mapping of european weeds - ewrs of european weeds basis for a new working group of the ......

Mapping of European weedsBasis for a new working group of the

EWRS

1st EU Weed Mapping Meeting, May 14th, 2009 in Prague

(Hansjörg Krähmer)

Dr. Hansjörg Krähmer, 1st EU Weed Mapping Meeting, May 14th, 2009 in Prague Slide 2May 6th, 2009

First Steps - Weeds

Weeds are prioritized according to frequency and prevention of biodiversity

For major crops, the 3 most frequent grass species and dicot speciesare mapped

For invasive weeds, the 3 major grass and dicot species will be mapped as well

Lateron, the 6 most endangered weed species will be mapped


First Steps – Definitions (1)

How to define ‘frequency’ ?In plant community research this term means “species/unit” or “percentage of quadrats in which a species appears”

And what about ‘abundance’ ?Individuals of a species

What about ‘density’ ?Number of individuals of a species per unit area

Or what about relative cover (leaf area index) ?Relative cover = cover of X / cover of all * 100

Dominance solves some problemsAbundance/cover mix

What we have in mind is constancy in many cases: “Ability of a living system, such as a population, to maintain a certain size”

In any case, we can not ignore existing definitions of plant community research:

J. BRAUN-BLANQUET, 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3rd ed. Springer Verlag, Vienna, NewYork.H. Dierschke, 1994: Pflanzensoziologie.- Verlag Eugen Ulmer


First Steps – Definitions (2)

Why not distribution?Distribution does not indicate severity of infestation, does not provide information about densities nor constancy

What is special about the proposed project?Weed infestations are ranked (most frequent, second most…)

Weed frequency is estimated for selected crops


First Steps – Software/Data

ArcGIS/ArcView 9 was used as a tool in the beginning

Some countries have provided detailed data already, others not

For all those countries without sufficient data, a first guess is based on publications or assumptions

These assumptions will have to be discussed with experts in countries/regions

Local coordinators as proposed by Jordi Recasens will be asked to collect data and to draw conclusions

Objectives and documentation of data will be discussed during first meetings in 2009


Europe: Cereals / most frequent grasses (draft, medium certainty level)

next step: countries should now be analyzed on province levels, actual growing areas should be respected

AperaSpica-venti

Alopecurusmyosuroides

Avena sterilis

Poa annua

Elytrigiarepens


Europe: Cereals / second most frequent grasses (draft, medium certainty level)

AperaSpica-venti

Alopecurusmyosuroides

Avenasterilis

Setariaglauca& pumila

Loliumspec.

Poa annua

Elytrigiarepens


Europe: Cereals / second most frequent dicots(draft, low certainty level)

Papaver rhoeas

Galium aparine

Amaranthus retroflexus

Matricaria spec

Stellaria media

Cirsium arvense

Sinapis arvensis

Chenopodiumalbum

Viola arvensis


Europe: Cereals / second most frequent dicots(draft, low certainty level)

Matricariaspec

Galium aparine

Ambrosiaartemisifolia

Chenopodium album

Stellaria media

Cirsiumarvense

Viola arvensis

Veronica persica

Vicia sativa

Thlaspiarvense


Europe: Oilseed rape / most frequent grasses (draft, medium certainty level)

Volunteer Cereals

Elytrigiarepens

No data,or no major OSR areas


Europe: Oilseed rape / most frequent dicots(draft, medium certainty level)

Matricariaspec.

Sinapisarvensis

Chenopodiumalbum

No data,or no major OSR areas


Europe: Corn / most frequent dicots(draft, medium certainty level)

Chenopodium album

Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Convolvulusarvensis

No data or no major corn areas


Europe: Corn / most frequent grasses(draft, medium certainty level)

Echinochloacrus-galli

Elytrigia repens

Sorghum halepense

No data,or no major corn areas


Caveats (1)

Weeds don’t stop at country borders; the presented maps are the results of questionnaires and publications for single countries

Maps show average weed infestation for a given country only

The basis for presented maps is not equal in all countries; more data are required (e.g. number of counts, abundance, frequency..)

Weed identification is sometimes complicated at early stages: Avena-, Lolium-, Matricaria-species

Data were not assessed in the same year

The frequency of single weeds can vary from year to year


In a typical field there is a rather great number of weeds competing with the crop and contributing to yield losses

Frequency of weeds is not necessarily correlated with agronomic importance

The maps for Germany were created for fields with targeted weeds for herbicide tests

The assessment timing is important when trying to get an overview: autumn or spring in case of winter cereals or oilseed rape, before or after herbicide treatments

Caveats (2)


Principle Considerations

The best times for mapping weeds are before weed control applications (pre and post) and before harvest

Weed densities should be clustered according to Braun-Blanquet

Every species/biotype should be documented separately

The most evident way to demonstrate weed densities appears to be a colored depiction where a dark color represents high densities and light color low densities – similar to temperature maps of weather services

Data exchange between institutes/scientist should be easy, data assessment also

The maps should be built up independently of a central input location

Several coordinators should guarantee the consistency of rules


First cautious conclusions on trends (1)

Weeds might be grouped according to zones:Scandinavia, partially UK: Poa annua, Stellaria media, Viola arvensis prevailingCentral Europe: Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine, Tripleurosporum inodorum, Veronica spec.Mediterranean area: Avena sterilis, Lolium rigidum, Sorghum halepense, Setaria spec.….

Some species show a wide ecological valence(temperature, soil, water): Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus spec.

It appears as if the history of agriculture often plays a greater role than local environmental conditions (temperature, soil):

Spring crops were more important in Denmark 25 years ago, i.e. seed bank was dominated by spring weeds (P. Kudsk)

Some countries grow more spring than winter cereals and oilseed rape. There, typical “spring weeds” prevail, e.g. Chenopodium in spring oilseed rape and Tripleurospermum inodurum in winter oilseed rape in the case of Lithuania (Albinas Auskalnis)

Large scale farming with monocultures, high fertilizer input and low tillage favor the occurrence of characteristic weeds (Elytrigia, Cirsium, Galium e.g.)


First cautious conclusions on trends (2)

Global warming may lead to a migration of Avena sterilis, Lolium rigidum and Papaver rhoeas into more northern cereal growing areas.

European corn weed spectra seem to resemble more and more the typical US American weed representatives, i.e. similar resistance problems might show up sooner or later (ALS resistance in Amaranthus).

Based on differences in weed spectra, herbicides used in mediterranean areas should differ from those used in more northern countries.


Contributors to this compilation

A. Aksoy, BCS AdanaA. Auškalnis, KedainiaiG. Bonfig-Picard, BCS FrankfurtJ. Dobrovodský, BCS PršticeT. Eggers, BraunschweigD. Feucht, BCS FrankfurtR. Gerhards, HohenheimM. Hess, BCS FrankfurtK. Hurle, HohenheimG. Kazinczy, KaposvarP. Kudsk, AarhusB. Laber, BCS Frankfurt

J. Meyer, BCS MilanoJ. Petersen, BingenB. Pallutt, JKI PotsdamJ. Recasens, LleydaJ. Salonen, JokioinenD. Schreiber, BCS FrankfurtJ. Soukup, PragueL. Talgre, EstoniaS. Uygur, AdanaI. Vanaga, RigaH. Walter, BASFJ.-M. Wolff, BCS MonheimM. Zajac, Cracow


Overall importance of European weeds according to Schroeder et al. 1993 (Weed Res.33)


Ranking of European weeds in defined crop systems according to Schroeder et al. 1993 (Weed Res.33)


References


References Belarus

S. Soroka et al.: Main weed infestation factors in modern systems of crop growing in Belarus.- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XVII, 99-103, 2000.


References Bulgaria

M. Dimitrova.: changes of weed associations in cotton growing areas in Bulgaria during the last 12 years.- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XVIII, 141-146, 2002.


References Croatia

M. Knežević et.al.: Effects of tillage and reduced herbicide doses on weed biomass production in winter and spring cereals. - Plant Soil Environ., 49, 2003 (9): 414-421


References Czech Republik

Z. Kropáč: Segetal vegetation in the Czech Republic: synthesis and syntaxonomical revision.- Preslia 78, 2006, p.123–2096

J. Soukop et al.: Ecology of silky bentgrass (Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv.), its importance and control in the Czech Republik.- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XX, 73-80, 2006.

J. Juroch et al.: PRŮZKUM VÝSKYTU A ROZŠÍŘENÍ PLEVELŮ V ČESKÉREPUBLICE v obilninách ROK 2002.- Vydala Státní rostlinolékařská správa květen 2007

J. Juroch et al.: PRŮZKUM VÝSKYTU A ROZŠÍŘENÍ PLEVELŮ V ČESKÉREPUBLICE v olejninách a zelenině ROK 2006. Vydala Státní rostlinolékařskáspráva květen 2007

J. Juroch et al.: PRŮZKUM VÝSKYTU A ROZŠÍŘENÍ PLEVELŮ V ČESKÉREPUBLICE v kukuřici ROK 2005. Vydala Státní rostlinolékařská správakvěten 2007


References Denmark

C. Andreasen & H. Stryhn: Increasing weed flora in Danish arable fields and its importance for biodiversity. - Weed Research 48, 1-9, 2008

C. Andreasen et al.: Soil properties affecting the distribution of 37 weed species in Danish fields. - Weed Research 31, 181-187, 1991

J.E. Jensen, C.Andreasen: The POA species: Problems and Management in Danish arable fields. – Brighton crop Prot. Conf., Weeds, 1993


References Estonia (1/2)

S. Uusna: (2006), About Biology and Spreading of Wild Oat (Avena fatua L.) and Possibilities of its Control in Estonia. - Transactions of ERIA No 71, 301–308. (in Estonian)

L.Talgre, E. Lauringson, M. Koppel, H. Nurmekivi, S. Uusna: (2004), “Weed control in spring barley by lower doses of herbicides in Estonia” -Latvian Journal of Agronomy 7, lk 172-177. Epidemiology facets of harmful organisms in cropping systems. Issue of the International Conference Jelgava, Latvia, August 26-28

L. Talgre, E. Lauringson, M. Koppel: Effect of reduced herbicide dosages on weed infestation in spring barley. - Zemdirbyte-Agriculture, vol. 95, No.3, 194 – 201, 2008.

E. Lauringson, L. Talgre, T. Kuill: (2002), Cirsium arvense –a problematic weed in organic farming. In: Scientific Aspects of Organic Farming: Scientific Aspects of Organic Farming, Jelgava, 21-22 March, 2002. Jelgava: Latvia University of Agriculture, 2002, 186 - 190.

http://www.eria.ee/link.php3?id=728&filename=veeb_jelgava_artikkel.pdf


References Estonia (2/2)

E. Lauringson, H. Vipper, T. Kuill, L. Talgre, L. Hirsnik: (2001), The effect of the minimisation of autumn tillage on weediness and yield. In: Modern ways of soil tillage and assessment of soil compaction and seedbed quality: 1st international conference of BSB of ISTRO. Modern ways of soil tillage and assessment of soil compaction and seedbed quality, Tartu, 21-24 aug, 2001. Tartu:, 2001, 81 - 91.

L. Talgre, E. Lauringson, E. Lauk, R. Lauk: (2005), Weediness of mixed crops depending on weather conditions and sowing rate of leguminous. Latvian Journal of Agronomy, 8, 243 - 247.


References Finland

J. Salonen et al.: Weeds in spring cereal fields in Finland –a third survey. - Agricultural and food science in Finland, vol.10, 347-364, 2001


References France

X. Reboud & N. El Mjiyad: Atlas de répartition des adventices en France. INRA 2005


References Germany

G. Bonfig-Picard: Summary of German field trial data in cereals between2000 and 2007.- In-house BCS data.J. Mehrtens et al.: Unkrautflora in Mais.- Gesunde Pflanzen 57, 2005, p.206-218P. Zwerger et al.: Unkrautbekämpfung: Gegenwart und Zukunft – ausdeutscher Sicht. - J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XIX, 27-38, 2004.K. Arlt et al.: Verbreitung landwirtschaftlich wichtiger Unkrautarten in den östlichen Bundesländern Deutschlands.- Mitt.Biol.Bundesanst. 312, 1-77, 1995K. Goerke et al.: Regionale Unterschiede in der Rapsunkrautflora Deutschlands.- Gesunde Pflanzen 60,151-158, 2008K. Goerke, u. Richter, M. Schulte, B. Gerowitt:Jedem Bundesland sein eigenes Rapsunkraut. – Raps 3, 2008, 134-138H.Albrecht, G.Bachthaler: Unkrautsamengehalte und Bodeneigenschaften von Ackerflächen in Bayern.- Weed Research, vol. 30, 101-108,1989


References Greece

I.S. Travlos et al.: Wild oat variability in wheat fields of Viotia in Central Greece. - Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 1, 107-112, 2008


References Hungary

A. Toth et al. : Results of national weed surveys in arable land during the past 50 years in Hungary. - Brighton Conf. – Weeds, 1999

I. Dancza.: Experiences on prevention and control of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Hungary.- 2006

R. Pal, S. Csete: Comparative analysis of the weed composition of a new energy crop (Elymus elongatus) [Host] Runemark subsp. ponticus [Podp.] Melderis cv. Szarvasi-I) in Hungary.- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XXI, 215-220, 2008.

Z. Dorner et al.: Effect of extensive farming on weed composition in cereals in Hungary.- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XIX, 113-117, 2004.

S. Nagy et al.: Mapping of perennial weed species distribution in maize.-J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XIX, 383-389, 2004.

J. Tamas et al.: Geostatistical analysis of spatial heterogenity of Ambrosia artemisiifolia on Hungarian acid sandy soil.-J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XX, 227-232, 2006.


References Italy

G. Zanin et al. : Economics of herbicide use on arable crops in north-central Italy. - Crop Protection, vol. 11, 174-180, 1992.

Berti et al. : Frequency distribution of weed counts and applicability of a sequential sampling method to integrated weed management.-Weed Research, vol. 32, 39-44, 1992


References Latvia (1/4)

Vanaga I.: Weed infestation and control in spring barley // Research for Rural Development 2002: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, Jelgava, Latvia University of Agriculture, 22-24 May, 2002, 29-33.

Vanaga, I., Lapins D., Berzins A., Korolova J., Sprincina A.:Dynamics of weed infestation in spring cereals in Latvia. - Wageningen 200212th EWRS Symposium, Papendal, Arnhem, The Netherlands, 24-27 June, 2002, 316-317.

Vanaga I.: Efficacy of reduced doses of herbicides and the development of a decision support system for spring barley in Latvia. – 7th EWRS Mediterranean Symposium, Adana, Turkey, 6-9 May, 2003, 47-48.

Vanaga I.: Weed infestation and control in spring and winter cereals in central Latvia // Vagos: Research papers.- Kaunas: Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 2003.- Nr.59 (12), 98-103.



Vanaga I., Gurkina J.: Efficacy of reduced doses of herbicides in integrated weed management in Latvia. - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection: Special Issue XIX of the 22nd German Conference on Weed Biology and Weed Control, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany, 2-4 March, 2004, 779-785.

Vanaga I.: Dynamics of the flora of arable fields in central Latvia. –Latvian Journal of Agronomy Nr. 7: Issue of the International Scientific Conference, Jelgava, Latvia, 26-28 August, 2004, 176-182.

Vanaga I.: Weed seed and weed plant dynamics in arable fields in central Latvia. - 13th EWRS Symposium 2005, Bari, Italy, 19-23 June 2005.- CD; http:// ewrs2005/ abstracts/ s2vanaga.pdf.

Vanaga, I., Zarina L.: Evaluating herbicides in a range of doses for integrated plant protection in Latvia // ISSN 1392 -3196, Žemdirbystė / Zemdirbyste - Agriculture T.95, Nr.3 (2008). 1-464, 227-234.



Vanaga I., Lapins D.: Relationships between weed infestation and yield in winter wheat sowings. - Development of Environmentally Friendly Plant Protection in the Baltic Region: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tartu, Estonian Agricultural University, 28-29 September, 2000, 227-229.

Vanaga I.: Cereal sowings and soil infestation with Chenopodium album and its influence on the spring barley yield. - Sustainable Agriculture in Baltic States: Proceedings of the International conference, Tartu, Estonian Agricultural University, 28-30 June, 2001, 208-213.

Vanaga I.: Spring cereal sowings and soil infestation with Chenopodiumalbum and its influence on the spring barley yield in the distinctive weather conditions. - Weeds - 2001: Proceedings of the BCPC Conference, Brighton, UK, 12-15 November, Vol. 1., 2001, 313-316.

Vanaga I.: Changes of weed flora in arable fields in central Latvia and prospects for control with herbicides // Crop Protection in Northern Britain 2002: Proceedings of the Dundee Conference, Dundee, UK, 19-20 February, 2002, 33-40.



Vanaga I.Yu., Gurkina E.V.: The effect of reduced herbicides use in spring barley. - Integrated Systeme of Plant protection. The Present and the Future: Materials of the International Scientific Conference, Minsk, Byelorusssia, SRRUC Bellarussian Institute of Plant Protection, 15-17 July, 2002, 35-36.

Vanaga I., Gurkina J.: Possible causal factors in the increase of Elymusrepens populations in arable crops in Latvia and its control in wheat. –Nordic Agricultural in global Perspective: Proceedings of the NJF’s 22nd congress, Turku, finland, 1-4 July, 2003, 99

Korolova J., Lapinsh D., Berzinsh A.: Weed dynamics in differently managed fields. – Agronomy Research 4 (special issue), 241-245, 2006

Lapinsh D., Korolova J., Berzinsh A.: Crop rotation influence on the weed incidence in Cereals. – Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, vol 95, No.3, 433-439, 2008


References Lithuania

T. L. Nedzinskiene et al. : The dynamics of Elytrigia repens in different field crops in Lithuania .- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XXI, 227-232, 2008.

V. Pilipavicius, P. Lazauskas: Control of weed seed rain in cereals. -J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XVII, 469-472, 2000.

S. Čiuberkis: Changes in weed flora depending on the rate of manure on acid and limed soils. – Biologija, No.2, 74-76, 2001

A.Velykis, A. Satkus: Influence of crop rotations and reduced tillage on weed population dynamics under Lithuania‘s heavy soil conditions. –Agronomy Research 4 (special issue), 441-445, 2006


References Norway

K. Torresen, R. Skuterud: Plant protection in spring cereal production with reduced tillage. IV.Changes in the weed flora and weed seedbank.-CropProtection 21 (2002) 179–193


References Poland

A. Zajac & M. Zajac: Atlas of vascular plants in Poland -Cracow 2001

H. Golebiowska, H. Rola: Efficacy of selected chemical weed control systems in maize.- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XX, 837-843, 2006.


References Romania

M. Berca, C. Chirla: Perennial weeds in agricultural cropsof Romania from 1960-2002 and the relation to soil type.- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XIX, 91-96, 2004.

C. Chirla, M. Berca: Main annual weeds in south-east Romania and their relation to the soil type and its soil texture.- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XVIII, 131-139, 2002.


References Spain

J.L. Gonzalez-Andujara, M. Saavedrab: Spatial distribution of annual grass weed populations in winter cereals.-Crop Protection 22, 2003. p.629-633

J. Torra, J. Recasens: Seed dormancy in Papaver rhoeas id affected by the time of emergence of mother plants.-15th Australian Weeds Conference 2006, 167-170.


References Sweden

U. Boström et al.: Yield loss in spring-sown cereals related to the weed flora in the spring.- Weed Science 51, 2003, p.418-424

U. Boström, H. Fogelfors: Long-term effects of herbicide-application strategies on weeds and yield in spring sown cereals.-Weed Science 50, 2002, p.196-203


References Switzerland

N Delabays et al.: First case of resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides reported in Switzerland: a biotype of loose silky-bent (Apera spica-venti(L.) Beauv.).- J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XX, 89-94, 2006.


References Turkey (1/2)

UYGUR, F.N., KOCH, W., WALTER, H., 1986. Cukurova Bölgesi Buğday-Pamuk Ekim Sistemindeki Önemli Yabancı Otların Tanımı (Description of Weeds in Wheat-Cotton Production System in Cukurova Region). -PLITS 1986/4 (1), Josef Margraf Verlag, Stuttgart, 169 pp.

OKSAR, M., UYGUR, S., 2000. Çukurova’daki Yabancı Otlar ve Bunların Biyolojik Mücadele Olanakları (Weeds and their biological control possibilities in the Cukurova Region) , Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi (The Journal of Turkish Weed Science) Vol. 3, No.1, 2000, 27-36.

BOZ, O., 2000. Aydın ili Buğday Ekim Alanlarında Bulunan Yabancı Otlar ile Rastlama Sıklıkları ve Yoğunluklarının Saptanması (Determination of Weed Species, Frequency and Density in Wheat Growing Areas in Aydın). Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi (The Journal of Turkish Weed Science), Vol.3, No.2, 2000, 1-11.


References Turkey (2/2)

KAYA, Y., ZENGIN, H., 2000. Pasinler Ovasındaki Buğday Tarlalarında Sorun Oluşturan Yabancı Otlarla, Rastlama Sıklıkları, Hayat Formları ve Fitocoğrafik Bölgelerinin Belirlenmesi (Determination of Weeds and Their Life and Phytogeographic Regions in Wheat Fields of Pasinler Plain). Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi (The Journal of Turkish Weed Science), Vol.3, No.1, 2000, 17-26.

MENNAN, H., ISIK, D., 2003. Samsun İli Mısır Ekim Alanlarında Son 30 yılda Yabancı Ot Florasında Görülen Değişiklikler ve Bunların Nedenlerinin Araştırılması (Investigations on Weed Flora Changes and Their Reasons in Maize Production Areas During the Last Three Decades in Samsun). Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi (The Journal of Turkish Weed Science), Vol.6, No.1, 2003, 1-7

KITIS, E., BOZ, O., 2003. Isparta İli Buğday Ekim Alanlarındaki Yabancı Otların Yaygınlık ve Yoğunluklarının Saptanması (Determination of the Weed Species, Their Observation Frequencies and Densities in Wheat Fields in Isparta Province. Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi (The Journal of Turkish Weed Science), Vol.6, No.1, 2003, 16-38.


References UK

J. Clarke: The future for grass weed management in the UK.-Pesticide Outlook Apr 2000, p.59-63

J.Marshall et al.: The impact of herbicides on weed abundance and biodiversity.- PN0940, 2002

K.J. Walker et al.: Effectiveness of new agri-environment schemes in conserving arable plants in intensively farmed landscapes.-Defra Cereal Field Margin Evaluation Phase 3, 2006

Bayer CropScience UK: Expert Guide: Ryegrass Management in Cereals.-www.bayercropscience.co.uk 2006

S. Moss et al.: The current status of herbicide-resistant grass and broadleaved weeds of arable crops in Great Britain.- BCPC Intern.Cgr. Glasgow 2005

Pest, Disease and Weed Incidence Report HarvestYear 2005, ADAS


References Ukraine

A. Ivashchenko: The most widespread weeds of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. J.Pl.Dis.&Prot. XVII, 121-123, 2000.


General References

D. Schroeder et al.: A European weed survey in 10 major crop systems toidentify targets for biological control.-Weed Research 33, 1993, p.449-458.

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