Marine Marine FishFish

44thth block- Rivers block- Rivers

3 categories of 3 categories of marine fish:marine fish:

Jawless FishJawless FishCartilaginous FishCartilaginous FishBony FishBony Fish

Jawless FishJawless FishLack jawsLack jawsFeed by suctionFeed by suctionCylindrical and long bodyCylindrical and long bodyLack fins and scalesLack fins and scalesSkin used in leather goodsSkin used in leather goodsEx. eelEx. eel

Cartilaginous FishCartilaginous FishSkeleton made of cartilageSkeleton made of cartilageMoveable jaws with well Moveable jaws with well

developed teethdeveloped teethMouth underneath headMouth underneath headSandpaper like scalesSandpaper like scalesEx. sharks, rays, skates, and Ex. sharks, rays, skates, and

ratfishratfish

Bony FishBony Fish98% of fish98% of fishSkeleton is made partially Skeleton is made partially of boneof bone

Thin, overlapping scalesThin, overlapping scalesOperculum protects the Operculum protects the gillsgills

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Mouth located at end of Mouth located at end of bodybody

Teeth fused to jawboneTeeth fused to jawboneContain a swim bladderContain a swim bladder

Sharks- CartilaginousSharks- Cartilaginous

Adapted for fast swimmingAdapted for fast swimmingPredatorsPredatorsCalled “living fossils”Called “living fossils”Changed little through timeChanged little through time5-7 gill slits on each side5-7 gill slits on each side

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Most swim continuouslyMost swim continuouslyCan “drown” if not movingCan “drown” if not movingA few species, such as A few species, such as nurse sharks, can obtain Onurse sharks, can obtain O22 in gills without swimmingin gills without swimming

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Rows of numerous, sharp Rows of numerous, sharp teethteeth

Lost or broken teeth are Lost or broken teeth are replacedreplaced

Name is usually Name is usually descriptive of appearancedescriptive of appearance

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Ex. Hammerhead- head Ex. Hammerhead- head shaped like a hammershaped like a hammer

Ex. Saw shark- jaws Ex. Saw shark- jaws faced like a sawfaced like a saw

Whale shark- largest (60 Whale shark- largest (60 ft); filter feedersft); filter feeders

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22ndnd largest shark- Basking largest shark- Basking shark (50 ft); filter feedersshark (50 ft); filter feeders

Most dangerous shark- Most dangerous shark- Great white shark (20 ft)Great white shark (20 ft)

Prevalent in coastal watersPrevalent in coastal waters

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Mostly marineMostly marineBull shark- freshwater Bull shark- freshwater species in tropicsspecies in tropics

Shark used for food, oil, Shark used for food, oil, and skinand skin

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Fins cut off and used in Fins cut off and used in soup in Orient- animal soup in Orient- animal dumped back in water dumped back in water to dieto die

Shark cartilage may be Shark cartilage may be a cure for cancera cure for cancer

Rays and SkatesRays and Skates

450-550 species450-550 speciesFlattened bodiesFlattened bodiesMost are demersal- live Most are demersal- live on bottomon bottom

Gill slits (always 5) on Gill slits (always 5) on underside of bodyunderside of body

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Pectoral fins flat and Pectoral fins flat and expanded; fused with headexpanded; fused with head

Stingrays have a whip-like, Stingrays have a whip-like, stinging tail for defensestinging tail for defense

Electric rays produce Electric rays produce electricity up to 200 voltselectricity up to 200 volts

RatfishRatfish

Gill slits covered by a Gill slits covered by a flapflap

Long rat-like tailLong rat-like tailFeed on bottom Feed on bottom dwelling animalsdwelling animals

Tiger SharkTiger Shark

Bull SharkBull Shark

Black Tip SharkBlack Tip Shark

Leo SharkLeo Shark

Lemon SharkLemon Shark

Great White SharkGreat White Shark

Great WhiteGreat White

Hammerhead SharkHammerhead Shark

RayRay

SkateSkate

Sting raySting ray

Rat FishRat Fish

Biology of FishBiology of Fish

ICTHYOLOGY- ICTHYOLOGY- the study of fishthe study of fish

Body ShapeBody Shape

Shape related to lifestyleShape related to lifestyleEx. fast swimmers such as Ex. fast swimmers such as sharks have streamlined sharks have streamlined bodies; eels are long/thin bodies; eels are long/thin because they live in narrow because they live in narrow placesplaces

Can be used to camouflageCan be used to camouflage

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Ex. bottom dwellers Ex. bottom dwellers have an irregular have an irregular outline to resemble outline to resemble rocks or seaweedrocks or seaweed

Ex. eels can sometimes Ex. eels can sometimes resemble grassresemble grass

ColorationColoration

Colored pigments that allow Colored pigments that allow for camouflage is from cells for camouflage is from cells known as chromatophores.known as chromatophores.

Sometimes they change Sometimes they change colors only on the surface. colors only on the surface. Those cells are called Those cells are called iridophores.iridophores.

Types of colorationTypes of coloration

Warning- change color to Warning- change color to warn another fish; mood, warn another fish; mood, poisonous, taste bad, poisonous, taste bad, ready to mateready to mate

Cryptic- blend with Cryptic- blend with environment to deceive environment to deceive predatorspredators

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Disruptive-presence of Disruptive-presence of stripes, bars, spots stripes, bars, spots confuse predatorconfuse predator

Countershading – found in Countershading – found in fish that swim the open fish that swim the open ocean; fish is lighter on ocean; fish is lighter on top and dark on bottomtop and dark on bottom

LocomotionLocomotionFish swim to obtain food, mate, escape predatorsFish swim to obtain food, mate, escape predatorsSide-to-side motions move bodySide-to-side motions move bodyMyomere is banded muscle that makes up a large % of body massMyomere is banded muscle that makes up a large % of body mass

mere is muscle banded on side of fish- makes up large % of body massmere is muscle banded on side of fish- makes up large % of body mass

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Sharks lack swim Sharks lack swim bladder-combination of bladder-combination of large pectoral fins and large pectoral fins and oil in liveroil in liver

Sharks cannot swim Sharks cannot swim backwardsbackwards

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Fish do have a swim Fish do have a swim bladderbladder

Fins allow great Fins allow great maneuverabilitymaneuverability

Can swim in all Can swim in all directionsdirections

FeedingFeeding

Sharks feed by a coupled Sharks feed by a coupled action of the teeth and action of the teeth and shaking of headshaking of head

3 species of filter feeding 3 species of filter feeding sharks; whale shark, sharks; whale shark, basking shark, and basking shark, and megamouth sharkmegamouth shark

Continued………..Continued………..Most bony fish are Most bony fish are carnivores-well developed carnivores-well developed teethteeth

Fish that feed primarily on Fish that feed primarily on plants- grazersplants- grazers

A few species, such as A few species, such as herring, sardines, and herring, sardines, and anchovies are filter anchovies are filter feeders.feeders.

DigestionDigestion

Path of food after Path of food after swallowing: pharynx, swallowing: pharynx, esophagus, stomach, esophagus, stomach, intestine, anusintestine, anus

Pyloric caeca secretes Pyloric caeca secretes digestive enzymesdigestive enzymes

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Liver secretes bile Liver secretes bile which breaks down fatwhich breaks down fat

Intestines absorb Intestines absorb nutrientsnutrients

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Heart located below gillsHeart located below gillsBlood pumped to gills Blood pumped to gills where it receives oxygenwhere it receives oxygen

Arteries carry Arteries carry oxygenated blood to oxygenated blood to bodybody

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Veins carry Veins carry deoxygenated blood deoxygenated blood back to heart to recycleback to heart to recycle

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Oxygen diffuses across Oxygen diffuses across capillaries in gills to bloodcapillaries in gills to blood

Hemoglobin carries oxygen Hemoglobin carries oxygen through bodythrough body

Myoglobin is a protein Myoglobin is a protein found in muscles to store found in muscles to store oxygen.oxygen.

Nervous SystemNervous System

Consists of brain and Consists of brain and spinal cordspinal cord

Nerves connect the CNS Nerves connect the CNS to other organs in bodyto other organs in body

Highly developed sense Highly developed sense of smellof smell

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Unique organ called Unique organ called lateral line allows fish to lateral line allows fish to detect vibrationsdetect vibrations

Behavior- TerritoriesBehavior- Territories

Establish territories for Establish territories for feeding, resting, and matingfeeding, resting, and mating

Will defend against intrudersWill defend against intrudersFish like to “bluff” by raising Fish like to “bluff” by raising fins, opening mouth, grinding fins, opening mouth, grinding teeth/bones, or dartingteeth/bones, or darting

Behavior- SchoolingBehavior- Schooling

Herring, sardines, and Herring, sardines, and mackerels school all their mackerels school all their liveslives

Some school only part-time Some school only part-time (feeding or reproduction)(feeding or reproduction)

Most cartilaginous fish do Most cartilaginous fish do not schoolnot school

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Schools tend to be Schools tend to be similar in size, keep similar in size, keep constant distance, turn, constant distance, turn, start, stop, etc. in start, stop, etc. in perfect unisonperfect unison

Possible reasons for Possible reasons for schoolingschooling

ProtectionProtectionSwimming efficiencySwimming efficiencyFeedingFeedingMatingMating

Behavior-MigrationBehavior-MigrationMass movement from one Mass movement from one place to anotherplace to another

Anadromous - spend life at Anadromous - spend life at sea and migrate to fresh sea and migrate to fresh water to breed; salmonwater to breed; salmon

Catadromous – spend life Catadromous – spend life in freshwater and migrate in freshwater and migrate to sea to breed; to sea to breed; freshwater eelfreshwater eel

ReproductionReproductionSeparate sexesSeparate sexesCartilaginous fish have Cartilaginous fish have same opening for same opening for excretion and excretion and reproduction- cloacareproduction- cloaca

Bony fish and jawless fish Bony fish and jawless fish have a separate opening- have a separate opening- urogenital openingurogenital opening

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Some fish are Some fish are hermaphrodites but can hermaphrodites but can mate with others as well; mate with others as well; adaptation for deep sea fishadaptation for deep sea fish

Some hermaphroditic fish Some hermaphroditic fish can also have a sex can also have a sex reversalreversal

Reproductive BehaviorReproductive Behavior

Courtship- series of Courtship- series of behaviors to attract a behaviors to attract a matemate

““dance”-posture changedance”-posture changeColor changeColor changeSwimming upside downSwimming upside down

ReproductionReproduction

Most common method in Most common method in bony fish is external bony fish is external fertilizationfertilization

Most common method in Most common method in cartilaginous fish is cartilaginous fish is internal fertilizationinternal fertilization

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Male cartilaginous fish Male cartilaginous fish have claspershave claspers

Bite mate on back to Bite mate on back to show interestshow interest

Inserts claspers into Inserts claspers into cloacacloaca

DevelopmentDevelopment

Oviparous-develop outside Oviparous-develop outside bodybody

Ovoviviparous- egg Ovoviviparous- egg develops inside femaledevelops inside female

Viviparous- egg develops Viviparous- egg develops inside and mother nurses inside and mother nurses youngyoung