manual instrumentacion y control de procesos industriales

8/8/2019 Manual Instrumentacion y Control de Procesos Industriales

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NIVEL: FORMACIÓN BÁSICA

VENEZUELA, 2005

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE COOPERACIÓN EDUCATIVA


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NIVEL: FORMACIÓN BÁSICA MODO: FORMACIÓN

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE COOPERACIÓN EDUCATIVAGERENCIA REGIONAL INCE ARAGUADIVISIÓN DE FORMACIÓN PROFESIONALUNIDAD DE TECNOLOGÍA EDUCATIVA

Maracay, mayo 2005


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Especa!s"a e# co#"e#$oT.S.U Lixy Gonzá!z "In#$%&'$o%() INCE Poi*(!n$! B!%+,-!z

E!a%orac y $a'ramacLi'. /&-i$0 Ro-%12&!z "Di#!3(-o%( In#$%&''ion() INCE R!2ion( A%(2&(4i+(%( C0('5n "An(i#$() INCE R!2ion( A%(2&(

S(per)s *e#era!Li'. Dii( Ro6!# "S&7!%*i#o%( Uni-(- -! T!'noo21( E-&'($i*( INCE R!2ion( A%(2&(

Coor$#ac T+c#ca Es"r(c"(ra!Di*i#i5n -! R!'&%#o# 7(%( ! A7%!n-iz(8!

Coor$#ac *e#era!G!%!n'i( G!n!%( -! Fo%+('i5n P%o9!#ion(

G!%!n'i( -! T!'noo21( E-&'($i*(

ra E$c mayo 2005 Copyr'-" INCE


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ONTENIDO

./U ES EL INCE1

PRESENTACIÓN

INTRODUCCIÓN

O3ETIVO

UNIDAD I4 NOCIONES SICAS DE INSTRUMENTACIÓN 6 CONTROLDE PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES

INSTRUMENTACIÓN INDUSTRIAL..........................................................

D!9ini'i5n......................................................................................... Fin(i-(-...........................................................................................

INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDICIÓN INDUSTRIAL...................................... D!9ini'i5n.......................................................................................... C(#i9i'('i5n .....................................................................................;<

Po% # 9&n'ion!#.......................................................................;<Po% #& (7i'('i5n........................................................................;;Po% #& o'(iz('i5n.....................................................................;;Po% #& $!'noo21( ......................................................................;;

F&n'ion!# ........................................................................................;=Con'!7$o# 6á#i'o# &$iiz(-o# !n 'on$%o -! 7%o'!#o# in-$%i(!#.. ;=

Si#$!+(# -i2i$(!#......................................................................;=Si#$!+(# -i#'%!$o#.....................................................................;>C(o% !#7!'19i'o..........................................................................;>En$(71(......................................................................................;>En$%o71(......................................................................................;>C(+7o -! +!-i-(......................................................................;?

A'(n'! "S7(n...........................................................................;?E%%o%............................................................................................;?In'!%$i-&+6%! -! ( +!-i-(........................................................;?Ex('$i$&-.....................................................................................;?P%!'i#i5n.....................................................................................;@on( +&!%$(...............................................................................;@S!n#i6ii-(-................................................................................;@R!7!$i6ii-(-..............................................................................;@i#$%!#i#...................................................................................;@C(+7o -! +!-i-( 'on !!*('i5n -! '!%o.................................;C(+7o -! +!-i-( 'on #&7%!#i5n -! '!%o.................................;E!*('i5n -! '!%o......................................................................;


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S&7%!#i5n -! '!%o......................................................................;Fi(6ii-(-....................................................................................;R!#o&'i5n.................................................................................;E#$(6ii-(-..................................................................................;

T!+7!%($&%( -! #!%*i'io#...........................................................;T%(z(6ii-(-................................................................................;

SISTEMA DE MEDICIÓN...........................................................................;D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................;Co+7on!n$!# ..................................................................................;

FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS COMPONENTES.......................................;E #i#$!+(.........................................................................................;E !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io ........................................................................;E 'on*!%$i-o%....................................................................................;

E in-i'(-o%.......................................................................................;E o6#!%*(-o%....................................................................................;

PROCESO DE MEDICIÓN........................................................................;D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................;M!-i-(# F1#i'(# ...............................................................................;

VARIABLES DE PROCESO.......................................................................=<D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................=<C(#i9i'('i5n .....................................................................................=<

V(%i(6!# $%+i'(#......................................................................=<V(%i(6!# -! %(-i('i5n................................................................=;V(%i(6!# -! 9&!%z(....................................................................=;V(%i(6!# -! '(n$i-(-.................................................................=;V(%i(6!# -! 7%o7i!-(-!# 91#i'(#...............................................=;V(%i(6!# !'$%i'(#....................................................................=;

UNIDAD II4 CALIRACI7N DE TRANSMISOR ELCTRÓNICO DEPRESIÓN DI8ERENCIAL

CALIBRACIÓN DE INSTRUMENTOS ......................................................=>D!9ini'i5n .........................................................................................=>C(%('$!%1#$i'(#..................................................................................=>

P($%on!# Bá#i'o#..............................................................................=>P%o'!-i+i!n$o...................................................................................=?

ERRORES DE LOS INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDICIÓN ...........................=E !%%o% -! (n2&(%i-(-.....................................................................=

D!9ini'i5n ..................................................................................=R!7!%'i5n !n ( in-i'('i5n -! in#$%&+!n$o ..........................=


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Co%%!''i5n..................................................................................=E E%%o% -! C!%o................................................................................=

D!9ini'i5n ..................................................................................=R!7!%'i5n !n ( in-i'('i5n -! in#$%&+!n$o...........................=

Co%%!''i5n..................................................................................=E E%%o% -! A+7i$&-..........................................................................=D!9ini'i5n ...................................................................................=R!7!%'i5n !n ( in-i'('i5n -! in#$%&+!n$o...........................=Co%%!''i5n..................................................................................=

FUENTE DE PROCEDENCIA DE LOS ERRORES DE MEDICIÓN......=R&i-o ................................................................................................=Ti!+7o -! %!#7&!#$(........................................................................=Li+i$('ion!# -! -i#!3o.....................................................................=T%(n#+i#i5n.......................................................................................=

In9&!n'i( -! +!-io (+6i!n$! !n ! #i#$!+( -! +!-i'i5n...............=In$!%7%!$('i5n in'o%%!'$( -! o6#!%*(-o%..........................................=E%%o% -! 7(%((8!........................................................................=In9&!n'i( 7!%#on( -! o6#!%*(-o%............................................=E&i*o'('ion!#..........................................................................=

TRANSMISOR ELHCTRICO DE PRESIÓN DIFERENCIAL..................=D!9ini'i5n ........................................................................................=Ti7o# ...............................................................................................=

N!&+á$i'o#................................................................................=D! !&ii6%io -! +o*i+i!n$o#.....................................................><D! !&ii6%io -! 9&!%z(#.............................................................><

U#o..................................................................................................>;

SOFT4ARE DE CALIBRACIÓN.............................................................>;D!9ini'i5n ........................................................................................>;M(n!8o ............................................................................................>@

CALIBRACIÓN DE TRANSMISOR ELHCTRICO DE PRESIÓNDIFERENCIAL ........................................................................................>

D!9ini'i5n ........................................................................................>Co+7%o6('i5n ................................................................................>P%!'(&'ion!# ..>

UNIDAD III4 MEDICIÓN DE NIVELES DE L9/UIDOS

LA MEDICIÓN DE NIVELES DE LÍJUIDOS...........................................>D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................>Ti7o#.................................................................................................>

Po% 9o$(n$!.................................................................................>


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Po% 6&%6&8!o...............................................................................?<Po% -i(9%(2+(.............................................................................?<

LA PRESIÓN IDROSTÁTICA................................................................?;

D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?;Uni-(-!# -! +!-i'i5n......................................................................?;

EL TRANSMISOR DE NIVEL...................................................................?=D!9ini'i5n.........................................................................................?=C(%('$!%1#$i'(#.................................................................................?=F&n'i5n.............................................................................................?=

UNIDAD IV4 MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO A SISTEMAS DEMEDICIÓN

MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO...........................................................?>

D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?>Fin(i-(-...........................................................................................?>

TERMOPAR..............................................................................................?>D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?>Ti7o# ................................................................................................??

E -! '%o+! 'on#$(n$(n..............................................................??T -! 'o6%! 'on#$(n$(n................................................................??/ -! 0i!%%o 'on#$(n$(n................................................................??K -! '%o+! 'on#$(n$(n..............................................................??R) # y ! -! 7$ 7$%0....................................................................??

DESTORNILLADOR DE CONTROL........................................................?@D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?@U#o...................................................................................................?@P%!'(&'ion!#....................................................................................?@

LIMPIADOR ELHCTRICO........................................................................?@D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?@U#o...................................................................................................?@P%!'(&'ion!#....................................................................................?

INSTALACIÓN DE INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDICIÓN.............................?Con-i'ion!#......................................................................................?

Con!xi5n ( ( $&6!%1( o ( $(n&!...............................................?Coo'('i5n .................................................................................?Vi6%('i5n.....................................................................................?Po#i'i5n.......................................................................................?P%o$!''i5n 'on$%( $!+7!%($&%(# !x'!#i*(#.................................?


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P%!'(&'ion!#....................................................................................?

UNIDAD V4 VLVULA DE CONTROL NEUMTICO

LA VALVULA DE CONTROL NEUMÁTICO.............................................?

D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................?P(%$!#...............................................................................................?Ti7o# ................................................................................................@<

Vá*&( -! 2o6o.........................................................................@<Vá*&( -! án2&o ......................................................................@;Vá*&( -! +(%i7o#(...................................................................@;Vá*&( -! 6o(...........................................................................@;

F&n'ion(+i!n$o................................................................................@>F('$o%!# -! #!!''i5n......................................................................@@Co%%o#i5n y !%o#i5n .........................................................................@@C((# -! (# 9((# ........................................................................@

UNIDAD VI4 MICROCONTROLADORES

EL MICROCONTROLADOR@D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................@P(%$!#...............................................................................................@F&n'ion!#.........................................................................................@F&n'ion(+i!n$o 6á#i'o !n +i'%o7%o'!#(-o%...................................@

SISTEMA DE CONTROL DE PROCESOS..............................................D!9ini'i5n..........................................................................................

Co+7on!n$!#...................................................................................

PROGRAMACIÓN BÁSICA DEL MICROCONTROLADORFOBORO =...............................................................................................................

ILIO*RA89A.............................................................................................

*LOSARIO .


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./U ES EL INCE1

E In#$i$&$o N('ion( -! Coo7!%('i5n E-&'($i*( "INCE) !# &n o%2(ni#+o

(&$5no+o 'on 7!%#on(i-(- 8&%1-i'( y 7($%i+onio 7%o7io) (-#'%i$o ( Mini#$!%io

7(%( ( E'ono+1( Po7&(%) '%!(-o 7o% !y ! == -! A2o#$o -! ;@ y

%!2(+!n$(-o 7o% D!'%!$o ! ;; -! M(%zo -! ;


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PRESENTACIÓN

Con ( 9in(i-(- -! ($!n-!% ( o# %!&!%i+i!n$o# -! ( G!%!n'i( G!n!%( -!

Fo%+('i5n P%o9!#ion() !n ! +(%'o -! P(n -! Mo-!%niz('i5n -! o#

C!n$%o# -! Fo%+('i5n -! ( In#$i$&'i5n 7(%( ( 7&!#$( !n #!%*i'io -!

L(6o%($o%io# Di-á'$i'o#) 'on +i%(# ( ( 9o%+('i5n -! $%(6(8(-o%!# '(i9i'(-o#

!n -i9!%!n$!# á%!(# o'&7('ion(!#) #! 0( !(6o%(-o !#$! +(n&( -!

I#s"r(me#"ac y Co#"ro! $e Procesos I#$(s"ra!es, %!(iz(n-oin*!#$i2('ion!# y 'on#&$(# ( o# !#7!'i(i#$(#) 'on ! 9in -! 7%!'i#(% o#

'on$!ni-o# n!'!#(%io# 7(%( ! -i'$(-o -! C&%#o

E 'on$!ni-o #! (8$( ( 7%o2%(+( -! !#$&-io y #! 0( -i#!3(-o #!2,n o#

%!&!%i+i!n$o# -! '&%#o) #in !+6(%2o #! 0('! n!'!#(%io &! $!- 'on#&$!

'on o$%(# 9&!n$!# 7(%( (+7i(% ( in9o%+('i5n ! in'%!+!n$(% o#

'ono'i+i!n$o# (-&i%i-o#.

E#7!%(+o# &! (7%o*!'0! ( +áxi+o ( o7o%$&ni-(- &! ! INCE ! o9%!'!

-! 'on*!%$i%#! !n &n $%(6(8(-o% ($(+!n$! '(7('i$(-o) &! %!#7on-(

(+7i(+!n$! ( (# !xi2!n'i(# -! #& á%!( (6o%( y #o'i(.


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INTRODUCCIÓN

Con ( 9in(i-(- -! ($!n-!% ( o# %!&!%i+i!n$o# -! ( G!%!n'i( G!n!%( -!

Fo%+('i5n P%o9!#ion() !n ! +(%'o -! P(n -! Mo-!%niz('i5n -! o#

C!n$%o# -! Fo%+('i5n -! ( In#$i$&'i5n 7(%( ( 7&!#$( !n #!%*i'io -!

L(6o%($o%io# Di-á'$i'o#) 'on +i%(# ( ( 9o%+('i5n -! $%(6(8(-o%!# '(i9i'(-o#

!n -i9!%!n$!# á%!(# o'&7('ion(!#) #! 0( !(6o%(-o !#$! +(n&( -!

I#s"r(me#"ac y Co#"ro! $e Procesos I#$(s"ra!es) %!(iz(n-o

in*!#$i2('ion!# y 'on#&$(# ( o# !#7!'i(i#$(#) 'on ! 9in -! 7%!'i#(% o#

'on$!ni-o# n!'!#(%io# 7(%( ! -i'$(-o -! C&%#o.

E 7%!#!n$! +($!%i( 'on$!+7( (# #i2&i!n$!# Uni-(-!#:

No'ion!# Bá#i'(# -! In#$%&+!n$('i5n y Con$%o -! P%o'!#o#

In-$%i(!#

C(i6%('i5n -! T%(n#+i#o% E!'$%5ni'o -! P%!#i5n Di9!%!n'i(

M!-i'i5n -! Ni*!!# -! L1&i-o#

M(n$!ni+i!n$o P%!*!n$i*o ( Si#$!+(# -! M!-i'i5n

Vá*&( -! Con$%o N!&+á$i'o

Mi'%o'on$%o(-o%!#

E +i#+o !#$á -i#!3(-o 'on &n !n2&(8! ('o%-! ( (# n!'!#i-(-!# -!

7(%$i'i7(n$!) !# -!'i%) *( -!#-! o #!n'io ( o 'o+7!8o. L( 7%!#!n$('i5n -!'on$!ni-o 9('ii$(%á ! 7%o'!#o !n#!3(nz( (7%!n-iz(8!) y 7!%+i$i%á (

7(%$i'i7(n$! 7o#!!% &n( *i#i5n 2!n!%( #o6%! ( in#$%&+!n$('i5n y 'on$%o -!

7%o'!#o# in-$%i(!#.


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O3ETIVO *ENERAL

P%o7o%'ion(% ( o# 7(%$i'i7(n$!# o# 'ono'i+i!n$o# $!5%i'o# n!'!#(%io#

7(%( -!#(%%o(% 0(6ii-(-!# y -!#$%!z(# %!&!%i-(# !n ( O'&7('i5n

-! In#$%&+!n$('i5n y Con$%o -! P%o'!#o# In-$%i(!#) ( 9in -!

'&+7i% 'on o# 7%o'!-i+i!n$o# !#$(6!'i-o# !n #$( á%!( -! $%(6(8o.


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In#$%&+!n$('i5n y Con$%o -! P%o'!#o# In-$%i(!#

UNIDAD I

NOCIONES SICAS DE INSTRUMENTACIÓN 6 CONTROLDE PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES

I#s"r(me#"ac I#$(s"ra!

DEFINICIÓN

E# ! 'ono'i+i!n$o -! ( 'o%%!'$( (7i'('i5n -! o# !&i7o#

!n'(+in(-o# ( (7oy(% ( &(%io !n ( +!-i'i5n) %!2&('i5n) o6#!%*('i5n y

$%(n#9o%+('i5n -! &n( *(%i(6! -(-() !n &n 7%o'!#o 7%o-&'$i*o.

FINALIDAD

E#$(6!'!% &n 'on$%o $'ni'o -! o# 7%o'!#o# 7%o-&'$i*o# ( $%(*# -!

-i9!%!n$!# 7%o'!-i+i!n$o#.

I#s"r(me#"os $e Me$c I#$(s"ra!

DEFINICIÓN

Son !&i7o# !'$%i'o#) !!'$%5ni'o#) n!&+á$i'o# o 0i-%á&i'o#) &! 7!%+i$!n

('(nz(% -o# 9in!# 7%in'i7(!#:

En 7%i+!% &2(%) 7&!-!n -(% in-i'('ion!# ('!%'( -! (2o &! !#$á

#&'!-i!n-o !n ! 7%o'!#o 7o% +!-io -! (2&8(# in-i'(-o%(#) 2%á9i'(#

%!2i#$%(-o%(# & o$%o# +!-io#) 7!%o ,ni'(+!n$! ( +(n!%( -! in9o%+('i5n. En

#!2&n-o &2(% no# 7&!-!n -(% (# +i#+(# in-i'('ion!# -! '(#o (n$!%io%)7!%o ( ( *!z 7&!-!n 7on!% !n (''i5n (2,n +!'(ni#+o o *(%i(6! 7(%(

!n(% 'i!%$o# %!&i#i$o# -! 7%o'!#o.


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CLASIFICACIÓN

Por sus funciones

Ciegos

No $i!n!n in-i'('i5n *i#i6! -! (# *(%i(6!#) $(!# 'o+o 7%!#o#$($o# y

$!%+o#$($o#) $%(n#+i#o%!# -! '(&-() 7%!#i5n) ni*! y $!+7!%($&%( #in

in-i'('i5n.

Indicadores

Di#7on!n -! &n 1n-i'! y &n( !#'(( 2%(-&(-( !n ( &! 7&!-! !!%#!

! *(o% -! ( *(%i(6!.

Registradores

R!2i#$%(n 'on $%(zo 'on$in&o o ( 7&n$o# ! 'o+7o%$(+i!n$o -! (#

*(%i(6!# !n ! $i!+7o.

Transmisores

C(7$(n ( *(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o ( $%(*# -! !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io y (

$%(n#+i$!n) ( -i#$(n'i() !n 7&2(-(# '&(-%(-(# o !!'$%5ni'(# -! ? =< +A-! 'o%%i!n$! 'on$in&(

Convertidores

R!'i6!n &n( #!3( -! !n$%(-( n!&+á$i'( -! > ;@ 7#i o !!'$%5ni'(

-! ? ( =< +A 7%o'!-!n$! -! &n in#$%&+!n$o y -!#7&# -! +o-i9i'(%( (

!n*1(n ( %!#&$(n$! !n 9o%+( -! #!3( -! #(i-( !#$án-(%.

ReceptoresR!'i6!n ( #!3( 7%o'!-!n$! -! o# $%(n#+i#o%!# y ( in-i'(n o

%!2i#$%(n.

;


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Controladores

Co+7(%(n ( *(%i(6! 'on$%o(-( 'on &n *(o% -!#!(-o y !8!%'!n &n(

(''i5n 'o%%!'$i*( -! ('&!%-o 'on ( -!#*i('i5n.

Por su aplicación

• N!&+á$i'o#

• i-%á&i'o#

• E'$%i'o#

• E!'$%5ni'o#

• E!'$%o+!'áni'o#

• Mix$o#

• T%(n#-&'$o%!#

• A+7i9i'(-o%!#

Por su localización

• In#$((-o# !n '(+7o

• In#$((-o# o'(+!n$!

• In#$((-o# !n $(6!%o 7%in'i7(

• In#$((-o# %!+o$(+!n$!

• In-i'(-o%!#

• An(iz(-o%!#

Por su tecnología

• Si#$!+(# Di#'%!$o#• Si#$!+(# -! 'on$%o -i2i$( -i%!'$o

• Si#$!+(# -! #&7!%*i#i5n

• Si#$!+(# -! 'on$%o #&7!%*i#o%io y (-&i#i'i5n -! -($o#

;;


16/76


FUNCIONES

• S!n#(% o '(7$(% &n( *(%i(6! -(-(

• A'on-i'ion(% &n( *(%i(6! -(-(

• T%(n#+i$i% &n( *(%i(6!

• Con$%o(% &n( *(%i(6!

• In-i'(% ( +(2ni$&- -! &n( *(%i(6!

• To$(iz(% &n( *(%i(6!

• R!2i#$%(% &n( *(%i(6!

• Con*!%$i% &n( *(%i(6!

• A(%+(% 7o% +(2ni$&- &n( *(%i(6!

• In$!%%&+7i% o 7!%+i$i% &n( #!'&!n'i( -(-(

• T%(n#+i$i% &n( #!3(

• A+7i9i'(% &n( #!3(

• M(ni7&(% &n( *(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o) !n$%! o$%(#

CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS UTILIADOS EN CONTROL DE PROCESOS

INDUSTRIALES

Sistemas digitales

Lo# #i#$!+(# -i2i$(!# o7!%(n !n ! #i#$!+( n&+%i'o 6in(%io) &!

i+7i'( &! $o-(# (# *(%i(6!# -! 'i%'&i$o -!6!n #!% ; o


17/76


o7!%('i5n &! -!#'%i6!n y #i (# *(%i(6!# #on *!%-(-!%(# o 9(#(#.

V!%-(-!%o 'o%%!#7on-! ( *(o% -i2i$( ;) +i!n$%(# &! 9(#o 'o%%!#7on-! (


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Campo de medida

E#7!'$%o o 'on8&n$o -! *(o%!# -! ( *(%i(6! +!-i-( &! !#$án

'o+7%!n-i-o# -!n$%o -! o# i+i$!# #&7!%io% ! in9!%io% -! ( '(7('i-(- -!

+!-i-( o -! $%(n#+i#i5n -! in#$%&+!n$oQ *i!n! !x7%!#(-o !#$(6!'i!n-o o#

-o# *(o%!# !x$%!+o#. Po% !8!+7o: ! '(+7o -! +!-i-( -! &n -!$!%+in(-o

in#$%&+!n$o -! $!+7!%($&%( !# ;


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Precisión

L( 7%!'i#i5n !# ( $o!%(n'i( -! +!-i-( o -! $%(n#+i#i5n -!

in#$%&+!n$o "in$!%*(o -on-! !# (-+i#i6! &! #! #i$& ( +(2ni$&- -! (

+!-i-() y -!9in! o# 1+i$!# -! o# !%%o%!# 'o+!$i-o# '&(n-o ! in#$%&+!n$o

#! !+7!( !n 'on-i'ion!# no%+(!# -! #!%*i'io -&%(n$! &n 7!%io-o -! $i!+7o

-!$!%+in(-o "no%+(+!n$! ; (3o.

Zona muerta

E# ! '(+7o -! *(o%!# -! ( *(%i(6! &! no 0('! *(%i(% ( in-i'('i5n

o ( #!3( -! #(i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o) !# -!'i%) &! no 7%o-&'! #& %!#7&!#$(.

Vi!n! -(-( !n 7o%'!n$(8! -! ('(n'! -! ( +!-i-(.

Sensibilidad

E# ( %(z5n !n$%! ! in'%!+!n$o -! ( !'$&%( y ! in'%!+!n$o -! (

*(%i(6! &! o o'(#ion() -!#7&# -! 0(6!%#! ('(nz(-o ! !#$(-o -!%!7o#o.

epetibilidad

E# ( '(7('i-(- -! %!7%o-&''i5n -! (# 7o#i'ion!# -! ( 7&+( o -!

1n-i'! o -! ( #!3( -! #(i-() -! in#$%&+!n$o ( +!-i% %!7!$i-(+!n$! *(o%!#

i-n$i'o# -! ( *(%i(6! !n (# +i#+(# 'on-i'ion!# -! #!%*i'io y !n ! +i#+o

#!n$i-o -! *(%i('i5n) %!'o%%i!n-o $o-o ! '(+7o. S! 'on#i-!%( !n 2!n!%( #&*(o% +áxi+o "%!7!$i6ii-(- +áxi+( y #! !x7%!#( !n $(n$o 7o% 'i!n$o -!

('(n'!Q &n *(o% %!7%!#!n$($i*o !# ! -! ;.

!ist"resis

;@


20/76


E# ( -i9!%!n'i( +áxi+( &! #! o6#!%*( !n o# *(o%!# in-i'(-o# 7o% !

1n-i'! o ( 7&+( -! in#$%&+!n$o 7(%( ! +i#+o *(o% '&(&i!%( -! '(+7o

-! +!-i-() '&(n-o ( *(%i(6! %!'o%%! $o-( ( !#'(( !n o# -o# #!n$i-o#)

(#'!n-!n$! y -!#'!n-!n$!. S! !x7%!#( !n $(n$o 7o% 'i!n$o -! ('(n'! -! (+!-i-(.

Campo de medida con ele#ación de cero

E# (&! '(+7o -! +!-i-( !n ! &! ! *(o% '!%o -! ( *(%i(6! o

#!3( +!-i-( !# +(yo% &! ! *(o% in9!%io% -! '(+7o. Po% !8!+7o) ;


21/76


M!-i-( -! ( 7%o6(6ii-(- -! &! &n in#$%&+!n$o 'on$in&

'o+7o%$án-o#! -!n$%o -! i+i$!# !#7!'i9i'(-o# -! !%%o% ( o (%2o -! &n

$i!+7o -!$!%+in(-o y 6(8o 'on-i'ion!# !#7!'i9i'(-(#.

esolución

M(2ni$&- -! o# '(+6io# !n !#'(5n -! ( #!3( -! #(i-(

"!x7%!#(-o# !n $(n$o 7o% 'i!n$o -! ( #(i-( -! $o-( ( !#'(( ( i% *(%i(n-o

'on$in&(+!n$! ( +!-i-( !n $o-o ! '(+7o. E# $(+6in ! 2%(-o 'on &! !

in#$%&+!n$o 7&!-! -i#'%i+in(% *(o%!# !&i*(!n$!# -! &n( '(n$i-(-) o (

+!no% -i9!%!n'i( -! *(o% &! ! (7(%($o 7&!-! -i#$in2&i%.

Estabilidad

E# ( '(7('i-(- -! &n in#$%&+!n$o 7(%( +(n$!n!% #& 'o+7o%$(+i!n$o

-&%(n$! #& *i-( ,$i y -! (+('!n(+i!n$o !#7!'i9i'(-(#.

%emperatura de ser#icio

E# ! '(+7o -! $!+7!%($&%(# !n ! '&( #! !#7!%( &! $%(6(8! !in#$%&+!n$o -!n$%o -! 1+i$!# -! !%%o% !#7!'i9i'(-o#.

%razabilidad

E# ( 7%o7i!-(- -! %!#&$(-o -! (# +!-i'ion!# !9!'$&(-(# 'on &n

in#$%&+!n$o o 'on &n 7($%5n) $( &! 7&!-! %!('ion(%#! 'on 7($%on!#

n('ion(!# o in$!%n('ion(!#) +!-i(n$! &n( '(-!n( in$!%%&+7i-( -!

'o+7(%('ion!#) 'on $o-(# (# in'!%$i-&+6%!# -!$!%+in(-(#.

Ss"ema $e Me$c

DEFINICIÓN

;


22/76


E# ! !&i7o !n ! '&( #! *!%i9i'(n y (8$(n (# *(%i(6!# &!

in$!%*i!n!n !n o# 7%o'!#o# in-$%i(!#.

COMPONENTES

• E #i#$!+(

• E !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io

• E in-i'(-o%

• E 'on*!%$i-o%

FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LOS COMPONENTES

El sistema

Con$i!n! ( '(n$i-(- o6#!%*(6! ( #!% +!-i-(.

El elemento primario

Di#!3(-o 7(%( %!#7on-!% 'on &n( '(n$i-(- o6#!%*(6!.

El con#ertidor

Con*i!%$! ! !#$1+&o -! !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io !n &n( 9o%+( -! (''i5n

('!7$(6! 7(%( ! in-i'(-o%.

El indicador

Con*i!%$! ( (''i5n %!'i6i-( -! 'on*!%$i-o% !n &n( 9o%+( -! (''i5n

7!%'!7$i6! 7o% ! o6#!%*(-o%.

El obser#ador

In$!%7%!$( ! %!#&$(-o 7%!#!n$(-o 7o% ! in-i'(-o%.

;


23/76


Proceso $e Me$c

&E$I'ICI'

E# ( (''i5n -! +!-i% &n( '(n$i-(- o 'on-i'i5n *(%i(6! y $%(n#+i$i%( (

-!$!'$o% -! !%%o%. E -!$!'$o% -! !%%o% !# -on-! #! 7%o-&'! ( 'o+7(%('i5n

-! ( *(%i(6! "PV 'on ! 7&n$o -! %!9!%!n'i( o 7&n$o -!#!(-o -! 'on$%o

"S!$ Poin$) -(n-o 'o+o %!#&$(-o ( #!3( 'o%%!'$i*(.

MEDIDAS FSICAS

U#$a$es ps %scas

MA*NITUD NOMRE SBMOLO

Lon2i$&- M!$%o +

M(#( io2%(+o K2

Ti!+7o #!2&n-o# S2

In$!n#i-(- -! 'o%%i!n$! !'$%i'( A+7!%! A

T!+7!%($&%( K!*in) C!#i)

F(0%!n0!i$

K) C

F

C(n$i-(- -! #$(n'i( Mo Mo

VALOR REAL

ELEMENTOPRIMARIO

CONVERTIDOR INDICADOR

OBSERVADORVALOR

INDICADO

INSTRUMENTOSISTEMA

;


24/76


In$!n#i-(- &+ino#( '(n-!( C-

Vo&+!n Li$%o#) C+W L$) C+W

F&8o o C(&-( Li$%o# 7o% +in&$o

G(on!# 7o% +in&$o

L$+

GA+P%!#i5n P(#'() ++2) B(%) P#i P()++2)6(%) 7#i)($+

Ni*!: A$&%( -! 9&i-o P&2(-(# C!n$1+!$%o# P&2'+

Vo$(8! Vo$io# V

R!#i#$!n'i( O0+io# X

F&!%z( N!Y$on N

T%(6(8o /o&! /

Po$!n'i( /o&!#!2&n-o# /#2

V!o'i-(- M!$%o#S!2&n-o# +#2 Á%!( o #&7!%9i'i! C!n$1+!$%o# '&(-%(-o#

M!$%o# '&(-%(-o#

C+Z ) +Z

C(%2( !'$%i'( Co&o+6 C

C(+7o +(2n$i'o T!#( T

Vara%!es $e Proceso

DEFINICIÓN

En ! $%($(+i!n$o -! &n +($!%i() !# '&(&i!% '(%('$!%1#$i'( o ($%i6&$o

+!-i6! '&yo *(o% '(+6i( 'on (# *(%i('ion!# !n (# 'on-i'ion!#

7%!-o+in(n$!#. L(# *(%i(6!# 'o+&n!# #on ! 9&8o) ! ni*!) ( 7%!#i5n y (

$!+7!%($&%(. T(+6in #! 7&!-! -!9ini% 'o+o ( '(n$i-(- o 'on-i'i5n -!

7%o'!#o *(%i(-( 7o% ! !!+!n$o o !!+!n$o# 9in(!# -! 'on$%o.

CLASIFICACIÓN

ariables t"rmicas

T!+7!%($&%(

C(o% !#7!'19i'o

=


25/76


En!%21( $!%+(

En$(71(

En$%o71(

V(o% '(o%19i'oariables de radiación

R(-i('i5n n&'!(%

R(-i('i5n !!'$%o+(2n$i'(

R(-i('i5n -! '(o%

L&z *i#i6! y &$%(*io!$(

R(-i('i5n 2(++( y 6!$(

R(yo# x

ariables de fuerza

F&!%z( $o$(

To%&! o +o+!n$o

F&!%z( 7o% &ni-(- -! á%!(

V('1o

ariables el"ctricas

F&!%z( !!'$%o+o$%iz

Co%%i!n$! !'$%i'(

R!#i#$!n'i(

Con-&'$(n'i() I+7!-(n'i(

C(7('i$(n'i(.

=;


26/76


UNIDAD II

CALIRACIÓN DE TRANSMISOR ELECTRÓNICO DEPRESIÓN DI8ERENCIAL

Ca!%rac $e I#s"r(me#"os

DEFINICI[N

E# ! (8$! -! ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o ( *(o%!# -!#!(-o# -!n$%o

-! &n( $o!%(n'i( !#7!'i9i'(-( 7(%( *(o%!# 7(%$i'&(%!# -! ( #!3( -!

!n$%(-(.

CARACTERÍSTICAS

Un in#$%&+!n$o %!7%!#!n$($i*o) #! 'on#i-!%( &! !#$( 6i!n '(i6%(-o

'&(n-o !n $o-o# o# 7&n$o# -! #& '(+7o -! +!-i-() ( -i9!%!n'i( !n$%! !

*(o% %!( -! ( *(%i(6! y ! *(o% in-i'(-o) %!2i#$%(-o o $%(n#+i$i-o) !#$(

'o+7%!n-i-( !n$%! o# 1+i$!# -!$!%+in(-o# 7o% ( 7%!'i#i5n -! in#$%&+!n$o.

En &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( "#in !%%o%) ( %!('i5n !n$%! o# *(o%!# %!(!#

-! ( *(%i(6! 'o+7%!n-i-o# -!n$%o -! '(+7o -! +!-i-( y o# *(o%!# -!!'$&%( -! (7(%($o) !# in!(.

PATRONES BÁSICOS

Exi#$!n -i9!%!n$!# $i7o# -! 7($%on!# -! +!-i'i5n y '(i6%('i5n

'(#i9i'(-o# -! ('&!%-o 'on #& 9&n'i5n y (7i'('i5n) (#1 $!n!+o#:

• In$!%n('ion(!#

•

P%i+(%io#• S!'&n-(%io#

• D! $%(6(8o

=>


27/76


PROCEDIMIENTO

4 Si$&(% ( *(%i(6! !n ! *(o% +1ni+o -! '(+7o -! +!-i-() y !n !#$!

*(o% (8$(% ! $o%nio -! '!%o -! in#$%&+!n$o 0(#$( &! ! 1n-i'! #!3(!

! 7&n$o -! 6(#!.

24 Coo'(% ( *(%i(6! !n ! *(o% +áxi+o -! '(+7o -! +!-i-( y !n !#$!

*(o% (8$(% ! $o%nio -! +&$i7i'('i5n 0(#$( &! ! 1n-i'! #!3(! !

7&n$o -! 6(#!.

4 R!7!$i% o# 7&n$o# (n$!%io%!# ; y = #&'!#i*(+!n$!) 0(#$( &! (#

!'$&%(# #!(n 'o%%!'$(# !n o# *(o%!# +1ni+o# y +áxi+o#

4 Coo'(% ( *(%i(6! !n ! @


28/76


E#$! 7%o'!-i+i!n$o !# 2!n!%() 'on ( #(*!-(- -! #$i$&i% ( 7((6%(

\1n-i'!] 7o% \7&+(] y #!3( -! #(i-( !n o# '(#o# -! in#$%&+!n$o#%!2i#$%(-o%!# y $%(n#+i#o%!# n!&+á$i'o# "#!3( -! #(i-( -! > ( ;@ 7#i o

!!'$%5ni'o# "? ( =< +( '.'. %!#7!'$i*(+!n$!. L( 7o#i'i5n -! o# $o%nio# -!

(8$! -! '!%o) +&$i7i'('i5n y (n2&(%i-(-) *(%1( #!2,n ! in#$%&+!n$oQ

(2&no# $i7o# '(%!'!n -! (2&no -! !o#.

=@


29/76


Errores $e !os I#s"r(me#"os $e Me$c

EL ERROR DE ANGULARIDAD

&efinición

D!#*i('i5n -! o# 7&n$o# -! ( '&%*( -! o# *(o%!# -! #(i-( -!

in#$%&+!n$o 'on %!('i5n ( ( %!'$( &! %!('ion( ( *(%i(6! -! !n$%(-( 'on (

#(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( #in !%%o% y 'oin'i-i!n-o o# -o# !n o# 7&n$o# <

y ;


30/76


epercusión en la indicación del instrumento

E !%%o% -! '!%o 0('! &! #! $!n2( &n( in'!%$i-&+6%! #o6%! !

*!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +!-i-() #i!n-o ( in'!%$i-&+6%! ( -i#7!%#i5n -! o#

*(o%!# &! 7&!-!n #!% ($%i6&i-o# %(zon(6!+!n$! ( *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! (

+(2ni$&- +!-i-(.

Corrección

E !%%o% -! '!%o #! 'o%%i2! 'on ! (+(-o $o%nio -! '!%o) &!

+o-i9i'( -i%!'$(+!n$! ( 7o#i'i5n -! 1n-i'! o -! ( 7&+( -! %!2i#$%o

'(+6i(n-o ( '&%*( *(%i(6!!'$&%( 7(%(!(+!n$! ( #1 +i#+() o 6i!n

#('(n-o ! 1n-i'! y 9i8án-oo ( !8! -! !'$&%( !n o$%( 7o#i'i5n.

EL ERROR DE AMPLITUD

&efinición

A&+!n$o 7%o2%!#i*o -! $o-o# o# *(o%!# -! #(i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o 'on

%!('i5n ( ( %!'$( &! %!('ion( ( *(%i(6! -! !n$%(-( 'on ( #(i-( -! &n

in#$%&+!n$o i-!( #in !%%o%.

epercusión en la indicación del instrumento

E !%%o% -! '!%o 0('! &! #! $!n2( &n( in'!%$i-&+6%! #o6%! !

*!%-(-!%o *(o% -! ( +!-i-() #i!n-o ( in'!%$i-&+6%! ( -i#7!%#i5n -! o#

*(o%!# &! 7&!-!n #!% ($%i6&i-o# %(zon(6!+!n$! ( *!%-(-!%o *(o% -! (

+(2ni$&- +!-i(.

Corrección

S! 'o%%i2! ('$&(n-o #o6%! ! $o%nio -! (+7i$&- o +&$i7i'('i5n &!

+o-i9i'( -i%!'$(+!n$! ( %!('i5n -! (+7i$&- -! +o*i+i!n$o# -! ( *(%i(6!

( 1n-i'! o ( 7&+() !# -!'i% &! (&+!n$( o -i#+in&y! 7%o2%!#i*(+!n$! (#

!'$&%(# #o6%! ( !#'((.

=


31/76


8(e#"e $e Proce$e#ca $e !os Errores $e Me$c

RUIDO

E %&i-o 7&!-! o%i2in(%#! !n ! #i#$!+( #!n#i6! 7%i+(%io) !n ! '(n(

-! 'o+&ni'('i5n o !n o$%( &ni5n in$!%+!-i( y !n ! !!+!n$o in-i'(-o% -!

#i#$!+(

TIEMPO DE RESPUESTA

Si ( #!3( no !# 'on#$(n$! !n *(o%) %!#&$(%á ! %!$%(#o -! (

%!#7&!#$( -! #i#$!+( !n '&(n$o ( ( in-i'('i5n '&yo *(o% -!7!n-! -! &n(

#!'&!n'i( -! *(o%!# -! +!-io !#$i+&(n$! -!n$%o -! 'i!%$o in$!%*(o -!$i!+7o.

LIMITACIONES DE DISE^O

E# &n 9('$o% i+7o%$(n$!. A&1 !# 6&!no +!n'ion(% ( 9%i''i5n !n (#

7(%$!# +5*i!# y( &!) no #oo 'on$%i6&y! 'on 'i!%$o 2%(-o -!

(+o%$i2&(+i!n$o -! #i#$!+() #ino &! $(+6in #! %!&i!%! -! &n( 9&!%z(

+1ni+( -!9ini-( 7(%( #&7!%(% ( 9%i''i5n ! ini'i(% ! +o*i+i!n$o.

TRANSMISIÓN

En ( $%(n#+i#i5n -! &n( #!3( -!#-! ! !!+!n$o #!n#i6! (

in-i'(-o%) ( #!3( 7&!-! &!-(% ($!n&(-( ( #!% (6#o%6i-() !# -!'i%)

'on#&+i-( !n ! '(n( -! 'o+&ni'('i5n.

INFLUENCIA DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE EN EL SISTEMA DE MEDICIÓN

L( $!+7!%($&%( !# '(#i #i!+7%! &n 9('$o% ( 'on#i-!%(% '&(n-o #!0('! &n( +!-i'i5n) y( &! &n '(+6io !n ( $!+7!%($&%( 7&!-! ($!%(% (

'on#$(n$! -! !(#$i'i-(- -! &n #o7o%$! -! -i(9%(2+( o ! *(o% -! &n(

%!#i#$!n'i( !'$%i'(.

=


32/76


INTERPRETACIÓN INCORRECTA DEL OBSERVADOR

A&1 -!6!+o# 'on#i-!%(% (# #i2&i!n$!# #i$&('ion!#:

Error de parala*e+ Si ( *i#&( -! o6#!%*(-o% 0('i( ! 7&n$!%o no !#7!%7!n-i'&(%. L( !'$&%( 7o-%á #!% +(yo% o +!no% -!7!n-i!n-o -! (

7o#i'i5n -! o6#!%*(-o%.

Influencia personal del obser#ador+ Son (# in$!%7%!$('ion!# &!

-(n !n 7&n$o# in$!%+!-io# -! &n( !#'(() -on-! no !xi#$!n -i*i#ion!#)

(2&n(# 7!%#on(# $i!n-!n ( 9(*o%!'!% ( !'$&%( '&(n-o ! 7&n$!%o #!

!n'&!n$%( !n !#$( #i$&('i5n

E,ui#ocaciones+ Son (# 9((# &! o'&%%!n ( 7(#(% (#

o6#!%*('ion!# !n ! i6%o -! (no$('ion!# o '&(n-o #! !9!'$,( &n +(

'á'&o #o6%! !(#.

Tra#smsor E!ec"rco $e Pres D


33/76


&e e,uilibrio de mo#imientos

S& 9&n'ion(+i!n$o 'on#i#$! !n 'o+7(%(% ! +o*i+i!n$o -! !!+!n$o -!+!-i'i5n (#o'i(-o ( o6$&%(-o% 'on &n 9&!! -! %!(i+!n$('i5n -! (

7%!#i5n 7o#$!%io% ( ( $o6!%(.

&e e,uilibrio de fuerzas

E !!+!n$o -! +!-i'i5n !8!%'! &n( 9&!%z( !n ! 7$o. A #o6%! ( 7((n'(

AC &! $i!n! #& 7&n$o -! (7oyo !n D) '&(n-o (&+!n$( ( 9&!%z( !8!%'i-(

7o% ! !!+!n$o -! +!-i'i5n) ( 7((n'( AC #! -!#!&ii6%() $(7( (

$o6!%() (# 7%!#i5n (&+!n$( y ! -i(9%(2+( !8!%'! &n( 9&!%z( 0('i( (%%i6(

('(nzán-o#! &n n&!*o !&ii6%io.

>


34/76


USO

S! &$iiz( 7(%( '(7$(% ( *(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o &! &!2o $%(n#+i$! ( -i#$(n'i( (

&n in#$%&+!n$o %!'!7$o% in-i'(-o%.

So


35/76


>=


36/76


>>


37/76


>?


38/76


MANE/O

P(%( ! +(n!8o -! #o9$Y(%! -! '(i6%('i5n -! o# $%(n#+i#o%!# -!

7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( #! &$iiz( ! $!'(-o &6i'(-o !n ! 7(n! 9%on$( -!

$%(n#+i#o%) ! '&( 'on#$( -! -o# $!'(#: NET ENTER y #! 7%o'!-!

-! ( #i2&i!n$! +(n!%(:

S! in$%o-&'!n o# 7(%á+!$%o# -! 'on9i2&%('i5n 'on ( #!'&!n'i(

+o#$%(-( !n ! Di(2%(+( -! 'on9i2&%('i5n &!2o #! 7%o'!-! ( ( '(i6%('i5n

-! ( +i#+( 9o%+( 'on ! Di(2%(+( -! C(i6%('i5n

>@


39/76


>


40/76


Ca!%rac $e Tra#smsor E!ec"rco $e Pres D


41/76


• No #! -!6! (% ('!i$! 7(%( '(i6%(% +!-i-o%!# &! *(y(n ( $%(6(8(% 'on

oxi2!no. E oxi2!no 6(8o 7%!#i5n 9o%+( &n( +!z'( !x7o#i*( 'on (#

2%(#(# y o# ('!i$!# y 7&!-! %!#&$(% &n( !x7o#i5n 2%(*! #i #! 7!%+i$! #&

7%!#!n'i( -on-! 0(y( ('!i$!# y 2%(#(# 6(8o !#$(# 'on-i'ion!#.

• Lo# +!-i-o%!# -!6!n '(i6%(%#! 'on ( !#9!%( o !#'(( !n 7o#i'i5n

*!%$i'(.

• A 'on!'$(% o# +!-i-o%!# ( ( 1n!() -!6!n (7%!$(%#! 7o% +!-io -!

(-(7$(-o% y no 0('i!n-o 9&!%z( #o6%! ( '(8(.

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UNIDAD III

MEDICIÓN DE NIVELES DE L9/UIDOS

La Me$c $e N)e!es $e L?>($osDEFINICIÓN

Con#i#$! !n +!-i% -i%!'$(+!n$! ( ($&%( -! 1&i-o #o6%! &n( 1n!( -!

%!9!%!n'i() ( 7%!#i5n 0i-%o#$á$i'( !n ! $(n&! -! +!-i'i5n) !

-!#7(z(+i!n$o 7%o-&'i-o !n &n 9o$(-o% 7o% ! 7%o7io 1&i-o) o 6i!n

(7%o*!'0(n-o '(%('$!%1#$i'(# !'$%i'(# -! 1&i-o.

TIPOS

Por $lotante

Con#i#$! !n &n 9o$(-o% #i$&(-o !n ! #!no -! 1&i-o y 'on!'$(-o (

!x$!%io% -! $(n&! in-i'(n-o -i%!'$(+!n$! ! ni*!. L( 'on!xi5n 7&!-! #!%

-i%!'$() +(2n$i'( o 0i-%á&i'(.

E 9o$(-o% 'on!'$(-o -i%!'$(+!n$! !#$á &ni-o 7o% &n '(6! &! -!#iz(

!n &n 8&!2o -! 7o!(# ( &n 1n-i'! !x$!%io% &! #!3(( #o6%! &n( !#'((

2%(-&(-(. E# ! +o-!o +á# (n$i2&o y ! +á# &$iiz(-o !n $(n&!# -! 2%(n

'(7('i-(- $(!# 'o+o 9&!oi y 2(#oi. Ti!n! ! in'on*!ni!n$! &! (# 7(%$!#

+5*i!# !#$án !x7&!#$(# ( 9&i-o y 7&!-!n %o+7!%#! y -! &! ! $(n&! no

7&!-! !#$(% #o+!$i-o ( 7%!#i5n.

E 9&n'ion(+i!n$o -! 9o$(-o% ('o7(-o +(2n$i'(+!n$! -!#iz(

!x$!%io%+!n$! ( o (%2o -! &n $&6o 2&1( #!(-o) #i$&(-o *!%$i'(+!n$! !n !

in$!%io% -! $(n&!. D!n$%o -! $&6o) &n( 7i!z( +(2n$i'( #i2&! ( 9o$(-o% !n

#& +o*i+i!n$o y +!-i(n$! &n '(6! y &n 8&!2o -! 7o!(# (%%(#$%( ! 1n-i'! -!

&n in#$%&+!n$o #i$&(-o !n ( 7(%$! #&7!%io% -! $(n&!.

E in#$%&+!n$o 7&!-! (-!+á# #!% $%(n#+i#o% n!&+á$i'o o !'$%i'o.

Un( *(%i(n$! -! ( 'on!xi5n +(2n$i'( 'on#$( -! &n $&6o 'on$!ni!n-o &n

9o$(-o%) -o$(-o -! &n i+án &! o%i!n$( &n( #!%i! -! 'in$(# +(2n$i'(#

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-i#7&!#$(# !n ! !x$!%io% y ( o# (%2o -! $&6o. A +!-i-( &! ! ni*! #&6! o

6(8() (# 'in$(# 2i%(n y 'o+o $i!n!n 'oo%!# -i#$in$o# !n #& (n*!%#o y %!*!%#o)

*i#&(iz(n -i%!'$(+!n$! ! ni*! -! $(n&!. E in#$%&+!n$o 7&!-! $!n!%

in$!%%&7$o% -! ((%+( y $%(n#+i#o% in'o%7o%(-o#.

En $(n&!# 7!&!3o#) ! 9o$(-o% 7&!-! (-(7$(%#! 7(%( ('$&(%

+(2n$i'(+!n$! #o6%! &n $%(n#+i#o% n!&+á$i'o o !'$%i'o -i#7&!#$o !n !

!x$!%io% -! $(n&! 7!%+i$i!n-o (#1 &n 'on$%o -! ni*!.

Por .urbu*eo

Con#i#$! !n &n $&6o #&+!%2i-o !n ! 1&i-o ( '&yo $%(*# #! 0('!

6&%6&8!(% (i%! +!-i(n$! &n %o$á+!$%o 'on &n %!2&(-o% -! '(&-(

in'o%7o%(-o.

En '&(n$o ! 9&n'ion(+i!n$o) ( 7%!#i5n -! (i%! !n ( $&6!%1( !&i*(!

( ( 7%!#i5n 0i-%o#$á$i'( !8!%'i-( 7o% ( 'o&+n( -! 1&i-o) !# -!'i% ( ni*!.

E %!2&(-o% -! '(&-( 7!%+i$! +(n$!n!% &n '(&-( -! (i%! 'on#$(n$! (

$%(*# -! 1&i-o in-!7!n-i!n$!+!n$! -! ni*! "!# no%+( &n '(&-( -! ;@<

N;0Q #i no !xi#$i!%() 0(6%1( &n( 2%(n -i9!%!n'i( !n o# '(&-(!# -! (i%!

n!'!#(%io# -!#-! ! ni*! +1ni+o ( +áxi+o) 'on ! in'on*!ni!n$! -! &n

2(#$o -! (i%! in-!6i-o. E $&6o 6i#!(-o 7!%+i$! &n( 9á'i 9o%+('i5n -! (#

6&%6&8(# -! (i%!.

Por &iafragma

Con#i#$! !n &n -i(9%(2+( !n 'on$('$o 'on ! 1&i-o -! $(n&!) &!

+i-! ( 7%!#i5n 0i-%o#$á$i'( !n &n 7&n$o -! 9on-o -! $(n&!.

En o %!9!%!n$! ( 9&n'ion(+i!n$o) !n &n $(n&! (6i!%$o ( 7%!#i5n !#

7%o7o%'ion( ( ( ($&%( -! 1&i-o !n &n 7&n$o -! 9on-o -! $(n&! y ( #&

7!#o !#7!'19i'o. E# -!'i%: P _ .y.2 !n ( &!:

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P _ 7%!#i5n

_ ($&%( -! 1&i-o #o6%! ! in#$%&+!n$o

y _ -!n#i-(- -! 1&i-o

2 _ ) +#=

E -i(9%(2+( 9o%+( 7(%$! -! &n $%(n#+i#o% n!&+á$i'o) !!'$%5ni'o o

-i2i$( -! 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( #!+!8(n$! ( o# $%(n#+i#o%!# -! '(&-( -!

-i(9%(2+(.

En ! $i7o +á# &$iiz(-o) ! -i(9%(2+( !#$á 9i8(-o ( &n( 6%i-( &! #!

+on$( %(#(n$! ( $(n&! 7(%( 7!%+i$i% #in -i9i'&$(-!# ( +!-i-( -! ni*! -!

9&i-o#) $(!# 'o+o 7(#$( -! 7(7! y 1&i-o# 'on #5i-o# !n #!n#i5n)7&-i!n-o in'o #!% -! +on$(8! #(i!n$! 7(%( &! ! -i(9%(2+( !n%(#!

'o+7!$(+!n$! 'on (# 7(%!-!# in$!%io%!# -! $(n&! $( 'o+o o'&%%! !n !

'(#o -! 1&i-o# !x$%!+(-(+!n$! *i#'o#o# !n &! no 7&!-! (-+i$i%#!

nin2,n %!'o-o.

La Pres F$ros""ca

DEFINICIÓN

E# &n( '(%('$!%1#$i'( 9&n-(+!n$( -! '&(&i!% 9&i-o !n %!7o#o) y(

&! ( 9&!%z( !8!%'i-( #o6%! '&(&i!% 7(%$1'&( -! 9&i-o !# ( +i#+( !n

$o-(# (# -i%!''ion!#. Si (# 9&!%z(# 9&!%(n -!#i2&(!#) ( 7(%$1'&( #!

-!#7(z(%1( !n ( -i%!''i5n -! ( 9&!%z( %!#&$(n$!.

UNIDADES DE MEDICIÓN

L( 7%!#i5n #&!! +!-i%#! !n ($+5#9!%(# "($+Q !n ! Si#$!+(

In$!%n('ion( -! &ni-(-!# "SI) ( 7%!#i5n #! !x7%!#( !n n!Y$on 7o% +!$%o

'&(-%(-oQ &n n!Y$on 7o% +!$%o '&(-%(-o !# &n 7(#'( "P(. L( ($+5#9!%( #!

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45/76


-!9in! 'o+o ;=@ P( y !&i*(! ( < ++ -! +!%'&%io !n &n 6(%5+!$%o

'on*!n'ion(. T(+6in #! +i-! !n 7#i i6%(#7&2(-(# ( '&(-%(-o "6#7&=

y !n 6(%.

=E! Tra#smsor $e N)e!

DEFINICIÓN

E# &n in#$%&+!n$o &! '(7$( ( #!3( 7%o*!ni!n$! -! 7%o'!#o

"*(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o y ( $%(n#+i$! ( -i#$(n'i() 6i!n #!( ( &n 'on$%o(-o%)

in-i'(-o%) %!2i#$%(-o% o ( 'o+6in('i5n -! '&(&i!%( -! !#$o#) o# '&(!#

7&!-!n #!% n!&+á$i'o# y !!'$%5ni'o#.

CARACTERÍSTICAS

E &! 9&n'ion( 'on #!3(!# n!&+á$i'(#) o 0('! ( &n %(n2o -! > ( ;@

7#i 7(%( &n '(+7o -! +!-i-( -! ( *(%i(6! -! < ( ;


46/76


UNIDAD IV

MANTENIMIENTO PREVENTIVO A SISTEMAS DE MEDICIÓN

Ma#"e#me#"o Pre)e#")o

DEFINICIÓN

E# ! 7%o'!#o 7o% ! '&( #! !*( ( '(6o 7!%i5-i'(+!n$! &n( %!*i#i5n)

*!%i9i'('i5n y !n (2&no# '(#o# %!7(%('i5n) -! '(-( &no -! o# 'o+7on!n$!#

&! in$!2%(n o# -i9!%!n$!# (zo# -! 'on$%o.

FINALIDAD

D!$!'$(% y 7%!*!ni% (*!%1(# !n o# #i#$!+(# -! +!-i'i5nQ 2(%(n$iz(n-o

! 57$i+o 9&n'ion(+i!n$o -! #i#$!+( 'on$%o(-o.

Termopar

DEFINICI[N

E $!%+o7(% #! 6(#( !n ! !9!'$o -!#'&6i!%$o 7o% S!!6!' !n ;=;) -!

( 'i%'&('i5n -! &n( 'o%%i!n$! !n &n 'i%'&i$o 9o%+(-o 7o% -o# +!$(!#

-i9!%!n$!# '&y(# &nion!# "&ni5n -! +!-i-( o '(i!n$! y &ni5n -! %!9!%!n'i( o

9%1( #! +(n$i!n!n ( -i#$in$( $!+7!%($&%(. E#$( 'i%'&('i5n -! 'o%%i!n$!

o6!-!'! ( -o# !9!'$o# $!%+o!'$%i'o# 'o+6in(-o#) ! !9!'$o P!$i!% &!

7%o*o'( ( i6!%('i5n o (6#o%'i5n -! '(o% !n ( &ni5n -! -o# +!$(!#

-i#$in$o# '&(n-o &n( 'o%%i!n$! 'i%'&( ( $%(*# -! ( &ni5n y ! !9!'$o

T0o+#on &! 'on#i#$! !n ( i6!%('i5n o (6#o%'i5n -! '(o% '&(n-o &n('o%%i!n$! 'i%'&( ( $%(*# -! &n +!$( 0o+o2n!o !n ! &! !xi#$! &n

2%(-i!n$! -! $!+7!%($&%(#.

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47/76


TIPOS

E $e crome! co#s"a#"a#

P&!-! (%#! !n *('1o o !n ($+5#9!%( in!%$! o +!-i(n(+!n$! oxi-(n$! o

%!-&'$o%(. E#$! $!%+o7(% 7o#!! ( 9.!.+. +á# ($( 7o% *(%i('i5n -!

$!+7!%($&%() y 7&!-! (%#! 7(%( (# $!+7!%($&%(# !n$%! =


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Des"or#!!a$or $e Co#"ro!

DEFINICIÓN

E# &n( 0!%%(+i!n$( +(n&( (+(-( $(+6in -!#$o%ni(-o% -! %!o8!%o

'&y(# +!-i-(# #on +ii+$%i'(#

USO

Po% o 2!n!%( #on &$iiz(-o# 7(%( o# (8$!# -! z!%o y #7(n -! o#

$%(n#+i#o%!#) 7o$!n'i5+!$%o#) -($(#Yi$'0 !n$%! o$%o#.

PRECAUCIONES

E -!#$o%ni(-o% -!6! $o+(%#! 7o% ( 7(%$! (i#(-( !'$%i'(+!n$!) 'on

( 9in(i-(- -! !*i$(% !!'$%o'&'i5n !n ! '(#o -! +(ni7&('i5n !n &n 'i%'&i$o

!n!%2iz(-o) #! -!6! #!!''ion(% ! -iá+!$%o (-!'&(-o 7(%( ! (8$! &! #!

*( ( %!(iz(% !*i$(n-o ! -!$!%io%o -! o# +i#+o#. P(%( (+('!n(%o# !#

7%!9!%i6! &$iiz(% !#$&'0!# -on-! no 7!n!$%! 0&+!-(- ni !x'!#i*o '(o%.

Lmpa$or E!ec"rco

DEFINICIÓN

E# &n #o*!n$! -i!'$%i'o &! #i%*! 7(%( i+7i!z( -! 'o+7on!n$!#

!'$%i'o# y !!'$%5ni'o#.

USO

S! &$iiz( 7(%( i+7i(% $(%8!$(# !!'$%5ni'(#) 'on$('$o#) 'o+7on!n$!#!'$%i'o# y !!'$%5ni'o#.

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PRECAUCIONES

Si ( 7%!#!n$('i5n !# !n (!%o#o) #! %!'o+i!n-( %o'i(%o ( &n(

-i#$(n'i( -! 7o% o +!no# ;< '+) !*i$(n-o in0((% +&y -! '!%'( o# *(7o%!#.

Si ( 7%!#!n$('i5n !# !n !n*(#! 'on*!n'ion( "i&i-o) #! %!'o+i!n-(

(7i'(%o 'on &n $o(1n -! $!( (6#o%6!n$! &! no -!#7%!n-( 7!(#.

A+('!n(%o 6i!n $(7(-o !n &n &2(% 9%!#'o.

I#s"a!ac $e I#s"r(me#"os $e Me$c

CONDICIONES

Exi#$!n 'i!%$o# 9('$o%!# &! -!6!n #!% $o+(-o# !n '&!n$( 7(%( (

in#$(('i5n -! o# in#$%&+!n$o# -! +!-i'i5n) !#$o# #on:

o Co#eJ a !a "(%er?a o a! "a#>(e: En ! '(#o !#7!'19i'o -! o#

in#$%&+!n$o# +!-i-o%!# -! 7%!#i5n) ! o%i9i'io -! ( 'on!xi5n -!6!

&!-(% 7!%7!n-i'&(% ( +o*i+i!n$o -! 9&i-o !n ! $(n&! o !n !

$&6o. Si ( 'on!xi5n #! 0('! (n2&(%) ! +i#+o +!-i-o% -(%á

+!-i-(# -i#$in$(#) (&n #i!n-o ( 7%!#i5n ( +i#+() y !#$( -i9!%!n'i(

o6!-!'!%á ( +o*i+i!n$o -! 9&i-o 'on %!('i5n ( o%i9i'io. A#1

+i#+o ( #&7!%9i'i! in$!%io% -! $&6o -!6! #!% i#(.

o Co!ocac: E +!-i-o% -!6! 'oo'(%#! !n &n #i$io &! &!-!

'5+o-o ( o7!%(-o%. Si #! +i-! 7%!#i5n 'on$%o(-( -!#-! &n(

*á*&() ! +!-i-o% -!6! 'oo'(%#! -on-! #! 7&!-( *!% '&(n-o !

o7!%(-o% !#$( +o*i!n-o ( *á*&(. T(+6in -!6! &!-(% 'oo'(-o

!n 9o%+( $( &! #!( 9á'i 2%(-&(%o y 0('!%! i+7i!z(.

o V%rac: E +!-i-o% n&n'( -!6! +on$(%#! #o6%! &n (7(%($o &!

7%o-&z'( *i6%('i5n. A ( (%2( (# *i6%('ion!# in$%o-&'!n -!#2(#$!#

!x'!#i*o# y ('(6(n 7o% -!#'(i6%(% ! +!-i-o%.

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o Posc: Lo# +!-i-o%!# (n(52i'o# -!6!n 'oo'(%#! -! $(

+(n!%( &! ( !#'(( o !#9!%( &!-! *!%$i'(. Si &!-( !n

'&(&i!% o$%( 7o#i'i5n) ! 7!#o -! o# !!+!n$o# +5*i!# -!

+!'(ni#+o (9!'$(%á ( 7%!'i#i5n -! ( +!-i-(.

o Pro"ecc co#"ra "empera"(ras eJces)as: Lo# +!-i-o%!# no

-!6!n 'oo'(%#! -on-! ( $!+7!%($&%( (+6i!n$! #!(

!x'!#i*(+!n$! ($(. `( &! o# 'o+7on!n$!# in$!%no# 7&!-!n

#&9%i% ($!%('ion!#) -(n-o 'o+o 'on#!'&!n'i( !%%o% !n (#

+!-i-(#.

PRECAUCIONES

P(%( in#$((% 'o%%!'$(+!n$! &n +!-i-o% -!6!n $o+(%#! !n '&!n$( (#

#i2&i!n$!# 7%!'(&'ion!#:

• L( &6i'('i5n +á# 'on*!ni!n$! 7(%( ! o6#!%*(-o%.

• L( 9('ii-(- -! -!#in#$((%o !n ! +o+!n$o -! %!(iz(% !

+(n$!ni+i!n$o 7%!*!n$i*o o 'o%%!'$i*o.

• Si #& &6i'('i5n 2(%(n$iz( ( 7%o$!''i5n 'on$%( (''ion!# y %!(''ion!#

+!'áni'(#) &1+i'(# y 'o%%o#i*(#) &! 7&!-(n (9!'$(% #& 6&!n

9&n'ion(+i!n$o.

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UNIDAD V4

VLVULA DE CONTROL NEUMTICO

La V!)(!a $e Co#"ro! Ne(m"co

DEFINICIÓN

S! ! 'on#i-!%( 'o+o ! !!+!n$o $17i'o -! o# !!+!n$o# 9in(!# -!

'on$%o 7o% #& 2%(n o y -i9i5n) 8&2(n-o &n 7(7! +&y i+7o%$(n$! !n !

(zo -! %!2&('i5n -! 'on$%o -! &n 7%o'!#o in-$%i(.

PARTES

Ser#omotor

&iafragma

/uelle

-stago

%apa de -l#ula

√O6$&%(-o%

√ A#i!n$o

√ B%i-(

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TIPOS

-l#ula de globo

L(# *á*&(# -! 2o6o 7&!-!n #!% -! #i+7! (#i!n$o) -! -o6! (#i!n$o)y -! o6$&%(-o% !&ii6%(-o. L(# *á*&(# -! #i+7! (#i!n$o 7%!'i#(n -! &n

('$&(-o% -! +(yo% $(+(3o 7(%( &! ! o6$&%(-o% 'i!%%! !n 'on$%( -! (

7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( -! 7%o'!#o. Po% o $(n$o) #! !+7!(n '&(n-o ( 7%!#i5n

-! 9&i-o !# 6(8( y #! 7%!'i#( &! (# 9&2(# !n 7o#i'i5n -! 'i!%%! #!(n

+1ni+(#. E 'i!%%! !#$(n'o #! o2%( 'on o6$&%(-o%!# 7%o*i#$o# -! &n(

(%(n-!( -! $!95n. En ( *á*&( -! -o6! (#i!n$o o -! o6$&%(-o% !&ii6%(-o

( 9&!%z( -! -!#!&ii6%io -!#(%%o(-( 7o% ( 7%!#i5n -i9!%!n'i( ( $%(*# -!o6$&%(-o% !# +!no% &! !n ( *á*&( -! #i+7! (#i!n$o.

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-l#ula en -ngulo

E#$( *á*&( 7!%+i$! o6$!n!% &n 9&8o -! '(&-( %!2&(% #in !x'!#i*(#

$&%6&!n'i(# y !# (-!'&(-( 7(%( -i#+in&i% ( !%o#i5n '&(n-o #$( !#

'on#i-!%(6! 7o% (# '(%('$!%1#$i'(# -! 9&i-o o 7o% ( !x'!#i*( 7%!#i5n

-i9!%!n'i(. ! -i#!3o -! ( *á*&( !# i-5n!o 7(%( ! 'on$%o -! 9&i-o# &!

*(7o%iz(n) 7(%( $%(6(8(% 'on 2%(n-!# 7%!#ion!# -i9!%!n'i(!# y 7(%( o#

9&i-o# &! 'on$i!n!n #5i-o# !n #!n#i5n.

-l#ula de mariposa

E '&!%7o -! !#$( *á*&( !#$( 9o%+(-o 7o% &n (nio 'i1n-%i'o -!n$%o

-! '&( 2i%( $%(n#*!%#(+!n$! &n -i#'o 'i%'&(%. L( *á*&( 7&!-! '!%%(%

0!%+$i'(+!n$! +!-i(n$! &n (nio -! 2o+( !n'(#$%(-o !n ! '&!%7o. Un

#!%*o+o$o% !x$!%io% (''ion( ! !8! -! 2i%o -! -i#'o y !8!%'! #& 7(% +áxi+o

'&(n-o ( *á*&( !#$( $o$(+!n$! (6i!%$(. "!n 'on$%o $o-o n(-( #!

'on#i-!%(n


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FUNCIONAMIENTO

E '&!%7o -! ( *á*&( 'on$i!n! !n #& in$!%io% ! o6$&%(-o% y o#

(#i!n$o# y !#$á 7%o*i#$o -! %o#'(# o -! 6%i-( 7(%( 'on!'$(% ( *á*&( ( ($&6!%1(. E o6$&%(-o% !# &i!n %!(iz( ( 9&n'i5n -! 'on$%o -! 7(#o -! 9&i-o

y 7&!-! ('$&(% !n ( -i%!''i5n -! #& 7%o7io !8! o 6i!n $!n!% &n +o*i+i!n$o

%o$($i*o. E#$á &ni-o ( &n *á#$(2o &! 7(#( ( $%(*# -! ( $(7( -! '&!%7o y

&! !# (''ion(-o 7o% &n #!%*o+o$o%. S& 9&n'i5n 'on#i#$! !n *(%i(% ! 'on$%o

-! 9&i-o &! +o-i9i'( ( #& *!z ! *(o% -! ( *(%i(6! +!-i-()

'o+7o%$án-o#! 'o+o &n( %!#$%i''i5n *(%i(6!. E #!%*o+o$o% n!&+á$i'o

'on#i#$! !n &n -i(9%(2+( 'on %!#o%$! &! $%(6(8( "'on (2&n(# !x'!7'ion!#

!n$%! > y ;@ 7#i) !# -!'i% &! (# 7o#i'ion!# !x$%!+(# -! ( *á*&(

'o%%!#7on-!n ( > y ;@ 7#i "


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54K F&!%z( (-i'ion( -! #!%*o+o$o% n!'!#(%i( 7(%( 'on#!2&i% &n 'i!%%!

!9!'$i*o !n$%! ! o6$&%(-o% y ! (#i!n$o "9&!%z( -! (#!n$(+i!n$o

E 6(n'o -! 7%&!6( 7(%( 'o+7%o6(% ! 9&n'ion(+i!n$o -! (# *á*&(#-! 'on$%o n!&+á$i'o 'on#i#$! !n &n 8&!2o -! 6%i-(#) &n( +5*i y ( o$%( 9i8()

'on &n( 6o+6( +(n&( 7(%( 9i8(% ( *á*&() &n( 6o+6( -! (2&( 'on 'i%'&i$o

in$!n#i9i'(-o% -! 7%!#i5n) %!2&(-o%!# -! 7%!#i5n y &n 8&!2o -! +(n5+!$%o#

7($%5n.

L(# 7%&!6(# ( %!(iz(% #on (# #i2&i!n$!#:

•P%&!6( 0i-%o#$á$i'( -! '&!%7o -! ( *á*&() !#$( #! %!(iz(6o+6!(n-o (2&( ( 7%!#i5n ( $%(*# -! ( 6%i-( 9i8(.

• P%&!6( -! !#$(n&!i-(- -! ( !#$o7(-() !#$( #! %!(iz(

#&+ini#$%(n-o 1&i-o y 7(%$1'&(# #5i-(# +i'%o+$%i'(# !n ( 8&n$(

0!%+$i'( -! ( !#$o7(-( 'on ! 9in -! o6#!%*(% ( no 7!n!$%('i5n

-! o# +i#+o#) -! o 'on$%(%io #! 'on#i-!%( &! ( *á*&( 0(

7!%-i-o !#$(n&!i-(-.

• P%&!6( -! !#$(n&!i-(- -! ( *á*&( 'on ! o6$&%(-o% !n 7o#i'i5n

-! 'i!%%!) +i-i!n-o ( '(n$i-(- -! (2&( -! 9&2( !n &n $i!+7o -(-o

y 'o+7(%án-o( 'on ( -(-( 7o% ! 9(6%i'(n$! -! ( *á*&(Q &n(

'(n$i-(- !x'!#i*( in-i'(%á &n -!#2(#$! (no%+( !n ! 'i!%%!

o6$&%(-o% (#i!n$o.

• P%&!6( -! 9&n'ion(+i!n$o -! ( *á*&() +!-i-( -! #& 0i#$%!#i#)

'(i6%('i5n -! ( +i#+( y 7%&!6( -! 7o#i'ion(-o%.

Co+o !# n($&%() (# %!#$(n$!# '(%('$!%1#$i'(# -! ( *á*&(

"-!$!%+in('i5n -! C* o K*) -!$!%+in('i5n -! ( +áxi+( 7%!#i5n

-i9!%!n'i( (-+i#i6! 'on ( *á*&( !n 7o#i'i5n -! 'i!%%!) !$'. #on

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+á# 6i!n -! in$!%# 7(%( ! 9(6%i'(n$! &! -!$!%+in( y 2(%(n$iz(

-i'0o# -($o# &! 7(%( ! &(%io.

FACTORES DE SELECCI[N

• Rá7i-( *!o'i-(- -! %!#7&!#$(

• M1ni+( 9%i''i5n

• Vi-( ,$i

• (6ii-(- (&$oi+7i(n$!

• M($!%i(!# -! 'on#$%&''i5n -! ( *á*&( %!#i#$!n$!# y

(-(7$(6!# ( (# 'on-i'ion!# (+6i!n$(!# -on-! *( ( o7!%(%.

• V!%#($ii-(- -! ( *á*&(

• In$!2%('i5n -! ( 1n!( o #!%i!# -! *á*&(# -! &n +i#+o

9(6%i'(n$!.

• O7'ion!# &! o9%!'! ( *á*&(: No%+(+!n$! (6i!%$()

no%+(+!n$! '!%%(-() 7io$o in$!%no) 7io$o !x$!%no) -i*!%#i-(- -!

*o$(8!#) !n$%! o$%(#.

• Di#7oni6ii-(- -! %!7&!#$o#.

•

R!('i5n 7%!'io *(o%.

CORROSI[N ` EROSI[N

No !xi#$! ('$&(+!n$! nin2,n +($!%i( &! %!#i#$( ( 'o%%o#i5n -!

$o-o# o# 9&i-o#) 7o% o '&( !n +&'0o# '(#o# !# n!'!#(%io &$iiz(% +($!%i(!#

'o+6in(-o# '&y( #!!''i5n -!7!n-!%á -! +!-io !#7!'19i'o -on-! -!6(n

$%(6(8(%.

C&(n-o ! +($!%i( %!#i#$!n$! ( ( 'o%%o#i5n !# '(%o o no (-!'&(-o)

7&!-!n &$iiz(%#! +($!%i(!# -! %!*!#$i+i!n$o) $(!# 'o+o 7á#$i'o#)

9&o%o'(%6on($o#) !(#$5+!%o#) *i-%io) 7o+o y $(n$(io. Co+o !# 52i'o) !

@@


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%!*!#$i+i!n$o no -!6! 9((% 7&!# ! 9&i-o ($('(%1( ! +!$( 6(#! y ( *á*&(

#! 7!%9o%(%1(.

CAUSAS DE LAS FALLAS

• L( *á*&( #! $%(n'() !#$o 7&!-! #!% -!6i-o ( (# #i2&i!n$!# '((#:

• A$( 9%i''i5n !n$%! ! o6$&%(-o% y ! (#i!n$o

• L(# *á*&(# no 7o#!! 6&!n( '(7('i-(- (&$oi+7i(n$!) 7o% o

$(n$o o# 'on$(+in(n$!# in$!%9i!%!n 'on ! -!#7(z(+i!n$o

o6$&%(-o%.

• V!n'i+i!n$o -! %!#o%$! 7o(%iz(-o% -! *á#$(2o "7!%-i-( -!

!(#$i'i-(-.

• L( *á*&( 7%!#!n$( 9&2(: E#$o 7&!-! o'&%%i% -!6i-o ( -!#2(#$! !n !

#!o &6i'(-o !n$%! ! o6$&%(-o% y ! (#i!n$o -! ( *á*&() $(+6in 7o%

o -! ('!i$! -! &6%i'('i5n -! ( 7(%$! +5*i in(-!'&(-o.

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UNIDAD VI

MICROCONTROLADORES

E! Mcroco#"ro!a$or

DEFINICI[N

E# &n !&i7o !!'$%5ni'o 7%o2%(+(6! &! 7!%+i$! 'on$%o(% !n

$i!+7o %!( y !n +!-io in-$%i( 7%o'!#o# #!'&!n'i(!#. E +i'%o'on$%o(-o% 7!%+i$! ( 7%o'!#o '&+7i% #& o68!$i*o -! $%(n#9o%+('i5n -! +($!%i(

PARTES

• P(n$(( (9(n&+%i'(

• P(n$(( -! 2%á9i'(#

• Con$%o!#

• T!'(-o#

FUNCIONES

R!(iz( -o# 9&n'ion!# !#!n'i(!#:

( Co+7(%( ( *(%i(6! +!-i-( 'on ( -! %!9!%!n'i( o -!#!(-( "7&n$o -!

'on#i2n( 7(%( -!$!%+in(% ! !%%o%.

6 E#$(6iiz( ! 9&n'ion(+i!n$o -iná+i'o -! 6&'! -! 'on$%o +!-i(n$!

'i%'&i$o# !#7!'i(!# 7(%( %!-&'i% o !i+in(% ! !%%o%.

FUNCIONAMIENTO BÁSICO BASADO EN MICROPROCESADOR

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;. Ci!%%! ! In$!%%&7$o% 'on+&$(-o% -! %!-. H#$! !n'!n-!%á ! 'on$%o(-o%.

=. F(+ii(%1'!#! 'on ! 7(n! 9%on$( -! 'on$%o(-o%. E 7(n! 9%on$(

'on$i!n! $o-o# o# (8$!# y 'on$%o!# -! o7!%(-o%: &n *i#&(iz(-o% (9(n&+%i'o) &n *i#&(iz(-o% 2%á9i'o y &n $!'(-o n&+%i'o.

>. L!'$&%( -! o# *(o%!# -! 2%á9i'o !n 6(%%(#: E *(o% n&+%i'o -! '(-(

2%á9i'o -! 6(%%(# 7&!-! *i#&(iz(%#! 7%!#ion(n-o ( $!'( SEL "S!!'$o%

#&'!#i*(+!n$!. C(-( *!z &! #! 7%!#ion( ( $!'() ! 7&n$o i-!n$i9i'(-o%

i&+in(-o #o6%! &n( -! o# 2%á9i'o# -! 6(%%(# #! -!#7(z( 0('i( !

2%á9i'o -! 6(%%(# (-y('!n$! y ! *(o% -i2i$( -! !#$! 2%á9i'o -! 6(%%(# #!

+&!#$%( !n !#! +o+!n$o !n ( 1n!( in9!%io% -! *i#&(iz(-o%

(9(n&+%i'o. L( #!'&!n'i( -! +o*i+i!n$o -! 7&n$o i-!n$i9i'(-o% -!

2%á9i'o -! 6(%%(# !# -! -!%!'0( ( iz&i!%-( "#(i-( ( +!-i'i5n ( 7&n$o -!

%!9!%!n'i( ( #(i-() !$'..

?. U$ii'! ( $!'( NM "A&$o+á$i'oM(n&( 7(%( 'oo'(% ! 'on$%o(-o% !n

'on$%o M(n&(. Con ( $!'( SEL 'oo&! ! 7&n$o i-!n$i9i'(-o% i&+in(-o

#o6%! ! 2%á9i'o -! 6(%%(# -! #(i-(. C(+6i! ( #(i-( !+7!(n-o (#$!'(# -! 9!'0( (%%i6( y (6(8o.

@. Con ( $!'( SEL 'oo&! ! 7&n$o i-!n$i9i'(-o% #o6%! ! 2%á9i'o -! 6(%%(#

-! 7&n$o -! %!9!%!n'i(. P%('$i&! !9!'$&(n-o '(+6io# -! 7&n$o -!

%!9!%!n'i( -! @) ;


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;


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=


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>


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@


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Ss"ema $e Co#"ro! $e Procesos

DEFINICIÓN

E# &n #i#$!+( &! ( $%(*# -! # -i*!%#o# 'o+7on!n$!# 'on$%o( *(%i(6!#

!n -i9!%!n$!# 7%o'!#o#.

COMPONENTES

Un #i#$!+( $17i'o 7(%( ! 'on$%o -! 7%o'!#o# 'on#$( -! &n 'on$%o(-o%) &n

!!+!n$o 7(%( ! 'on$%o 9in( &! +(ni7&( &n( *(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o (-(


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7(%( (8$(% ( *(%i(6! 'on$%o(-( y ( +!no# &n #!n#o% &! 7%o-&'! &n(

#!3( n!&+á$i'( o !!'$%5ni'( 7%o7o%'ion( ( ( *(%i(6! 'on$%o(-(.

L( #!3( -! %!9!%!n'i( !# &n *(o% -!#!(-o &! +(n$i!n! ! 'on$%o(-o%. E

'on$%o(-o% 7&!-! !#$(% !n +o-o +(n&( o (&$o+á$i'o. C&(n-o ( *(%i(6!

'on$%o(-( #! !n*1( ( 'on$%o(-o%) ! (zo -! %!(i+!n$('i5n #! 'i!%%( y !

'on$%o(-o% !#$( !n +o-o (&$o+á$i'o.

En +o-o (&$o+á$i'o) ! 'on$%o(-o% '('&( ( -i9!%!n'i( !n$%! (

*(%i(6! 'on$%o(-( y ( #!3( -! %!9!%!n'i(. E#$o #! -!9in! 'o+o ! !%%o%.

E !%%o% !# +(ni7&(-o 7o% (# 'o+7on!n$!#) 7%o7o%'ion() in$!2%( y

-!%i*($i*( -! 'on$%o(-o%. E 'on$%o(-o% 2!n!%( &n( #!3( -! #(i-( 7(%(

+ini+iz(% o !i+in(% ! !%%o% +!-i(n$! ! (8$! -! ( *(%i(6! +(ni7&(-(.

En +o-o +(n&( ! (zo -! %!(i+!n$('i5n !#$( -!#'on!'$(-o o

(6i!%$o. A#1) '(+6io# !n ( *(%i(6! 'on$%o(-( no (9!'$(n ( #(i-( -!

'on$%o(-o%. En +o-o +(n&() ( #(i-( -! 'on$%o(-o% #oo 7&!-! #!%

*(%i(-( +(n&(+!n$! 7o% &n o7!%(-o%.

L( (''i5n -! 'on$%o(-o% !# in*!%#( '&(n-o (n$! ! in'%!+!n$o -! (

*(%i(6! 'on$%o(-() ! !%%o% "#!3( -! %!9!%!n'i( +!no# *(%i(6! 'on$%o(-(

7%o-&'! &n( -i#+in&'i5n !n ( #(i-(.

En &n 'on$%o(-o% -! (''i5n -i%!'$() ! !%%o% %!#&$( %!#$(n-o ( #!3(

-! %!9!%!n'i( -! ( *(%i(6! 'on$%o(-(. Co+o %!#&$(-o) &n in'%!+!n$o !n (

*(%i(6! 'on$%o(-( '(( &n in'%!+!n$o !n ( #(i-( -! 'on$%o(-o%.

L( #!!''i5n -! 'on$%o in*!%#o o -i%!'$o -!7!n-! -! ( n($&%(!z( -!

7%o'!#o.


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Pro'ramac sca $e! Mcroco#"ro!a$or 8oJ%oro 2

E 7(n! 9%on$( -! &n 'on$%o(-o% 9ox6o%o 6(#(-o !n +i'%o7%o'!#(-o%

'on$i!n! $o-o# o# (8$!# y 'on$%o!#) &n( 7(n$(( (9(n&+%i'() &n(

7(n$(( -! 2%(9i'(# y &n $!'(-o.

E $!'(-o $i!n! $!'(#. T%!# -! !(# #on !#$(-o# -! 9&n'ion!# y (#

'in'o %!#$(n$!# #on +&$i9&n'ion(!#.

Si #! 'on9i2&%( &n 47 "'o+&ni'('i5n E#$('i5n -! T%(6(8oP(n! !n

! 'on$%o(-o% "!8!+7o) #i 4 o P $i!n!n ! in-i'(-o% i&+in(-o !# n!'!#(%io&! ! 'on$%o(-o% !#$! !n #i#$!+( P. En #i#$!+( 4 "4o%#$($ion) !# 7o#i6!

( 7%o2%(+('i5n 7o% 'o+7&$(-o%( y ! $!'(-o -! 7(n! no $i!n! nin2,n

!9!'$o. Si (# 9&n'ion!# 4P yo RL no !#$án 'on9i2&%(-(# !n ! 'on$%o(-o%)

( 7%!#ion(% ( $!'( -! (7i'('i5n) $(+7o'o $!n-%á !9!'$o y no #! 7%!#!n$(%á

i&+in('i5n !n ( 7(n$((.

E 'on$%o(-o% 7&!-! o7!%(% !n o# #i2&i!n$!# +o-o# o #i#$!+(#:No%+() R!(-) y S!$. Po% #& '(%á'$!% in-$%i() o# 7(%á+!$%o# 'on9i2&%(6!#

-! (''!#o !n ! #i#$!+( SET !#$án 7%o$!2i-o#. En ! +o-o R!(-) ! *(o% -!

o# 7(%á+!$%o# -! 7%o'!#o !#$án -i#7oni6!# 7(%( '&(&i!%( &! o7!%! !

'on$%o(-o%.

E +i'%o'on$%o(-o% Fox6o%o 7!%+i$! ! (''!#o ( *(%i(6!# PID)

1+i$!# -! ((%+() 1+i$!# -! 'on$%o(-o% y n&+!%o#(# 'on#$(n$!#) 7(#(n-o

7o% ( '(*! -! #!2&%i-(-. E#$o# *(o%!# i+i$!# #! (#i2n(n !n ( !#$%&'$&%(

OPTUNE.


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ILIO*RA89A


72/76


*LOSARIO DE TRMINOS TCNICOS

• Ca!%rac: A8$! -! ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o ( *(o%!# -!#!(-o#

-!n$%o -! &n( $o!%(n'i( !#7!'i9i'(-( 7(%( *(o%!# 7(%$i'&(%!# -! (

#!3( -! !n$%(-(.

• Tra#smsor : E# &n in#$%&+!n$o &! '(7$( ( *(%i(6! -! 7%o'!#o (

$%(*# -! !!+!n$o 7%i+(%io y ( 'on*i!%$! ( &n( #!3( -! $%(n#+i#i5n

!#$án-(%.

• F$ros""ca E# &n( 7%o7i!-(- &! 7o#!!n o# 1&i-o# !n %!7o#o)

-on-! no i+7o%$( ( 9o%+( -! %!'i7i!n$! &! o# 'on$i!n!) ( 7%!#i5n

!8!%'i-( !n ! 9on-o -! %!'i7i!n$! #i!+7%! !# ( +i#+(.

• Vara%!e co#"ro!a$a: E# ( *(%i(6! &! #! '(7$( ( $%(*# -!

$%(n#+i#o% y &! o%i2in( &n( #!3( -! %!(i+!n$('i5n.

• Mcroco#"ro!a$or : !# &n !&i7o !!'$%5ni'o 7%o2%(+(6! &! +(n!8(

&n !n2&(8! !#7!'19i'o -! 7%o2%(+('i5n ! '&( *(%1( #!2,n ( +(%'( -!9(6%i'(n$!.

• 8!o"a$or Di#7o#i$i*o -!#$in(-o ( 9o$(% !n &n 1&i-o 'on ( 9in(i-(-

-! in-i'(% ( ($&%( ('(nz(-( 7o% &n -!75#i$o o $(n&!.

• I#s"r(me#"o $e me$c $e "empera"(ra E# ! !!+!n$o #!n#o% -! (

$!+7!%($&%( -! 7%o'!#o y #! '(#i9i'( #!2,n ! %(n2o -! $!+7!%($&%( (

#!n#(%. Po% !8!+7o: $!%+5+!$%o# -! +!%'&%io) $!%+5+!$%o# 6i+!$ái'o#)$!%+5+!$%o# -! %!#i#$!n'i( -! %!#i#$!n'i() $!%+i#$o%!#) $!%+o7(%!#)

7i%5+!$%o# -! %(-i('i5n !n$%! o$%o#.


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• I#s"r(me#"o $e me$c $e #)e! E# ! !!+!n$o #!n#o% -! ni*! -!

7%o'!#o y #! '(#i9i'( #!2,n ! +$o-o &$iiz(-o) ! '&( 7&!-! #!%:

Di%!'$o) 7o% 7%!#i5n 0i-%o#$á$i'( o 7o% (# '(%('$!%1#$i'(# !'$%i'(# -!

1&i-o.

• I#s"r(me#"ac I#$(s"ra! E# ! 'ono'i+i!n$o -! ( 'o%%!'$( (7i'('i5n

-! o# !&i7o# !n'(+in(-o# 7(%( (7oy(% ( &(%io !n ( +!-i'i5n)

%!2&('i5n) o6#!%*('i5n y $%(n#9o%+('i5n -! &n( *(%i(6! -(-() !n &n

7%o'!#o 7%o-&'$i*o.

• Vara%!es $e Proceso E# ( '(n$i-(- o 'on-i'i5n -! 7%o'!#o) *(%i(-(

7o% ! !!+!n$o o !!+!n$o# 9in(!# -! 'on$%o.

• E! error $e a#'(!ar$a$ D!#*i('i5n -! o# 7&n$o# -! ( '&%*( -! o#

*(o%!# -! #(i-( -! in#$%&+!n$o 'on %!('i5n ( ( %!'$( &! %!('ion( (

*(%i(6! -! !n$%(-( 'on ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o i-!( #in !%%o% y

'oin'i-i!n-o o# -o# !n o# 7&n$o# < y ;


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ILIO*RA8IA

C%!) So!. I#s"r(me#"ac I#$(s"ra!. Coo+6i(. E-i$. A!


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*LOSARIO DE TRMINOS TCNICOS

• Ca!%rac: A8$! -! ( #(i-( -! &n in#$%&+!n$o ( *(o%!# -!#!(-o#

-!n$%o -! &n( $o!%(n'i( !#7!'i9i'(-( 7(%( *(o%!# 7(%$i'&(%!# -! (

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• Vara%!es $e Proceso E# ( '(n$i-(- o 'on-i'i5n -! 7%o'!#o) *(%i(-(

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'oin'i-i!n-o o# -o# !n o# 7&n$o# < y ;

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