manual engleza anu i zootehie
TRANSCRIPT
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18
suffix
-ise
sadness,
-ncss is
-ist is
-ist |a
-c rAor
-
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tngbih
2 9 f o u n d
1
1
arc
3 5h e
4
1
$ 1
8 $ 1
privatised*
5h i s f i rm ha - (
5 &e r only faul t is
6 5h e Cl u b r e f us e s t o a d m it a n yo n e n o t ! e a ri n s h o e s$ 5 h e Cl u b
: o s t o f h i s
sentences$ /se
6 a type!riter 4 a C ; p l a y e r
8$ \ht
t he re i n y our l i s t
8$ = 9 $ is l
8$ > f a c h
p e r s on t o ! h o m
5h e t h i n t h $ i t
d i c t i ona ry ( i ry
9 * s c
l , o a n y o f t he
the -trl-ar, -ee and 4H
Exercises
suff ixes to ma+e die
l o o + i n
Example: A pe rs on !h o p l a y s j a ? ?
! i p e s r a m
6 A p e r s o n
5 A pe rs on !h o t a +e s pro f e s s i ona l phot ora phs $
A A person !ho acts in
2 5h e p e r so n t o ! h o m a c h e @ u e
A ma c h i ne f or ! a s h i n d i s he s $
7 A person who dona t e s i hc i r
a letter i s
pi c t ure i s o f a n ob j e c t e nd i n i n -er.
s ix j obs y ou ! oul d l i +e t o ha v e i n orde r o f p re f e re nc e $ & o !
o h n a m e s n ot h a 3 c
these !ord s mean a thin(
a c o o + e r 5 a t ic+et- holde r 2
4
8 $ C o m p e t e e a ch o f t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s b y c h a n i n t h e ! o r d s u n d e r l i n e d i n
a suff ix f rom the le f t -hand pae and m a +e
c r i m e s c a n b e f o r iv e n$
re fuses 9
anyone not !earin sht ics
that she i s
produc e d a
recent years
the ho o+ very easy and pleasant to$ r f f j j $
8$ B Ca n y ou t h in+ o f a ny t h i n i n y our c ount ry ! hi c h s houl d benationalisedstandardised, modernised,
8$ )hic h !ord is
1 b r o t h e r h o o d n e i h b o u r h o o d m a n h o o d p r i e s th o o d
6 tearful spi te ful d readful hand ful
D a p po i n t m e nt i nvo l vement c o m p l i m e n t ar ranement
! ors h i p + i ns h i p f r i e nds h i p pa r t ne rs h i p
Vocobuhr
i
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mb way
ex-wrte
man
two.
of
Mere
il-
I When
Prefixes art-
Prefixes
often used ro gin
cirnifortahleAincomfttrtablc.Other examples are 'unjust', 'inedible*,
knoing hich prefix an! adjecti"e ill use
you k*m
# in- becomes im-
impartial,
before .$ ord beginning ith
illiterate.
# %he prefix in- &and its "ariations docs not ala!s ha"e .$ negati"e meaning - often
gi"es the idea
%he prefixes un- and dis- can also form the opposite*
appear(disappear.
more examples) disagree,
dispro"e,
are examples of other prefixes in
h!phen. heck in
anti-war antisocial
or by onese
twiceformer
out o
autograph auto-pilot autobiography
bicycle bilateral bunnual
ex-smoker ex-bou
extract exhale excommurncate
mKro-castette
/
too much
after
before
in favour of
false
again or backhalf
under
not enough
overdo overtired oversleep overeat
postwar postgraduate post-impressionist
preconceived pre-war pre-udge
pro-government
pseuoo-sciemific
submarine subdivisionunderworked underused undercooke
Knowing aboui
!" #nffan
disappro"e,
'dislo!al'.
disbelie"e,
dis+ualif!, unbend,
bctorc
%.
$dftcrivci
nfortunatel!,
.$ root beginning ith'm'
improbable. imilarl!
e.g. irreplaceable,
of inside or into. e.g. internal,
disconnect,
undo, undress, unfold, unload,
a new *d%&'uv*
or 'p
in-
a negati"e
con"enient(incon"enientthere is
note down
e.g. immature,
becomes ir-
irre"ersible,
import,
of "erbs,
%hese prefixes are used to re"erse the action of the
discredit,
unlock,
laigiish.
pseudo-intellectual
retype reread replace rewind
semicircular semi
Vocobutor,
or .in
whether it h u in
illegal,
insert,
dislike,
un"eil,
m
opposite meaning.(otand similar(dissimilar are oppos
no eas! a!
to torm its opposite.
opposite formed with a prefix an
impatient,
before a ord beginning ith
illegible,
income.
e.g. tic(untie,
"erb. Mere
dismoun
unrap,
ome of these ords are used ith a
a dictionar! if !ou're not sure.
anubtoue
b-)ngual
microwave microscopicmisunderstand mistranslate misinform
monotonous monologue monogamous
multi-national multi-purpose multi-media
pro-revolutionary
-final semi-detached
#nglish prefixes can helpyou to understand the meaning o unfamiliar word
)se %)ppef-&ferme*me
exam
vo. what itk>
/,it
arc so
u
prefix mantag exomplr s
anti
auto
bi
m
exmicro
mis
mono
molti
over
post
+*$&
propseudo
re
semi
sub$ do
against
,
f
small
badly wrongly
oe.nngtc
d
s
f
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.of*/
5
0
I 1he
0
2 3 3 kind
n ,is
4
2
I
5 . 2
6
0
Vocobulary
6ollow-up0 6ind
,e made so many mistakes in
7 8hes still on good terms with
9 ,e dated
3ost people say they have
Example: ,es
1.2 )sing the table opposite construct words or phrases 2"
7 ,ow does a passenger aeroplane normally
What kind
1.3 :nswer the following ;uestions.
ph on e was be ca use he di dn t pa y hi s
It look the removal men an hour . ..< hristinas
Example: I
1.4 )se ihe
7 .K66.
going to be hard to his story. +(LM# ?
Nueen the new statue. +M6.IO?
our things +mm the van. +O :P?
last bill.
answers are all 222
of oven cooks things particularly fastF
of drug can help somebody with an infectionF
4 What kind of company has branches in
$
4 What is a student who is studying for a second degreeF
fC
replace the underlined words.
favour of the :merican approach. .
QQ> tries to avoid pronouncing foreign words incorrectly.
work too
che;ue wiih
be he r hu sb and .
the letter that he
prefix in
)se +)ppeRerme:Kei
fair in
Sot .ill
6,es very*
always find her
greiy
poin t. 5 Im sure shes hyaT
-
giving iiidgcment.
What word means underground railway* in the )8 and underground passage
hard hi l
$ date thai
> opposite )w
hul
for
after a
m a n y
222
m
A
the words you
manH .@,3Q3O
efficient.
responsible.
our help.
to the firm.
4 8hes always obedie nt. 2" ,es a ttdeani person.
means unable to read or w rite.
not favouring one
the sentences. :dd the necessary pref ix and put th e
bl oo d te st . +N):OI6U?
I>SSK>1
the table opposite.
countriesF
the )K
IksRQ-:- raowv.
i f f . Wf@
later ih.in
had to write i t again.
dKlioniry
need .ire on die left-.
.
side.
?
?
.
IW l ink-
the real date-
if necesur y
!2
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f ngbth
advertise
depor
1l,
I his
8he
7 P89.88 %
@apan
,o w
Ihc
hack
I
11c
sonic of ihc
1he government have
tr ied the
po li ce su sp ec te d he
3any words in
8oots
Knglish
fairly formal in
ringhsh
seeH looUou should respect your parent* / the bws of a countryH
was guilty hut they had no proofH
3any pioneers travelled west in
new make of cotlce
%
3issionaries went to :frica to convert people to >hristianityH
royal scandal diverted
are you going to transport your things to tlic
Qritain imports cotton and exports wool. %huys
8he was educated at a very small private schoolH
,e conducted ihc
pr od uc es a lo t of el ec tr on ic e; ui pmen t. %n ukes %
pres sH pu sh
was impressed by his
weather depresses me.
8he always expresses hcrscll
meeting has been postponed until next weekH1he king was deposed by his
imposed a si/eable
1he examples above are of verbs only. Sote that for all the verbs listedH
least one noun and at least one adective as well. ,ere arc
person noun
:bstract noun
inspector
advertiser3upcctme
advertising
inspection
advertisement
tintroduce
oppress
compose
deporteeintroducer
oppressor
composer
deponedintroductory
oppressive
composite
deportationintroduction
oppression compos
Vocobuhrf
ar c formed
tax increaseH
t r o m O m n
hut I
very
roots. 1hese
+had a
soon reverted to inv
.ittention
8tatesF
orchestra with
%makes
articulately. %pnts
Vchanged
+put
tr.-rn tin-
sonic
m )ie
words arc often considcrc
Knglish. ,ere are some examples of the more common I
words derived from them
+look up to%
feeling?
:merica to prospect for gold. %*carch
old favourite brandH
+change belictsl
po li ti ca l cr is is . %t oo k ane nti on
%scnd across
in. sells out%ur opinions arc supponcd by a considerable amount of research. %hed up
+went to school
great vigour. %led %
presen ta tion . %f u l l of ad mi ra tion an d re sp ec tT
me feel miserablc
her thoughts into words?
to a later datc%own son. %put off the throne%
into forceT
there is usuall
examples.
+)ppcf-miefmedREe
aim ro ots H w
.
ts m %
%
MI , I turn
+wc
a w a
arrvHI,KI
leadIK & . I K t 1
%
l
placeH p u ttx*stH IEI3
verb od/ectft r
inspect H
i-on
?
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'or)i
example pnnse o3
9
= 9
1
de" do(n,
intro" (ithin,
9
5he
3
end1I$>
18$1
Vxobu)u
Jollo!-up"J3#K
support put off opp &e al!ays seems to oppose everythin 9
She*s a very
in(ard o$ ob"against in$ im"
I$= Can you !or+ out the meanins of the underlined !ords in the sentences
belo! 5o help
MM-NNNNNNNNNNN-NN
B 5he ne!-
tax N
:ay 9
5he maa?ine seems to have nothin in
reimes$ 0P6SS,
> &e !as Q
1 5he dictators behaviour
Jill in the n$ips
presented in
Complete
3F
clo!
it but N$
in 0he
E$
Exercises
as much as possible til
/se a dictionary to help you if necessary
person noon
sentences belo! usin !ords based on the root in brac+ets at theof the sentence
is typical of that of leaders of NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
from the
for cosmetics$ 0V6#5
you to the manain director 09F/C
decided 9
ta+e-a!ay pi??a place has a
offer$ 0;/C,
Eefore you buy a ne! house be
8 5chai+ovs+y NG
some !onderful ballet music$ 0OS6
you$ here are the meanins of the main Ratin prefixes"
in. into re.
rom ex"out sub"under trans"across
introspective person and her husband*s also very uuroverted
suest$
healthy to repress one*s emotions too much$
4 erhaps you can deduce !hat the !ord means from the !ay it
She tried hard to suppress a lauh$ She transposed
are some !ords based on Ratin roots and their t!o part verb e@uivalents$ :atch
each !ord !ith its synonym(
loo+ at cut do!n deposit hold up
postpone turn a!ay inspect o aainst divert reduce put do!n
three other !ords
sentence fcr each one
/se i/pp3c3.em2ed!teK
based on each I3
/SA for havin
the roots teed 32
!hich
the table !ith other forms of some
political
a fored passport$ 0OP5,
o!ed a lot of money$ 0S6C5
very ood
sure to
it thorouhly$ 0S#C5
again, hac)
is formed$
the music for the flute$
in each pair is more formal
A opposite )rite an
of the !ords
$
+trt & abstract n
convert
produce
conduct
impreii
convert
produce
conduct
impreii
convert
produce
conduct
impreii
convert
produce
conduct
impreii
convert
produce
conduct
impreii
convert
produce
conduct
impreii
lupportlupportlupportlupportlupportlupport
9mpose9mpose9mpose9mpose9mpose9mpose
$
,
,
l
,
,
$
>=
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Lnjinh
:ootH it down m
it
.
1he
adust
I lere
-mentH
-ncss
8ulfixcs
Uou will
your vocabulary book wtth
,ere are some examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes.apprenticeship
com
1he suffix -ih
Oess common suffixes that
and ity.
>ertain suffixes are used
can touch. 6or exampleH
:n $3)38
th*
Abstract nouns
noun represents .in
happinessH
and trousers are not.
are letters added to the end of words to nuke
fre;uently
1he suffix -ion sometimes becomes -lion.
and -ion. are usually used to make
1he suffixes -ncss and -iiy
are some
achievementaggressiveness
mentamaement
collection
combinationattractiveness
bitte rne ss
anonymity-
complexit
discouragementimprovement
investment
replacement
retirement
illusionimagination
produc tion
recognition
reduction
carelessnessconst
friendliness
tenderness
ugliness
curiosity
generosity
hostility
prospe ri ty
sensitivity
form abstract nouns are -shipH
suffixes -ship
is added to an adective
with cither
membershipownership
pa rtne rshi p
relationship
bo re dom
freedom
kingdo
adulthood
br ot her ho od
childhood
moihcrh'*C
3any abstract nouns do not use any suffi
all. ,ere are some examplesH
belieffear
principle
sight
new adective. find
ad%&>)v*.for
find more examples of the use of suffixes in )nits 8 and 2 " and of abstractin )nits X7
Mbco3ory
id e H experience or ;uality
intention and shock -ire
-dom. -th
d
neighbourhood
I
exampleH
in
-sion. -aiion
warmH
m Utr
rather than an obect that
abstract nouns but pen.
new words .
abstract nouns. 1he most common are -ment
or -itinn
verbs into abstract nouns.
are added to adectivesH
examples of abstract nouns using those suffixes
and -hood
to form an abstract noun and -dom can comb
a noun or an adective.
m
martyrdom
stardom
wisdom wo?manhoo
warmth +abstrac
and 3
fljpptt-murmeiouf
$
$
.
.
action absurdity
y
tousncs s
.
and -hood arc usually added to other nouns to form abstract nouns
pan ionsh ip
breadth
depth
length
strength
warmthwidth d
angerfaith
luck
sense
calm
humour
rage
speed
out if hai Y
chance
idea
reason
thought
rvoun?.
.
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'3)$
. 1 $2
=
1>
11
1>
1I
1=
1
1 $>
1
9 D !in 9
! li$it is the
Exercises
abstract noun related to each of the
formed in
tender riv excited
= +ind scai
amusedB raceful
attentive19happy
11
e@ual 1 hopeful
DD hich
tTA:9t
collection intensity action
> emptiness strenth 8 excitenu-n o!nership 11
= satisfaction B boredom adjustment
On the opposite pae(follo!in nouns$
tTA:4f
1 astonishment 0-mem,
> in@uisittvcncss / lameH vision 0no suffix,
1I
fraternity 0-hood,
possibility 0no suffix,decrease 0-lion,
T community 9-hood
fury 0no suffix,
!ealth 0-ity,
$ Complete each of the @uotations !ith one of the !ords in
imitation advice injustice +indom daritnes
1 *Eetter to liht a candle than to curse the
> *;o not as+ of the inorant$
*better to suffer than to commit it$
* is
*9t*s easy to overn a
)rite your o!n @uotations to describe the follo! in abstract nouns$
sayin in your o!n lanuae that you could translate into #nlish
1 freedom > love = life
Jollo!-up" Jind
Vocabularm
!ays
find
described
a synonym
on the opposite pae
!ith the
follo!in adjectives$*
althouh not $ill
suffix in brac+ets(
the sincercst
All the
verb3
it lean one more noun usin each o3
Rft3
nouns arc
arc listed opposite$
oriinal
8 stupid
popular
arc related to these abstract nouns
arument OUK
H production
resentful
9f3
imaination
for each of the
animosity 0-ity,
substitution 0-mcnt
liberty l-dom
*
form of flattery$*
but difficult
to rule one*s family$*
erhaps you +no! a
curiosity imainatio
the suffinei
f/pOf-Tfrneox#c,
. . $ i
11$5
u
re 1> !ea+
R
i
aisc
hefl:lj
,
l-ity, l-dom,
,
,
the bo
i
*
*
n
3i E and C
>
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sentence
1h i s
1 h a t
hc a ncd % kmd %
shin H
h ipped.
hiiCc eyed.
22
,ere is
it
descnbmg
e x a mp l e H
iwo-faced
3elissa was absent-minded
w e l l -d re sse d H
someone or
Ahypocritical % H
ompound adjecti"es
: c o m p o u n d ad e c ti v e
ne ve r -e nd ing . i nd
c o m b i n e s . 1 h e s e c o n d p ar t o f t h e a d e c t i v e i s f r e ; u e n t l y a p re se nt o r p a s t
: large
a r a t h e r f a r - f e t c h ed d es c r i p t i o n o f
compound
1'nn was a curly-hairedH
rosy-cheekedH
hyphen before
a noun but notafter
br oad -s ho ul der ed H
long-legged. I 3 , S
young ma n .
bran d-ne w. ti gh t-fi t t ing ea ns
and open-toed sandals.
well known
t h er c o m p o u n d ad i c c t i u - s
% fo rge t fu l % .
and ;uick-wit ted % imel l igcni %
tc l f -eenired
: no th e r spe c i a l g r oup o f c ompou n d a d e ct ive s ha s a p re pos i t i o n in it s
1 h e w or k er s
n ce t h e re w e r e
s tude n t s pa re n t s a re ve ry w e l l -o f f bu t t he y don t g ive hi m
a l w a y s c o m p l a i n i n g o f b e i n g h ar d - u p .
I
a re a w a s o r u c
, e r e a r e s o me o t h e r c o m po u n d
a i r - c on d i t i o n e d r o o m s b u l l e t- p r o o f w i n d o w s o n th e p r e s i d en t s c a r
c u t - p r i c e g o o d s i n
in t e res t - f r ee c re d it l a s t -minu te r e v i s ion fo r
r e m o t e - c o nt r o l l e d t o y c a r s e c on d - c la s s t i c ke t s o - c a l l e d e x p e r t s u g a r - f r e e d i e
t i m e - c o n s u m i n g w r i t i n g o f r e p or t s l o p - s e cr e t
U o u c a n v a r y t h e c o m p o u n d a d e c ti v e s l i s t e d b y c h a n g i n g o n e
c u r ly - h ai r e d H
f i r s t - c l a ss + t i c ke t ?
W he n yo u
something you knowH
second-hand
!X #nffaft
% cgousik .a l %
i s ma de up o f tw o pa r t s . I t i s u sua l ly w r i t t e n w i th
s h o c k i n g - p i n k . I ts m e a n i n g i s
a noun
+e.g. a
de sc r ibe
easy-going Arelaxed?H
and stuck-up %vnohbish
d e c l a r a t i o n o f a n a l l - ou t
f i e ld s he re bu t now i t s
l o ve t h e s e s h o e s a n d . a l t h o u gh t h c C r e
p rosp er ous bu t it
a d e ct ive s wi t h
l o ng - ha i re d H
come across a compound ad%e'liv*
for example. 3ara b
car. (ersonating
Voco!ory
3 i r i n g a n
t h e v i l e s
the words in this way will
m "#t
a h v p h e n
u s u al l y c l ea r f r o m t h e
n u m b e r o f c o m p o u n d a d e c t i v e s d e s c r ib e p e r s o n a l a p p e a r a n c e .
a p e r s on st a r t i ng fr o m t h e h e a d d o wn .
well-
known $-ngf
sun - t a nne d H
thin-lippedH
l e f t -ha nde d H
ope n -ne c ke d
a pe r son s c ha ra c t e r
good-tempered % chcerful %.
l c o l lo;uu l ? %
s e c o n d p a r t .s t r i k e f o r c e d
a t o t al l y b u i lt - u p a r e a
m u c h m o n e y
w o r n - o u t . I c a n t t h r o w t h e m
n o w l o o k s v e r y r u n - d o w n .
t y p i c a l n o u n s .
d u ty - f re e c i ga r et t es h a n d - n u d e
a n e x a m l o ng - di s ta n c e l o r r y d r i v e
l o n g - s t an d i n g r e l a t i on s h i p o f f - p e a k t r a i n t r a v e l p a n - t i m e i o b
i n f o r m a ti o n w o r ld - f am o u s f i l
p a n o f t he a d e c t i ve H
r e d - ha i r ed a n d s t r a i g h t - h a i r e d Y
a n d fi r s t - b o r n + c h i l d ? .
that you want to learnH
curly-haired. ur
help you to learn them.
%Uppet-ixtmxxnt
p r t i c i p
S1 #
but 1hai linger
?
slun-
.
w a
i fpe rhap s a li tt le bi g- he ad ed Ip to ud of he rsc lf l
a t
Ocam a n a ge m e n t t o i m p r o v e c o n d
.
an
a w a y .
c l o t h e s
f i r s t - ha n d + k n o w
w r i t e & dow n & ap h r a t
&
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n*sh
2 ! . D
X
7
2
2 ! - X
2 ! - 4
@
2
tW3 S I
clement as
2 ! . 7
2 ! - 9 I
2 ! . !
dull
2 ! - 2
I
! 1he two cars were involved in a head-
8hes done
Would
Isnt she rather
Is he working
:nswer the ;uestions by
ist as many compound adectivesH
(ut the words in # opposite into any
6ill the blanks with the words from the
the
Exerci'e'
box to fo rm ne w
dictionary if necessary.
bald brigh
fir*
hot hin
0 /nited0ations
stress falls on
the lut.' Erime
E :emberofe g She wor&sfor the =.A
heard .t on theFF
three cases,
pronounced as indiidual letters"numbers
=. A (>SA Ml*
Some abbreiations arc
0orth Atlantic
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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dngfcsn
1
1
11
1
on
2 Otp 1299
1B$
=) 0eit
:ay 9 remind you that
.
.
6I$ @air
l
. 4$1
acronyms(
Jollo!-up" Chee+
B$S (
N)plain1-
purchase(
>B8=, 4E
ai ne! tab e@uipnient
:emo from7
1 FSc 6 F. 5 r T e) t$
B$> UU hai
Borchridgc
ister A$
Hhat things in
or$ K
i e$ !3!i
ne! 3ems
thou&
=fcoa
thcUc
!hether the dictionary
must be nothod
:r Pichard &eod
6 s
0:;,
E$ cldmm
Exercises
addresses arc normall! ahhrc
$1 0$
lat number 2 care
=rescent 4$
Ercsion
do these ahhrc
according to groups
2 =O 4 a
4$5 '
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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sno!
+cypal7
lun+
jusi 0o r
=B ngt"Bh
individuals havin their o!n des+s,
!ailpcrson"
hot-des+in"
do!n-si?in" reducin the sic
politicians or other public fiures
dcclulterin7
danerous
road rae"
docusoap" a television enre sho!in people oin about their ordinary live3
cvbercafe"
had hair day" a day !hen everythin oes !ron and you feel
drop-dead
video joc+ey 0VK,7
!heels in
cope !ith
information fatiue syndrome" 9
e-commercc"
surfin the net "
a + ind
e-mail" unsolicited material(
cyberspace" the realm !here electronic data are sorted or transmitted
!ords and expressions and ne!
fun `Fr usually because somethin
4o lanuae stands
t i n -
uses of
ne! i s
4e! !ords in 6nlish
still $ 4e!
invented$ Eelo! are some
old !ords$ 4ote that all these ne! !ords hbeen in use for at least a fe! years before the publication of this hoo+$
Science( technoloy and medicine
b y c o m p u te r
such as adverts( sent by
of penfnend
explorin the !orld-!ide !e
business based on the 9nternet
mouse potato" someone !ho spends a lot of time in front of a computer(
condition of psycholoical stress induced by tryin
too much information
eatin disorder" a venous disturbance i n
6ntertainment
hoardin" lidin on sno!
upriht on a lare sinle s+i
in -line s+atin" roller-s+atin
or roller-bladin
a straiht line
a 5V presenter
ofmusic videos
audio boo+" an audio recordin of a boo+ read aloud - sometimes i n
oreous" inspirin admiration for someone*v
unattractive
Social trends
cafe !here customers can eat and drin+ and also
extreme aner experienced by drivers in stressful conditions( resultin i
drivi n or attac+s on other drivers
sinleton" an unmarried man or ! oma n
span
art of discardin unnecessary items
off-messae" depa rtin from the official party line
rey
6mployment
of a company or oranis$ition$
the practice of sharin des+s or !or+stations bet!een !or+ers 0rather
!aiter or !aitress
Vocobuloy
eatin habits ottcn
doctor" someone !hose job it is 1I
caused bv
manipulate popular opinion in
! o r d s
vote(
m / 4
and expression3 are al!ays bein created(
relatively
that you exchane e-mails !ith rather than letters
especial[, I p h o n e t i c s y m b o l 3
is not real ly necessar y to learn
pron oun c e d $ Vo! e ls a rc i mpo r t a nt bee $
ma ny d i f f e re nt ! a y s "
i$ $ $ $ e met c
* s or rv % o m lose (
Z & 9 U / "
U
$" $
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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fngfish
X
2
2[ .X
2
I
8
D I w ish I
ft
t
2
I
2
2
2 [ .2
down with th&*
pronouncing Uou m-ht
6ollow-up0 :re there
ph ot og ra ph ph ot og ra ph y ph ot og ra ph er ph ot og ra ph ic al ly
! telephone telephonist
9 oology oologist oologica
! k a i x 3r a d
mssal
[.4 Write
Pespite the disgraceful v
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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Anv m with
$ckle. -gglc.
gash +.2 l on g deep
so
-ash
tiny
mouth?H
cl-
gr- ai
It the
7" #ngfaft
;uick short twistings?.
e.g. trickle
andviolentH
+come out in
drops either by the wind
knocking together?.
when metal obiects
metallic noiseH
at the beginning of a word can suggest something sharp and/or metallicH e.g. click
+make a short sharp souiid%.
or people expressing disagreement or boredom%H
%make .2
the Ivcginning
peep pi0p
usually signifies a longerH
sound. If it
vowel sound in
examples
aQfeltoptk
clang
i s
Onomatopoeic ords
words .ire
arc verbs relating to the
an onomatopoeic word is
long +indicated in
slower sound. >ompare pip pip
which is
>ertain combinations of letters have particular sound associations in
of a word can suggest
deep sound forced out by pain
tempered way?H
growl Vmake a
%make a loud ringing noise% H
not as loud as a clang?H
strike togetherTH clink Amake the sound of small bits
,orses go clip-clop
splutter +make a seties
or some instrumentTH
a sudden burstT.
wh- at the beginning of a word often suggests the movement of airH e.g. whistle %a high-
pi tche d no ise made by +orc in g
piec e of rope or leather or to hi t wi th
at the end of a word can suggest something fast
e.g. smash Abreak violently intosmall piecesTH dash Amow
as to break or inureH
cut or wound?.
or /le
%to +low in
sile %in.ikc
in fat?H drile +smallH
Mbeobutory
air or steam through a small openingl. whirr +sound likea birds wings moving rapidly?H whi +make the sound of something rushing through
air?H wheee
N33>
a thin
which seem
on the road.
sp- at the beginning of a word can have an association with
Ibreathe noisily especially with
stream or drops?H
ii sound like
clash %make a loudH
water or other li;uids or
po wdersH e. g. sp la sh +cau se a li;u id to fly ab out in drop s? H
a whistling sound in
crackle +make a scries
a hissing sound like
their
or be
meaning. 1he
noises which animals makeH
the International (honetic :lphabet by 0?
which is a
something unpleasant or miserableH
or despair%.
brokenH
spit +send
the chestTH
moved
violently?H crash Asuddenly strike
violent? and noisilyTH
of short crackingsounds%. tinkle Amake a succession ot light ringing soundsTH giggle %laugh
something
P5"3
shortH it
d e e p H
mash
t
lightly
n )sf
obvious
e.g. cows moo and
usually signifies a shortH sharp
then the word
short sound with
a long sound
Knglish
e.g. groan
grumble %complain
grumpy %bad-tempered%. grunt +make a low. rough sound like
threatening
clank %makc a dull
contused noise as
of metal or glass
li;uid out from ilie
of spitting sounds%H spray Vsend li;uid through the air in
sprinkle %scatter small drops?H
whip +long
one of these?.
ba sh +s tr ike heav il y
%makesoft or pulpy by beating or crushing?H
the end of a word can
suggest something light and repeatedH
%H wriggle
cooking
fine rainT
tUppt.-tnutme/#
horses
.
.
in a bad-
pigs do.
sound?.
spurt
.
&
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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N"ifHi
ip-
18$4
.
$ .
.
18$T
5
.
18$5
.
T
. .
. She
18$6 UU
eer
18$1
H)of)riar,
or wichollow-up#Coo& V
Eair
8$2 tt hai
T Spea& up$ Oon't mjiiubjc#couldn't concentrate on the pla! because of the rustle
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FF F
P)
I
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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tnhh
l $ i
9
9
&e3s
B
9 here is
9
)rite
9; 9 ts
3
1
riavh
9
Vocobvbr
$$ $ >a
)hy is history-
)hat do you et if you cross a
part of each of these children*s jo+es !ith
&omophones and homoraphs arc at 0he root of many jo+es in Jnlish$
rcil
= *pric+iis
TA:R6>H$= )rite
8 ;on*t thro! a!ay that orane pi" l $
oin i3ru"
Ret*s pfit+lis
ou are not \.F\
G &e bro+e a pent
a hole in
) atchin 5V ame sho!s is
9TA:JR6
the !ord in phonetic script in the correct spellin
@uite hard to yrijid
!ound the rope around the tree to strenthen it
)hat a ro!7
B &e*s the lead
5he violinist in
ou so!
9t*s no use$
> 5he main house hli/SSS
5he irl 9
choose ihc
underlined
m 0ht
ihc
peil A t v3s ifjrf5 xt), dfv nDt !noZone
9 need it
9
0or
siner in the roup *RsjK
liye$ !ith
from the
6xercises
!ord rhyme
matchintc
+no!s a ood pub !ith
$1 collection of rare sumps(
9 can*t /AC
the seeds
the ho! tie
pipinZ-
last house in
S ;ocs he still suffer from his !ar !ound 0foundtuned
aainst 0he
in the sails in
the context$
really must do
such a !cisl
the s$nFl
of lass in the +itchen !indo!$
5he eldest son ot the monarch is
to tal+ durin the test$
our s!immin toether this
a rather difficult fci
for a recipe$
sentence usin both of the Dsords correspondinof !ry y
!ain
B brci+
:atch the first
second pan and then explain the play on
!ords involved in each$
sheep and a +anaroo l et*s play drauhts$
)hat did the south !ind say to the north !ind A drum ta+es a lot of heatin
)hy did the man ta+e his pencil to bed A !oolly jumper
the s!eetest lesson &e
Choose pairs of !ords from 0$* opposite to describe the pictures belo!(
=a
6#pxt%!0crmedotp,
!ilh$
-*xb
or sounds similar to(
this adet(
!hile 9 teed the so!$
the ro!
this !ind-
some more exercise
the e$ZF
a)oKj
one of 0he !ord3
liye$ music$
tool7 a butt-
ale(
or
t o
tit thef)
H +
in brac+ets7
0neivc
0mousebro!se,
0snoocjuice
0co!o
0no!so,
0headdeed,
0plouhthouh
0roundspooned9
0findtinned
9*ll never lose!el
of time$
of my shoe$
the throne
evenin$
at the moment$
phonetic scripl$of 33my$
sai
8 prei
!anted to dra! the curtains$
)hat*s the best birthday present Eecause it*s full of dates$
a
19 1
# # T
!ord$
,
,
l
,
l
,
l
$
l
*
2V=
> iiv
matt*1I rci
$
$
.h b
=
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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& E
I
I
I
:fter
I
'nippcm in
:s I was
While I
wrntcnY
1he city is
I was in
Ii
I
Qefore I
Qy the
last met him
1he new
Pinner will
met rolls
1he moment/the minute I
:s soon as weve
When Im rich
6ollowing my visit to Qei%ing.
,e fell ill
Puring d'n-s
Puring and throughout are different0
Puring the
and more precise than as or ust a v
Whenever I
8he was entering at the
saw her ust as she
driving to work. I
now called 1hatchers
the office from 0..$F.
was nice
had written to her prior 2"
Qefore going to work I
;G$to
lime I
in l`84 .
b e
I
war. I liscd in
svatch
saw
illc.
I was
retireH I
computers are arriving soon. 1ill
reads in
at Kens wedding. n that
saw his
pa ck ed we ca n le av eH
very time / the vers moment I
6ormerly it
to be in
Work I
svill
thenH
face I
w a s
ted ihe cat . %*
Menise.
% im e
One thing before another
clause0 K3
wrote some letters. %&
meeting the committee.
(reviously Id only been
would be
out earlier on. %beforc
+irahtown.
used when
%hings happening at the same time
waitedH I read the newspaper. %or. more formal0 While waitingH Iand readin g happen togetherR
an accident. %:s describes the background
the foreground. :s cannot be
was turning the corner. Iprecise
was leavingH
a sad film.
Publin. 1hroughout the warH
not specif?
be(innin(
One thing after another:fter I d locked up. I went to bed. %or. more formal0 :fter locking upY we do not usualls
having locked up ...*. which is very formal style.?6irst we went to theatre. 1hen / :fter thaiH
and was admitted to hospital. ,e died soon afterwards. %ln these two examples.
after thai
bo ught se ve ra l bo ok s ab ou t >hin a. %fai rl y
%ime hen
and famous. Ill buy a yacht. %lhm)t
+immediately after?nce weve finished we can go and have a coffeeH
knew I d met hintstaved in that hospital the time
occasion she was with
onnecting to perio' or e"ents
about an hour In the meantimeH
now and the mv,i%
well have to use
8ince then I
have worked here*f+
#r*W*wWory
rclav
to Koine. %fairly
and have
+ these
yearsH
formalH
two .ire
a different man.
a dr inkH
ont $ay.Qy the time
-ing
more
the nH fairly
I
bow
lo ibe tmi
wc
/y . When I
+less
+ tha t? I
I svill
& )se
typical?
form0 formal/written
%fornul/writtcil
inform.i
Qefore thatH
informal
+fairly formalH typically
something has changed ilv
read the waning
when something
immediately followed by -mn&
momentT
stronger
cry. +every time
food was rationed.
lon(within a period of t ime. 1hroughout means
of a period of time.
had a meal
and afterwards are interchangeable.T
fo rmal %
will be rich . . .
specific?
befo re.bro ke my leg.
+more formal
+between
the old ones.
havent seen him.
retire ...*
0Uppn-^ttrmaiote
styleT
stylc%
l
I . . . T
nameH s tate H e tc.?
?
from tin-
saC
.
%
%
%
H
i
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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Epghh
9t you
B
1
> 1 $ =
> 1 $ >
s-
1
> llcr
1 toI..
l.fV$
/ p !t j $ - ) fa!f rc : m 3 v
:on
>
fF
Vtxobuhrr
find any$ !rnc
there arc an
Jollo!-up" 5ry and
Eefore 9Once 9*ve finished my lanuae course$
9*m doin vocabulary
5hrouhou t my
5 h e m o m e n t 9
)hile 9 *m asleep$
5hin+ of thins that
:a+e more sentences !ith connectors you haven*t used(
N
she had said ctodbye
She !ent to the theatre in
mail !aitin for her$
she !as at 4ic+*s place on the
She !as
next trip alter ]laso! is on >th$ - - she
to oin to :anchester$ 9
f i l l in d ie
)
3tf
i33F
bbF
#mt
f)is
from ihc
n /se
et
! a + e u p $ 9$$N .G
9 h t h $
in
Kura
.!.)
f t 3 i c
U . (.3f$*
- 4m
a !hole icmence
!hich you
hold o* a ne! report m
o on holiday$ 99*ll -
r iht no!$ tarl icr
c h i l d h o o d 9
9$ sfi3l0j$$032po$
are true
based on the
she ans!ered all her
to 4ic+ (
aris for over a !ee+ N
can have a @uiet t im e
personal diary
m
can
6nrhsh
o n $ 9
2 $ $ 0 3 $
d i a rs
6xercise s
1 9
o f l $aura $
s 3vU23u
Jri
m G 1 3
ft3 . (
o f
*
blan+s !ild connectors$ An example is iven
!as in aris$
a t home$
she ot
she met :a ura $
aris on :onday$ $ she had been to the
ompidou Centre$
she left$
letters( she felt she could !atch 5V fo r a !hi le$
8 she put the phone do!n it
information$
for you in these situations and complete the sentences$ Add
more sentences if you can$ An example is iven$
-
-
G
!as - -%$
$$-
al!ays N-$.M
8 Jollo! in an arument ! ith someone$ 9 al!ays feel
/nderline all the time connectors and
add to those on the left-hand
your noteboo+ vSo!in
"#pJr*ntem*diotK
a business!oman
ran aain$ 5his time
!ho travels a lot(
home there !as a hip
i t !as l ,ouy
-
GN
ho! the connector .
oo+ at the
then do th
2e
e
panes
exercise
Iv*n
nkit*s $
2
S$ii
1
i3 rs .f l : : : - )m ( #p Sun
18
4otes
$
pi le of
$
G
> After 9*ve eaten too much( -
sec
pae$
used
t A%
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
29/34
I
I hese
Uoull gel
:l.lt
3KKY
strong
.*
thatticker.
7X #nglish
wo u ld n o t m o v e
What are the
universityH
: good standard of Knglish
So mat ter hmv
four sentences can also be
to the railway stationH
,owever you do itH
1he -ever suffix means it
20 8upposing / What if he doesn t turn upY what shall we
(auls
So te th e use f su pp os in g an d what if Vusu al ly
(roviding
also say in the event of.? *`
is usually seen
In case
you return i t by f ive
! Uou can borrow the bfke
% . . . i f you do no t have
Uou can t
In addition to / / .
IO%5
In the examples
S1#
Pont confuse
i n
+ t h a t ? o r
l `n L a* ?Bd less
Moeooulery
to Oondon under any circumstances. %fai rly
entry re;uirements i .Mkwuiamantv
+absolutely necessaryY very
is a prere;uisite pii iekw
you do i t .
expressed using no matter. Sote
whichever bus you tak e.
Whoever wins the \eneral #lectionH
i t w i l l co s t 9
docs not matter which 1he
coming
spoken language
p ro vided + th at ?
on notices Y you can Bdeeping
of fireH dial 22!.
conic in
there arc scvcr.il
m:.Qand>
in caseo f
tn )se
i/it
cm
A W h en
with in case.
stress is
tomorrow.
also be used
on the sofaH
there 7
the present
1ake your#'H..#.H
+ less
Uou
casei tin
rains*
in examples ! and 7 . 1hey
can s tay H
tense is used in
means *lt isnt
ondition
other words and phrases for expressing condition.
unless you have
on conditiona t i ck e t o clock.
raining but it
as long as you don t mind
formal than
formal and not so
as on condi t ion tha i
are less
formal and not so strong as on condition that but stronger and more rest ricting than
long as. e .g. (rovided/(roviding you don t mind catsH you can stay with us.
for possible situations
in the futureH What if is more direct .
,e l l he lp us .
do then
onditions ith -e"er
normally on e0er
lot of money.
the conditional
nothing will really change.
1hat box is so big i t will be in the way wherever you leave i t .
the 'tre''
i t will cost a lot of money.
Uoull get to the railway stationH no matter1hich bus you take.
ome nouns hich express condition
>ertain conditions must be met before the (eace 1alks can begin. %rathe r formal%
for studying at a Qritish
formal word %
for doing a diploma in 3anagement a tyour collegeF +official conditionsH rather formal?
f o r m a
lUppcrmtermediett
clause. Pont'of) 1ake yourumbrella m
m-ghi rain.
case k will ram.
a
?
a s
F
)
)
?
0
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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N"ifTsh
1
1
2
1
$$
t U H.
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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!ith them 0e$
&is
5he
9 hc
&e
ihan
9 *ve invned
9
9
ihc
9 he rise in
9
9
O!in
8 6nfah
)hen recordin ihcsc
9hc upshot of all ihese
5he events had an outcome thai
remar+s resulted in
5hc examples !ith
rcsultconse@ucncc
&e did no !-or+$
:ost of these expressions arc fairly formal(
refused to ans!er on the
you here !ith a vie!
!onder !hat prompted him
5he follo!in sememes
didn*t o !ith us !as What
&er reason for not oin !ith
events and statcs
politicalsocial
stron than spar+ 0off,
5he
resident33
prices spar+ed loff,
contexts $ 1
be cause
5he collisiitn
O!in lo W l ie
reason lor
o u pr oba bl y +n o! ho! - to us e
full clause
)e
no-one
riey ar c
Cause( reason( purpose and result
Cause and reason
!ords l i+e
somethin$ &ere
4ote the use
of theicyconditions,
lo the fac i
! as due lo the icy
follo!ed by he collision !as caused by ice
of the collision
cannot say
*O!in co
0that, themeettn
&ere are some other *cause*
all raihcr
a lot of political protest(
perhaps violent( reactions to events
statement ave rive
ne! la! has brouht about led lo reat chanes in
chane,
5his probl em stems from the inflation of recent years(
5he court-case arose from out of alleation s
the process thai
Peasons for and purposes of doin thins
us !as thai$ $ $ 0 less
arc all fairly for mal (
!onder !hat his motives !ere in sendin thai
lo send thai
She !rote to the press !ith the aim of exposin the scandal(
to resolvin our differences(
!ith the aim of
rounds ihai
purpose of her visit
Pesults
and more fre@ucm
As a resul t *
of all rhese
conse@uence*conse@uently
eversone
could have predicted$ result
or of meetins( discussions( etc$,
problems !as thai
)hen the election results !ere announced( chaos ensued(
expression3
result 0Z$conse@uence
Vbeobutary
because( since and as
she had no money(
and more
t h e
(it ice
his
i n
! e h a d W o
in your
to refer lo
are some other !ays to cvprev$
t!o lorries collided(
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or 5he
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9 d l e r
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for very stron
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0explainin the direct oriin3
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the court-case
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!ritten #nlish
purpose
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0purpose,
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0reason,
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he tai led 9ns
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don*t foret to !rite the prepositions that o
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8/13/2019 Manual Engleza Anu i Zootehie
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ft It was done a view
came here
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04.4 ,K
4 1he salary was high.
1he government
will not sign. 1his
didnt contact you.
opposite if sou arent sure.
IE:33
04.0 3ake two sentences into one.
announcement
2 3tt
t 1here was a controversial decision. 8he wrote to the local newspaper to protest.I
-*
prompt? 1ht
strong attack from
Exerci'e'
3ake full sentences using cause
closure of
opposition! new :ct of (arliament Z great changes in industry
"
food shortages serious riots in several citiesX food shortages Z
using the reason
uy/ro4u0al
Id lost your
contract is illegalH
passed a new law. It was in
7 8he sent everyone flowers. I
8he applied for the %'th.
the pictures to describe the fii'e'
1he road was blocked.
! #veryone got a
1he customerH
in the missing words.
$ 3y reasons not +oming
! 1he purpose this
the aim
stupidity has resulted us having to do more work.
:ll this
H lowering inflation.
I hat press article has given rise
%Upper-1imceltt
signal failure Z train crash7 violent storm
pnftui **$
-*
re Gnrt
phone numberH
andrr'ult'
l
r e t t t I n l
and reason words fromA opposite.
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wall collapsed
had economic policies
and purpose* words in brackets. Oook at $$
istwspof*-
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wonder why. 2+motives?
+prompt?
of events in different ways.
the club are personal.
pedal is to control the speed .
resolving our dispute
arose one small mistake we
lot of criticism.
got angr
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to
trueH
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I
gol.I
were
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h.ird hut it
2 Hu
,e is a bit
Concession and contrast
>oncession means
important argument or fact against it
:lthough they were poorH
s tupid. I
/erbs of concession
paraphra'e
knowledge@ctrcptagree bur ... Aaccept is
isnt enough. acknowlcduv
still ihmkIm guilts-
right tn doubt her.
concede 2h.22Uou have won this
bu t not the method. formalH used m
Ad"erbs and other phrases shoing contrast
n the otherhand meansthat
first four are fairly informal0 KH youre sorry. 1hats all well
Mon shouldnt seem
Its all very well
bo ri ngH and he a
ncwpomiB. should invite him. 1hese are more formal0
:dmittedly. $hc
which meansthai
theopposiun
helpher n +he expected 3r Widcbody
1he reverse w as true.
Were not almost there at all. Nuite the
oppositeY
contrary it In r.uropemade her +eeleven more9C
measurement*. Its not actually
ollocating phrases for contrast
When i t
heres a world of difference between being a friend and a lover.1heres a great divide between lett
: yawning gap divides the rich
8 #/sfrv8
accepting
and goodH
one pan ti t an idea
bu t ho w
vavutg you love dogsH
rather cold and unfriendlyH
raining now. n the other handH
les
r c
they
i t
or fact H
very kindH
you arc nghi
you going to pay
so surprised. :fter all. I
but wh o l l lake
bu tH fo r all th at H
pu t a lo t ot ef fo rt in H
use metric measurements. In contrastH
may rain
comes to politics. @im
and right wing
and poor in
Wxoou3rH
jnii
thai
ol
point m
it lor
bu t it
in
r> Lhe
bu t pu tt in g an ot he rH mo re
they were independent.
nevertheless.
comment
he has worked
about the
less lormal
what Im accused of.
our argumentHdebates/arguments
nthe contraryis a ratherformalexpression
us backF
did warn you
walks if
he i 'your uncle and
was all wasted.
to be fat .
the )8: still uses many non-mctrtv
laterH so take the umbrella.
and :nn arc poles apart .
general.
many countries.1heres a huge discrepancy between his ideals and his actions.
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.
example
we
than
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n trutand /? i a 9 ?Otrue rf wc lookat it from adrffc tn t
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y o u w e r e n t s o l e l y t o b l . n n e . b ut y o u m u s t t a k e m m e
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b u t w e d o n o t
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a s i n + h e e x a m p l e .
w i t h f a i r ha i r .
t h i n k we s h o u l d
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h a d a h u g e b r e ak f a s t .
w o r d p u l e f r o m m e m o r y .
l o o k a t > o p po s i t e .
(
d i s c r e p an c y
D a pa r t
t o m a k e c o m m e n t s o n t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s .
w o r l d d i v tr ma me n t
8 a n d r a s a t o t a l a t h e i s t .
t e a c h e r s ; u i t e a n o t h e r .
o p p o s i t e .
k i t c h e n . H b ut w h a t a b o u t t h e d i n i n g - r o o m
d o e s n t s t a r t t i l l s i x .
a f r i en d .
w h a t / wa n t t o k n o w
and Sthe contrary
f e e l ; u i t e c a l m
d o n e e d i t .
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