
4 Conclusions
The results of the survey suggest the following:
Compared with the old zoning system, the new zoning system in Wakatobi National Park
promotes multiple resource uses including most importantly fishing (as a livelihood and type of
cultural heritage) and conservation.
The new system is also more effective in protecting local fishermen, as indicated by the
decrease in fishing boats from outside Wakatobi over the course of the survey period. However,
catches by fishermen from outside Wakatobi continue to be much larger than those of local
fishermen, partly because these fishermen spending more time at sea have larger boats and
more kinds of fishing gear.
Fish are the main type of catch in Wakatobi, followed by octopus/squid, live fish, and sea
cucumbers.
Hook and line is the most common type of fishing gear used in Wakatobi, followed by lamba
nets, other fishing gear, gaffs, bamboo and netting fish traps.
Volumes of catches decreased over the years of the survey, due to a decrease in the number of
fishermen from outside Wakatobi, but also because of a possible decrease in fish resources in
Wakatobi.
Areas with highest use from locals generally reef areas close to local villages. Local fishermen
from Wangi-Wangi generally went to surround Wangi-Wangi Island, Karang Kapota, and
western area of Karang Kaledupa. Local fishermen from Kaledupa generally went to surround
Pulau Kaledupa and Karang Kaledupa. Local fishermen from Tomia generally went to eastern of
Karang Kaledupa. And local fishermen from Binongko generally went to surround Binongko
Island and eastern Karang Kaledupa.
Karang Kaledupa and Karang Kapota (southern atolls) were favorite areas of resource utilized by
fishermen from outside of Wakatobi Islands.
The highest no-take zone that still utilized from 2006 to 2009 was generally within Marine
Protection Zones, southern Karang Kaledupa. However, in this report we cannot differentiate
between years, or trend, and it is recommended to be presented for next report and analyses.
32
The reduction on total number of fish caught in 2009 would probably considered as related to
number of sorties where 2009 survey period only consist of three months of data collection.
However, the six months of 2006 still indicate relatively higher total fish caught than the next
years. This can reflect on the appliance of national park zoning system that control fisheries in
the area.
The resource use data collection only recorded day time resource use, does not document night
time use.
Resource use distributes to almost all reef areas of WNP, only Binongko the inhibited island with
relatively few utilization around. The resource use was similar to other remote islands and reefs.
33
5 Recommendations
Based on the activities, results and discussion of the resource use survey, we recommend the following:
It is necessary to continue monitoring on marine resource uses to keep observe their pattern;
however they need some to follow established protocols and procedures more closely, need to
revise timing of the surveys, from late mornings and early afternoons during surveys, to include
early mornings and evenings (or low tides) when local fishermen are out for fishing.
There should be continued and consistent enforcement of Wakatobi NP and Wakatobi district
government Marine and Fisheries to reduce fishing violations, especially within Protection Zones
of southern of Karang Kaledupa where fishermen from Wakatobi still operate and also become
favorite fishing location from outsiders.
To obtain more accurate data, there is impetus to work with local people and fishermen to
monitor marine resource uses on the shores of Besar Island because at low tide it is impossible
for a speedboat to approach boats/sampans on the shallow reef.
The findings of resource use monitoring efforts must be regularly communicated to the
Wakatobi National Park protection coordinator, and used to map vulnerable areas and to
identify security patrol routes.
The results and resource maps in this report still use overall pattern from all years, haven’t
differentiate between years to explain trends. It is recommended to provide information of
changes between years for the next reports, to give inputs to management.
34
References
Bakar, A. and P.J. Mous. 1999. Resource utilization in and around Komodo National Park. The Nature
Conservancy Coastal and Marine Program / Yayasan Pusaka Alam Nusantara, Jakarta, Indonesia.
30 p.
Mous, P.J., 2004. Resource use monitoring in Komodo National Park, Indonesia 1996 – 2004. The Nature
Conservancy and Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA) –
Komodo National Park Agency (or Balai Taman Nasional Komodo). 48 p.
Pet, J.S., 1999. Marine resource utilization in Komodo National Park, Monitoring report 1997-1998. The
Nature Conservancy Coastal and Marine Program / Yayasan Pusaka Alam Nusantara, Jakarta,
Indonesia. 38 p.
Wijonarno, A. et.al, 2006. Protokol Monitoring Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya di Taman Nasional Wakatobi
(unpublished)
35
Appendices
Appendix 1a. Form P1: Should be signed by all participants before conducting Sortie.
Departure date :
Arrival date :
Speedboat :
Sortie ID :
No Name Organization Roles Signature
1 e.g. Captain
2 e.g. Boat Crew
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Team Leader,
(.............................................)
36
Appendix 1b. Form P2: Route and percentage of visit to every sector in one sortie
Form P2. Sortie ID
Date/Month/Year hour:minutes hour:minutes
Tanggal Berangkat Jam Berangkat Jam Tiba
Tanggal Tiba Jam Berangkat Jam Tiba
Tempat Bermalam
Persentase masing-masing seksi yang dilewati pada Sortie ini:
1. Wangi -wangi 5. Karang Kapota
2. Kaledupa 6. Karang Kaledupa
3. Tomia 7. Karang Koko
4. Binongko 8. Kentiole
Total Wawancara P3 = 9. Runduma
Total pengamatan P4 = Total pelanggaran =
37
Appendix 1c. Form for non-permanent resource user
Formulir P3. Pengamatan pemanfaatan sumberdaya bergerak TNW (nelayan/wisatawan) SortieID : .................
Bujur (E) Lintang (S) Nama Lokasi 1.N
ela
yan
2.P
engum
pul
3.W
isata
1.K
erja
2.J
ala
n
3.Ist
irahat
0. T
anpa K
apal
1. S
am
pan
2. B
odi B
ata
ng
3. P
om
pong
4. K
apal
Jum
lah A
BK
Jml t
ourist
Lam
a H
ari
Nom
or
Tanggal Jam Nama Kapal
Posisi Pemanfaatan Kegiatan Jenis Kapal
Nama Kapten
1.M
ola
2.W
angi-W
angi
3.W
angi S
ela
tan
4.M
antigola
5.K
ale
dupa
6.K
ldp S
ela
tan
7.W
aitii/
Lam
anggau
8.T
om
ia
9.T
om
ia T
imur
10.B
inongko
11.S
inja
i/B
ulu
kum
ba
12.M
enui/S
apuka
13.D
aera
h L
ain
/Nasio
nal
14.L
uar
Negeri
1.P
ancin
g D
asar
2.P
ancin
g T
onda
3.P
ukat D
asar
4.P
ukat C
incin
/Pelin
gkar
5.B
ubu
6.K
om
pre
sor
7.T
abung S
ela
m
8.J
aring L
am
ba
9.G
anco
10.B
om
/Sia
nid
a
11.B
agang
12.L
ain
nya
0.B
elu
m a
da h
asil
1.Ikan
2.Ikan H
idup
3.Ikan H
iu
4.T
eripang
5.K
ima
6.P
enyu
7.U
dang/L
obste
r
8.S
iput/M
utiara
9.R
um
put Laut/A
gar
10.G
urita
/Cum
i
11.C
am
pura
n/L
ain
nya
Bera
t B
asah (
Kg)
Bera
t K
ering (
Kg)
Jm
l Ik
an/L
obste
r (e
kor)
Keterangan :
Jumlah HasilJenis Alat Tangkap Jenis Hasil
Pela
ng
gara
n
No
mo
r
Asal
38
Appendix 1d. Form P4: Map of permanent resource users
39
Appendix 1e. Form P5: List of permanent resource users
Formulir P5. Pemanfaatan sumberdaya tetap selama periode:
Sumberdaya tetap
SortieID FeatureID FeatureType Deskrisi sumberdaya tetap
(bawa beberapa lembar formulir jika dibutuhkan)
Catatan:
Feature type: titik, garis, poligon
SortieID: SortieID pengamatan selama 3 bulan
40
Appendix 2. Map of Wakatobi National Park zoning system
41
Appendix 3. Map of resource use patterns by origin of fishermen.
42
Appendix 4. Map of resource use pattern by fishing gears used.
43
Appendix 5. Map of resource use patterns by transportation used.
44
Appendix 6. Map of resource use patterns by fishing season/time
45
Appendix 7. Map of resource use patterns by type of catch
46
Appendix 8. Map of resource use pattern by volume of catch