march 14, 2011 agenda: photosynthesis lesson photosynthesis worksheet review: respiration exam lab...
TRANSCRIPT
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March 14, 2011Agenda: Photosynthesis Lesson
Photosynthesis WorksheetReview: Respiration Exam
Lab Activity 24
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Do Now:1) Pass forward light-reaction drawings2) Describe what happens when chlorophyll
absorbs light energyElectrons become excited, and are passed down the electron transport chain on the thylakoid
membrane
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Experimental set up
Test tube #1: Test Tube #2:(Experimental) (Control)Light LightChloroplasts ChloroplastsH2O H2ONo CO2 CO2
If there is no CO2, very little oxygen was produced
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AIM: Why is carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis?
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Review: Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O (light energy) C6H12O6 + O2
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H2O 2 H2 + O2
• This reaction is very endergonic• Hydrolysis: splitting of water
• Water is being OXIDIZED
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTEX38bQ-2w
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If water is being oxidized, what else must happen?
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Water is oxidized, NADP is reduced
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On a sunny day, the light dependent reactions will occur rapidly. NADP
will be reduced to NADPH. There is a limited amount of NADP in the
thylakoid of the plant. …What’s the problem?
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NADPH needs to be recycled to NADP for
photosynthesis to continue to occur.
• NADPH will lose its hydrogen;CO2 will act as a hydrogen acceptor
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Dark Reactions, Light-Independent Reactions,
Calvin Cycle: NADPH and CO2 will be used to make
glucose.
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Light Reactions: Summary
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Do Now: Take out homework
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Dark Reactions
• Synthesis of glucose from NADPH2 and CO2 using ATP energy
• Takes place in the stroma of the cell
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Dark Reactions
• Calvin was interestedin studying the processOf the “Dark Reactions”
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Calvin traced carbon using a radioactive isotope (C14)
• Chlorella- algae
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Do Now: Why are the following necessary for photosynthesis?
• Water: donates H+’s to form a hydrogen gradient and electrons through the ETC
• CO2: combines with hydrogen from NADP to produce glucose
• Light- excites electrons to pass through ETC
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Review Calvin’s Experiment
• Whoops! Not THAT Calvin….
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Calvin’s Problem: How can carbon dioxide form glucose
during photosynthesis?
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Calvin’s Experiment1) Calvin exposes the Chlorella (algae) to
radioactive C 14 in C 14 O2
2) Allows photosynthesis to occur in lollipop apparatus
3) “Freezes” the reaction using ethanol alcohola) release chlorophyll b) denature the enzymes involved in photosynthesis
4) Separates out radioactive carbon using CHROMATOGRAPHY
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Chromatography- technique of separating different pigments based on chemical properties
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5. Observes radioactive compounds using “radioautography”
• Technique that allows radioactive carbon to become visible.
• By freezing photosynthesis at different times, Calvin was able to trace how carbon dioxide was converted to sugar.
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AIM: What did Calvin discover?
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Results of Calvin’s Experiment
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Glycolysis
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Calvin Cycle: A
STEP A: Six carbon dioxide molecules enter the cycle from the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide molecules combine with six 5-carbon molecules. They rearrange to form 3 carbon molecules.
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Step B: Energy investment stage
• The 12 3 carbon molecules are then converted into higher energy forms. The energy for this conversion comes from ATP and NADPH
• Where does the ATP and NADPH come from?
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STEP C: Two of the twelve 3-carbon molecules rearrange
into two similar 3 carbon molecules (PGAL)
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Sheesh! That’s a lot of biochem..
• Let’s summarize:
How many CO2 are needed to synthesize 1 glucose?
How many ATP are needed to synthesize 1 glucose?
How many NADPH are needed to synthesize 1 glucose?
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Calvin Cycle
• Energy input• Plants use energy that ATP and
NADPH
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Do Now:
• Take out homework
• Calvin Cycle ReviewHow many:CO2 = 6ATP= 18 ATPNADPH= 12 NADPH
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NIhg1qa_L0
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AIM: Why did the plant die?
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Hypothesis: If the plant dies, then Photosynthesis is
not occurring
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Materials: Benedict’s Solution and Lugol’s Solution
• Indicators for glucose and starch
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Factors that may affect photosynthesis:
1) Sunlight2) Water3) CO24) Nutrients in the soil5) Temperature
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Plants can still produce glucose for a short time in the
dark…. Why?• However, Plants
need NADPH and ATP from the Light-
Dependent reactions
to continue photosynthesis
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Rainforest Desert
• Large, broad leaves Small, needlike leaves Cuticle covering
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How can temperature affect photosynthesis?
Enzymes in Photosynthesiswork best between0 and 35 degreesCelsius, after 35Celsius, enzymesdenature
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How will carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis?
• Carbon Dioxide is necessary during the Calvin Cycle to produce glucose
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How will water affect photosynthesis?
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How will water be transported to the top of trees?
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Root Pressure
• Concentration of nutrients and sugar is higher inside the roots than
outside the plant…
Water will move viaOsmosis into the roots
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Cohesion-Adhesion
• Cohesion: waterMolecules attract toOne another
• Adhesion: waterAttracts to other sub-Stances
• Cohesion and Adhesion lead to capillary action- tendency for water to rise in a thin tube
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Transpirational Pull- water moves into the leaves via
osmosis Transpiration: loss of water
through the leaves
Root pressure, capillary action, and transpirational pull contribute to the movement of water within a plant
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Wilting
• Too little water decreases TURGOR pressure in a plant, causing it to wilt
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Summary: What may be wrong with Ms. Simon’s plant?