manual stabilization

8/14/2019 Manual Stabilization

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

o Soil Modificationo Soil Stabilizationo Roadbed Modification (RBM)

II. TREATMENT OTIONS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

o Dete!"ination of Site Condition#o B!id$in$ O%e! Soft Soil#o S&!face T!eat"ento 'inte!ization T!eat"ento Det* e!centa$e and T+e of T!eat"ent

III. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

o T!eat"ent %#. Ote! Stabilization Metod#o E,ca%ation and Relace"ent of Soft Soil#o Ai!-D!+in$ of 'et Soil#o Ce"ical T!eat"ent of 'et Soil#o I"!o%in$ Ma!$inal A$$!e$ate Ba#e#o Co#t Co"a!i#on# Ba#e!oc/ %#. T!eated S&b$!adeo 0ife C+cle Con#ide!ation#

I1. TREATMENT RODUCTS

o 2&ic/li"e (Dolo"itic and 3i$ Calci&")o 2&ic/li"e l (2&ic/li"e 4 3AC Mi,)o 3i-Al/ali Ce"ent (3AC)o o!tland Ce"ent (T+e II o! SS)o Fl+ A# (Cla## C 5 F)o Ce"ical Anal+#i# fo! Soil T!eat"ent !od&ct#

1. 2UA0IT6 CONTRO0 DURING CONSTRUCTION

o Rea$ent S!ead Rateo &l%e!izationo Mi,ed Efficienc+o Rea$ent Contento Moi#t&!e Contento Initial Mi,in$
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o Re-Mi,in$o Den#it+o C&!in$o 'eate! 0i"itation#

1I. 2UA0IFICATIONS FOR STABI0I7ATION CONTRACTOR

o !e-2&alification fo! Soil Stabilization Cont!acto!o e!#onnelo E8&i"ent

1II. 0ABORATOR6 TESTING OF TREATED SOI0S

o Int!od&ctiono C&!in$ and Re"oldin$o Accele!ated C&!in$ 9it 3eat (Otional)o Co"action Te#t (ASTM D-:;;


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B. STANDARD TREATMENT 0ETTERS

o Standa!d 'inte!ization 0ette!o Standa!d T!eat"ent 0ette!

C. SU0FATE TESTING

D.

INTRODUCTION

Ti# "an&al i# a co"ilation of te field and labo!ato!+ !actice# of e,e!ienceden$inee!# and cont!acto!# in te #oil #tabilization indt!+. Te intended &!o#eof ti# "an&al i# to b!in$ cla!ification to te %a!io !od&ct# and !oced&!e#in%ol%ed in te #oil #tabilization !actice. Te info!"ation i# !e#ented in#&""a!+ fo!" 9it detailed e,lanation# and !oced&!e# follo9in$ in te

aendice#. Ti# "an&al not onl+ $i%e# $&idance fo! !o&tine #tabilization!oect#* b&t al#o !o%ide# a fo!"at fo! te alication# tat !e8&i!e &ni8&e#ol&tion#* 9ell 9itin te caabilitie# of te e,e!ienced con#&ltant andcont!acto!.

It i# o&! $oal tat e!# of ti# "an&al di#co%e! #ol&tion# to en$inee!in$ andcon#t!&ction #it&ation# b+ $ainin$ "o!e &nde!#tandin$ of te #i$nificant %al&een$inee!in$ otential !e#ented b+ te e of #oil t!eat"ent.U#e!# of ti# "an&al9ill di#co%e! te #i$nificant %al&e en$inee!in$ otential $ene!ated b+ te e of#oil t!eat"ent# to !o%ide en$inee!in$ and con#t!&ction #ol&tion# tatco"!een#i%el+ add!e## #oil #tabilization callen$e#.

Te addition of !ea$ent#* #&c a# li"e and ce"ent* into #oil# a# been ed fo!cent&!ie# t!o&$o&t te 9o!ld. Te fi!#t /no9n e of #&c #oil t!eat"ent 9a# b+te Ro"an# on te fa"o Aian 'a+* #till in e toda+. Te "ode!n %e!#ionof li"e #tabilization i# le## tan =@ +ea!# old* b&t con#ide!able ad%ance# a%ebeen "ade in con#t!&ction !oced&!e# d&!in$ te#e a#t fo&! decade#. Te!o$!e## of ti# "etod of #tabilization i# a !e#&lt of te effo!t# of "an+en$inee!#* cont!acto!#* and #cienti#t# #&""a!ized a# follo9#

Ba#ic and alied !e#ea!c b+ n&"e!o #tate i$9a+ dea!t"ent#*$o%e!n"ental a$encie#* and &ni%e!#itie#

Ed&cation t!o&$ 9o!ld9ide &blication of !e#ea!c #t&die# andcon#t!&ction !eo!t# of act&al li"e #tabilization !oect# and E8&i"ent "an&fact&!e!# !eco$nition of te otential of #tabilization and

de%elo"ent of e8&i"ent to "eet te need# of te cont!acto!.Stabilization e8&i"ent i# -> ti"e# "o!e efficient.

3o9e%e!* Ee%en in te#e "ode!n ti"e#* o9e%e!* con#ide!able confion #ee"#to bee,i#t# a# to te be#t !od&ct# and te be#t !oced&!e# to e fo! #ecific
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#oil condition# and te a##ociated econo"ic#. 'e a%e fo&nd tat te!e i# %e!+little lite!at&!e tat con#olidate# teo!etical and !actical idea# abo&t #oilt!eat"ent#. This manual is tailored to the Northern California marketplace,where conditions vary greatly from project to project.

Soil treatment can be defined as a means of permanentl consolidatin!soils and base materials "#ile mar$edl increasin! t#eir stren!t# and load%bearin! capacit. In addition& soil treatments "ill decrease t#e soil's "atersensiti(it and (ol)me c#an!es d)rin! "et*dr ccles. To ac#ie(e stabilit&a rea!ent m)st be properl incorporated into t#e soil. T#e most commonmet#ods of soil stabili+ation in(ol(e t#e )se of lime& cement& or compositess)c# as ,)ic$lime -l)s.

Ti# "an&al can al#o be ed a# a t!ainin$ !e#o&!ce fo! ci%il cont!acto!# anden$inee!#. A# in "o#t en$inee!in$ and con#t!&ction !actice#* te !oe!!oced&!e# a%e been !efined t!o&$ +ea!# of e,e!ience and !o%en

"etod##*. 0i/e9i#e* ti# "an&al !e#ent# te be#t "ana$e"ent !actice# fo!#ite #tabilization and #oil "odification $ained t!o&$ e,e!ience.

I. CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIN AND CONSTRUCTION

Te #i$nificance of #oil !oe!tie# and tei! bea%io! i# a %ital con#t!&ctioncon#ide!ation. Te i"act "ade b+ #ite and $!ade !ea!ation can !an$e f!o" ad&!able !oect* co"leted on #ced&le and b&d$et* to a co#tl+ fail&!e. Te!e a!et9o fo!"# of in lace #oil t!eat"ent con#ide!ed in ti# "an&al (:) #oil

"odification and () #oil #tabilization.

Soil "odification and #oil #tabilization a!e diffe!ent alication#* 9ic* alto&$#i"ila! in tecni8&e* diffe! in &!o#e* de#i$n* and 8&antit+ of t!eat"ent !e8&i!ed.Te &!o#e of #oil "odification (te can$in$ of #oil bea%io!* !inciall+t!o&$ !ed&ction in e,ce## "oi#t&!e)* i# to e,edite con#t!&ction. Stabilization i#te i"!o%e"ent of a #&b$!ade o! #&bba#e to 9it#tand alied load# and 4o! to!ed&ce #!in/4#9ell otential. Alto&$ #o"e #tabilization ine!entl+ occ&!# in #oil"odification* te di#tinction i# tat #oil "odification i# a con#t!&ction e,edient*9e!ea# #tabilization i# a!t of te !oect de#i$n.

Soil /odification

Modification i# te can$in$ of #oil bea%io! !inciall+ t!o&$ te !ed&ction ofe,ce## "oi#t&!e to e,edite con#t!&ction. Modification i# co""onl+ e!fo!"edon #&b$!ade and #&bba#e# in o!de! to e,edite co"action and #&b#e8&enta%in$. A 9ide !an$e of !oble" #oil# can be "odified 9it %a!io t!eat"ent!od&ct# to i"!o%e bea%io!. Incl&ded in ti# cate$o!+ a!e #oil# 9it i$ #iltcontent 9e!e !ed&ction of "oi#t&!e #en#iti%it+ can be acie%ed. In addition to


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!ed&cin$ e,ce## "oi#t&!e* te te,t&!e of cla+ #oil# can be "odified in$ a fe9e!cent of li"e* flocc&latin$ te cla+# into a #and-li/e "ate!ial tat can be ea#il+9o!/ed. Un#table* fine-$!ained #and# can al#o be ce"ented to fo!" a #tablelatfo!". Modification "a+ in%ol%e d!+in$ & con#t!&ction #ite# and acce## !oad#!e$a!dle## of te in-#it& #oil t+e#. T#e common denominator for soil

modification is t#e impro(ement of soil be#a(ior& "#ic# permits ot#er "or$to proceed "it#o)t dela.

If d!+in$ i# !e8&i!ed fo! onl+ a #allo9 det (:)* te #&b$!ade #oil# canno!"all+ be t!eated and 9o!/ed in lace. Ca)tion s#o)ld be e0ercisedo"e(er& in areas "#ere "ater ma #a(e collected at !reater dept#s. S&ca!ea# "a+ !e8&i!e "o!e t!eat"ent !od&ct "i,ed to $!eate! det (:?) fo!effecti%e b!id$in$. Te det of "odification needed to b!id$e a #oft #&b$!ade i#$ene!all+ e8&i%alent to te det !e8&i!ed to #tabilize te #&b$!ade b+e,ca%ation* lace"ent of a $eofab!ic* and bac/fillin$ 9it an a$$!e$ate "ate!ial.

'en 9ate! i# enco&nte!ed* an e%al&ation #o&ld be "ade to dete!"ine if 9ate!i# infilt!atin$ f!o" an o&t#ide #o&!ce. If te flo9 of 9ate! i# contin&o* tende9ate!in$ 9ill be !e8&i!ed !io! to an+ t!eat"ent. De9ate!in$ #o&ld to be atlea#t : inc belo9 te botto" of t!eat"ent to allo9 fo! 9ic/in$. If it i#dete!"ined tat te 9ate! i# onl+ e!ced* ten a!ea# containin$ an+ #tandin$9ate! #o&ld be &"ed !io! to t!eat"ent.

Cont!acto! in$en&it+ and e,e!ience can &all+ be !elied &on fo! tea!o!iate tecni8&e to #ol%e "o#t ob #ite %a!iation#. 3o9e%e!* te #e!%ice# ofa eotec#nical En!ineer"a+ be !e8&i!ed on te "o!e co"le, !oect# anda!e !eco""ended on fi!#t ti"e alication#.

Soil "odification i# an effecti%e and econo"ical tecni8&e tat e,edite#con#t!&ction 9it $ene!all+ "ode#t en$inee!in$ !e8&i!e"ent#. In "o#t in#tance#*#oil "odification 9it %a!io t!eat"ent !od&ct# 9ill co!!ect ad%e!#e condition#i""ediatel+ and e!"it con#t!&ction acti%itie# to !oceed on #ced&le.

Soil Stabili+ation

Soil #tabilization i# te con#t!&ction of a load-bea!in$ #&b$!ade o! #&bba#e fo! a#t!&ct&!al &!o#e. Te en$inee!ed intent* ba#ed on a labo!ato!+ "i, de#i$n* i# toinc!ea#e co"!e##i%e #t!en$t and4o! !ed&ce #!in/4#9ell otential. Alt#o)!#

t#e act)al constr)ction met#ods and tec#ni1)es are similar to t#ose )sedin soil modification& t#ere are si!nificant differences t#at !o(ernstabili+ation.

'en t!eat"ent i# fo! te &!o#e of #oil #tabilization to inc!ea#e #oil #t!en$t o!lo9e! la#tic inde,* te con#&ltant #o&ld de%elo a "i, de#i$n b+ #a"lin$ andte#tin$ "ate!ial# and e!centa$e# of !ea$ent !e8&i!ed. Soil #a"le# #o&ld be


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obtained f!o" act&al #ite location#* ta/in$ into acco&nt te %a!iable #oilcondition#. Te "i, de#i$n #o&ld be cond&cted 9ell in ad%ance of con#t!&ction.

0abo!ato!+ tecnician# no!"all+ de%elo te "i, de#i$n fo! a #tabilization !oect2see Laborator Testin! section3. 0ab te#tin$ 9ill %a!+ deendin$ on te

intended &!o#e of te t!eat"ent. Fo! a%e"ent de#i$n &!o#e#* te#t# #o&ldbe cond&cted to dete!"ine i"!o%e"ent# in te R-1al&e o! UnconfinedCo"!e##i%e St!en$t 9it diffe!ent e!centa$e# of !ea$ent.

Soil #tabilization a# !o%en to be a #&b#tantial co#t-#a%in$ "etod fo! a%e"entde#i$n. T!eat"ent 9ill inc!ea#e te load-bea!in$ caabilitie# of "a!$inal#&b$!ade "ate!ial#* te!efo!e dec!ea#in$ te a"o&nt of a$$!e$ate ba#e !e8&i!edfo! te a%e"ent. Te #tabilization !oce## a# !o%ed to be te #t!&ct&!al andecono"ic #ol&tion fo! co!!ectin$ &ne,ected* oo! a%e"ent #&o!t condition#.

Roadbed /odification 2RB/3

Roadbed "odification i# an in-lace !ec+clin$ "etod fo! a%e"ent# tat a%edete!io!ated be+ond "aintenance t!eat"ent#. a%e"ent# #o9in$ di#t!e##e##&c a# ba#e fail&!e* #t!iin$* !&ttin$* t!an#%e!#e c!ac/in$* flin$ and bleedin$a!e candidate# fo! !e-con#t!&ction in$ !oadbed "odification. oo! #&bba#e i#often a cont!ib&tin$ facto! to "an+ a%e"ent di#t!e##e#. RMB inc!ea#e# te loadca!!+in$ caacit+ of te ba#e co&!#e* te!efo!e* te a%e"ent #ection "a+ becon#t!&cted tinne!. Te tinne! a%e"ent #ection !e8&i!e# le## "ate!ial* #a%in$o&! deletin$ %i!$in a$$!e$ate#. In addition* le## a%e"ent la+e!# !e8&i!e# le##t!affic cont!ol* #a%in$ bot dolla!# and incon%enience to te d!i%in$ &blic.

In te!"# of con#t!&ction* !oadbed "odification i# 8&ite %e!#atile. Te !oecten$inee! i# caable of adatin$ and andlin$ an+ ec&lia!itie# tat "a+ beenco&nte!ed* #&c a# oo! #&b$!ade condition#* incl&din$ oc/et# of cla+.Otion# a%ailable to te en$inee! incl&de !e-&l%e!izin$* inc!ea#in$ te e!cent ofce"ent o! inc!ea#in$ te det of te &l%e!ized #ection to acco""odate an+!oble" a!ea#.

Description of the Process

Te e,i#tin$ #&!face i# &l%e!ized f&ll det* &all+ #i, to ei$t ince#. Te&l%e!ized "ate!ial i# !ela+ed and o!tland ce"ent i# added* at a !ate of H b+

9ei$t* to te &l%e!ized ba#e and #&!facin$ "ate!ial. Eac !oect i# e%al&atedto dete!"ine if %i!$in a$$!e$ate# a!e !e8&i!ed in te "odified #ection. !oce##in$of te !oadbed "odification incl&de# "i,in$ all "ate!ial# to a #ecified det*co"action of te "i,t&!e* and fini#in$ of te co"leted ba#e. Te !oad"i,in$"acine i# a c!o## #aft t+e and i# caable of !o%idin$ a &nifo!"o"o$eneo "i,t&!e. It i# al#o e8&ied to int!od&ce 9ate! at te ti"e of"i,in$. A "ete!in$ de%ice i# ed to cont!ol te co!!ect 8&antit+ of 9ate! to!od&ce a co"leted "i,t&!e 9it &nifo!" "oi#t&!e content. Afte! te "ate!ial#


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a%e been !oe!l+ "i,ed* it i# ten bladed and co"acted to ;H !elati%e"a,i"&" den#it+ and i# /et "oi#t &ntil a c&!in$ #eal of MC-;@ i# alied at a!ate of .@ $#+ to .; $#+. Ti# i# done 9itin = o&!# afte! co"letion of tefinal !ollin$. Te bit&"ino c&!in$ #eal i# a !otection a$ain#t d!+in$ and!o%ide# a contin&o "e"b!ane o%e! te #&!face. Sand blotte! i# ten alied

to te c&!in$ #eal to allo9 t!affic and con#t!&ction e8&i"ent on te !oadbed"odified #&!face. Inte!#tate !oect# a!e an e,cetion* 9e!e t!affic i# not allo9edon te "odified !oadbed &ntil te fi!#t lift of lant-"i, i# laced. T+ical!od&ction !ate i# :@*@@@ linea! feet e! da+. Te e8&i"ent !e8&i!ed fo! ti# t+eof oe!ation i# !eadil+ a%ailable* 9ic aid# in /eein$ te co#t of con#t!&ctiondo9n.

Conclusions

Roadbed Modification !o%ide# a lon$-te!" #ol&tion to ba#e fail&!e* 9ic i# acont!ib&tin$ facto! to "an+ a%e"ent di#t!e##e#. Te benefit# of in$ ti#"etod to #tabilize and i"!o%e te e!fo!"ance of te ba#e incl&de inc!ea#in$te load-ca!!+in$ caacit+ of te a%e"ent #t!&ct&!e* 9ic inc!ea#e# tea%e"ent life. It &tilize# te e,i#tin$ a%e"ent* eli"inatin$ te need and co#t oft!an#o!tin$ and di#o#al of te "ate!ial. It i# a co#t- effecti%e* %e!#atilecon#t!&ction "etod tat &tilize# e,i#tin$ "ate!ial and e8&i"ent.

II. TREAT/ENT O-TIONS FOR DESIN AND CONSTRUCTION

To dete!"ine te !e8&i!ed de#i$n and con#t!&ction !oced&!e#* te Geotecnical

En$inee! "t dete!"ine 9ete! te !oect !e8&i!e"ent i# #oil "odification fo!con#t!&ctabilit+ o! #oil #tabilization to enance te #t!&ct&!al #t!en$t of te"ate!ial !e8&i!in$ t!eat"ent.

T#e follo"in! factors s#o)ld be considered in determinin! t#e tpe oftreatment prod)ct& t#e si+e of area re1)irin! treatment& t#e dept#& and t#eamo)nt of prod)ct re1)ired.

Te fi!#t con#ide!ation i# to dete!"ine te a"o&nt of a!ea !e8&i!in$t!eat"ent. Te Geotecnical En$inee! #o&ld be a9a!e of te econo"iccon#ide!ation# in dete!"inin$ 9ic fo!" of t!eat"ent i# be#t #&ited fo! te

!oect. A !&le of t&"b in "a/in$ ti# dete!"ination i# tat a!ea !e8&i!in$"o!e tan JK*@@@ of !e"ediation o! o%e! t9o da+# of !eai! #o&ld becon#ide!ed $ood candidate# fo! t!eat"ent in$ additi%e#.

Anote! facto! in con#ide!in$ te a!o!iate "etod i# to dete!"ine tedet of t!eat"ent !e8&i!ed. Mi,in$ e8&i"ent can al+ t!eat"ent to adet of :? ince#. If condition# !e8&i!e det# of $!eate! tan :? ince#*te con#&ltant #o&ld con#ide! lo$i#tic# and ote! e8&i"ent


8/90

!e8&i!e"ent#. A la!$e! #&!face a!ea 9ill be !e8&i!ed at te #ite fo! a "i,in$table 9e!e te #tabilization cont!acto! can !oce## "ate!ial befo!e it i#ed a# fill. All a!ea# !e8&i!in$ le## tan :? ince# of t!eat"ent can be"i,ed in lace.

Te ne,t con#ide!ation i# to dete!"ine 9at t+e of !od&ct i# a!o!iatefo! te #oil t+e# and condition#. A $ene!al !&le i# tat te "o!e cla+e+#oil# #o&ld be t!eated 9it 8&ic/li"e !od&ct# and te "o!e $!an&la!"ate!ial# #o&ld e !od&ct# containin$ ce"ent. Fo! co"bination #oil#*e,cellent t!eat"ent alte!nati%e# 9o&ld incl&de !od&ct# containin$ botli"e and ce"ent* #&c a# 3AC (see Treatment -rod)cts for details).

Te la#t facto! in dete!"inin$ t!eat"ent otion# i# te e!centa$e of!od&ct nece##a!+ to "eet !oect !e8&i!e"ent#. If te &!o#e of tet!eat"ent i# to d!+ o&t te #ite* ten te con#&ltant can be fle,ible in i#!eco""endation# fo! e!centa$e of !od&ct !e8&i!ed. If te &!o#e of

t!eat"ent i# to enance te #t!en$t o! fo! ote! de#i$n con#ide!ation#*ten te en$inee! #o&ld 8&alif+ te "i, de#i$n e!centa$e 9it tea!o!iate labo!ato!+ te#tin$.

Determination of Site Conditions

Once te Geotecnical En$inee! a# dete!"ined tat t!eat"ent i# te be#t otionfo! te !oect* te ne,t #te i# to e%al&ate te act&al condition# of te #ite. Tefi!#t dete!"ination i# 9ete! te t!eat"ent #ection i# !e8&i!ed to b!id$e o%e!9ea/e! #&b#&!face #oil# o! i# a #&!face t!eat"ent onl+. If b!id$in$ i# a!t of te!oect $oal* te con#t!&ction !oce## 9ill !e8&i!e "o!e in%ol%e"ent f!o" te

Soil# En$inee! to dete!"ine te e,tent of #&b#&!face condition#.

Brid!in! O(er Soft Soils

Te in%ol%e"ent of te Geotecnical En$inee! #o&ld incl&de e%al&atin$ te#e%e!it+ of &n#table condition#. Ti# 9ill lead to te dete!"ination of additionala"o&nt# o! det of t!eat"ent !e8&i!ed. One of te c!&cial ele"ent# of teb!id$in$ !oce## i# te c&!in$ ti"e of te t!eated #ection. It is critical todetermine "#en t#e section #as been f)ll c)red in order for t#e brid!e to#old t#e loadin! of constr)ction e1)ipment.

Te Geotecnical En$inee! #o&ld "onito! te c&!in$ ti"e b+ and co!in$ tet!eated #ection and %i#&all+ e%al&atin$ te c&!in$ ti"eline. An e%al&ation #o&ldal#o be "ade of 9ete! to 9ait fo! all a!ea# of te #ite to be co"letel+ c&!ed o!to allo9 te cont!acto! to !oceed 9it te ne,t #te in te $!adin$ oe!ation*allo9in$ fo! #ecial con#ide!ation a!o&nd tende! a!ea#. -lease note t#ataccessin! tender areas too 1)ic$l ma res)lt in fail)re of t#e treatedsection.Ti# occ&!# 9en e8&i"ent load# a!e t!an#fe!!ed t!o&$ te t!eated#ection into te #oft* &nde!l+in$ #oil#.


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S)rface Treatment

T!eatin$ &n#table #&!face #oil# (&e! :? ince#) 9it a f&ll det !oce## doe#not !e8&i!e te #a"e le%el of in%ol%e"ent b+ te Geotecnical En$inee!. C&!in$of ti# t+e of t!eat"ent i# not a# c!itical becae b!id$in$ of te &nde!l+in$ #oil#

i# not !e8&i!ed. Te t!eat"ent 9ill contin&e to c&!e d&!in$ te co&!#e of tecon#t!&ction !oce##. Te Geotecnical En$inee! #o&ld e%al&ate con#t!&ctionacti%it+ fo! e,ce##i%e cannel loadin$ o%e! t!eated #ection#. If a #ection be$in# tofati$&e f!o" e,ce##i%e loadin$* te Geotecnical En$inee! "a+ !e8&i!e tecont!acto! to !otect te#e i#olated a!ea# &ntil te #t!&ct&!al #ection i# lacedo%e! te t!eat"ent a!ea.

4interi+ation Treatment

T!eat"ent fo! 9inte!ization i# co""onl+ ed to allo9 acce## to con#t!&ction#ite# d&!in$ te !ain+ #ea#on. 0i"e* ce"ent* o! co"o#ite !od&ct# allo9 nati%e

#oil# to beco"e "o!e i"e!%io to 9inte! condition#. Ti# t+e of t!eat"ent!o%ide# !e#i#tance to #oil !&ttin$* alto&$ te !olon$ed e,o#&!e tocon#t!&ction t!affic 9ill cae te #&!face to &n!a%el. A !&dent !otection in t!affica!ea# 9o&ld be to lace a tin #ection of ba#e!oc/ o%e! t!eated #oil#.

Dept#& -ercenta!e and Tpe of Treatment

Dept# of Treatment

: Fo! "o#t #&!face t!eat"ent alication#

K L : Roadbed Modification* S&!face T!eat"ent#

:? Fo! #e%e!e o! b!id$in$ t!eat"ent# at #&!face ele%ation

:? L >@ Fo! dee t!eat"ent in$ "i,in$ table

-ercenta!e of Treatment

Cement or 5AC

> L K H Soil Stabilization

L ; H Roadbed Modification (RBM)

> L ; H Ce"ent T!eated Ba#e (CTB)

L = H Soil Modification

= - ? H ond 0ine!#


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,)ic$lime or ,)ic$lime -l)s

> L ; H Soil Stabilization

L = H Soil Modification

= L ? H Ba+ M&d

= L K H 3ea%+ Cla+# 4 ond 0ine!#

III. ECONO/IC CONSIDERATIONS

Treatment (s. Ot#er Stabili+ation /et#ods

In co"a!in$ 9ic of te follo9in$ !eai! "etod# to e fo! #tabilizin$#at&!ated #oil#* te en$inee! #o&ld con#ide! 9ic a!oac i# te "o#tecono"ical ba#ed on ti"e and "ate!ial. Te t!ee "o#t co""on a!oace#9o&ld be to e,ca%ate and !elace #at&!ated #oil 9it $eofab!ic# and i"o!ted fill*ai! d!+ "ate!ial b+ contin&all+ t&!nin$ 9et #oil# 9it a di#c o! ote! e8&i"ent* o!t!eat in-lace "ate!ial 9it !ea$ent# #&c a# li"e and4o! ce"ent.

E0ca(ation and Replacement of Soft Soils

Te !eai! "etod of e,ca%atin$ #oft #oil to det# of :? ince#* lacin$ #o"et+e of $eofab!ic at te botto" of e,ca%ation and !elacin$ it 9it a $!an&la!

"ate!ial #&c a# ba#e!oc/* i# a 8&ic/ and d&!able "etod of !eai! fo! i#olateda!ea#. Ti# "etod al#o 9o&ld be te "o#t e,en#i%e !eai! ba#ed on a #8&a!efoot !ice. Ti# !eai! 9o&ld a%e to con#ide! off-a&l co#t#* labo! co#t# fo! fab!icin#tallation* and i"o!t co#t# of !elace"ent "ate!ial.

Reai! co#t# in$ ti# "etod "a+ !&n o%e! J e! #8&a!e foot. 'en i#olateda!ea# be$in to $!o9 o%e! ;*@@@ #8&a!e feet* con#ide!ation #o&ld be $i%en toote! !eai!#.

Air%Drin! of 4et Soils

Ai!-d!+in$ i# te "o#t econo"ical "etod of !eai! if ti"e i# not a con#ide!ationand 9eate! i# fa%o!able. Ai!-d!+in$ !e8&i!e# e8&i"ent to contin&all+ t&!n ande,o#e "ate!ial to te ai! and #&n. Ti# "etod #o&ld al#o be "onito!ed toconfi!" te !ate of d!+in$.

Te e of a di#c i# co""onl+ ed to ai!-d!+ "ate!ial. Di#cin$ lea%e# "ate!ial inla!$e! cl&"#* 9ic doe# not allo9 fo! ai! to !eac into te #"alle! a!ticle #ize#of #oil* accele!atin$ te d!+in$ !oce##. Contin&al di#cin$ i# !e8&i!ed to b!ea/ &


11/90

"ate!ial into #"alle! #izin$. An alte!nati%e 9o&ld be to e &l%e!izatione8&i"ent tat oe!ate# "o!e li/e a !ototille!* i""ediatel+ b!ea/in$ do9n tea!ticle #ize of #oil and allo9in$ fo! 8&ic/e! d!+in$ ti"e#.

C#emical Treatment of 4et Soils

Ce"ical t!eat"ent of 9et #oil# i# a !o%en "etod fo! d!+-o&t# and #tabilization!eai!. Te !e#&lt# of t!eat"ent a!e i""ediate* t e,editin$ te con#t!&ction!oce##. T!eat"ent eli"inate# te need to off-a&l &n#&itable "ate!ial andenable# te t!eated "ate!ial to beco"e i"e!%io to additional #at&!ation d&e to!ain.

Te co#t facto! of in$ te ce"ical t!eat"ent alte!nati%e can be "ea#&!ed in8&antitati%e co#t# a# oo#ed to ti"e and "ate!ial co#t# of te ote! alte!nati%e#.

Impro(in! /ar!inal A!!re!ate Bases

Rea$ent# #&c a# li"e o! ce"ent can be effecti%el+ ed to &$!ade "a!$inala$$!e$ate# b+ #tabilizin$ te la#tic fine# tat "a+ e,i#t in te#e a$$!e$ate#and4o! b+ i"!o%in$ te te,t&!al and 9o!/abilit+ !oe!tie# of te#e a$$!e$ate#.

Secific ad%anta$e# d&e to te !eaction bet9een te fine# of "a!$inala$$!e$ate# and li"e o! ce"ent incl&de an alte!ation in te +#ical !oe!tie# ofte fine o!tion of te a$$!e$ate. Ti# alte!ation !e#&lt# in #t!en$t i"!o%e"ent*"od&l enance"ent* d&!abilit+ and con#i#tenc+ i"!o%e"ent. Ti# i# "o#tbeneficial 9en a local bo!!o9 "ate!ial can be ed in#tead of in$ an i"o!t"ate!ial. In t&!n* f!ei$t co#t# 9ill be !ed&ced.

Te a"o&nt of li"e o! ce"ent !e8&i!ed to #tabilize "a!$inal a$$!e$ate ba#e# i#t+icall+ bet9een @.; and =.@ e!cent b+ 9ei$t of te total a$$!e$ate. Ti#$ene!all+ !e#&lt# in a fai!l+ i$ li"e o! ce"ent content b+ 9ei$t of te fine# (-No. =@ #ie%e) f!action.

Standa!d "i,in$ e8&i"ent i# $ene!all+ ed to &$!ade "a!$inal a$$!e$ate#t!o&$ li"e o! ce"ent t!eat"ent. Te#e &all+ incl&de a !ea$ent #!eade! fo!!oe! di#t!ib&tion of te li"e o! ce"ent and a #o&!ce of "oi#t&!e.

See uide Specifications for specific procedures for treatment.

Ulti"ate c&!e #t!en$t of li"e o! ce"ent t!eated #oil# i# a ti"e-deendentf&nction. Unconfined co"!e##ion #t!en$t# i"!o%e 9it a$e. Ea!l+ #t!en$t# of=;@ #i a!e co""on 9it olde! #ection# of o%e! :@@@ #i bein$ fo&nd in #o"eli"e o! ce"ent #oil "i,t&!e#.

Deendin$ on te tic/ne## of te t!eated #ection* te e,ected ea!l+ #t!en$t#and te t+e of t!affic e,ected* it i# ad%i#able to /ee in "ind tat te ea!l+ c&!e


12/90

#t!en$t# ta/e a little ti"e to co"e &* deendin$ on te"e!at&!e* and it i#!&dent to /ee ea%+ t!affic off fo! a fe9 da+# to !otect te #ection.

If te #&b$!ade i# d!+* te #tabilization cont!acto! 9ill often flood te#e a!ea# 9it9ate! to a%oid te o##ibilit+ of ti# d!+ne## &llin$ e,ce## 9ate! f!o" te t!eated

"ate!ial* !eta!din$ !oe! +d!ation of te li"e and ce"ent* and cain$ ea!l+fail&!e of te #ection* #&c a# lon$it&dinal c!ac/in$ o! diffe!ential e,an#ion alon$contact a!ea#.

U#&all+* in ea%+ #oil#* t9o o! "o!e "i,in$ a##e# 9ill be "ade to en#&!e tatade8&ate a!ticle #ize i# bein$ "ade and tat no oc/et# o! #t!ea/# of !ea$ent#a!e ne#ted in te t!eated a!ea. Unifo!"it+ of "i,in$ can be te#ted 9it a #ol&tionof enolalein #!a+ed on te #ide# of a ole d&$ into te "i,ed #ection.1a!iation# in colo! 9o&ld indicate non-&nifo!" "i,in$.

Cost Comparisons6 Baseroc$ (s. Treated S)b!rade

COST CO/-ARISON FOR -A7E/ENT DESIN USIN TREATEDSUBRADE

TRAFFIC INDE8 9 :

UNTREATED SUBRADE R%7ALUE9 ;

TREATED SUBRADE R%7ALUE 9; CLASS = AB2T#ic$ness3

?

CLASS = AB CLASS = AB @


13/90

2T#ic$nessRed)ction3

2T#ic$nessRed)ction3

COST CO/-ARISON FOR -A7E/ENT DESIN USIN TREATEDSUBRADE

TRAFFIC INDE8 9 :

UNTREATED SUBRADE R%7ALUE9 =;H #ilt andcla+). Te $ene!al obecti%e i# to i"!o%e #oil# tat a!e ote!9i#e &n#&itable fo!e in #&b$!ade o! #&bba#e la+e!#. Secific obecti%e# "a+ be to dec!ea#ela#ticit+ and %ol&"e can$e ca!acte!i#tic#* to inc!ea#e te bea!in$ #t!en$t* o!to !o%ide a #table 9o!/in$ latfo!" on 9ic a%e"ent la+e!# "a+ becon#t!&cted.

Cement%stabili+ation of !ran)lar soils(#oil# containin$ le## tan >;H #ilt andcla+). Te &al obecti%e i# to alte! #&b#tanda!d "ate!ial# #o tat te+ 9ill "eet!e8&i!e"ent# #ecified fo! a%e"ent ba#e o! #&bba#e la+e!#.

Cement%Sta&ili'ed Silt Clay Soils

Ce"ent "odification i"!o%e# te !oe!tie# of ce!tain #ilt-cla+ #oil# tat a!e&n#&itable fo! e in #&b$!ade con#t!&ction. Te obecti%e# "a+ be to dec!ea#ete #oil# coe#i%ene## (la#ticit+)* to dec!ea#e te %ol&"e can$eca!acte!i#tic# of an e,an#i%e cla+* to inc!ea#e te bea!in$ #t!en$t of a 9ea/#oil* o! to t!an#fo!" a 9et* #oft #&b$!ade into a #&!face tat 9ill #&o!tcon#t!&ction e8&i"ent.


28/90

Cement%Sta&ili'ed ranular Soils

Ce"ent a# been ed to i"!o%e bea!in$ %al&e# of $!an&la! ba#e and #&bba#e"ate!ial#* to !e%ent con#olidation* and to !od&ce a #table-9o!/in$ table a# a#&bba#e. 'it te !aid deletion of accetable $!an&la! "ate!ial# fo! e a#

ba#e# and #&bba#e#* it beco"e# e%e! "o!e i"o!tant to con#e!%e te !e"ainin$li"ited #&l+ of accetable "ate!ial#. S&b"a!$inal $!an&la! "ate!ial#* ce"ent-"odified to i"!o%e tei! bea!in$ %al&e# and !ed&ce tei! la#ticit+* 9ill "eet#ecification# fo! accetable ba#e and #&bba#e "ate!ial#. Con#e8&entl+* teli"ited #&l+ of accetable "ate!ial# can be con#e!%ed. Te !e#&ltin$ !od&ct*o9e%e!* i# #till !i"a!il+ a $!an&la! ba#e "ate!ial 9it all te ca!acte!i#tic# oftat t+e of con#t!&ction.

Secification# fo! a%e"ent ba#e and #&bba#e co&!#e "ate!ial# lace li"it# onte a"o&nt of fine# and te la#ticit+ (coe#i%ene## o! #tic/ine##) of te fine# in$!an&la! "ate!ial#. E,ce##i%e fine# can lead to lo## of #tabilit+* #cetibilit+ to

f!o#t action* and "&d &"in$ &nde! t!affic load#.

In 9o!/in$ 9it ce"ent ba#e t!eat"ent# it i# i"o!tant to !e"e"be! tat te"i,in$ and co"action !oce## m)st be completed "it#in t"o #o)rs. Ti# i#d&e to te 8&ic/ !eaction of te ce"ent.

Fl As# 2Class C F3

In #electin$ "etod# fo! "i, de#i$n de%elo"ent and te#tin$* it i# i"o!tant to&nde!#tand* to #o"e e,tent* te nat&!e and "ecani#"# of Cla## C fl+ a##tabilization. Unli/e li"e t!eat"ent* 9ic i# deendent on cation e,can$e* fl+

a# #tabilize# b+ +#ical a# 9ell a# ce"ical bindin$ of #oil a!ticle#. A i$8&alit+ Cla## C fl+ a# contain# all te co"o&nd# !e8&i!ed fo! ce"entin$ action*incl&din$ calci&" o,ide#. Fl+ a#* o9e%e!* contain# a ne$li$ible e!centa$e ofcalci&" in te fo!" of calci&" +d!o,ide* 9ile +d!ated li"e i# e##entiall+ allcalci&" +d!o,ide. It i# calci&" +d!o,ide tat 9ill flocc&late and a$$lo"e!atefatt+ cla+ #oil# t!o&$ cation e,can$e. Te!efo!e* it "a+ be beneficial in #o"eci!c&"#tance# to ta/e ad%anta$e of te caabilit+ of +d!ated li"e to 8&ic/l+"odif+ ea%+ cla+ #oil L 9ic can be acco"li#ed 9it a H li"e (b+ d!+ #oil9ei$t) !et!eat"ent and a :-o&! "ello9in$ e!iod L follo9ed b+ fl+ a##tabilization. PNote Gene!all+* #&cce##f&l li"e4fl+ a# !oect# co"bine li"e andfl+ a# at !atio# bet9een : and :>. Te blend# a!e #oil #ecific and #o&ld bedete!"ined b+ labo!ato!+ te#tin$.Q Ti# "etod oti"ize# te e!fo!"ance ofeac "ate!ial. Fl+ a# i# a ozzolan tat inco!o!ate# additional #ilica into te+d!ation !oce##. Ti# !oce## can i"!o%e #t!en$t#* a!tic&la!l+ in lo9e! .I.#oil#. So"e e%idence al#o e,i#t# tat te additional #ilica can !ed&ce teotential fo! f!ee li"e to co"bine 9it otentiall+ di#!&ti%e #oil con#tit&ent# #&ca# #ol&ble #&lfate#. Becae fl+ a# i# a b+!od&ct of coal co"btion* it# 8&alit+i# i$l+ %a!iable b+ #o&!ce and o%e! ti"e. Ca!e #o&ld be ta/en to e!fo!" allte#tin$ in$ te act&al fl+ a# tat 9ill be alied to te !oect.


29/90

Tpical C#emical Analsis for Soil Treatment -rod)cts

,)ic$lime

5i%Cal,)ic$lime

-l)s

5i%Al$ali

Cement

2CD3

-ortlandCement

C#emical-roperties

S+"bol ,L ,L- 5AC -C

: a!t 3AC

:a!t

2&ic/li"e

(H) (H) (H) (H)

Calci&" O,ide 4Ma$ne#i&" O,ide

CaO4M$O >.@ K?.K ;=.>? K;.= 4Ie@>

:.;; :.>


30/90

7. ,UALITG CONTROL DURIN CONSTRUCTION

A n&"be! of facto!# a!e c!iticall+ i"o!tant to te cont!ol of te 8&alit+ oft!eat"ent# d&!in$ con#t!&ction. Te#e facto!# a!e a# follo9#

Rea!ent Spread Rate

Te #!ead !ate of !ea$ent# i# dete!"ined in o&nd# of !ea$ent e! &nit a!ea of#&!face. !obabl+ te "o#t di!ect and #i"le#t 9a+ to dete!"ine te act&al field-#!eadin$ !ate i# to lace a one #8&a!e +a!d t!a+ &nde! te #!eade!* al#o /no9na# te an Te#t* and "ea#&!e te act&al #!eadin$ !ate a# te 9ei$t of !ea$enton te #8&a!e +a!d t!a+. Te #!eade! oe!ato! #o&ld a%e all e8&i"entnece##a!+ to dete!"ine te #!ead !ate.

-)l(eri+ation

In "o#t #ecification#* te efficienc+ of &l%e!ization i# dete!"ined ba#ed on tea"o&nt of "ate!ial a##in$ te one-inc #ie%e and te = #ie%e. Te !oce##ed"ate!ial i# d!+ #ie%ed to dete!"ine te e!cent a##in$ eac #ie%e. Ca!e "t beta/en to en#&!e tat te l = "ate!ial f!action i# not act&all+ a$$lo"e!ated#oil-li"e "i,t&!e tat can be ea#il+ b!o/en do9n b+ a #i"le /neadin$ action toa## te N&"be! = #ie%e. &l%e!ization i# c!itical to te #&cce## of all #oil#tabilization !oect# becae* 9ito&t inti"ate "i,in$ of te ce"ical #tabilize!#and te #oil* te nece##a!+ !eaction# 9ill not ta/e lace.

/i0ed Efficienc

Te efficienc+ of field "i,in$ i# of c!itical i"o!tance* a# te ba#ic !eaction#cannot !oceed #&cce##f&ll+ o! oti"all+ 9ito&t ti# efficient "i,in$. A #i"le!oced&!e fo! e%al&atin$ "i,in$ efficienc+ i#

a. Sec&!e a #a"le of te field "i,ed #oil-li"e "ate!ialb. 3al%e te #a"lec. !ea!e #t!en$t #eci"en# fo! &nconfined co"!e##i%e #t!en$t

te#tin$ f!o" one o!tion


31/90

d. Co"letel+ !e"i, te ote! o!tion of te field "i,t&!e to en#&!eal"o#t :@@ e!cent "i,in$

e. !ea!e #t!en$t #eci"en# f!o" te !e"i,ed "ate!ialf. C&!e bot #et# of #t!en$t #eci"en# and te#t te"$. Calc&late te "i,in$ efficienc+ a# field "i,ed #t!en$t 4 labo!ato!+

"i,ed #t!en$t

e!cent Mi,in$ Efficienc+ --------------------------- :@@

Fo! "i,ed-in-lace oe!ation#* "i,in$ efficiencie# no!"all+ !an$e f!o" K@ to ?@e!cent. In #o"e t+e# of #oil !ea$ent "i,in$ oe!ation# lo9e! %al&e# "a+ beaccetable.

Rea!ent Content

enoltalein i# a colo!-#en#iti%e indicato! of and* #ince #oil-li"e "i,t&!e#

de"on#t!ate an ele%ated 3* te indicato! can be #&cce##f&ll+ ed to indicatete !e#ence of li"e. U#e enoltalein b+ #!a+in$ it on te #oil-li"e "i,t&!e.If li"e i# !e#ent* a !eddi#-in/ colo! de%elo#.

/oist)re Content

Moi#t&!e content i# dete!"ined b+ in$ con%entional !oced&!e# #&c a# o%end!+in$ and n&clea! "etod#. 'en te n&clea! den#it+ $a&$e i# ed* it i#i"o!tant to en#&!e calib!ation fo! te #oil !ea$ent "i,t&!e. It i# i"o!tant to notetat initial te#tin$ 9ill "ea#&!e a i$e! "oi#t&!e content 9it #o"e #oil#. Ti#content 9ill contin&e to !ed&ce 9ile t!eat"ent c&!e# 2refer to Laborator

Testin! section3. Moi#t&!e i# a c!itical co"onent of e%e!+ ce"ical #tabilization!oce##. Not onl+ doe# it cont!ib&te to te +d!ation of calci&"-ba#ed #tabilize!#*b&t it "t al#o be !e#ent in o!de! fo! te ozzolanic ce"ical !eaction# to ta/elace. It i# i"o!tant tat te #oil "oi#t&!e !e"ain >-;H o%e! oti"&" d&!in$ li"e#tabilization to en#&!e tat te ozzolanic !eaction !oceed# to co"letion.

Initial /i0in!

Se%e!al tin$# a!e i"o!tant d&!in$ te "i,in$ oe!ation. 0i"e a# a %e!+ i$affinit+ fo! 9ate! and 9ate! i# an i"o!tant facto! in an+ li"e #tabilization !oect.In o!de! fo! te li"e to f&nction* it need# 9ate!. (Ti# can be a di#conce!tin$

ele"ent to #o"eone dealin$ 9it a d!+-& and te #tabilization cont!acto! #o9#& 9it a 9ate! t!&c/).

'ate! i# no!"all+ added to te "i,in$ oe!ation t!o&$ #!a+ ba!# attaced tote "i,e!. A 9ate! t!&c/# t!a%el !ate and te "i,e! oe!ato! cont!ol# te 9ate!flo9 !ate#.


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Mi,in$ c&!!entl+ can be acco"li#ed to det# of :? ince# in a #in$le lift.Det $a&$e# on te "i,e! tell te oe!ato! o9 dee e i# "i,in$. Calib!ationcan be cec/ed b+ di$$in$ te#t ole# in te "i,ed "ate!ial alon$#ide &n"i,ed#oil. If te "ate!ial bein$ "i,ed 9e!e not ti$tl+ co"acted befo!e "i,in$*con#ide!ation 9o&ld a%e to be "ade to dete!"ine 9at additional det #o&ld

be added to co"en#ate fo! te loo#e nat&!e of te o!i$inal #oil. Al#o* afte!"i,in$* te #oil 9ill be fl&ffed & to #o"e e,tent* bel+in$ it# t!&e %ol&"e.

It #o&ld be noted tat on te initial "i, te #oil 9o&ld aea! %e!+ 9et. Ti# i#becae "&c of te 9ate! a# not +et !eacted 9it te li"e and #oil. In a %e!+#o!t ti"e te #oil 9ill d!+ o&t con#ide!abl+ and "o!e 9ate! 9ill a%e to be addedto attain te !oe! a"o&nt (>-;H o%e! oti"&") to acie%e +d!ation of te li"eand #tabilization of te #oil. Ti# can be acie%ed in te #econd "i,in$ a##.

Afte! te fi!#t "i,in$ a## a# been co"leted* all a!ea# 9e!e te "i,e! cannot!eac* (#&c a# a!o&nd "anole#* 9ate! !i#e!#* c&!b#* 9all#* and in#ide ti$t

a!ea#) #o&ld be &lled o&t 9it a blade* #/iloade! o! ote! a!o!iatee8&i"ent to inco!o!ate te #&!!o&ndin$ "ate!ial into te !e#t of te "i,. Afte!te initial "i,in$* te $!ade #o&ld be li$tl+ !olled to "ini"ize te 8&antit+ of9ate! lo#t to e%ao!ation d&!in$ te c&!in$ e!iod. Ca!e "t be ta/en to en#&!etat te #tabilized a!ea !e"ain# "oi#t &ntil te #econd "i,in$.

Re%/i0in!

Afte! te li"e t!eated #oil a# been allo9ed to c&!e (te c&!in$ ti"e bein$dete!"ined b+ te ca!acte!i#tic# of te #oil)* it 9ill be !e-"i,ed to b!in$ te"oi#t&!e content to oti"&" le%el# and to acie%e #ecified $!adation

!e8&i!e"ent#* indicatin$ !oe! "i,in$. No!"al !e8&i!e"ent# a!e ?H a##in$te :inc and K@H a##in$ te = #ie%e* e,cl&din$ !oc/# and ote! non-&l%e!izable "ate!ial. An+ clod# in te "i, #o&ld be b!o/en & to dete!"ine ifte li"e a# act&all+ been "i,ed into te" and to dete!"ine if te clod# a!e te!e#&lt of i"in$e"ent b+ action of te "i,e!. Mi,in$ 9ill contin&e &ntil $!adationa# been acie%ed.

Afte! !e"i,in$ i# acco"li#ed* te &llo&t "ate!ial# 9ill be !elaced into tei!e,ca%ation# in !ea!ation fo! co"action. Te#e e,ca%ation# 9ill a%e beencontin&ol+ !econditioned 9it 9ate! !io! to te li"e-t!eated "ate!ial bein$laced bac/ into te".

To en#&!e !oe! #!eadin$* teo!etical and act&al #!ead !ate lo$# a!e"aintained b+ te oe!ato! of te #!eadin$ e8&i"ent. Once te oe!ato!/no9# 9at te #!ead !ate i# to be* e can calc&late o9 la!$e an a!ea a $i%ena"o&nt of li"e can co%e!. 3e e# te ce!tified 9ei$t tic/et f!o" te t!&c/ tatdeli%e!# te li"e* co"&te# te teo!etical co%e!a$e e #o&ld $et* andco"a!e# ti# late! 9it i# act&al #!ead.


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Mode!n #tate-of-te-a!t #!eadin$ e8&i"ent a# %a!iable #eed d!o bo,e# 9it%ane feede!# tat can al+ !od&ct to a i$ de$!ee of acc&!ac+. On-boa!d foot"ete!# 9ill tell te oe!ato! o9 fa! e a# t!a%eled 9ile act&all+ #!eadin$ teli"e. To calib!ate i# in#t!&"entation* e 9ill al+ "ate!ial o%e! a an of /no9na!ea and 9ei$ te content#. Once te e8&i"ent i# calib!ated* #!eadin$

co""ence# and act&al !ate# a!e $ene!ated and lo$$ed. Contin&o "onito!in$of teo!etical and act&al #!ead !ate# a##&!e# a i$ de$!ee of acc&!ac+.

Densit

Con%entional !oced&!e#* #&c a# te e of a n&clea! den#it+ $a$e* a!e ed todete!"ine in-#it& den#it+ of co"acted #oil !ea$ent "i,t&!e#. It i# i"o!tant toen#&!e tat te !oe! "oi#t&!e den#it+ !elation fo! te #oil !ea$ent "i,t&!e i#ed in den#it+ cont!ol. Te "oi#t&!e den#it+ !elation fo! #oil-!ea$ent "i,t&!e#"a+ can$e 9it c&!in$ ti"e and %a!iation in !ea$ent content. 'en #oil# a!e#tabilized 9it li"e* te &nit 9ei$t 9ill dec!ea#e and te oti"&" "oi#t&!e

content 9ill inc!ea#e. If a ne9 "oi#t&!e den#it+ c&!%e i# not calc&lated* finalco"action 9ill be %e!+ diffic&lt to acie%e. An e,a"le of ti# i# 9en te #oil!ea$ent "i,t&!e i# !e9o!/ed at #o"e late! date follo9in$ initial con#t!&ction. Te"a,i"&" d!+ den#it+ and oti"&" "oi#t&!e content fo! te "i,t&!e 9ill !obabl+be diffe!ent f!o" te o!i$inal "i,t&!e.

'en 9o!/in$ 9it ce"ent t!eat"ent it beco"e# nece##a!+ to e!fo!" den#it+te#tin$ i""ediatel+ afte! te initial co"action effo!t a# been "ade. Tecont!acto! a# a!o,i"atel+ @ "in&te# to co"lete co"action of te t!eated#oil befo!e te !ea$ent be$in# to ce"ent.

C)rin!

Afte! te initial "i,in$ oe!ation a# been co"leted* te li"e t!eated #oil "tbe allo9ed to c&!e. Ti# ti"e allo9# te li"e to co"letel+ !eact 9it te #oil tofo!" te ce"entatio co"o&nd# tat ta/e f!o" a fe9 o&!# to a fe9 da+# tode%elo. Te"e!at&!e* "oi#t&!e and #oil t+e# a!e te "ain ite"# tat affect c&!eti"e#. No!"all+* te li"e i# #!ead and initiall+ "i,ed te fi!#t da+* allo9ed toc&!e o%e!ni$t* ten !e"i,ed te follo9in$ da+ !io! to co"actin$.

If d&!in$ ti# ti"e !ain i# t!eatenin$* te t!eated a!ea can be li$tl+ co"acted9it a !olle! and 9ill #ed !ain9ate! !eadil+. Ca!e #o&ld be e,e!ci#ed #o a# not

to de%elo Bi!d Bat# a# te 9ate! 9ill not #oa/ in and 9ate! !e"o%al 9o&ld!e8&i!e t!encin$ o! &"in$.

It #o&ld be noted tat d&!in$ te c&!e e!iod* te li"e t!eated #oil 9o&ld $ot!o&$ a den#it+ and %ol&"e can$e. Ti# i# d&e to te flocc&lation of te cla+a!ticle# caed b+ te li"e and i# a no!"al !eaction !edicted b+ te !eli"ina!+#oil e%al&ation and te#tin$.


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4eat#er Limitations

Do not con#t!&ct #&b$!ade 9en 9eate! condition# det!i"entall+ affect te8&alit+ of te "ate!ial#. Do not al+ !ea$ent &nle## te ai! te"e!at&!e i# atlea#t =@F in te #ade and !i#in$. Do not al+ li"e to #oil# tat a!e f!ozen o!

contain f!o#t. If te ai! te"e!at&!e fall# belo9 >;F in te #ade* !otectco"leted !ea$ent-t!eated a!ea# b+ a!o%ed "etod# a$ain#t te det!i"entaleffect# of f!eezin$. Re"o%e and !elace o! !eco"act* a# indicated* an+da"a$ed o!tion of te co"leted li"e-t!eated a!ea in acco!dance 9it ti##ecification at no additional co#t to te o9ne!.

7I. ,UALIFICATIONS FOR STABILIHATION CONTRACTOR

Te bine## and !oce##in$ of #oil #tabilization i# a %e!+ #ecialized a#ect ofte con#t!&ction indt!+. A# te indt!+ "o%e# fo!9a!d in te e of de#i$nle%el #oil t!eat"ent* it a# beco"e i"e!ati%e to te !oect #&cce## to !e-

8&alif+ te#e #ecialt+ cont!acto!#. !e-8&alification #o&ld be ba#ed on +ea!# ofe,e!ience and te e of #ecialized and #oi#ticated e8&i"ent nece##a!+ to"eet toda+ de#i$n le%el #oil t!eat"ent#.

It #o&ld be noted* tat te on #ite #oil# t!eat"ent !e8&i!e# te "an&fact&!in$ of acon#i#tent and !edictable en$inee!in$ ele"ent. A# an analo$+* te t!eat"ent!oce## can be co"a!ed to te !ead+-"i, lant oe!ation. All in$!edient# a!e"ea#&!ed !eci#el+ fo! 9ei$t and 8&alit+. 'en blendin$ te in$!edient#* #t!ict8&alit+ cont!ol i# nece##a!+ to "eet #ecification# and !od&ct con#i#tenc+.

Te !e#&lt# of a #tabilization !oect* b+ toda+ #tanda!d#* "a+ be &nde!"ined if

te cont!acto! doe# not a%e te !oe! e,e!ience* e8&i"ent* ce"ical#*coo!dination* o! en$inee!in$ ele"ent# in%ol%ed in te t!eat"ent !oce##. Fail&!eof an+ one of te#e ele"ent# "a+ lead to infe!io! !e#&lt#. So"e of te follo9in$!e#&lt# "a+ occ&! f!o" te e of an &n8&alified cont!acto! o! o&t datede8&i"ent

If te #!eade! doe# not a%e on-boa!d co"&te!# 9it $!o&nd #en#in$!ada!* ten te !ea$ent 9ill not be #!ead e%enl+ ac!o## te #ite*e#eciall+ in a a!/in$ lot #it&ation.

If te "i,e! doe# not a%e on-boa!d co"&te!# 9it a&to"atic $!ade

cont!ol# ten te "i,e! 9ill not !od&ce an e%en "i,in$ botto".

If te "i,e! doe# not a%e a&to"atic 9ate! cont!ol#* ten te 9ate! 9ill notbe e%enl+ di#t!ib&ted. 3a%in$ 9ate! in te "i, i# t a# i"o!tant a# te!ea$ent it#elf.

Te o%e!all 8&alit+ cont!ol of te #!eadin$* "i,in$* and co"action of tet!eated a!ea "a+ be &nde!"ined if te cont!acto! doe# not a%e te e,e!ience


35/90

o! !oe! e8&i"ent. Mode!n e8&i"ent a# te tecnical caabilit+ to o%e!co"ete#e 8&alit+ cont!ol i##&e# b+ ta/in$ o%e! #o"e of te f&nction# tat e to beandled b+ te e8&i"ent oe!ato!. Te oe!ato! #till a# te i"o!tant!e#on#ibilit+ to o!ce#t!ate te int!icate !elation#i bet9een all te#e!oce##in$ e8&i"ent.

Attaced i# a !e-8&alification #ecification fo! a !e#on#ible StabilizationCont!acto!. Te $oal i# to #ecif+ cont!acto!# tat a%e e,e!ienced e!#onnel*& to date e8&i"ent* and te !oe! "ana$e"ent and #&o!t #t!&ct&!e to!e#ond to toda+# !oect callen$e# in a ti"el+ and t!o&$ "ano!.

-re%,)alification for Soil Stabili+ation Contractor

D&e to te nat&!e of te #oil #tabilization oe!ation !e8&i!ed to e!fo!" te#ecific 9o!/* bid# #all onl+ be acceted f!o" !e-8&alified #oil #tabilization#&bcont!acto!#. To al+ fo! !e-8&alification* te cont!acto! o! #&bcont!acto!

#all #&b"it a li#t of at lea#t t9ent+- (@) #oil #tabilization !oect# &nde!ta/en inte la#t t!ee- (>) +ea!#. Ti# i# to incl&de ten- (:@) li"e t!eat"ent and ten- (:@)ce"ent t!eat"ent !oect#. At lea#t fi%e- (;) !oect# #all be of e8&i%alent #coe.No cont!acto! #all be con#ide!ed accetable 9ito&t a "ini"&" of ten +ea!#e,e!ience in #oil #tabilization in$ li"e o! ce"ent.

Te #oil #tabilization cont!acto! #all #&b"it a li#t of e!#onnel to be ed on te!oect* o&tlinin$ tei! e,e!ience in ti# t+e of 9o!/. Te cont!acto! #all #&b"ita li#t of e8&i"ent o9ned b+ i# o!$anization to be &tilized in e!fo!"ance of te9o!/. Te cont!acto! #all #&b"it a detailed de#c!ition of 9o!/ !oced&!e. !e-8&alification doc&"ent# #all be #&b"itted no late! tan fi%e da+# !io! to bid

oenin$.

-ersonnel

Stabilization cont!acto! #all a%e a !e!e#entati%e on #ite 9it a "ini"&" of ;+ea!# e,e!ience in #oil #tabilization. Tei! f&nction #o&ld al#o incl&decoo!dinatin$ 9it ote! cont!acto!# and #ite !e!e#entati%e#. All e!#onnel #o&ldbe !oe!l+ t!ained in te t!eat"ent !oce##* 8&alit+ cont!ol* and #afet+!oced&!e#.

E1)ipment

Spreader6 Te #!eade! #all be e8&ied 9it on b!oad co"&te!# tat cont!ol#!ead !ate# 9it $!o&nd #en#in$ !ada!. Te oe!ato! #all de"on#t!ate tat teco"&te! i# 9o!/in$ and i# calib!ated to #ecification#.

/i0er6 Te "i,e! #all a%e on boa!d co"&te!# 9it a&to"atic $!ade anda&to"atic 9ate! &" cont!ol#. A "ini"&" e8&i"ent !e8&i!e"ent i# ;@@o!#eo9e! and a "ini"&" 9ate! &" !atin$ of =;@ $allon# e! "in&te.


36/90

4ater Tr)c$s6All 9ate! t!&c/#* on te initial "i,* #all be e8&ied 9it a ba! attac"ent and a "ini"&" = inc o#e connection. Do not allo9 te 9ate!t!&c/ 9ate! &" to oe!ate. Te+ a!e not able "aintain a con#tant andcont!ollable #t!ea" of 9ate! flo9.

Compactors6 'en co"actin$ t!eated #ection# $!eate! ten t9el%e (:) ince#a #ee foot RE t+e co"acto! #o&ld be ed caable of co"actin$ teenti!e #ection to te !oect #ecification.

/aterials6 If li"e i# bein$ ed a# te !ea$ent ten it #o&ld confo!" to te!e8&i!e"ent# in ASTM C


37/90

Unde! field condition#* te oe!ato! "i,e# te li"e 9it te #oil tat i# eite!al!ead+ 9et o! 9ate! i# added to te "i, to el +d!ate te li"e. Te "i,t&!e i#left to c&!e o%e!ni$t ten !e"i,ed and co"acted te ne,t da+. Te $oal i# to$et te "i,t&!e a# 9et a# o##ible 9ile #till "eetin$ te !elati%e co"action!e8&i!e"ent. Te "o!e 9ate! tat i# ed* te bette! te li"e 9ill !eact.

Te lab #o&ld a!oac t!eatin$ 9it ad"i, te #a"e 9a+. T#is man)alass)mes t#e lab tec#nician #as e0perience "it# e0pansion tests onremolded samples and ot#er tests& so t#erefore& does not !o into man oft#e details abo)t t#e testin!. Refer to t#e appropriate standards for testin!details.

C)rin! and Remoldin!

Te lab #o&ld add te !e8&i!ed a"o&nt of li"e a# a e!centa$e of te total d!+9ei$t of te #a"le. Scalin$ $!a%el deend# &on 9at t+e of te#t i# $oin$ to

be !&n and te #ize of te #a"le to be te#ted. e! "an+ ASTM #tanda!d# tedia"ete! of te #a"le #o&ld be #i, ti"e# te la!$e#t a!ticle #ize. If $!a%el i# tobe #caled te li"e #o&ld be calc&lated ba#ed on te total d!+ 9ei$t of te#a"le le## te $!a%el. If te e!centa$e of li"e i# ba#ed on te o!i$inal totalb&l/ 9ei$t 9it te $!a%el te li"e #o&ld be added !io! to !e"o%in$ te $!a%el.

Mo#t of te ti"e te t+e of #oil to be t!eated i# fat cla+* 9ic &all+ doe# nota%e a #i$nificant a"o&nt of$!a%el. Add 9ate! to te #a"le 9it a #8&i!t bottletat a# an adtable nozzle. So"e a%e fo&nd it ea#ie! to add te 9ate! b+9ei$t !ate! tan %ol&"e. So"e lab# calc&late te !e8&i!ed 9ate! in cc#* tenoo! it into te #a"le. It "a+ be ea#ie! to con%e!t :cc to : $!a" of 9ate! and

add it to te #a"le 9it a fine "i#t 9ile on a #cale. Mi, te #oil-li"e #a"le9it a lon$ andle #oon 9ile "i#tin$ te #a"le. Contin&e "i#tin$ and #ti!!in$&ntil te #a"le i# abo&t :@-:H o%e! oti"&".

One "etod of calc&latin$ o9 "&c 9ate! to add i# to e >H o%e! oti"&" a#te ba#eline* ten add H 9ate! fo! e%e!+ e!centa$e of li"e added. 0et te "i,"ello9 in oen ai! o%e! ni$t. Te +d!ation 9ill d!i%e off and e & "&c of tee,ce## "oi#t&!e if it i# left e,o#ed to ai!. Cec/ te "oi#t&!e content te ne,tda+ and adt it (if needed) to 9itin -=H o%e! oti"&" and !e"old to te!e8&i!ed !elati%e co"action ba#ed on te li"e t!eated c&!%e. Te idea i# to $i%ete #oil# a# "&c 9ate! a# o##ible (e#eciall+ i$l+ la#tic cla+) b&t not a%e"&d 9en it co"e# ti"e to co"act.

'e a%e loo#ened & on te "oi#t&!e !an$e becae it i# %e!+ ti"e con#&"in$to d!+ te #oil bac/ to te calc&lated 9et 9ei$t !e8&i!ed to $i%e an e,act e!cent"oi#t&!e content. So if 9e $et to 9itin an accetable "oi#t&!e !an$e 9e canco"act it to te !e8&i!ed den#it+ ea#il+* 9itin a o&nd. If de#i!ed +o& cancalc&late te !e8&i!ed total 9et 9ei$t of te #oil-li"e-"i,* 9ate! and ta!e tat9o&ld $i%e te de#i!ed "oi#t&!e content.


38/90

'ile "ello9in$ te #oil* cec/ te 9ei$t occa#ionall+ and ba$ te #oil once ita# d!ied bac/ to te calc&lated 9ei$t. 0et it contin&e "ello9in$ o%e! ni$t anddo a final "oi#t&!e cec/ te ne,t da+. Te -=H "oi#t&!e !an$e $i%e# te lab8&ite a bit of latit&de in fab!icatin$ tei! #eci"en b&t te!e 9ill al#o be a lot of%a!iabilit+ in te field #o te!e i# no !ea#on to t!+ to be "o!e acc&!ate &nle##

#tated ote!9i#e b+ te !oect en$inee!. If a i$e! !elati%e co"action i#needed (;H) te a"o&nt of 9ate! o%e! oti"&" "a+ need to be !ed&ced to no"o!e tan ->H.

Te ne,t da+ to!o&$l+ #ti! te "i, a$ain &ntil te colo!in$ of te "i, loo/#&nifo!". Adt te "oi#t&!e to 9itin -=H o%e! oti"&" and fab!icate te#a"le to te de#i!ed !elati%e co"action (- : cf). If te adt"ent i# "o!etan =H an additional co&le of o&!# of c&!in$ i# ad%i#ed. If de#i!ed* te"oi#t&!e content can be do&ble-cec/ed in an o%en* b&t ti# add# a da+ to tet&!na!o&nd ti"e.

Mello9in$ te #a"le in an oen containe! i# ne9 to . Te!e "a+ be #o"e&nfo!e#een !oble"# 9it ti# "etod. F&!te! !e#ea!c need# to be done. Te!ea#on fo! ti# can$e i# t9ofold. :) B+ lea%in$ it oen to ai! te i$ "oi#t&!econtent 9ill be !ed&ced to a 9o!/able !an$e. ) Ti# i# 9at i# done in te field. If"ello9in$ in an enclo#ed ai!ti$t containe! i# de#i!ed /ee in "ind tat afte!"ello9in$ te #a"le "a+ need to be d!ied bac/ to "eet te !e8&i!ed "oi#t&!econtent !e8&e#ted b+ te En$inee!. Fo! te R-%al&e te#t #o"e tecnician# !efe!to "ello9 te #oil-li"e "i,t&!e in an enclo#ed containe! becae te "oi#t&!e i#clo#e! to te de#i!ed #ta!tin$ "oi#t&!e content tan it 9o&ld be if "ello9ed oento ai!.

It #as been fo)nd t#at& b not addin! eno)!# "ater to a #i!#l plasticmaterial& t#e lime ma not be totall effecti(e. T#e lime needs to #a(eeno)!# "ater so t#at f)ll #dration can ta$e place.B&t b+ doin$ ti# and tenc&!in$ in an enclo#ed containe!* te #oil "an+ ti"e# need# to be d!ied bac/ to"eet te de#i!ed "oi#t&!e content. Te intent e!e i# to !ed&ce co"le,it+ 9ile"o!e clo#el+ d&licatin$ 9at te cont!acto! doe# and te!efo!e "a/in$ it ea#ie!on te lab tecnician. 'e belie%e ti# a!oac i# "o!e !eali#tic and if all te lab#a!e in$ te #a"e "etodolo$+ te!e 9ill be fa! fe9e! !oble"# a##ociated 9it%a!iabilit+ of te#t !e#&lt# d&e to diffe!ent c&!in$ and te#tin$ !oced&!e#.

An ea#+ !e"oldin$ "etod i# to co"act te #a"le in a con#olidation !in$4cello! a Da"e# 5 Moo!e b!a## !in$* (: inc b+ .=:; ince#) fo! e,an#ion te#t#* o!a K ince# b!a## line! fo! #t!en$t te#t# (&nconfined co"!e##ion). If a :-inci$ #a"le i# needed* !e"oldin$ in t9o lift# #o&ld be #&fficient. So"etecnician# e a# "an+ a# = lift# e! inc. Te $oal i# a &nifo!" den#it+ alon$te f&ll len$t of te #a"le. If a ei$t of ; ince# o! "o!e i# !e8&i!ed (fo!&nconfined co"!e##ion) !e"oldin$ in :-inc lift# #o&ld be #&fficient. Ma/e #&!eto #ca!if+ to!o&$l+ bet9een lift#. T!+ to /nead te #oil !ate! tan co"!e##in$it all at once in a !e##.


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Fo! a one- o! t9o-inc tall #a"le e a tool 9it a flat !o&nd #&!face a!ea ofabo&t :4=tof te #a"le a!ea. Add te fi!#t lift and 9o!/ it b+ and &ntil te finalei$t i# acie%ed. Te la#t lift can be fini#ed off in a !e## afte! "o#t of te #oila# been /neaded in b+ and. Fo! #t!en$t te#t# te ei$t #o&ld be f!o" to.; ti"e# te dia"ete!. Te!e a!e te#t !oced&!e# tat e a #a"le ei$t-to-

dia"ete!-!atio of one. Ti# in o&! oinion #o&ld be a%oided a# it $i%e# a!tificiall+i$ #t!en$t#. Re"oldin$ a #a"le to a ei$t of ; o! "o!e ince# b+ and i#too "&c 9o!/. 'e !eco""end in$ a "old tat 9ill old a K-inc b!a## line!and a !od tat i# %e!+ #i"ila! to a Cal-I"act d!o a""e! o! a !octo! a""e!.6o& can $et "&c "o!e ene!$+ f!o" ti# /ind of de%ice. Te!e a!e "an+ diffe!entand cle%e! !e"oldin$ tool# and "old#* 9ic 9o!/ t fine. 'en +o& deli%e! ablo9* 9o!/ te !od in a ci!c&la! "otion #o a# to /nead te #oil a# "&c a#o##ible.

Allo9 te #a"le to c&!e in a co"acted #tate fo! an additional = o&!# in te!in$ o! line! 9ile al#o in an ai!ti$t containe!. If a b!a## line! o! #tainle## #teel i#

ed* ca and tae te end# and &t te #a"le in a coole! 9it a #"all a"o&ntof 9ate! at te botto". If +o& a%e a 9et !oo" te coole! i# not needed. It i#de#i!ableto /ee te "oi#t&!e in at ti# oint. T9o tin$# of i"o!tance occ&! atti# #ta$e. Te li"e a# a ce"entation 8&alit+4affect and te #a"le i# able to!ebo&nd* 9ic 9o&ld a%e #o9n & a# #9ell if &t di!ectl+ into te e,an#ionde%ice. It a# been fo&ndo%e! te +ea!# tat te ei$t of te !e"olded #a"leinc!ea#e# a #"all a"o&nt afte! co"action. Ti# eno"enon i# called rebound.

Te!e a# been #o"e di#c#ion a# to 9eate! te !e"olded #a"le #o&ld beleft in a 9et !oo" oen to ai! o! /et in te !e"oldin$ line! o! ote! containe!. 'etin/ it i# bette! to loc/ in te "oi#t&!e at ti# oint !ate! tan lea%in$ it e,o#ed

to at"o#e!e. 3e!e a!e te !ea#on# 9+ :) Since not e%e!+ lab a# a 9et !oo"9e !oo#e tat te #a"le# 9o&ld be bette! #to!ed in an ai!ti$t containe!9ete! tat be a line! o! la#tic ba$. ) Te co"acted #oil o&t in te field 9illbe e,o#ed to at"o#e!e at te #&!face onl+. So fo! te "o#t a!t it i# al#oconfined and 9ill be co"letel+ confined once te !oad o! #t!&ct&!e i# b&ilt on it.

Accelerated C)rin! "it# 5eat 2Optional3

Te!e i# a Calt!an# Secification (Te#t >) tat !e8&i!e# te #a"le to be c&!edin an o%en fo! #e%en da+# at ::@@F. ASTM D-;:@ al#o a# a note !e$a!din$eat c&!in$. It i# a# follo9# When accelerated curing conditions are necessaryto expedite the curing process for simulating long-term field conditions, curingtemperatures in excess of 48.9 degrees centigrade (!""#$ should be a%oided.&esearch indicates that a temperature of 4".'" (")"#$ at %arious curing timesis appropriate for accelerated curing *ithout introducing po++olanic reacti%e

products that significantly differ from those expected during field curing. dampcloth placed beneath the soil-lime mixture *ill help maintain humid conditions forcuring and *ill pre%ent drying.


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Compaction Test 2AST/ D%;;3

Te co"action te#t #o&ld be te fi!#t te#t add!e##ed #ince "an+ of te te#t#9ill be ba#ed on a !elati%e co"action of te li"e t!eated "ate!ial. Te b&l/#a"le #o&ld be ai!-d!ied #o tat it can be !ea!ed e! ASTM D-K? o! D-

:;;


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Te ea#ie#t 9a+ to t!eat te "ate!ial fo! a I te#t i# to e Metod-B* 9ic i# ted!+ !ea!ation "etod. Te 9et !ea!ation "etod 9ill be di#c#ed late!.Ai!-d!+ te "ate!ial at te $!adation !ecei%ed. B!ea/ te #oil do9n to a## te =#ie%e and #cal on te #ie%e. Reco"bine and "i, te L>4= , = "ate!ial9it te -= #oil. &t te ai!-d!ied #oil into an ai!ti$t containe! to "aintain te

e,i#tin$ "oi#t&!e content. Ta/e a !e!e#entati%e "oi#t&!e #a"le and o%en d!+e! ASTM D-:K.

Te ne,t da+ calc&late te total d!+ 9ei$t of te #a"le (le## te 9ei$t of an+#caled $!a%el) in$ te "oi#t&!e content ta/en f!o" te ba$$ed #a"le. Addte e!centa$e of li"e b+ d!+ 9ei$t. To!o&$l+ "i, te li"e into te #a"le.Slit te #a"le do9n to a 9o!/able #ize. Sie%e te "ate!ial o%e! a =@. otethat the lime *as added to the sample *ell before sie%ing o%er the /4". Ti# i# tot!+ to d&licate te 9a+ te li"e 9ill be added in te field. If te li"e i# added tote "in =@ #ie%e "ate!ial te e!centa$e of li"e to be added 9ill a%e to becalc&lated in$ te "in =@ "ate!ial a# te total #a"le.

Te t9o "etod# "a+ +ield #li$tl+ diffe!ent !e#&lt#. If te li"e i# added !io! to!e"o%in$ te =@ #ie%e "ate!ial "o!e li"e "a+ be left in te #a"le tan!e"o%ed #ince te #and and $!a%el "a+ not old a# "&c li"e a# te fine!"ate!ial. Addin$ li"e to te -=@ "ate!ial 9ile in$ tat a# te total #a"le"a+ +ield "o!e con#e!%ati%e !e#&lt# in tat te!e "a+ be le## li"e. Mo!e!e#ea!c need# to be done. 'en in do&bt do it li/e it 9ill be done in te field.

Once +o& a%e at lea#t :;@ $!a"# of -=@ #ie%e "ate!ial +o& can add 9ate! &ntilte #oil i# a fe9 e!cent lo9e! tan it# la#tic li"it. Ta/e >@ $!a"# o&t and #eta#ide fo! te la#tic li"it. Add additional 9ate! to te !e"ainde! of te #a"le

&ntil it i# a fe9 e!cent lo9e! tan te e#ti"ated li8&id li"it. 0et it "ello9 o%e!ni$t. 3i$l+ la#tic #oil# "a+ need to "ello9 fo! at lea#t =? o&!#. Metod-A9a# de%eloed becae it 9a# fo&nd tat ai!-d!+in$ #o"e #oil# 9o&ld dec!ea#ete la#ticit+* 9ic 9ill !ed&ce te la#tic inde,. 'e a%e te#ted "o#t of te #oilt+e# in Califo!nia and a%e fo&nd #o fa! tat onl+ o!$anic Ba+ M&d i# affected b+ai!-d!+in$. Te!e "a+ be ote! #oil# al#o affected #&c a# %olcanic #oil#.

If "etod A i# to be ed te #oil cannot be d!ied bac/. Ta/e "oi#t&!e content ofte #oil at it# field "oi#t&!e. Dete!"ine te total d!+ 9ei$t and add te li"e a# ae!centa$e of te total d!+ 9ei$t. Te #a"le #o&ld be "ello9ed at ti# ointfo! = o&!#. 'a# te #oil-li"e "i,t&!e o%e! a =@ #ie%e 9it di#tilled 9ate!. Te9a# 9ate! 9ill a%e to be collected and !eed #o a# not to acc&"&late too"&c 9ate!. 'en te!e i# onl+ #and !etained on te =@ #ie%e te 9a#in$ i#co"lete. Te #l&!!+ can be d!ied bac/ to te li8&id li"it.

Te!e a!e %a!io "etod# of doin$ ti#* 9ic 9ill not be di#c#ed e!e. Refe!to ASTM. Man+ ti"e# 9it Ba+ M&d and adobe :@@H of te #a"le 9ill a## te=@ #ie%e* #o 9a#in$ 9ill not be !e8&i!ed. If ti# i# te ca#e afte! te li"e a#been added and "ello9in$ i# co"lete te #a"le can be b!o&$t !i$t & to it#


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la#tic li"it 9it di#tilled 9ate!. Ta/e te >@-$!a" o!tion fo! te la#tic li"it tenb!in$ it & to t d!+ of te li8&id li"it and c&!e o%e!ni$t.

E0pansion Test 2AST/ D%@3

C+

A di!ect "ea#&!e of te e,an#i%e !oe!tie# of #oil#* a# oo#ed to te inde,te#t# di#c#ed !e%iol+* i# affo!ded in te #oa/in$ and #9ellin$ o!tion of teCalifo!nia Bea!in$ Ratio (CBR) te#t. In ti# te#t* a e!cent #9ellin$ %al&e of =(!o&$l+ co!!e#ondin$ to a I of @) i# an a!o,i"ate bo!de!line bet9eene,an#i%e #oil# and to#e tat 9o&ld &all+ not be t!o&ble#o"e. 3i$l+e,an#i%e #oil# 9ill a%e "&c i$e! %al&e# tan =H 9ill.

S"all 8&antitie# of ce"ent a%e a $!eate! effect on !ed&cin$ #9ell o! e,an#iontan te+ do on i"!o%in$ te inde, !oe!tie# di#c#ed in te !e%io #ection.

Since te latte! a!e onl+ indice#* te CBR #9ell te#t i# a bette!* "o!e di!ect"ea#&!e of ti# #oil !oe!t+.

Ce"ent t!eat"ent of te &e! o!tion of te "oi#t&!e-cont!olled #&b$!ade notonl+ !e%ent# %ol&"e can$e# b&t !od&ce# an i"e!"eable la+e! tat 9ill!otect te #oil belo9 f!o" #ea#onable %a!iation# in "oi#t&!e content. Tece"ent-t!eated la+e! al#o !o%ide# !otection a$ain#t #&b$!ade d!+in$ bet9eente ti"e te #&b$!ade i# co"acted and te #&b#e8&ent la+e!# of te a%e"enta!e laced.

Unconfined Compression 2AST/ D%;


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Shrinkage

If #!in/a$e i# of conce!n te #a"le can be ai!-d!ied afte! it i# !e"o%ed f!o" tee,an#ion de%ice. Once te #a"le i# ai!-d!ied (> da+# #o&ld be #&fficient)"ea#&!e te ei$t and dia"ete! 9it a di$ital calie! and dete!"ine te can$e

in %ol&"e. Ote! "o!e acc&!ate "etod# #&c a# te "e!c&!+-di#lace"ent-"etod o! coatin$ te #a"le in a tin la+e! of a!affin ten in$ 9ate!di#lace"ent to "ea#&!e %ol&"e can$e can be ed b&t can be diffic&lt*dan$e!o and4o! "e##+. Reco!d te 9ei$t of te #a"le ten &t it in te o%enat te #tanda!d te"e!at&!e (::@ de$!ee# centi$!ade -; de$!ee# e! ASTM D-:K). Afte! = o&!# in te o%en 9ei$ te #a"le and "ea#&!e te ei$t anddia"ete! fo! te final ti"e. Te ei$t #o&ld be an a%e!a$e of t!ee !eadin$#.Ma!/ eac !eadin$ oint 9it a 9ate!!oof felt en o! c!a+on. Ta/e t9o dia"ete!"ea#&!e"ent# @ de$!ee# aa!t and "a!/ to#e #ot# al#o.

6o& can lot = oint# !e!e#entin$ = condition# on an 6 lot* bein$ e!cent

"oi#t&!e content* 6 bein$ e!cent %ol&"e can$e. Te #a"le at te end ofc&!in$ 9ill be lotted a# ze!o %ol&"e can$e. Te #a"le t afte! bein$!e"o%ed f!o" te e,an#ion de%ice 9ill !e!e#ent te #at&!ated 4 e,anded oint9it it# co!!e#ondin$ %ol&"e* "oi#t&!e and den#it+. Te ai!-d!ied and o%en-d!ied %ol&"e# and "oi#t&!e content# 9ill al#o be lotted. If te #a"le i#9ei$ed at eac #ta$e a den#it+ at eac condition can be bac/ calc&lated. 6o&end & 9it a fo&!-oint #!in/-#9ell c&!%e. A #t!ai$t line #o&ld be d!a9n f!o"te #ta!tin$ oint 9ic i# te e!cent "oi#t&!e content at te end of c&!in$ andbefo!e #at&!atin$* & to te #at&!ated 4e,anded oint* ten do9n to te ai! d!iedoint endin$ at te o%en d!ied oint.

Te e!cent e,an#ion l te e!cent of #!in/a$e 9ill be te total #!in/-#9ell.It add# "o!e co"le,it+ to te e,an#ion te#t b&t $i%e# a $ood $!aical!e!e#entation of all condition#. A# lon$ a# te tecnician $et# a total 9et 9ei$tand "ea#&!e"ent of te ei$t and dia"ete! of te #a"le at te end of eaccondition and a final* total o%en d!+ 9ei$t te "oi#t&!e* den#it+ and %ol&"e canbe calc&lated fo! eac condition. If te li"e did it# ob te!e 9ill not be "&c%ol&"e can$e to lot* in 9ic ca#e te !eo!t can be !e#ented in a tab&latedfo!"at 9ito&t an+ $!aic#.

$)pansion Pressure

If te e,an#ion !e##&!e i# of conce!n an e,an#ion !e##&!e te#t can be !&n.Ti# ta/e# a ne&"atic con#olido"ete!* 9ic i# !oble"atic becae "an+ne&"atic con#olido"ete!# a!e not de#i$ned to allo9 te #a"le to e,and. Ti#9ill be di#c#ed in te ne,t a!a$!a. It i# not a !oble" at ti# oint becaeno e,an#ion 9ill ta/e lace. Once te #a"le i# #et & and te dial indicato! o!01DT* DCDT o! di$ital dial indicato! i# ze!oed* in&ndate te #a"le 9it ta9ate!. A# te #a"le t!ie# to e,and inc!ea#e te no!"al load b+ adtin$ te!e##&!e &9a!d %e!+ #lo9l+ #o a# not to o%e!#oot and con#olidate te #a"le.


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ee an e+e on te dial indicato! 9ile /eein$ it at ze!o b+ adtin$ te!e##&!e. Ti# !oce## 9ill ta/e te bette! a!t of a da+ and "an+ ti"e# te finaladt"ent# occ&! te ne,t "o!nin$. Once e8&ilib!i&" i# !eaced (te oint9e!e te e,act !e##&!e a# been acie%ed tat /ee# te #a"le at ze!o%ol&"e can$e)* tat i# te e,an#ion !e##&!e. It "a+ a%e to be con%e!ted to

te de#i!ed en$inee!in$ &nit# ba#ed on +o&! calib!ation ca!t fo! tatcon#olido"ete!. Te te#t can be ended at tat oint o! contin&ed to de%elo ane,an#ion !e##&!e c&!%e.

-ultiple Point $)pansion Pressure Curve

If an e,an#ion !e##&!e c&!%e i# de#i!ed t#is is t#e point "#ere someinter(ention b t#e tec#nician m)st ta$e place before an e0pansion canocc)r. So"e ne&"atic con#olido"ete!# do not allo9 te #a"le# to e,and.

Te c!o## ba! on to of te #a"le a# to be !ai#ed to allo9 te #a"le toe,and. Rai#e te /n&!led o! 9in$ n&t# abo&t inc. Ti# 9ill $i%e te #a"le#o"e !oo" to e,and. Te ai! !e$&lato! 9ill /ee a con#tant !e##&!e on te#a"le e%en to&$ te o#ition of te latte! i# can$in$. No9 te #a"le can te latte! do9n 9en e,an#ion occ&!#. O! 9it te ne9e! "odel# te c!o## ba! &.

Once te e,an#ion !e##&!e a# been dete!"ined !ed&ce te e,an#ion!e##&!e b+ alf and allo9 te #a"le to e,and fo!* at te %e!+ lea#t* = o&!#.Note te final dial !eadin$ te ne,t da+ and ten !ed&ce te !e##&!e b+ alfa$ain. Contin&e ti# !oce## &ntil an e,an#ion !e##&!e c&!%e a# been

de%eloed 9it te final oint at al"o#t a f!ee #9ell* 9it onl+ te 9ei$t of teto ca on te #a"le. Te !e#&lt# can be lotted on an 6 o! lo$ $!a 9it bein$ te e,an#ion !e##&!e and 6 bein$ te can$e in ei$t in ince# o!e!cent. A li"e t!eated #a"le "a+ not de%elo an e,an#ion !e##&!e #ote!efo!e te te#t "a+ be di#contin&ed and !eo!ted a# non-e,an#i%e.

Te UC te#t i# al#o f!e8&entl+ ed 9it li"e and ote! #&b#tance# #&c a#ce"ent. Te "etod of "i,in$ and c&!in$ i# te #a"e a# de#c!ibed abo%e. Mi, inte e!cent li"e b+ d!+ 9ei$t. Add 9ate! to :@-:H o%e! oti"&" and allo9 te#a"le to "ello9 9ile e,o#ed to ai!. Cec/ te "oi#t&!e content te ne,t da+and adt to -=H o%e! oti"&" and !e"old to te !e8&i!ed !elati%e co"action.Te !e8&i!ed "oi#t&!e and den#it+ "a+ diffe! deendin$ on te #ecification#.

If a i$e! den#it+ i# !e8&i!ed (;H ) te a"o&nt of 9ate! o%e! oti"&" "a+a%e to be !ed&ced to le## tan >H o%e! oti"&". Te i"o!tant a!t i# te initial"etod of c&!in$. Te ei$t to dia"ete! !atio #o&ld be -.; to :* (te ei$tbein$ to .; ti"e# te dia"ete!). Re"old in one-inc inc!e"ent# and #ca!if+bet9een lift#. Once te #a"le a# been fab!icated it i# accetable to lea%e te


45/90

#a"le in te line! 9it ca# on bot end#* if a < to ? da+ c&!e i# !e8&i!ed. Ti#i# a##&"in$ tat te #a"le 9a# !e"olded in a b!a## o! #tainle## #teel line!.

Te!e a# been #o"e di#c#ion a# to 9ete! te !e"olded #a"le #o&ld beleft in a 9et !oo" oen to ai! o! /et in te !e"oldin$ line!. 'e tin/ it i# bette! to

loc/ in te "oi#t&!e at ti# oint !ate! tan lea%in$ it e,o#ed to at"o#e!e.3e!e a!e te !ea#on# 9+ :) Since not e%e!+ lab a# a 9et !oo" 9e !oo#etat te #a"le# 9o&ld be bette! #to!ed in an ai!ti$t containe!* 9ete! tat be aline! o! la#tic ba$. ) Te co"acted #oil o&t in te field 9ill be e,o#ed toat"o#e!e at te #&!face onl+. So fo! te "o#t a!t it i# al#o confined and 9illbe co"letel+ confined once te !oad o! #t!&ct&!e i# b&ilt on it.

Note Ti# !oced&!e diffe!# f!o" ASTM D-;:@ in tat te "ello9 ti"e a# beeninc!ea#ed and te a"o&nt of 9ate! to add a# been di#c#ed. It a# been fo&ndtat 9it %e!+ i$l+ la#tic cla+# "o!e 9ate! and lon$e! "ello9in$ ti"e# a!e!e8&i!ed. Ote!9i#e 9e a$!ee 9it te ASTM !oced&!e and !eco""end in$ it

9it te abo%e "odification#. M&c of te te#tin$ !oced&!e# a!e not add!e##ede!e tat a!e di#c#ed in ASTM.

R%7al)e

Te R-%al&e te#t i# te "o#t co""on te#t e!fo!"ed on li"e-#oil "i,t&!e#. It i#al#o te ea#ie#t #a"le to li"e t!eat. !ea!e te R-%al&e #a"le e! Calt!an#Te#t >@:. Mo#t of te ti"e te #a"le to be li"e t!eated 9ill be cla+ (fo! ob%io!ea#on#)* in 9ic ca#e batcin$ 9ill not be !e8&i!ed. 'en te cla+ a# beenai!-d!ied b!ea/ it do9n o%e! a = #ie%e. To!o&$l+ "i, te #a"le and ta/e a:@@ $!a" #a"le to be &t in te o%en fo! a "oi#t&!e cec/. &t te !e#t of te

#a"le in an ai!ti$t containe! to loc/ in 9at !e#id&al "oi#t&!e i# #till in te #oil.

Te ne,t da+ "i, te !e8&i!ed a"o&nt of li"e in a# a e!centa$e of te total d!+9ei$t of te #a"le. Mi, te 9ate! in to te #a"le 9it a #8&i!t bottled tat i#adted to $i%e a fine "i#t. Contin&ol+ #ti! te #a"le 9it a lon$ andle#oon 9ile "i#tin$ te #a"le* &ntil te #a"le i# a!o,i"atel+ :@-:H o%e!oti"&". Allo9 te #a"le to "ello9 oen to ai! &ntil te #a"le d!ie# bac/ to a$ood #ta!tin$ oint fo! te R-%al&e te#t. At tat oint +o& can &t te #a"le in anai!ti$t containe! and allo9 it to "ello9 o%e! ni$t.

If te #a"le i# left oen to ai! o%e! ni$t +o& 9ill "o#t li/el+ a%e to add 9ate!

bac/ to te #a"le and allo9 it to c&!e fo! a co&le of o&!# o! "o!e if +o& !efe!.Fo! te R-%al&e te#t in a!tic&la! #o"e tecnician# !efe! to "ello9 te #a"le inan enclo#ed containe! becae te #ta!tin$ "oi#t&!e content i# &all+ %e!+ i$.Caltrans addresses lime and cement treatin! in Test @


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Afte! te =-o&! "ello9 te te#t can be !&n. Te R-%al&e l&$ 9ill be in&ndated9it 9ate! 9en &t in te e,an#ion !e##&!e !ac/ o%e! ni$t* 9ic 9ill be tec&!e. Man+ ti"e# te #oil-li"e l&$ 9ill de%elo an e,an#ion !e##&!e d&!in$ti# a#e of te te#t. Do not be ala!"ed b+ ti#. Te t!eated cla+ i# no9 actin$li/e #ilt. Silt# a!e te#ted clo#e! to oti"&" #o te!efo!e can b&ild & an e,an#ion

!e##&!e d&!in$ te #oa/in$ a#e. Silt# can b&ild & a #&b#tantial e,an#ion!e##&!e b&t 9en te !e##&!e i# !elea#ed not "&c e,an#ion ta/e# lace. Soit can be 8&ite decei%in$. Tat i# te !oble" 9it tat a!t of te R-%al&e te#t.

Cla+#* 9ic can be %e!+ e,an#i%e &all+* do not #o9 "&c of an e,an#ion!e##&!e becae te+ a!e te#ted 9a+ be+ond oti"&". B&t #ilt i# clo#e! tooti"&"* fo! te R-%al&e te#t and can b&ild & a #&b#tantial e,an#ion !e##&!e.6o& a%e to f&ll+ &nde!#tand o9 te R-%al&e te#t i# !&n befo!e +o& can inte!!ette e,an#ion !e##&!e !e#&lt#. A# #tated ea!lie!* te+ can be %e!+ decei%in$. 'etin/ tat a!t of te te#t #o&ld be d!oed. 3i$l+ la#tic #ilt# (M3) 9ill #o9 a%e!+ i$ e,an#ion !e##&!e. Belie(e t#e e0pansion press)re of an 2/53& it

is realJ If e0pansion is of concern an e0pansion test s#o)ld be r)n. T#e R%(al)e e0pansion press)re is not reliable.

Concl)sion

Te te#t# "entioned abo%e a!e te "o#t co""onl+ ed te#t# 9it li"e. Te"etod# di#c#ed a%e been ed fo! "an+ +ea!# and a!e ea#il+ acco"li#edb+ te tecnician. 'e a%e atte"ted to "a/e te !oced&!e# tecnician-f!iendl+#o tat te+ 9ill be ed. Te#t !oced&!e# tat a%e been &t to$ete! b+#o"eone 9o doe# not do a lot of te#tin$ 9ill be diffic&lt to acie%e and 9ill be"odified o! not ed at all b+ te tecnician. Te "etod# o&tlined a!e te

ea#ie#t 9a+ to acco"li# 9at i# needed and te "o#t !e!e#entati%e. Mo#t ofte ti"e addin$ t eno&$ 9ate! to b!in$ te #oil & to te de#i!ed "oi#t&!econtent fo! !e"oldin$ 9ill 9o!/ t fine. Occa#ionall+ it 9ill not 9o!/ on a i$l+la#tic #oil and "o!e 9ate!* li"e and c&!in$ ti"e# a!e needed. Te oen-ai!c&!in$ "etod "a+ o#e "oi#t&!e &nifo!"it+ !oble"# and "a+ a%e to beabandoned.

'e !ecentl+ !an into a !oble" 9it %e!+ i$l+ la#tic a!d cla+. Afte! li"et!eatin$ 9it a# i$ a# ?H li"e* te #oil #till e,anded. T9o ote! !e&table lab#te#ted #i"ila! #oil f!o" te #a"e #ite and #o9ed no e,an#ion. It 9a# te#teda$ain 9it #o"e "odification#* 9ic eled b&t did not co"letel+ #to tee,an#ion. Mo!e 9ate! 9a# added fo! te "ello9 and c&!ed fo! a lon$e! ti"e.Ti# !ed&ced te e,an#ion f!o" K.;-


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clod# tat did not b!ea/ do9n 9e!e coated 9it te li"e b&t te li"e did notaffect te in#ide of te clod#. 'en te #a"le 9a# !e"olded* te a!d clod# didnot co"letel+ b!ea/ do9n and b+ tat ti"e* te li"e 9a# "o#tl+ #ent and didnot a%e an effect. 'en te #a"le 9a# #oa/ed te affinit+ of te 9ate! to cla+too/ o%e! and e,an#ion occ&!!ed. An atte"t 9a# "ade to d&licate 9at te

ote! lab# did. T!ee #a"le# 9e!e !ea!ed* One -= "ate!ial* one -:@ andone -@. Te #a"le# 9e!e all !e"olded to te #a"e "oi#t&!e and den#itie#.Te+ 9e!e "ello9ed and c&!ed fo! te #a"e e!iod of ti"e.

Te !e#&lt# 9e!e %e!+ #&!!i#in$. Te -= "ate!ial e,anded =.;H* te -:@"ate!ial e,anded :.H and te -@ "ate!ial e,anded @.H. Te 8&e#tion of9ic clod #ize 9a# "o#t !e!e#entati%e of field condition# !e"ained. On a li"e-t!eatin$ ob #e%en b&l/ #a"le# 9e!e ta/en. Te "ate!ial 9a# ai!-d!ied. In o!de!to "aintain te nat&!al clod #ize te #a"le# 9e!e not &l%e!ized o! 9a#ed. A#o!t #ie%e anal+#i# 9a# e!fo!"ed #o a# not to b!ea/ do9n te clod#. Te!e#&lt# 9e!e a# follo9# An a%e!a$e of ;H a##ed te = #ie%e and >H

a##ed te :@ #ie%e. Te!efo!e* it i# #t!on$l+ #&$$e#ted tat all !e"oldin$ ofli"e t!eated #oil# in te lab #o&ld be b!o/en do9n to :@@H a##in$ te /#ie%e* not the 01 sieve.


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Secial ca!e #o&ld be ta/en not to co"letel+ &l%e!ize cla+#tone#. It a# been#&$$e#ted to "a/e #&!e tat no "o!e tan >H a##e# te :@ #ie%e* b&t f&!te!!e#ea!c need# to be done. Te 9a+ 9e a%e al9a+# !oce##ed #oil# fo!!e"oldin$ i# to !oll a ea%+ #teel !od o%e! te cla+ b+ foot. Ti# 9ill b!ea/ do9nte #oil b&t 9ill not &l%e!ize it into a fine o9de!. Te #oil i# not $oin$ to be

&l%e!ized into a fine o9de! o&t in te field. If 9e a!e $ettin$ e,an#ion te#t!e#&lt# diffe!in$ a# "&c a#


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conclion d!a9n b+ ti# !eo!t indicate# a fe9 ca&tiona!+ !oced&!e# topersonnel directl e0posedto ai!bo!ne a!ticle# 9ill !e%ent# te i!!itatin$effect# of te#e ce"ical#. Te !i#/# o&t#ide te e,o#&!e zone 9e!e dete!"inedne$li$ible to e!#onnel and te en%i!on"ent.

ECS Ri#/ Cont!ol collected ai! #a"le# fo! !e#i!able a!tic&late#* #ilica* andcalci&" o,ide a# calci&" a##ociated 9it #oil #tabilization oe!ation#. Tefollo9in$ !eo!t detail# te !oced&!e#* anal+tical !e#&lt#* conclion#* and!eco""endation# ba#ed "onito!in$ cond&cted.

D)stin! of 7e#icles or Str)ct)res K T!eat"ent !oect# tat a!e in clo#e!o,i"it+ to #t!&ct&!e# o! %eicle# can lead to dtin$ of te#e obect#. 'en ti#occ&!#* te #i"le !e"ed+ i# to #i"l+ clean obect 9it a #ol&tion of 9ate! and:@ L @ e!cent di#tilled %ine$a!. It #o&ld be noted tat #o"e !ea$ent#* #&c a#8&ic/li"e co&ld $et ot 9en it co"e# in contact 9it 9ate!. Eno&$ 9ate!#o&ld be ed to dil&te ti# effect.

Ele(ated p5 of Treated Soil

'en an ade8&ate a"o&nt of li"e i# added to #oil 9it 9ate! te 3 of te"i,t&!e inc!ea#e# to :.=. Reacin$ a :.= 3 in#&!e# tat ade8&ate li"e i#a%ailable to !o%ide cation e,can$e and #ati#f+ ote! initial !eaction#* +et #till!o%ide #&fficient li"e fo! lon$-te!" #t!en$t de%elo"ent t!o&$ ozzolanic!eaction#.

Te i$ 3 of te "i,t&!e (:.=) i# eno&$ to !elea#e o! #ol&bilize te #ilica andal&"ina f!o" te cla+ #t!&ct&!e* "a/in$ te" f!ee to !eact 9it li"e. ozzolan#

a!e defined in ASTM C;> a# finel+ di%ided #iliceo o! al&"ino-#iliceo"ate!ial# tat in te !e#ence of 9ate! and al/aline ea!t +d!o,ide# 9ill !od&cea ce"entitio.

'en #&fficient li"e i# added to a cla+ #oil 9it 9ate!* all te in$!edient#nece##a!+ a!e !e#ent fo! de%elo"ent of te ozzolanic !eaction 9ic !e#&lt#in a !od&ction of te ce"entitio !od&ct# calci&"-#ilicate-+d!ate (CS3) andcalci&"-al&"inate-+d!ate (CA3). Te#e a!e te #a"e co"o&nd# !e#on#iblefo! ce"entitio !oe!tie# of +d!ated o!tland ce"ent.

Treated Soils in "andscape 2reas

Alto&$ t!eated #oil# 9ill a%e an ele%ated 3* it# been o&! e,e!ience tatt!eat"ent# tat a%e e,tended into f&t&!e land#cae a!ea# "o!e tan li/el+ 9illbeco"e dil&ted becae of te con#tant $!adin$ acti%itie#. If 3 &lti"atel+!e"ain# ele%ated* te follo9in$ !e"ediation can be i"le"ented to off#et te#econdition#.


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Fo! a!ea# +et to be lanted* ti# #oil #o&ld be !e"o%ed and !elaced o! co%e!ed9it eno&$ fa%o!able #oil to !o%ide an ade8&ate !oot-zone. In o!de! not toint!od&ce a diffe!ent #oil te,t&!e* e!a# #ite #oil tat a# not been t!eated co&ldbe ed fo! ti# &!o#e. 'en e,ca%atin$ lant it# fo! t!ee# and #!&b 9idt#o&ld be no le## tan t!ee ti"e# te dia"ete! of te o!i$inal !ootball and det

#o&ld be to : foot belo9 te !ootball. If ti# det doe# not e,tend to belo9 tet!eat"ent and co"acted #oil la+e!* ten a #i,-inc dia"ete! #aft #o&ld bebo!ed t!o&$ tat la+e! and bac/filled 9it d!ain !oc/. Soil e,ca%ated f!o" teit #o&ld be di#o#ed of and bac/fill #o&ld be 9it te bo!!o9ed non-t!eated#oil.

Fo! to#e a!ea# 9ic a%e al!ead+ been lanted* #o"e i"!o%e"ent in #oilce"i#t!+ 9o&ld !e#&lt f!o" al+in$ :; o&nd# eac i!on #&lfate (>:H Fe) and#oil #&lf&! e! :@@@ #8&a!e feet* to a K ince# det. Ti# #ecific det ofinco!o!ation i# %e!+ i"o!tant to K ince# det. Ti# #ecific det ofinco!o!ation i# %e!+ i"o!tant 9it !e#ect to te #&lf&! and if onl+ "o!e #allo9

inco!o!ation i# o##ible ten it# !ate #o&ld be !ed&ced !oo!tionall+. Teinco!o!ation #o&ld be follo9ed b+ an e,cetionall+ to!o&$ i!!i$ation. Becaete initial #t!on$ al/alinit+ 9ill inte!fe!e 9it "aintainin$ n&t!ient# in a%ailablefo!"# fe!tilization #o&ld !el+ &on a balanced !od&ct #&c a# :K-K-? l"ic!on&t!ient# alied at >@ da+ inte!%al# at an alication !ate of K o&nd# e!:@@@ #8&a!e feet. Ti# a!oac i# not #&$$e#ted a# a $&a!anteed "ean# of#ati#facto!il+ e#tabli#in$ lant "ate!ial in te t!eated #oil b&t 9ill el a# "&ca# o##ible.

Leac#in! Effects of Treated Soil

A# 9it "o#t ele"ent# of #oil t!eat"ent* te!e i# al9a+# a cae and effect 9ent!eat"ent i# not !oe!l+ alied* +d!ated* o! co"acted. 'en "ate!ial i# o%e!-#ecified* #&c a# 9en onl+ = e!cent 8&ic/li"e i# !e8&i!ed and < e!cent i##ecified* te cont!acto! i# ten !e8&i!ed to o%e!-+d!ate te e,t!a "ate!ial ino!de! to acti%ate it. Becae of ti# effo!t of +d!atin$* #o"e leacin$ "a+ occ&!f!o" e,ce##i%e 9ate!in$. Ote! cont!ib&tin$ facto!# tat "a+ cae leacin$9o&ld be if t!eated "ate!ial 9a# not !oe!l+ co"acted. Ti# a# a di!ect effecton te e!"eabilit+ of te t!eated "ate!ial. If t!eated "ate!ial i# i$l+ e!"eableten 9ate! a# a bette! cance to infilt!ate t!o&$ te t!eated #oil* t a%in$te otential fo! leacin$ of te i$ 3 #oil into ote! a!ea#. It #o&ld be notedtat ti# effect 9o&ld contin&e to dil&te a# it t!a%el# f&!te! f!o" it# lace of o!i$in.

I"!oe! acti%ation of !ea$ent# i# anote! cae and effect tat "a+ occ&! d&!in$te t!eat"ent !oce##. Once a$ain* ti# can lead to #o"e leacin$ of te t!eated"ate!ial if infilt!ation of 9ate! occ&!#.

All te#e otential leacin$ #cena!io# can be !e%ented if a !oe! "i, de#i$n i##ecified and 8&alit+ cont!ol !oce##in$ i# i"le"ented.


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I8. CASE STUDIES

Soil Sta&ili'ation of esidential Streets

O!i$inall+ o"e to a lon$-!an$e na%al co""&nication in#tallation* te Colla#3ei$t# #ite i# no9 o"e to one of te la!$e#t "ilita!+ oin$ !oect# inCalifo!nia. Ti#


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0i"e 9a# added to te #oil a# !edete!"ined b+ te en$inee!. Secializede8&i"ent 9a# ed to #!ead li"e at a &nifo!" !ate. Afte! #!eadin$* te li"e#l&!!+ i# &nifo!"l+ "i,ed 9it te #oil and co"acted to te en$inee!W# de#i$n#ecification.

$conomic +enefits

Te e of te li"e #tabilization !oce## 9a# in#t!&"ental in !ed&cin$ e,en#e#fo! labo!* "ate!ial#* and ote! #&lie#. Acco!din$ to Bill 0ee* Senio! !oectEn$inee!* elle!4 S9ine!ton* te act&al #tabilization !oce## !e8&i!ed onl+ ei$t9o!/in$ da+#--alf te ti"e !e8&i!ed fo! t!aditional a$$!e$ate ba#e co&!#econ#t!&ction. 0ee al#o #tated tat te li"e #tabilization !oce## !o%ed to be te#t!&ct&!al and econo"ic #ol&tion fo! co!!ectin$ &ne,ected* oo! a%e"ent#&o!t condition#.

Te a%e"ent #ection# 9e!e not e,ected to be ea%+. Te oo! #oil condition#&t in a #it&ation 9e!e #i$nificantl+ i$e! e,en#e# 9o&ld be inc&!!ed tocon#t!&ct te a%e"ent. 0i"e #tabilization of te cla+ #oil# /et f!o" !ealizin$te#e i$e! co#t# 9ile !o%idin$ te !e8&i!ed #t!&ct&!al #&o!t fo! tea%e"ent#* co""ented 0ee.

Te o!i$inal a$$!e$ate ba#e co&!#e 9a# b&d$eted at J:.4#8&a!e foot. Act&alco#t# in$ te 0SS alte!nati%e 9e!e J:.>=4#8&a!e foot. Ti# !e!e#ented a co#t

diffe!ential of [email protected];4 #8&a!e foot* a >>H #a%in$# on a #8&a!e foot ba#i#. 'ente final !oect co#t# 9e!e co"iled* te e of te li"e #tabilization !oce##9a# !e#on#ible fo! !oect #a%in$# of al"o#t one 8&a!te! "illion dolla!#.

Pavement ecycling 3sing Treatment

'it econo"ic# a# a to !io!it+* cit+ official# in Ro#e%ille* Califo!nia!econ#t!&cted a %e!+ b+ !oad in$ a ne9 "etod of li"e #tabilization and in-lace &l%e!ization. Afte! fi%e +ea!# of a!d a$e* te .


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Ba#eline Road needed to be !e-!ofiled* Rod$e!# #aid. It 9a# %e!+ &nd&lated*9ic caed %e!+ oo! #i$t di#tance. 3o9e%e!* 9e ad to "a/e #&!e 9e didnot di#t&!b oin$ de%elo"ent# all alon$ te #o&t #ide of te !oad.

Rod$e!# decided to e an in-lace &l%e!ization tecni8&e in$ e,i#tin$ !oad

"ate!ial#. In addition* te+ co#e li"e to #tabilize te diffe!ent ele"ent# fo&nd inte nati%e #oil. Te+ needed #tabilization "ate!ial# tat 9o&ld be "o!e co#t-effecti%e and !e#i#tant to c!ac/in$ tan o!tland Ce"ent. 'e 9anted to #al%a$e9ate%e! "ate!ial# al!ead+ e,i#ted in te !oad* Rod$e!# #aid* !ate! tan ca!!+o&t 9a#te "ate!ial#* onl+ to ca!!+ ote!# bac/ in. I%e al9a+# belie%ed ine#tabli#in$ te !oad9a+ &on 9at +o&%e al!ead+ $ot te!e* in$ tecon#olidation tat a# ta/en lace o%e! te +ea!#.

Te fi!#t #te in te !econ#t!&ction !oce## 9a# to $!ind &* o! &l%e!ize tee,i#tin$ >-K ince# of a#alt and "i, it 9it te &nde!l+in$ a$$!e$ate ba#e andnati%e "ate!ial# into a o"o$eno "a##. &l%e!ization 9a# co"leted a f&ll

9ee/ befo!e #tabilization too/ lace. D&!in$ ti# ti"e* local t!affic 9a# e!"ittedon te !oad.

Te nati%e #oil in te Ro#e%ille a!ea %a!ied f!o" den#e cla+ to 9ite #and. Ino!de! to #tabilize ti# "i,t&!e* te en$inee!# ad to co"bine li"e 9it te den#ecla+ and fl+ a# 9it te #and+ #oil. Te+ co#e fl+ a# o%e! con%entionalo!tland ce"ent becae it a# #i"ila! !oe!tie# b&t i# le## e,en#i%e.

Te !oad needed to a%e a "ini"&" co"!e##i%e #t!en$t of =@@ #i to be#&fficient eno&$ to andle inc!ea#ed t!affic le%el#. T!ee e!cent li"e* ninee!cent fl+ a# and 9ate! 9e!e "i,ed in to te o"o$eneo "a##. Ti# final

"i,in$ !oce## 9a# c!itical to en#&!e #tabilization. 'e ended & 9it aa%e"ent of t!e"endo #t!en$t tat a# been !e#i#tant to c!ac/in$* Rod$e!##aid. Te "ate!ial !o%ed to be #t!on$e! tan 9e ad o!i$inall+ to&$t.

Performance Testing

F!o" te o&t#et of te Ba#eline !oect it 9a# lanned to te#t te !oe!tie# ofte final !oad and "onito! it# e!fo!"ance o%e! a e!iod of +ea!#. T+icalconce!n# co&ld be ite"# #&c a# inco"lete "i,in$ of te li"e* cain$ localized#oft #ot#* and #!in/a$e of te li"e-#tabilized ba#e* !e#&ltin$ in c!ac/in$ of te#&!face. I""ediatel+ afte! co"letion of te !oad* deflection te#t# 9e!e !&n b+

C3EC En$inee!in$ Con#&ltant#* in$ a D+naflect de%ice. Te#tin$ contin&ed ona #i,-"ont ba#i# fo! te ne,t >-; +ea!#.

Ti# "ate!ial a# been te#ted e%e!+ #i, "ont# and a# been cli"bin$ te#t!en$t c&!%e e%e! #ince* acco!din$ to Rod$e!#. F!ed Ba!nett* Di!ecto! of &blic'o!/#* 9a# an ad%ocate of in-lace &l%e!ization* and 9a# in ca!$e of /eein$co#t# do9n fo! ti# !oect. 'e e#ti"ate tat b+ in$ ti# "etod 9e #a%ed tecit+ a!o,i"atel+ J: "illion in con#t!&ction and lannin$ co#t#* #aid Ba!nett.


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B+ in$ e,i#tin$ "ate!ial#* and te li"e4fl+ a# co"bination* ti# !oad 9ill a%ea lon$e! life 9ito&t needin$ !eai!#.

Te co"bination# of li"e and fl+ a# fo! !oad !econ#t!&a

manual stabilization

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