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Page 1: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Trends in ComputingTrends in Computing

Jürgen Knobloch

CERN

scientific…

Challenges, technology and social impact

Maria Grazia Pia

INFN Genovaand

Page 2: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Chandra X-ray Observatory Status Update

September 14, 1999 MSFC/CXC

CHANDRA CONTINUES TO TAKE SHARPEST IMAGES EVER; TEAM STUDIES INSTRUMENT DETECTOR CONCERN

Normally every complex space facility encounters a few problems during its checkout period; even though Chandra’s has gone very smoothly, the science and engineering team is working a concern with a portion of one science instrument. The team is investigating a reduction in the energy resolution of one of two sets of X-ray detectors in the Advanced Charge-coupled Device Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) science instrument. A series of diagnostic activities to characterize the degradation, identify possible causes, and test potential remedial procedures is underway. The degradation appeared in the front-side illuminated Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) chips of the ACIS. The instrument’s back-side illuminated chips have shown no reduction in capability and continue to perform flawlessly.

What could be the source

of

detector damage?

Page 3: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

XMM-Newton was launched on 10 December 1999

Copyright: ESAEPIC-PN image of the Coma Cluster

Page 4: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

ComplexityComplexity

of physics physics of detectorsdetectors

of the environmentenvironment where they operate

Page 5: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

LHC

ATLAS

LHCb

9 o

rder

s o

f m

agn

itu

de!

HiggsHiggs

all all interactionsinteractions

StorageStorageraw recording rate 0.1–1 GByte/saccumulating at 12-14 PBytes/year

ProcessingProcessing70,000 of today’s fastest PCs(~6 hours’ Intel CPU production today)

1000 person-years1000 person-years“0ffline” software effort per experiment

~5000 Physicists~5000 Physicistsaround the world, around the clock

20 years software life-span

Page 6: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Physics from the eVeV to the PeVPeV scale

Detectors,Detectors, spacecraftsspacecrafts and environmentenvironment

……to to spacespace

Courtesy of ESA

For such experiments software is often mission criticalmission criticalRequire reliabilityreliability, rigorous software engineering software engineering

standardsstandards

Courtesy UKDM, Boulby Mine

Variety of requirements from diverse applications

From deep From deep underground…underground…

Cosmic ray experimentsCourtesy of Auger

X and astronomy, gravitational waves etc.

Dark matter and experiments

Page 7: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Medical Physics

Accurate modelling of radiation sources, devices and human body

Precision of physics

Reliability

from hospitals...

...to Mars

Easy configuration and friendly interface Speed

CT image

brachytherapy radioactive source

Page 8: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

…in a fast changing computing environment

……and don’t forget changes of and don’t forget changes of requirements!requirements!

Start SPS 1976

W and Z observed 1983

Start LEP 1989

End LEP 2000

hardware, software, OShardware, software, OS

WWWGrid1998

Evolution towards greater diversity we must anticipate changesanticipate changes

Page 9: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Globalisation

Sharing requirements and functionality

across diverse fields

scientific…

Page 10: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Requirement of precise models for the simulation of electromagnetic interactions

of protons down to low energy

HadrontherapHadrontherapyyCATANA

hadrontherapy

Accurate dosimetryAccurate dosimetry

Page 11: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

30 m

“Electron

deflector”

CCD displacement damage: front vs. back-illuminated

30 m Si ~1.5 MeV protons

Low-E (~100 keV to few MeV), low-angle (~0°-5°) proton scattering

Variation in Efficiency with Proton Energy at various source half-angles

1.E-09

1.E-08

1.E-07

1.E-06

1.E-05

1.E-04

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Proton Energy (MeV)

Eff

icie

ncy

EPIC 0.5 deg

EPIC 1 deg

EPIC 4 deg

EPIC 2 deg

EPIC 10 deg

EPIC 30 deg

RGS 0.5 deg

RGS 1 deg

RGS 2 deg

RGS 4 deg

RGS 10 deg

RGS 30 deg

EPIC

RGS

30 m 2 m2 m

Active layerPassive layer

Courtesy ofESA Space Environment

& Effects Analysis Section

Page 12: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Courtesy ESA Space Environment & Effects Analysis Section

X-Ray Surveys of Planets, Asteroids and Moons

Induced X-ray line emission:indicator of target composition

(~100 m surface layer)

Cosmic rays,jovian electrons

Solar X-rays, e, p

Courtesy SOHO EIT

Geant3.21

ITS3.0, EGS4

Geant4

C, N, O line emissions included

low energy e/ extensionswere triggered by astrophysics requirements

Page 13: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

……the first user applicationthe first user application

R. Taschereau, R. Roy, J. PouliotCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Dept. de radio-oncologie, CanadaUniv. Laval, Dept. de Physique, CanadaUniv. of California, San Francisco, Dept. of Radiation Oncology, USA

Distance away from seed

RB

E

0 1 2 3 4 5

1

1.02

1.04

1.06

1.08

Mo- Y

M200

-- healthy tissues++ tumors

Goal: improve the biological effectiveness of titanium encapsulated 125I sources in permanent prostate implants by exploiting X-ray fluorescence

Titanium shell (50 µm)

Silver core (250 µm)

4.5 mm

Page 14: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

...back to ...back to HEPHEP

Similar requirements on low energy physics from underground experiments

Recent interest on these physics models from LHC for precision detector simulation

Gran Sasso Laboratory

Credit: O. Cremonesi, INFN Milano

Courtesy H. Araujo and A. Howard, IC London

ZEPLIN III

Page 15: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

together with...

Medical/Healthcare imaging, diagnosis and treatment

Bioinformatics study of the human genome and proteome to understand genetic diseases

Nanotechnology design of new materials from the molecular scale

Engineering design optimization, simulation, failure analysis and remote Instrument access and control

Natural Resources and the Environment weather forecasting, earth observation, modeling and prediction of complex systems, earthquake

LCG

Page 16: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

The response

Technology

Rigorous software engineering

Collaboration

Page 17: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

OO technologyOO technology

The “big revolution” in HEP software in the last ~10 years– change of paradigmchange of paradigm, not just moving to a new programming technique

What did we gain?– Openness to changeOpenness to change and stabilitystability– RobustnessRobustness and flexibilityflexibility for alternative implementations– MaintainabilityMaintainability over a long time-scale – Easy integrationintegration of distributeddistributed development

...but the “revolution” has not been fully digested yet– learninglearning a new complexcomplex technology takes time– un-learningun-learning old-fashioned procedural programming is even more difficult

New emerging technologies– Generic Programming, Generative Programming, Aspect Oriented Programming...

Page 18: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Open ScientistOpen Scientist (C++)(C++)

JASJAS (Java)(Java)

AnapheAnaphe (C++)(C++)

AIDAAIDAAbstract Interfaces for Data Analysis

User codeUser code

ROOTROOT,...,... (...)

AAIIDDAA

User Code uses only interfaceinterface classes

Actual implementationsimplementations are selected at run-time (loading shared libraries)

acro

ss la

ng

ua

ge

lan

gu

ag

e b

ound

ary

Italy USA

choose what best fits your experimental needsfreedom to change your choice, without changing a single line in your codeno risk to introduce a dependency on external systems into your experiment

Page 19: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

F. P. Brooks,

“No Silver Bullet - Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering”,IEEE Computer 20(4):10-19, April, 1987

As we look to the horizon of a decade hence, we see no silver bullet. There is no single development, in either technology or in management technique, that by itself promises even one order-of-magnitude improvement in productivity, in reliability, in simplicity. ...Not only are there no silver bullets now in view, the very nature of software makes it unlikely that there will be any - no inventions that will do for software productivity, reliability, and simplicity what electronics, transistors, and large-scale integration did for computer hardware. We cannot expect ever to see twofold gains every two years. ...Although we see no startling breakthroughs - and indeed, I believe such to be inconsistent with the nature of software - many encouraging innovations are under way. A disciplined, consistent effortdisciplined, consistent effort to develop, propagate, and exploit these innovations should indeed yield an order-of-magnitude improvement. There is no royal road, but there is a road.

Page 20: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Software engineering

a disciplinediscipline for software engineering

an incrementalincremental and iterativeiterative

software life-cycle

time (dynamicdynamic aspect of the process)

co

nte

nt

( sta

ticst

atic

asp

ect

of t

he p

roce

ss)

Shift attention from computing technology to software process as the way to achieve quality, lower costs... Quantitative standards

to evaluate software capability maturity: SEI’s CMM, ISO 15504

this is the hardest nut to crack...

Page 21: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Domain decomposition

hierarchical structure of

sub-domains

Geant4 architecture

Uni-directional flow of

dependencies

Software EngineeringSoftware Engineering

User requirements– formally collected (PSS-05)

Iterative and incremental software process

– monitored according to ISO 15504

OOAD– architecture and detailed design

Quality assurance– procedures and dedicated testing team

Use of standards– de jure and de facto

Page 22: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

TransparencyTransparency

“It was noted that experiments have requirements for independent, alternativeindependent, alternative physics models. In Geant4Geant4 these models, differently from the concept of packages, allow the user to understandunderstand how the results are produced, and hence improve the physics validationphysics validation. Geant4 is developed with a modular architecture and is the ideal framework where existing

components are integrated and new models continue to be developed.” (LCB, 21/10/1997)

Transparency:physics exposed through OO design

Page 23: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

CMS muon system

A few examples of Geant4 usage…

9.2 9.40.3 0.40.2 0.5 9 9.6

data data

GEANT3GEANT3

GEANT4GEANT4

high energy limit %

EMB Electron Energy Resolution

stochastic term

%× GeV

Atlas, courtesy of P. Loch

ATLAS HEC

courtesy J.P. Wellisch

legacy FORTRAN

Geant4

data

BaBarBorexino

BaBar: Simulation is robust and reasonably fast1.5 billion production events so far

Page 24: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Geant4 CollaborationGeant4 Collaboration

CERN, ESA, KEK, SLAC, TRIUMF, TJNL

INFN, IN2P3, PPARCBarcelona Univ., Budker Inst., Frankfurt Univ.,

Karolinska Inst., Helsinki Univ., Lebedev Inst., LIP, Northeastern Univ. etc.

MoU basedDistribution, Development and User Support of Geant4

Page 25: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Globalisation

Sharing resources across the world

Page 26: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Wave of interest in grid technology as a basis for “revolution” in e-Science and e-Commerce

An infrastructure and standard interfaces capable of providing transparent access to geographically

distributed computing power and storage space in a uniform way

Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman's book:

”A computational Grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent,

pervasive and inexpensive access to high-end computational capabilities”".

What is the Grid?What is the Grid?“What exactly it is, can not been told …”

Page 27: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

What is the Grid?

Resource SharingResource Sharing– On a global scale

Secure AccessSecure Access– Needs a high level of trust

Resource UseResource Use– Load balancing for efficiency

The “Death of Distance”The “Death of Distance”– Requires excellent networking

Open StandardsOpen Standards– Allow constructive distributed

development

Not a single Grid (yet?) ...and many more just in HEP

5.44 GbpsCERN

Caltech

Page 28: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

The LHC Computing Grid Project - The LHC Computing Grid Project - LCGLCG

CollaborationCollaborationLHC ExperimentsGrid projects: Europe, USRegional & national centres

ChoicesChoicesAdopt Grid technologyGo for a “Tier” hierarchyUse Intel CPUs in standard PCsUse LINUX operating system

GoalGoalPrepare and deploy the computing environment to help the experiments analyse the data from the LHC detectors

grid for a physicsstudy group

Tier3physicsdepartm

ent

Desktop

Germany

Tier 1

USAUK

France

Italy

Taipei?

CERN Tier 1

JapanCERN Tier 0Tier2

Lab aUni a

Lab c

Uni n

Lab m

Lab b

Uni bUni y

Uni xgrid for a regional group

grid for a physicsstudy group

Tier3physicsdepartm

ent

Desktop

Germany

Tier 1

USAUK

France

Italy

Taipei?

CERN Tier 1

JapanCERN Tier 0Tier2

Lab a

Uni a

Lab c

Uni n

Lab m

Lab b

Uni bUni y

Uni xgrid for a regional group

Page 29: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Analysis on the Grid

Not planned/organized– On the level of the experiment

Not under single control– Lots of people do it simultaneously

Not predictable in accessing data– Slows down disk access considerably

Need information about the nodes– Validation of nodes

Analysis is I/O intensive, rather than CPU intensive– Instead of moving data to processors, the jobs should be run where the

data is

Analysis is (ideally) ‘interactive’– Fast response times needed from the system

Analysis is not productionAnalysis is not production

Many new challenges

Several groups discussing issues around distributed data analysis and the Grid

Page 30: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Physics and mathematics

New functionalityenabled by the technology

Page 31: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Simulation (Geant4)Experimental data

Energy (keV)

Fluorescent spectrum of Icelandic Basalt (“Mars-like”)

Experimental data: 6.5 keV photon beam, BESSYCourtesy of A. Owens et al., ESA

ESA Bepi Colombo Bepi Colombo mission to Mercury

Analysis of the elemental composition of Mercury crust through X-ray spectroscopy

X-ray fluorescence, PIXE, X-ray fluorescence, PIXE, AugerAuger

electromagnetic physics down to ~ 100 electromagnetic physics down to ~ 100 eVeV

many more new features,no time to mention them all...

Page 32: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Detector monitoringDetector monitoring

SimulationSimulation vs. experimental datadata

Data reconstructionreconstruction vs. expectationsexpectations

Physics analysisPhysics analysis– comparisons of experimental distributions

(ATLAS vs. CMS Higgs)– comparison with theoretical distributions

(data vs. Standard Model)

Regression testing– throughout the software life-cycle

Statistics Statistics for Data Analysis

Goodness-of-fit testsGoodness-of-fit testsPearson’s Pearson’s 22 test

KolmogorovKolmogorov test

Kolmogorov – SmirnovKolmogorov – Smirnov test

GoodmanGoodman approximation of KS test

LillieforsLilliefors test

KuiperKuiper test

Cramer-von MisesCramer-von Mises test

Fisz-Cramer-von MisesFisz-Cramer-von Mises test

Anderson-DarlingAnderson-Darling test

Goodness-of-fit testsGoodness-of-fit testsPearson’s Pearson’s 22 test

KolmogorovKolmogorov test

Kolmogorov – SmirnovKolmogorov – Smirnov test

GoodmanGoodman approximation of KS test

LillieforsLilliefors test

KuiperKuiper test

Cramer-von MisesCramer-von Mises test

Fisz-Cramer-von MisesFisz-Cramer-von Mises test

Anderson-DarlingAnderson-Darling test

Anderson-DarlingAc (95%) =0.752

Page 33: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

The impact on society

Technology transfer from HEP

Page 34: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Technology transfer

Particle physics software Particle physics software aids space and medicineaids space and medicine

“Geant4 is a

showcase example of technology transfer from particle

physics to other fields such as space and medical science”

June 2002

http://www.cerncourier.com...and vice-versa: valuable feedback and

contribution to validation from non-HEP fields

Page 35: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Develop a Develop a general purposegeneral purpose

precise precise dosimetric system

with the capability of

realistic geometryrealistic geometryand material modelingand material modeling

interface to CT imagesinterface to CT images

with a user-friendly interfaceuser-friendly interface

atat low costlow cost

adequate adequate speedspeed for clinical usage for clinical usageperforming atperforming at

The challenge (dream...)

Page 36: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Precise physics

Accurate geometry and material modelling

Generality through OO technology

Friendly interface through the web

Speed through parallelisation and access to distributed resources

Analysis tools for dosimetry

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 400,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5 Simulazioni Plato

Dose %

Distanza lungo Z (mm)

Distance along Z (mm)

Effects of source

anisotropySimulationSimulationPlatoPlato

AIDA + Anaphe

Any hospital

– even small ones, or in less wealthy countries, that cannot even small ones, or in less wealthy countries, that cannot afford expensive commercial software systemsafford expensive commercial software systems –

may have access to advanced software technologies and tools for radiotherapy

Page 37: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

archeoGRIDarcheoGRID

Page 38: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

Meditations...Unprecedented challenges

– complexity of physics and detectors

A fast-changing computing environment– long time scale of the experiments’ life-cycle

Globalisation & collaboration: a worldwide effort– common needs, common resources

New technologies play an essential role to cope with the complexity– but rigorous software engineering is as essential as technology

Software is as essential as hardware in our experiments– and requires a large investment of resources

– LHC offline software and computing investments exceed the cost LHC offline software and computing investments exceed the cost of a LHC experiment like ATLAS or CMS!of a LHC experiment like ATLAS or CMS!

Page 39: Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Trends in Computing Jürgen Knobloch CERN scientific… Challenges, technology and social impact Maria Grazia Pia INFN Genova

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova

We must be still and still movingInto another intensityFor a further union, a deeper communion ...In my end is my beginning.

Four Quartets – East CokerThomas S. Eliot, 1940

In my beginning is my end.