marine aquaculture opportunities for nc · oyster growout phase: off bottom culture marketed...
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Marine Aquaculture Opportunities for NC
Chuck WeirichNC Sea Grant
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Aquaculture in North Carolina
15th most productive state in US
Farm gate value of $60 million
Largest rainbow trout producing state east of the
Mississippi
Industry currently based mainly on the production
of freshwater species including trout, catfish, hybrid
striped bass, and tilapia
SIGNIFICANT ROOM FOR GROWTH IN THE
MARINE SECTOR
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Why the great potential?
Natural Resources and Markets
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Marine Aquaculture in North Carolina
Soft shell crabs (2.32 million)
Clams (223 K)
Oysters (450 K)
Finfish and additional crops (< 100 K)
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Soft shell blue crabs
Blue crab before molting
End product
Crab shedding tanks
Molting crab
Crabs collected from wild
Held in shedding tanks or trays
Shed or molted crabs removed before
hardening
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Pros
Established high end market
Minimal land/space required
Minimal production time
Cons
Dependent on wild harvest
Extremely seasonal
Very labor intensive
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Two types of bivalve shellfish are produced
by North Carolina aquafarmers
Hard clams
Mercenaria mercenaria
Eastern oysters
Crassostrea virginica
Shellfish aquaculture
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There are 3 phases of shellfish aquaculture
Hatchery
Nursery
Growout
In NC most growers buy advanced seed and
bypass the hatchery and initial nursery phases
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Hatchery phaseBroodstock spawning
Larval tanks
Algae culture
Sieving larvae
Veliger stage
Broodstock induced to spawn
Eggs hatch and larvae fed cultured algae
Larvae sieved and restocked regularly
Very labor intensive and specialized skills involved
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Setting
Single Spat
1.5 million late stage oyster larvae
“eyed” pediveliger larvae ready to set
Spat on
Shell
Setting = free swimming to sedentary life
Clam larvae don’t require substrate
Oyster larvae can be set on shell/other substrate for clump oysters
OR set on microcultch for single seed
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Nursery phase
Oyster seed ready
for growout phase
Land based
upweller
Floating upweller
Clam spat and single spat oysters raised
using land based or floating upweller systems
When of appropriate size, seed are ready for
planting/stocking
Spat on shell/substrate oysters planted
about a week after setting
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Growout phase - clams
Clam lease with mesh bags on bottom
Stocking seed clams
Predator netting at low tide
Seed stocked into mesh bags on bottom
or directly on bottom and covered with
protective netting
About two years required to produce
2” market clam
Marketed whole, some interest in value added
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Oyster growout phase: bottom culture
Finished product
Oyster dredging
Clumped oysters produced
by bottom culture
Spat on shell/substrate stocked directly on bottom
One to two year to market
Harvested by dredging for shucked market
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Oyster growout phase: off bottom culture
Marketed product
Cage at harvest
Grading oysters
Longline culture system
Off bottom cage
Floating bags
Allows production of single oysters for half shell market
Seed stocked into various off bottom, floating, or suspended
gear types, culled and graded regularly to adjust density
Harvest at one to two years
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Shellfish aquaculture provides benefits
to the environment
Shellfish filter the water and
greatly improve water quality.
One single oyster filters 50
gallons of water daily
Shellfish provide nutrients essential
for growth of important aquatic
Plants and provide habitat for
a number of aquatic animals
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0.24
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North Carolina Virginia
Clams 0.22 38.8
Oysters 0.45 17.1
Total 0.67 55.9
Farm Gate Shellfish Value (millions USD)
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Pros
Established high end market
Niche marketing available for
half shell oysters
No to minimal land required
Relatively low operating costs
Cons
Initial investment (gear)
First crop(s) not immediate
Vulnerable to loss from storms
and poaching
Labor and management critical
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Finfish and additional crops
Aquacultured black sea bass
Recirculating aquaculture facility
Seaweed aquaculture
Finfish for food, bait, ornamentals
Superintensive shrimp production
Marine invertebrates (e.g. sea urchins)
Marine plants and seaweeds
All in R&D stage
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Pros
Potential niche market capture
Significant growth potential
Ability to locate inland with RAS
“When, not if”
Cons
Database limited
High cost of operation, esp. RAS
Limited use of existing natural resources
Competition with wild caught product
Discharge restrictions and concerns