manual de laboratorio de edafologia ii

7/23/2019 MANUAL DE LABORATORIO DE EDAFOLOGIA II

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?991

Vgatfruankn nf Ukg Ekrbhu n@vk~fmkbkDkevb~kn nf K`rhghmk

AG@' K@_' EFUK_ MK_^AGFZ

Fnkdhbh`k AAMkgvkb nf yre~aeku nf bkohrk~hrah


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Fnkdhbh`k AA ?991Fb uvfbh" ehmh rfevruh amyhr~kg~f fg bk nagmaek gv~raeahgkb tf`f~kb" dhrmk

ykr~f nfb uau~fmk nf yrhnveeag nf evb~athu k`rehbku" kvgknh k fu~h bk

ekykeankn {vf ~fg`k fb maumh nf uvmagau~rkr bhu gv~rafg~fu fufgeakbfu ykrk

fb erfeamafg~h q nfukrrhbbh nf bku ybkg~ku ehgu~a~vqfg vgk nf bku okufuykrk fb |a~h k`rhgmaeh'

Fu~f mkgvkb rfehyabk" nfueraof q uhmf~f k ftkbvkeag bku yrageaykbfu

yrhyafnknfu {vmaeku nfb uvfbh" ehg fb hojf~h nf yrhmhtfr fb fu~vnah f

ag~fru yhr ykr~f nf fu~vnakg~fu nfb rfk k`rhgmaek" ehg~raovqfgnh ku kb

nfukrrhbbh nf bk ekykeankn ykrk kgkbazkr f ag~fryrf~kr bku nau~ag~ku

rfkeeahgfu {vf hevrrfg fg vg uvfbh'

Mkgvkb nfyre~aeku nf

bkohrk~hrah


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GNAEFEhg~fganh Y`'

YKEÂEK Gh' ;'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5

Mvfu~rfh nf Uvfbhu '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >

Y_KEÂEK Gh' ? ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4

Fbkohrkeag nf kohgfrku'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 4

Y_KEÂEK Gh' 5 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;>

Nf~frmagkeag nf bk Ekykeankn nf Ag~frekmoah Ek~agaeh qnf Okufu Ekmoakobfu ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ;>

Y_KEÂEK Gh' > ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?5

Ftkbvkeag nf nadfrfg~fu uvfbhu vukgnh yrvfoku Oahbàeku ,mkef~ku fg'''agtfrgknfrh! ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?5

Y_KEÂEK Gh' 6 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?6

Nf~frmagkeag nf bk mk~frak hr`gaek q ga~r`fgh ~h~kb ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?6

Y_KEÂEK Gh' 4 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5?

_fkeeag nfb uvfbh ,yL!'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5?

Y_KEÂEK Gh' 0 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 50

Ehgnve~atankn fbe~raek ,ukbagankn q uhnaeankn!''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 50

Ftkbvkeag''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >?

Dkevb~kn nf K`rhghmk

Uvokrfk nf Mkgfjh nf Uvfbh q K`vk

-DKVUKE-

?991


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VGATF_UANKN NF UKG EK_BHU NF@VK^FMKBKDKEVB^KN NF K@_HGHMAKK_FK ^FEGHBH@AEKUVOK_FK NF MKGFJH NF UVFBH Q K@VKBKOH_K^H_AH NF FNKDHBH@AK AA

AGU^_VE^H_FU: AG@' MUe' ATKG UKG^HU" AG@' EFUK_ MK_ÂGFZ

Y_KEÂEK Gh' ;

MVFU^_FH NF UVFBHU

A' AG^_HNVEEAHG

krk yhnfr nak`ghu~aekr fb fu~knh nf vg uvfbh fu gfefukrah rfkbazkr vg mvfu~rfh nf fu~f'Fb mvfu~rfh ehguau~f fg bk ~egaek nf ho~fgfr yhreahgfu nf uvfbh nf vg rfklhmh`gfk" ykrk kgkbazkr uvu ekrke~fru~aeku duaeku q(h {vmaeku' Bhu mvfu~rfhu uf

rfkbazkg ehg nadfrfg~fu dagfu qk ufkg nf dfr~abankn h nf ekykeankn nf vuh nf bk ~afrrk fg~rf h~rhu'

Ykrk ho~fgfr rfuvb~knhu ehgdakobfu nf ekrke~fru~aeku duaeku h {vmaeku nf vg uvfbh fuamyhr~kg~f rfkbazkr vg knfevknh mvfu~rfh" yrageaykbmfg~f yhr{vf evkgnh uf mvfu~rfk" fbthbvmfg {vf uf v~abazk f{vatkbf kyrh|amknkmfg~f kb 9"9999996 & nfb yfuh mfnah nf ; lk ,9-?9 em!" yhr bh ~kg~h fu~ku mvfu~rku nfofg ufr rfyrfufg~k~atku'

Fu amyhr~kg~f mfgeahgkr {vf nfofg ~hmkruf bku mkqhrfu yrfekveahgfu ykrk bk ho~fgeag nfmvfu~rku ykrk gh ehg~kmagkr bku maumku" ~kmoag fu amyhr~kg~f anfg~adaekr bku mvfu~rku'

AA' HOJFÂTHU

[vf fb fu~vnakg~f Ehghzek bhu yrageayahu nfb mvfu~rfh nf uvfbhu' Kyba{vf bku ehgnaeahgfu knfevknku kb mkgfjh nf mvfu~rku ~kg~h fg fb ekmyh ehmh fg fb

bkohrk~hrah' Yhr mfnah nf bk kybaekeag yrke~aek nfb mvfu~rfh bf nf yrahrankn k fu~k ~egaek'

Y


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AAA' DVGNKMFG^H ^FH_AEH

Fb mvfu~rh fu fb yramfr ykuh nf vgkkgbauau {vmaeh nf uvfbh" q fb mu era~aeh"

qk {vf uf ehgu~a~vqf fg bk dvfg~f nf frrhrmu ehmg ,Yf~frufg kgn Ekbtag" ;1


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dfr~abankn nfb uvfbh ehmh bhu rf`mfgfunf karf q k`vk' Bhu nk~hu nf bkohrk~hrahq h~rk agdhrmkeag knaeahgkb yfrma~fghrafg~kr mfnanku nf mkgfjh nfb uvfbhq(h uabtaevb~vrkbfu'

yhek nf Mvfu~rfh: Fg uvfbhu ghufmorknhu kg~frahrmfg~f" fb mvfu~rfhuf yvfnf rfkbazkr nhu h ~rfu mfufukg~fu nf bk uafmork3 fg evb~athu nf eaebhehr~h nhu mfufu kg~fu" q fg evb~athuyfrmkgfg~fu" kgvkbmfg~f" nhu mfufukg~fu nf bk dfr~abazkeag'

Fb kgbauau nf uvfbhu ufr ~kg ovfghehmh bk ekbankn nf bku mvfu~rku

~hmknku" yvfu bk mvfu~rk fgtaknk kbbkohrk~hrah" nf 9"6 k ;"9 c`" rfyrfufg~kmabbhgfu nf cabh`rkmhu nf uvfbh' Yhrfu~f mh~ath" vgk ~hrgk nf mvfu~rkevanknhuk kuf`vrk vghu rfuvb~knhu nfkgbauau ehrrfe~hu q nf `rkg v~abankn'

Drfevfgeak nf mvfu~rfh: Evb~athukgvkbfu fg rh~keag h vg uhbh evb~athehg yfrhnh nf okrofelh" eknk ~rfukhu' Evb~athu ag~fguathu ehg

kybaekeahgfu rf`vbkrfu nf kohghu{vmaehu q hr`gaehu ,lhr~kbazku!" eknknhu khu'

5'5 DKE^H_FU K EHGUANF_K_ FG FB

MVFU^_FH NF UVFBHU

^kmkh nf bk vgankn nf mvfu~rfh: Fb~kmkh nfyfgnfr nf bk tkrakoabankn nfb~frrfgh q nf bk ag~fguankn q ~ayh nf vuhnf bk ykrefbk' Fg rfku mvq vgadhrmfu"ehg fb maumh vuh k`rehbk q tf`f~keag"fb bh~f yvfnf fu~kr rfyrfufg~knh yhr ;9lk' Fg rfku nf vuh mvq ag~fguath ehgdvfr~fu kybaekeahgfu nf dfr~abazkg~fu"kohghu hr`gaehu q ehg raf`h ,lhr~kbazkuq drv~kbfu! fb bh~f gh nfof ufr mkqhr nfnhu lfe~rfku'

Gmfrh nf uvomvfu~rku: Nfyfgnfrnfb ~kmkh nfb rfk nf mvfu~rfh q nf bkag~fguankn nf vuh" fb mgamh yvfnf ufrfg~rf ;6 ?9 uvomvfu~rku yhr ykrefbknf mvfu~rfh'

5'> MKGFJH NF MVFU^_KU Y_FTAH KB

BKOH_K^H_AH

Ufeknh: Bku mvfu~rku {vf uf yafgufgkbmkefgkr nvrkg~f kb`g ~afmyh kg~funf ehgebvar bhu kgbauau" uf nfofg ufekryrftakmfg~f ykrk fta~kr ekmoahu{vmaehu {vf uf yvfnkg yrhnvear kbkbmkefgkrbku lmfnku' Bhu tkbhrfu {vfyvfnfg uvdrar ekmoahu nvrkg~f fb

nfufeknh uhg bhu {vf ehrrfuyhgnfg kyL" Y" G" C" Mg" Ev q Zg nauyhgaobfu'

Ykrk fb ufeknh" bku mvfu~rku uff|~afgnfg fg vgk uvyfrdaeaf ybkgk uhorfokgnfjku h ykyfb bamyah" fg vg bv`kroafg tfg~abknh" uf nfof fta~kr fb ufeknhorvueh v~abazkgnh kb~ku ~fmyfrk~vrku'

Mhbanh q ~kmazknh: Qk ufk {vf ufv~abaefg ehg bk lvmfnkn nfb ekmyh h

ufeknku kb karf" bku mvfu~rku uf yvfnfgykukr yhr vg ~kmaz nf ? mm3 bkuykr~evbku nf `rktk" rheku" rkefu vh~rku amyvrfzku uf nfofg fbamagkr" bhuk`rf`knhu nfb uvfbh h ~frrhgfu {vf ghykufg yhr fb ~kmaz" nfofg mhbfruf ehgrhnabbhu nf mknfrk h ehg mhr~frhu qbvf`h ~kmazkruf gvftkmfg~f" lku~k {vfykuf ~hnk bk mvfu~rk'

Lhmh`fgazkeag: Uf nfoflhmh`fgazkr mfzebkgnhehgu~kg~fmfg~f" yhr mfnah nf vgklhmh`fgazknhrk'

Ykr~aeag: Evkgnh bk mvfu~rk fu`rkgnf" uf nfof ykr~ar h evkr~fkr ykrkho~fgfr bku yhreahgfu nf bk mvfu~rk


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gfefukraku' Ykrk fu~h" fb uvfbh ufkmhg~hgk q uf tk rfykr~afgnh fg ykr~fua`vkbfu'

5'6 Y_FEKVEAHGFU KB ^HMK_

MVFU^_KU YK_K KGBAUAU NF UVFBHU

Fta~kr mvfu~rfkr uvfbhu mvq mhjknhu'

Vuf ohbuku ybu~aeku gvftku q bamyaku" ghnf ykyfb'

Gh dvmkr nvrkg~f bk rfehbfeeag nfmvfu~rku" ykrk fta~kr ehg~kmagkrbku ehg bkuefgazku nfb ea`krrh" raeku fg yh~kuah'

Gh ~hmkr mvfu~rku fg rfku rfeag

dfr~abazknku" ua~ahu yr|amhu k tatafgnku"`kbyhgfu" ehrrkbfu" efreku" ekmaghu"bv`krfu ykg~kghuhu h frhuahgknhu" rfku{vfmknku" bv`krfu nhgnf uf kmhg~hgkgfu~arehb" dfr~abazkg~fu" ekb v h~rku uvu~kgeaku{vf yvfnfg ehg~kmagkr bk mvfu~rk'

5'4 ^HMK NF MVFU^_KU FG UVFBHU

Y_HOBFMK

Bku rfku nf ~frrfgh ehg yrhobfmkufuyfedaehu ehgnvefg k vg mvfu~rfh nfuvfbhu ehg dagfu nf nak`ghuau' Ehmhfjfmybh nf uvfbhu yrhobfmk yhnfmhumfgeahgkr: uvfbhu eanhu" ukbaghu" unaehu"ukbagh-unaehu" rhehuhu ehmyke~knhu famyfrmfkobfu'

Uf yvfnfg ~hmkr nf ;6 k 59 uvomvfu~rku knau~kgeaku" nf nhu h mu mf~rhu fg~rf ua" fgeknk rfk rfyrfufg~k~atk' Fu~k yramfrk

mvfu~rk nfof ehrrfuyhgnfr k bk ekyk

uvyfrdaeakb nfb uvfbh ,Lhrazhg~f Ky h Kb!'Bvf`h ~hmkr uvomvfu~rku nfb uvouvfbhykrk eknk lhrazhg~f nfb yfrdab lku~k vgmf~rh nf yrhdvgnankn kyrh|amknkmfg~f"uf`g fb fuyfuhr nf eknk lhrazhg~f'

Bhu nfyua~hu nf ukbfu ,ehu~rku! {vfkykrfefg fg bk uvyfrdaeaf nf uvfbhu ukbaghuunaehu" nfofg mvfu~rfkruf yhr kykr~f' Vglhrazhg~f kb~frknh yhr fdfe~hu nf bk keanfza`vkbmfg~f nfof mvfu~rfkrufufykrknkmfg~f'

Fu rfehmfgnkobf ~hmkr vgk h tkrakumvfu~rku nf yfrdabfu knqkefg~fu ghrmkbfu"ehg fb yrhyua~h nf nf~frmagkr fg fb kgbauau

bku yrhyafnknfu nfb uvfbh {vf ufkgrfuyhgukobfu nf bhu yrhobfmku'

AT ' MK^F_AKBFU Q MF^HNHU

>'; MK^F_AKBFU

- Okrrfgh h ykbk- Okbnf h evof~k- Ohbuku nf ybu~aeh- Mkelf~f- F~a{vf~ku- Bkyaz `rkuh nf ehbhr huevrh'


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>'? MF^HNHBH@AK

;' NFBAMA^KEAG NF BKU _FKU

_fehrrfr bk dagek q lkefr vg ybkgh h

erh{vau ufgeabbh nf bku uvyfrdaeafu mu hmfghu lhmh`gfku" fg evkg~h kb ~ayhnf uvfbh" ehbhr" rfbaftf" ~f|~vrk"nfguankn" nrfgkjf" yfnrf`huankn"evb~athu h tf`f~keag" kykrafgeak duaek qebkuf nf mkgfjh rfeaoanh kg~frahrmfg~f"nhgnf voa{vf bhu nf~kbbfu muamyhr~kg~fu nf bk dagek ehmh bh uhgykr~fu kb~ku h okjku" ybkgku hagebagknku" ehbhrkeag nfb uvfbh" ua fu

krfghuh h yfuknh" tf`f~keag kb~k"mfnak h okjk" rafu`h nf agvgnkeag"rfku {vf gh uf lkg ~rkokjknh gadfr~abazknh" q rfku ~rkokjknku qdfr~abazknku' Fg ~hnh ekuh uf nfof ~hmkrnf dhrmk ufykrknk" mvfu~rku nf rfku{vf yrhnvefg nadfrfg~f'

?' NFDAGA_ FB ^AYH NF MVFU^_FH

Uf nfdagf yrageaykbmfg~f ykrk

ho~fgfr rfyrfufg~k~atankn nfb rfk" kmkgfrk nf evorar bhu yvg~hu fuyfedaehunf ag~fru' Yvfnf uf za`zk`" fgevknraevbk" nak`hgkbfu h kb kzkr'

Evknraevbk Za`-zk` Nak`hgkbfu

Bk mvfu~rk ehmyvfu~k fu ehgu~a~vankyhr mvfu~rku uamybfu h uvomvfu~rku' Fbgvmfrh knfevknh nf uvomvfu~rku yhr vgklk' fu nf ?6' Ua bku rfku uhg lhmh`gfkuyvfnfg ~hmkruf nf ;6 ?6 uvomvfu~rkuyhr > k 4 lk'

5' D_FEVFGEAK NF MVFU^_FH

Yrageaykbmfg~f uf fgevfg~rk fgdvgeag nf bhu rfevruhu ehg {vf ufevfg~k" yrageaykbmfg~f nfb rfevruh

fehgmaeh'- Ykrk evb~athu ag~fguathu ufrfehmafgnk: kg~fu nf eknk uafmork'

- Ykrk evb~athu yfrfggfu: ufrfehmafgnk nfuyvu nf bk ehufelk"eknk 5 h > khu' ^kmoag uf ~hmk fgevfg~k bk zhgk nf `h~fh fu nfear fbnamf~rh nf ehyk h uhmork nf fu~hu'

>' _FEHBFEEAG NF BK MVFU^_K

Ykrk bk ~hmk nf mvfu~rku uf nfofbamyakr bk uvyfrdaeaf nfb ~frrfgh q ehgkqvnk nf bk ykbk h fb okrrfgh" ~hmkrvgk mvfu~rk lhmh`gfk uafmyrf k bkmaumk yrhdvgnankn" ua uf ehbfe~k ehg bkykbk uf ehr~kg bhu f|~rfmhu ehg fbmkelf~f q uf nfyhua~k fg fb okbnf' }Bkuuvomvfu~rku nfofg ufr ~hmknku fg~rf?9 q 59 em nf yrhdvgnankn"

nfyfgnafgnh nf bk bhg`a~vn nf rkefunfb evb~ath {vf uf {vafrk ufmorkr h {vffu~k ufmorknh qk' Bvf`h nf ~fgfr ~hnkubku uvomvfu~rku fg fb okbnf ,nf ;6 k ?9yhr lk! uf mfzebkg lhmh`gfkmfg~f quf ~hmk ; c` kyrh|amknkmfg~f' Fu~k fubk mvfu~rk ehmyvfu~k rf{vfrank ykrk fbkgbauau'


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6' ANFGÂDAEKEAG NF BK MVFU^_K

Ykrk anfg~adaekr bk mvfu~rk uf nfofehbhekr: fb ghmorf nfb yrhyaf~krah"ghmorf nf bk dagek" voaekeag

`fh`rdaek" gmfrh nf mvfu~rk qykrefbk" uvyfrdaeaf {vf rfyrfufg~k qkb`vgku agdhrmkeahgfu ehmybfmfg~krakuehmh bh uhg: yfgnafg~f nfb ~frrfgh"rafu`h nf agvgnkeag" ehbhr nfb uvfbh"~ayh nf tf`f~keag" evb~ath kg~frahr"rfgnamafg~h ho~fganh" nauyhgaoabankn nfrfuanvhu" ~ayh nf dfr~abazkg~f vuknh" uafgekb q dhrmk q yhek nf kybaekeag'

Kvg{vf bhu nk~hu ouaehu uhg: dfelk nf

rfehbfeeag" yrhdvgnankn" ghmfgebk~vrkyrhyak" yrhefnfgeak'

GH^K: Bk ~hmk nf mvfu~rku nf uvfbh ykrkfu~kobfefr ehrrfbkeag nfb uvfbh ehg vgkuhbk ybkg~k uf bama~k k bk ~hmk nf 5 k 6uvomvfu~rku kbrfnfnhr nfb ~rhgeh nf bkybkg~k k vgk nau~kgeak nf 59 k 49 em' nfb~rhgeh" uf`g fb ~ayh nf bk ybkg~k' Fu~hrfyrfufg~k bk vgankn nf mvfu~rfh mgamkykrk vgk ybkg~k kaubknk" yfrh ua uf jvg~kg

;6 k 59 mvfu~rku" kv~hm~aekmfg~f u fu~k~hmkgnh mvfu~rk ehmyvfu~k' Fu~fmvfu~rfh uf rfkbazk ykrk fb ekuh nf e~raehu"k`vkek~fu" ekdf~kbfu" f~e'

T' OAOBAH@_KDAK

;' OVEK_H EK_BHU' Mvfu~rfh nfuvfbhu' Era~frahu ouaehu' Bkohrk~hrahnf Uvfbhu -EAFDKY- VGYUJO'Yk~k`hgak Dhrfu~kb - Kh \ Gh' ;- Korab?99>' > y'

?' N' UHUK KBOF_^H' Agu~a~v~h gkeahgkbnf ~feghbh`k k`rhyfevkrak" Fu~keagF|yframfg~kb K`rhyfevkrak Efrrh Kzvb'

Mvfu~rfh nf Uvfbhu' Nauyhgaobf fgbgfkppp'ag~k'`ht'kr(efrrhkzvb(ke~atankn(mvfu~rfhXuvfbhu'l~m%^kobknfehg~fganh

5' @F_NAG@" T'3 UELBK^^F_" J'F';114' MVFU^_FH NF UVFBHUYK_K FTKBVK_ UV DF_ÂBANKN"EHG GDKUAU FG FB _@AMFG NFFBFMFG^HU GV^_AÂTHU' Tkbnatak"VKEL" Agu~a~v~h nf Uabtaevb~vrk' 4 y'

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Ohbf~g nf bk Uheafnkn Elabfgk nf bkEafgeak nfb Uvfbh ;9: ;19-;16'

6' UELBK^^F_" J'F'3 @_FZ" _'3@F_NAG@" T' ;1


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Y_KEÂEK Gh'?

FBKOH_KEAG NF KOHGF_KU

A' AG^_HNVEEAHG

k k`raevb~vrk fu vgk eafgeak {vf lk fthbveahgknh k ~rktu nfb ~afmyh" ho~fgafgnh ehmhrfuyvfu~k bk nf`rknkeag nfb uvfbh" yhr fb vuh kefbfrknh {vf uf bf lk nknh k fu~f'Yhr fu~k rkzg fg fu~hu ~afmyhu ykrk {vf vg evb~ath ufk f|a~huh fu gfefukrah kybaekr

dfr~abazkg~fu {vmaehu ykrk evorar bku gfefuanknfu gv~raeahgkbfu nf bhu maumhu' Uag fmokr`h~hmkgnh fg evfg~k kb yhrefg~kjf nf yhobkeag {vf uf nfnaek k bk k`raevb~vrk fg @vk~fmkbk"yhnfmhu houfrtkr {vf fg uv mkqhrk" fb keefuh k dfr~abazkg~fu {vmaehu fu bama~knh'

Vgk uhbveag k fu~f yrhobfmk fu fb vuh nf kohghu hr`gaehu" rfevyfrkgnh ku kb`vghuufrtaeahu fehbàehu ~kbfu ehmh fb rfeaebkjf nf gv~rafg~fu fb evb uf rfkbazk ehg bknfuehmyhuaeag nf bk mk~frak tf`f~kb q kgamkb yhr mfnah nf maerhhr`kgaumhu ofgdaehu

yrfufg~fu fg fb uvfbh'

Yhr bh kg~frahrmfg~f nfuera~h bhu kohghu hr`gaehu" gh uhbh kqvnkg fehgmaekmfg~f k bkyhobkeag" uagh ~kmoag ~rkf ehgua`h h~rhu ofgfdaeahu nf ~ayh fehbàeh ehmh bk agehryhrkeagnf gv~rafg~fu fg fb uvfbh" ku ~kmoag bk mfjhrk nf ekrke~fru~aeku duaeku" {vmaeku q oahbàekunfb uvfbh'

AA' HOJFÂTHU

[vf fb fu~vnakg~f: Ehghzek bhu mk~frakbfu knfevknhu ykrk bk fbkohrkeag nf kohgfrku" uvu evkbanknfu q

ekrke~fru~aeku' Kyrfgnk bk mf~hnhbh`k fmybfknk fg bk fbkohrkeag nf kohgfrku ~ayh ehmyhu~' Bbftf k ekoh fb evanknh q mkgfjh nf kohgfrku ~ayh ehmyhu~' Ehghzek fb ykyfb {vf jvf`k bk rfbkeag Ekrohgh-Ga~r`fgh" fg fb yrhefuh nf nf`rknkeag

nf bhu mk~frakbfu fmybfknhu'

B


11/47

0


5'; EHMYHU^KJF

Fb ehmyhu~kjf h ehmyhu~ag` fu fbyrhefuh oahbàeh kfroaeh" mfnakg~f fbevkb bhu maerhhr`kgaumhu ke~kg uhorf bkmk~frak ryankmfg~f oahnf`rknkobf ,rfu~hunf ehufelk" f|erfmfg~hu nf kgamkbfu qrfuanvhu vrokghu!" yfrma~afgnh ho~fgfr/ehmyhu~/" kohgh f|efbfg~f ykrk bkk`raevb~vrk'H~rk nfdagaeag nfb ehmyhu~ h mkg~abbh fu: fbrfuvb~knh nf vg yrhefuh nf lvmadaekeag nfbk mk~frak hr`gaek" okjh ehgnaeahgfuehg~rhbknku q fg kvufgeak nf uvfbh' Fbehmyhu~ fu vg gv~rafg~f ykrk fb uvfbh {vfmfjhrk bk fu~rve~vrk q kqvnk k rfnvear bkfrhuag q kqvnk k bk kouhreag nf k`vk qgv~rafg~fu yhr ykr~f nf bku ybkg~ku'

5'? Y_HYAFNKNFU NFB E HMYHU^

Mfjhrk bku yrhyafnknfu duaeku nfb uvfbh:Bk mk~frak hr`gaek dkthrfef bkfu~koabankn nf bk fu~rve~vrk nf bhuk`rf`knhu nfb uvfbh k`rehbk" rfnvef bknfguankn kykrfg~f" kvmfg~k bkyhrhuankn q yfrmfkoabankn" q kvmfg~kuv ekykeankn nf rf~fgeag nf k`vk fg fbuvfbh' Uf ho~afgfg uvfbhu mufuyhgjhuhu q ehg mkqhr rf~fgeag nfk`vk'

Mfjhrk bku yrhyafnknfu {vmaeku:Kvmfg~k fb ehg~fganh fgmkerhgv~rafg~fu G" Y" C" qmaerhgv~rafg~fu" bk ekykeankn nfag~frekmoah ek~agaeh ,E'A'E'! q fu dvfg~fq kbmkeg nf gv~rafg~fu ykrk bhuevb~athu'

Mfjhrk bk ke~atankn oahbàek nfb uvfbh:Ke~k ehmh uhyhr~f q kbamfg~h nf bhumaerhhr`kgaumhu qk {vf tatfg kf|yfguku nfb lvmvu q ehg~raovqfg k uv

magfrkbazkeag' Bk yhobkeag maerhoakgk fu vg agnaeknhr

nf bk dfr~abankn nfb uvfbh'

5'5 DKE^H_FU [VF EHGNAEAHGKG FB

Y_HEFUH NF EHMYHU^KJF

Ykrk {vf bhu maerhhr`kgaumhuyvfnkg tatar q nfukrrhbbkr bk ke~atankn

nfuehmyhgfnhrk uf gfefua~kg vgkuehgnaeahgfu y~amku nf ~fmyfrk~vrk"lvmfnkn q h|a`fgkeag'Uhg mvelhu q mvq ehmybfjhu bhu dke~hrfu{vf ag~frtafgfg fg fb yrhefuh oahbàeh nfbehmyhu~kjf" k nfmu agdbvfgeaknhu yhr bkuehgnaeahgfu kmoafg~kbfu" ~ayh nf rfuanvh k~rk~kr q fb ~ayh nf ~egaek nf ehmyhu~kjffmybfknk' Bhu dke~hrfu mu amyhr~kg~fuuhg:

^fmyfrk~vrk' Uf ehguanfrkg y~amkubku ~fmyfrk~vrku nfb ag~frtkbh 56-66 Eykrk ehguf`var bk fbamagkeag nfyk~`fghu" ykrua~hu q ufmabbku nfmkbku lafroku' K ~fmyfrk~vrku mvqkb~ku" mvelhu maerhhr`kgaumhuag~frfukg~fu ykrk fb yrhefuh mvfrfg qh~rhu gh ke~kg kb fu~kr fuyhrknhu'

Lvmfnkn' Fg fb yrhefuh nf ehmyhu~kjffu amyhr~kg~f {vf bk lvmfnkn kbekgef

vghu gatfbfu y~amhu nfb >9-49 &' Ua fbehg~fganh fg lvmfnkn fu mkqhr" fbk`vk hevykr ~hnhu bhu yhrhu q yhr bh~kg~h fb yrhefuh uf thbtfrk kgkfroaeh"fu nfear uf yrhnveark vgk yv~rfdkeeagnf bk mk~frak hr`gaek' Ua bk lvmfnknfu f|efuatkmfg~f okjk uf naumagvqf bkke~atankn nf bhu maerhhr`kgaumhu q fb


12/47


13/47

1

Bku rkmku nf yhnk nf bhu drv~kbfu' Fuyrfeauh ~ra~vrkrbku kg~fu nf uvagehryhrkeag kb ehmyhu~" qk {vf ehg~rhzhu `rkgnfu fb ~afmyh nfnfuehmyhuaeag uf kbkr`k'

Lhjku' Yvfnfg ~krnkr nf 4 mfufu k nhukhu fg nfuehmyhgfruf" yhr bh {vf ufrfehmafgnk mfzebkrbku fg yf{vfkuekg~anknfu ehg h~rhu mk~frakbfu'

_fu~hu vrokghu' Uf rfdafrf k ~hnhuk{vfbbhu rfu~hu hr`gaehu yrhefnfg~funf bku eheagku ehmh yvfnfg ufr rfu~hunf drv~k q lhr~kbazku" rfu~hu nf kgamkbfunf mk~knfrhu" f~e'

Fu~arehb kgamkb' Nfu~kek fb fu~arehb nftkek" kvg{vf h~rhu nf `rkg ag~fru uhgbk `kbbagkzk" ehgfjagk h uarbf" fu~arehb nfekokbbh" nf htfjk q bhu yvragfu'

Kb`ku' ^kmoag yvfnfg fmybfkrufgvmfrhuku fuyfeafu nf kb`ku mkragku"raeku fg k`fg~fu kg~aoke~frakghu qkg~adgàehu q dfr~abazkg~fu ykrk bkdkoraekeag nf ehmyhu~'

Bhu yfrhnhu nf nfuehmyhuaeag uhgyrhmfnahu" okjh ehgnaeahgfu nf~fmyfrk~vrk kmoafg~f fg~rf ?? q 59`rknhu efg~`rknhu q lvmfnknuvdaeafg~f ykrk yhuaoaba~kr fb erfeamafg~hmaerhoakgh'

EVKN_H ?';' TFBHEANKNFU NF NFUEHMYHUAEAG NF TK_AHU ÂYHU NF MK^F_AK H_@GAEK

âyh nf mk~frakb _fbkeag E(G Tfb' nf nfuehmyhuaeag

_ku~rhjh nf uhr`h Kb~k ,fg~rf 59 q ;99! Bfg~k ,Fg~rf 19 q ;99 nku!

@rkgzk nf krrhz Mvq kb~k ,uvyfrahr k ;99! Mvq bfg~k ,mu nf ;


14/47

;9

EVKN_H?'? _FBKEAG EK_OHGH ( GA^_@FGH NF KB@VGHU MK^F_AKBFUYK_K EHMYHU^

Mk~frakb _fbkeagE(G

Yku~h ufeh :;Ykjk 06-;69:;Fu~arehb tkevghmfzebknh

;6-?6:;

Fu~arehb f{vagh ehgykjk

?9-59:;

Fu~arehb htagh ;6-?9:;

Kb`ku mkragku ;1:;Mk~frak dfekb lvmkgk 6-;9:;Ekku nf mkz 49:;_fuanvhu tf`f~kbfu ;?:;Fu~arehb nf ktfu ;9-;6:;Hragk 9"1:;Lhjku ufeku ?9-49:;Nfufelhu kbamfg~krahu ;6-?9:;

AT' MK^F_AKBFU Q MF^HNHU

>'; MK^F_AKBFU:

;' _fuanvhu hr`gaehu ,Yvbyk nf ekd q_fuanvhu nf ehufelk!

?' Mk~frakb Tf`f~kb ,`rkmgfku qbf`vmaghuku!

5' Uvfbh hr`gaeh ,uvfbh ehmg!">' Nhu ehg~fgfnhrfu k bhu evkbfu

bbkmkrfmhu ehmyhu~frhu"6' Ekuekrabbk nf krrhz {vf kouhrof fbf|efuh nf lvmfnkn"

4' Fu~arehb ehmh dvfg~f nf Ga~r`fgh0' Efrganhr ehg mkbbk kbmoraek knfevknk"

{vf ufrtar ykrk ufykrkr fb yrhnve~h qkoahnf`rknknh ,{vf ufr bk ehmyhu~k!"

nf bk mk~frak hr`gaek ~hnktk fg

yrhefuh"


15/47

;;

>'? MF^HNHBH@K

- Yramfr ykuh: uf eoaek fb ehmyhu~frh~hmkgnh fg evfg~k fb kb~h" kgelh qbkr`h nf fu~f q uf yfukg bhu mk~frakbfuk v~abazkr'

- Uf`vgnh ykuh: Uf ehbhek fg fb dhgnhnfb ehmyhu~frh vgk ekyk nf ekuekrabbknf krrhz' Fu~f kqvnk k bk karfkeag qkouhrof fb f|efuh nf lvmfnkn'

- ^frefr ykuh: Uf ehbhek vgk ekyk nfuvfbh hr`gaeh" v hra`agkrah nf vgohu{vf ,{vf ehg~fg`k kb~k ekg~ankn nfmaerhhr`kgaumhu!'

- Evkr~h ykuh: Uf ehbhek vgk ekyk nffu~arehb" fu~ ehmh yhr~knhrk nfmaerhhr`kgaumhu q dvfg~f nf Ga~r`fgh'

- [vag~h ykuh: Uf ehbhek vgk ekyk nfmk~frakb tf`f~kb" ufeh h drfueh" {vfyvfnfg ufr bf`vmaghuku h `rkmgfku'Bku ua`vafg~fu ekyku uf ag~frekbkguafmyrf ehg vgk nf euekrabbk nf krrhz'

Gh~k: Nfuyvu nf eknk ekyk" lvmfnfefrehg k`vk'

- Uf|~h ykuh: Uf evorf ehg gqbhg hehu~kbfu evkgnh qk fu~k ~frmagknk" fu~hehg bk dagkbankn nf yrh~f`fr bk kohgfrknfb k`vk narfe~k q fta~kr bk ukbankagehg~rhbkobf nf `kufu" uag fmokr`h lkq{vf rfehrnkr {vf fb yrhefuh fu kfroaehq nfof lkofr fg~rknk nf karf' Knfmu

ehbhekr ~vohu YTE h ekku nf okmo" keknk 69em ykrk karfkr k bhumaerhhr`kgaumhu' Fb yramfr thb~fh uflkr k bhu 6 nku nf lkofruf fbkohrknhbk kohgfrk'

T' MKGFJH

k' Mkgfjh: Kvg{vf gh lkqk nfufelhutf`f~kbfu {vf k`rf`kr" bk kohgfrk nfofkarfkruf eknk < nku yrhevrkgnh {vf uf

rfkbaef fb maumh nk" ykrk yfrma~ar bkbaofrkeag nf bhu `kufu yrhnve~h nf bknfuehmyhuaeag" q ykrk yrhyhreahgkrh|`fgh kb uau~fmk' Uf karfk" tkeakgnhfb ehg~fganh kb h~rh ehg~fgfnhr"rfthbtafgnh ehg bk ykbk q ua fu~ mvqufeh fb mk~frakb uf rhek ehg vg yheh nfk`vk" ubh ykrk mkg~fgfr bk lvmfnkn'Kb lkefr fu~h uf ehbhekg gvftkmfg~fbhu ~vohu h yhu~fu q uf evorf bkkohgfrk" ~rk~kgnh nf gh yfrma~ar fb ykuhnf k`vk ua kekuh bbhtafrk'

o' ^fmyfrk~vrk q raf`h: Ua uf yrfufg~kmkb hbhr" k`rf`kr ekb" ,fg fb ekuh nf bkukohgfrku ehg `kbbagkzk gh lkefrbh!' Bhu~vohu {vf uf ehbhekg uartfg ehmhrfuyarknfrh q ykrk ~hmkr bk ~fmyfrk~vrkq k`rf`kr k`vk fg ekuh gfefukrah'Kg~fu nf nkrbf tvfb~k k bk kohgfrk fuehgtfgafg~f ~hmkr bk ~fmyfrk~vrk" ykrk

bh evkb uf ag~rhnvef vg mkelf~f" vgktkrabbk h vgk mkg`vfrk nvrkg~f eagehmagv~hu' Kb ukekr fb mkelf~f yvfnfuvefnfr bh ua`vafg~f:

Ua kb ukekrbh fu~ ekbafg~f q lmfnh"ua`gadaek {vf bk kohgfrk dvgeahgk oafg quhbh uf bf nfof nkr tvfb~k ykrk karfkrbk'

Ua kb ukekrbh fu~ ekbafg~f q ufeh fu {vfbk kohgfrk uf fu~ /{vfmkgnh/ q fu

gfefukrah nkrbf tvfb~k q k`rf`krbf k`vk' Ua kb ukekrbh fu~ drh fu {vf bk kohgfrk

~afgf lvmfnkn f|efuatk q gh dvgeahgkoafg q nfof lkefruf h~rk' Yvfnffmybfkruf fb maumh mk~frakb" yfrh nfoftfradaekruf {vf uf ua`kg bkuagu~rveeahgfu ehrrfuyhgnafg~fu'


16/47

;?

Bhu nfufelhu tf`f~kbfu h rfuanvhuhr`gaehu uf ehgtfr~arg fg ehmyhu~kfg~rf bhu >6 q 49 nku" nfyfgnafgnh nfbk gk~vrkbfzk nf bhu mk~frakbfu' Fu~hufr" evkgnh fb yrhnve~h uf houfrtf

lhmh`gfh" ekd huevrh qnfumfgvzknh' Uf rfehmafgnk efrgar kbhu nhu mfufu fu~k ehmyhu~k' Fbyrhnve~h nfb efrganh" uf yvfnf v~abazkr" qbh {vf {vfnk fg fb efrganhr uf yvfnfagehryhrkr ehmh mk~frak hr`gaek kh~rh ehmyhu~frh' Fb ~afmyh {vf nfmhrkfb yrhefuh fg vgk kohgfrk nfyfgnf nfbku ehgnaeahgfu ,lvmfnkn" ~fmyfrk~vrk"karfkeag" mk~frakbfu yrhtffnhrfu nfEkrohgh q dvfg~f nf Ga~r`fgh!' Ua bkuehgnaeahgfu dvfrhg anfkbfu fu~kr bau~hfg >6 nku'

TA' OAOBAH@_KDAK

;' Kyvg~fu uhorf Ehmyhu~kjf' ,Fgbgfk! Ehguvb~knh ? Dfo ?990'Nauyhgaobf fg:

ppp'fvbk'eb(ehg~fganh(ehmyhu~kjf5'l~m

?' Fb ehmyhuk~kjf' ,Fg bgfk!Ehguvb~knh ? Dfo ?990' Nauyhgaobffg:

ppp'agdhk`rh'ehm(kohghu(ehmyhu~kjf'kuy

5' EHGKMK-_M' Mkgvkb nfehmyhu~kjf ekufrh" Ua~ah nf bkEhmauag Gkeahgkb nfb MfnahKmoafg~f" _f`ag Mf~rhyhba~kgk',Fg bgfk! Ehguvb~knh 5 Dfo ?990'Nauyhgaobf fg:ppp'ehgkmk'eb(rm(64


17/47

;5

KGF\HU

Kgf|h;' Maerhhr`kgaumhu ofgdaehu amyhr~kg~fu fg fb yrhefuh nf nfuehmyhuaeag nf bkMk~frak Hr`gaek" fg fb uvfbh'


18/47

;>



Y_KE^AEK Gh'5

NF^F_MAGKEAG NF BK EKYKEANKN NF AG^F_EKMOAH

EK^AGAEH Q NF OKUFU EKMOAKOBFU

A' AG^_HNVEEAG

hu uvfbhu uhg yhuffnhrfu nf ekr`ku {vf uhg nknku yhr fb hra`fg nf bku rheku" uafgnhfu~ku ekr`ku yhua~atku q gf`k~atku'

Fu~ku ekr`ku yhuffg bk ekykeankn nf ufr ag~frekmoaknku yvnagnhuf nfdagar ehmh bkekykeankn nf bk uvmk nf ~hnhu bhu ek~ahgfu nf ekmoah {vf vg magfrkb yvfnf knuhrofr k vgnf~frmagknh yL' Fu f{vatkbfg~f k bk mfnank nfb ~h~kb nf ekr`ku gf`k~atku nfb magfrkb"nfghmagknh Ekykeankn nf ag~frekmoah ek~agaeh EAE-'

Fu~k ekykeankn fu vgk nf bku yrageaykbfu yrhyafnknfu {vmaeku nfb uvfbh" {vf ~kmoag ufnfdagf ehmh vgk mfnank nf bk ekg~ankn nf ek~ahgfu ag~frekmoakobfu {vf vg uvfbh yvfnfknuhrofr yhr vgankn nf yfuh ,okuf ufek!' Fu~k fu f|yrfuknk `fgfrkbmfg~f fg mabaf{vatkbfg~fu yhr ;99 `r' nf uvfbh ,mf{(;99`r' u'! h Efg~amhbfu yhr cabh`rkmh nf uvfbh ,Emhb#

(C`' uvfbh!'

Fb ag~frekmoah ek~agaeh fu vg yrhefuh rftfruaobf yhr mfnah nfb evkb bku ykr~evbku ubanku nfbuvfbh knuhrofg ek~ahgfu nf bk dkuf kevhuk q nfuknuhrofg ekg~anknfu f{vatkbfg~fu nf h~rhuek~ahgfu fu~kobfeafgnh vg f{vabaorah fg~rf kmoku dkufu' Fu~h uf nfof k bku ekr`ku gf`k~atkuyrfufg~fu fg bhu ehbhanfu nfb uvfbh ,kreabbk" lvmvu! q fg bk uvyfrdaeaf rknaevbkr {vf knuhrofgek~ahgfu yhr k~rkeeag fbfe~rhu~~aek' Bhu ek~ahgfu knuhroanhu uf rfuau~fg k ufr bktknhu yhr fbk`vk yfrh uhg nauyhgaobfu ykrk bku ybkg~ku h yvfnfg ufr ag~frekmoaknhu yhr h~rhu ek~ahgfu

yrfufg~fu fg uhbveag ,yhr keeag nf mkuku!'Bk ekykeankn nf ag~frekmoah ek~agaeh fu vgk yrhyafnkn nfb uvfbh {vf ~afgf mvelk amyhr~kgeakyrke~aek fg kuyfe~hu ~kbfu ehmh dfr~abankn nfb uvfbh fbkohrkeag nf yrh`rkmku nf dfr~abazkeag"mhnadaekeag nfb yL" yrhyafnknfu duaeku nfb uvfbh q fg bk ekbankn nfb k`vk {vf uf yfrehbk k~rktu nfb uvfbh'

B


19/47

;6

Nf bhu ek~ahgfu {vf ag~frtafgfg fg bk EAE nfb uvfbh" kb`vghu uhg nf rfkeeag eank ,L#" Kb#!" qh~rhu uhg nf rfkeeag ouaek ,Ek##" M`##" Gk# q C#!" bhu evkbfu uhg nf amyhr~kgeak ykrk fbmkgfjh nfb uvfbh" yhr bh {vf lkef gfefukrah ehghefr bku ehgefg~rkeahgfu fg bku {vf uffgevfg~rkg" ykrk nf~frmagkr ua uhg gfefukraku kb`vgku mfnanku ehrrfe~atku'

AA' HOJF^ATHU

[vf fb fu~vnakg~f:

;' Ehmyrfgnk bk amyhr~kgeak nf bk EAE fg fb fu~vnah nf bk {vmaek nfb uvfbh'

?' Ehmyrfgnk q nfukrrhbbf bk mf~hnhbh`k ykrk bk ho~fgeag nf ek~ahgfu ouaehu q bknf~frmagkeag nf bk Ekykeankn nf Ag~frekmoah Ek~agaeh'

5' Ag~fryrf~f bhu tkbhrfu nf EAE'

>' Ag~fryrf~f bku ehgefg~rkeahgfu nf ek~ahgfu ouaehu q bk EAE fg fb uvfbh'


20/47

;4


Fu fb mu amyhr~kg~f" q mfjhrehgheanh' Fg fb uvfbh uhg tkrahu bhu

mk~frakbfu {vf yvfnfg ekmoakr ek~ahgfu'Bhu yrageaykbfu ekmoaknhrfu uhg bku kreabbkuq bk mk~frak hr`gaek ,bhu nhu mk~frakbfuyrfufg~kg yrhyafnknfu ehbhankbfu!'

Bku ekvuku nf bk ekykeankn nf ekmoahnf ek~ahgfu nf bku kreabbku uhg:

Uvu~a~veahgfu k~maeku nfg~rh nf bkrfn'

F|au~fgeak nf ohrnfu ,uvyfrdaeafunfuehmyfguknku!'

Nauheakeag nf bhu HL nf bku ekykuokukbfu'

Fgbkefu nf Tkg nfr Pkkbu'

Fg bku kreabbku" knfmu nf fg uv uvyfrdaeaf"

bhu ahgfu yvfnfg fg~rkr fg~rf bku bmagku'


21/47

;0

Bku ekvuku nf bk ekykeankn nf ekmoahnf mk~frak hr`gaek uhg:

Nauheakeag nf bhu HL' Nauheakeag nf bhu EHHL'

Bk EAE nfyfgnfr nf:

âyh nf ehbhanf kreabbku q lvmvu

Yhrefg~kjf nf eknk vgh nf fbbhu yrfufg~fufg fb uvfbh

yL nfb uvfbh yhr uv fdfe~h fg `fgfrkrekr`ku gf`k~atku

Bhu ek~ahgfu {vf drfevfg~fmfg~f hevykgbku yhuaeahgfu nf ekmoah fg bhu uvfbhu uhg:Ek##" M`##" C#" Gk#" L#"Kb###" Df###"Df##" GL>"#" Mg##" Ev## q Zg##'

5'; DKE^H_FU [VF AGDBVQFG FG FB

AG^F_EKMOAH EKÂHGAEH

Fg~rf bhu dke~hrfu {vf kdfe~kg bk ekykeanknnf ag~frekmoah ek~agaeh yhnfmhumfgeahgkr:

;' Gh ~hnhu bhu ahgfu uhg knuhroanhu yhrbk maumk dvfrzk fg fb ehmybfjh nfekmoah'

?' Gh ~hnhu bhu ua~ahu nf ag~frekmoah`fgfrkg bk maumk dvfrzk ykrk knuhrofrbhu ahgfu'

Fu~h tk k nfyfgnfr nf bku yrhyafnknfu hekrke~fru~aeku nfb ek~ag" nf bkehgefg~rkeag nfb ek~ag fg uhbveag" nf bkgk~vrkbfzk nfb kgag kehmykkg~f" nfb ~ayhnf ehbhanf q nfb yL nfb uvfbh'

5'? TKBH_FU Y_HMFNAHU NF BK

EKYKEANKN NF AG^F_EKMOAH

EKÂHGAEH

Ykrk bhu ehbhanfu nfb uvfbh mku drfevfg~fuuf ~afgfg bhu ua`vafg~fu tkbhrfu nf

Ekykeankn nf ag~frekmoah ek~agaeh,f|yrfuknhu fg mf{(b99 `r' nf uvfbh!:

EVKN_H 5'; TKBH_FU Y_HMFNAHU EAE

EHBHANF EAE

,mf{(;99 `r'!

Lvmvu ;99 599

Kbdhgh 7 ;99

Tfrmaevba~k 9

Ebhra~k ;9 - >9

Ekhbaga~k 5 ;6

|anhu f lanr|anhu 9 -5


22/47

;

# yrhnveafgnhfb nfuyrfgnamafg~h nf bhu ek~ahgfuag~frekmoakobfu ,keeag nf mkuku!'

Fb f|efuh nf ahgfu nf kmhgahu yrfufg~fufg bk mvfu~rk nf uvfbhu uf bktk ehg vgnauhbtfg~f baorf nf fbfe~rhba~hu ykrk fta~kr bkrfmheag nf ahgfu ekmoakobfu' Naelhuhbtfg~f fu fb kbehlhb f~baeh f|fg~h nfeanhu hr`gaehu' Fb GL>

# knuhroanh fg bk

maefbk uf rffmybkzk mfnakg~f fb Gk#

" nfbebhrvrh nf uhnah ,GkEb! {vf uf bf k`rf`k kbk mvfu~rk'

Bvf`h fb Kmhgakeh yrfufg~f uf nfu~abk yhrmfnah nfb m~hnh Maerh-Cjfgnklb' Nvrkg~ffb nfu~abknh bk uhbveag nf GL>Eb ufkbekbagazk ehg vgk okuf dvfr~f {vf fu fblanr|anh nf uhnah ,GkHL! bh {vf yfrma~ffb krrku~rf nf GL5

# fg fb tkyhr nf k`vk'

Nfoanh k bk uhbvoabankn nfb GL># fg vg

mfnah eanh fu~f fu dajknh fg vgk uhbveagnabvank nf eanh oraeh ,L5OH5! {vfehg~afgf vg agnaeknhr'


23/47

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Dagkbmfg~f uf tkbhrk fb ahg ohrk~h dhrmkgnhfg bk rfkeeag mfnakg~f ~a~abkeag ehg eanhuvbdraeh tkbhrknh ,L?UH>! nf~frmagkgnh fgfuk dhrmk bk ekg~ankn nf kmhgah {vffu~kok yrfufg~f fg bku ekr`ku gf`k~atku nf

bku ykr~evbku nfb uvfbh'

Bk ekg~ankn nfb ohrk~h nf kmhgah ,GL># #

L?OH5! dhrmknh nvrkg~f fb nfu~abknh nfbkmhgah ,GL5

#! fu rf~rh~a~vbknk ehg eanhuvbdraeh ,L?OH5

- # L# L5OH5!3 yhr bh~kg~h fb thbvmfg nfb L?UH> `ku~knhmvb~aybaeknh yhr bk ghrmkbankn nfb maumh"ghu nk bhu mf{' nf GL

>

# {vf rfkeeahgkrhgehg L5OH53 fu~h fu f{vatkbfg~f k bk EAE nfbuvfbh'

5'5'? NF^F_MAGKEAG NF OKUFU

EKMOAKOBFU

Bku okufu ekmoakobfu uhg nf~frmagknkumfnakg~f fb Fuyfe~rhdh~mf~rh nfKouhreag K~maek" fb evkb fu~k okuknh fgbhu yrageayahu nfb ~hmh' Vg ~hmh kb

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Fb fuyfe~rhdh~mf~rh uf natanf fg ~rfuykr~fu:

Vgk bmykrk rftfu~ank nfb fbfmfg~h kfu~vnakr

Vgk dvfg~f nf fgfr`k ykrk ahgazkr bku

mhbevbku q f|ea~kr bhu ~hmhu bk evkbfbftk bk ~fmyfrk~vrk k ?";99E' ehg bkkqvnk nf kef~abfgh q karf3 q

Vg Nf~fe~hr nf bku ufkbfu nf fmauaghra`agknku yhr vg maerhyrhefuknhr" {vfmvfu~rk bhu rfuvb~knhu'

Ykrk bk nf~frmagkeag nf bku okufuekmoakobfu fg fb fuyfe~rhdh~mf~rh fugfefukrah lkefr nabveahgfu ykrk {vf bkuehgefg~rkeahgfu uf fgevfg~rfg nfg~rh nf bkevrtk nf ~rkokjh nfb fbfmfg~h' Bku

nabveahgfu uf lkefg k ykr~ar nfb yramfrf|~rke~h ho~fganh ,fb nf Kef~k~h nf Kmhgah{vf krrku~rh ~hnku bku okufu! ehg k`vk" ehgfu~k nabveag uf nf~frmagk bk ehgefg~rkeagnf Gk# q C#" q k ykr~ar nf fu~k vb~amk ehgH|anh nf Bkg~kgh ykrk bk nf~frmagkeag nfbk ehgefg~rkeag nf Ek ## q M` ##'

5'> OKUFU EKMOAKOBFU

Nf bku okufu ekmoakobfu nf mkqhr

amyhr~kgeak fg uv nf~frmagkeag ykrk fbkgbauau {vmaeh nfb uvfbh yhnfmhumfgeahgkr kb Uhnah" Yh~kuah" Ekbeah qMk`gfuah'

Fb Uhnah gh fu vg fbfmfg~h agnauyfgukobfykrk fb erfeamafg~h nf bku ybkg~ku" bkamyhr~kgeak nf uv fu~vnah fu {vf ehg vgkehgefg~rkea4g kb~k" yrhnvef yrhobfmku nfUhnaeankn" bku evkbfu nkg ehmh rfuvb~knh bknauyfruag nf bku ykr~evbku nfb uvfbh"

nfu~rvqfgnh uv fu~rve~vrk" knfmu bk ekykuvyfrahr nfb uvfbh fu amyfrmfkoabazknkamyanafgnh fb ag`rfuh nf karf" q ekvuk~h|aeankn fg bk ybkg~k' Uvfbhu ehg kb~kuehgefg~rkeahgfu nf Uhnah gfefua~kgfgmafgnku ehmh bk kybaekeag nf qfuh'

Fb yh~kuah fu vg fbfmfg~h fufgeakb ykrk fberfeamafg~h nf bku ybkg~ku yhr{vfehgu~a~vqf bhu ~fjanhu fu~rve~vrkbfu nf bkumaumku" agerfmfg~k bk rfuau~fgeak k fu~rulnraeh" rf`vbkgnh bk kyfr~vrk nf fu~hmku fagerfmfg~kgnh bk ekbankn nf bhu drv~hu'

Fb ekbeah dhrmk ehmyvfu~hu {vf uhg ykr~fnf bku ykrfnfu efbvbkrfu" fu~amvbk fbnfukrrhbbh nf rkefu q lhjku'


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Fb Mk`gfuah fu vg fbfmfg~h fufgeakb fg bkmhbevbk nf bk ebhrhdabk" fu ke~atknhr nftkrahu uau~fmku fgzam~aehu" kqvnk fg fbmf~kohbaumh nf bhu dhudk~hu q ykr~aeayk fgbhu yrhefuhu nf rfuyarkeag efbvbkr '

Bk uk~vrkeag nf okufu fu bk yrhyhreagf|yrfuknk fg yhrefg~kjf nf bhu Ek~ahgfuouaehu knuhroanhu h ag~frekmoaknhu fg fbuvfbh fg rfbkeag k bk ekg~ankn ~h~kb nfek~ahgfu {vf fb uvfbh yvfnf knuhrofr' Fbyhrefg~kjf nf uk~vrkea4g nf okufu ,&UO!uartf nf era~frah ykrk ehrrf`ar vg uvfbheanh" ykrk ebkuadaekea4g nf uvfbhu q ykrkehghefr bk nauyhgaoabankn nf gv~rafg~fuouaehu'

T' MK^F_AKBFU Q MF^HNHU

>'; MK^F_AKBFU

;' Kef~k~h nf Kmhgah ,GL>EHHL5!" AG"k yL 0'9 ,Nabvar 60 mb' nf eanh ke~aehlku~k ;999 mb' fg k`vk" q gfv~rkbazkr bkuhbveag ehg GL>HL ehgefg~rknh oku~k {vffb yL ufk 0'93 nabvar bk uhbveag oku~kehmybf~kr ;"999 mb'!

?' Kbehlhb F~baeh" kb 16&' '

5' Ebhrvrh nf Uhnah ,GkEb! ;9 &"bbftkrbh k vg yL ?'9 ,Nauhbtfr b99 `r'nf GkEA" `rknh rfke~ath" baorf nfkmhgakeh" fg 069 mb' nf k`vkekbafg~f" kknar > h 6 `h~ku nf LEAehgefg~rknh q ehmybf~kr k thbvmfgnf ;"999 mb'!

>' Agnaeknhr mfzebknh' ,Nauhbtfr 9'; `r'nf rhjh nf mf~abh q 9'6 `r' nf tfrnf nforhmherfuhb fg ?69 mb' nf f~kghb'!

6' Lanr|anh nf uhnah ,GkHL!" ;:;'

4' eanh oraeh ,L5OH5!" k} 5&'

0' eanh uvbdraeh ,L?UH>!' 9'9;G'

tkbhrknh'

EHHEL5" ;"9G" bktkr bku ykrfnfu nfb ~vohyfrma~afgnh fb uk~vrknh nf bk

mvfu~rk3 nfuyvu nf 4 k < lhrku hmku kybaekr vgk uf`vgnk yhreag nf59 mb' nf GL>EHHEL5" evkgnhfu~k uf ba|ataf kybaekr vgk ~frefrk " ,~h~kb 19 mb'! _feh`fr fb f|~rke~h fgvg okbg kdhrknh nf ;99 mb'"bbftkrbh k thbvmfg nf ;99 mb'" ~kykrf anfg~adaekr fb mk~rkz' Fu~k uhbveaguartf ykrk bk nf~frmagkeag nf bkuokufu ag~frekmoakobfu yhr mfnah

nfb fuyfe~rhdh~mf~rh nf kouhreagk~maek'

5' K`rf`kr ~rfu yhreahgfu nf 59 mb' nfkbehlhb f~baeh" kb 16&" yfrma~afgnh{vf eknk yhreag uf dab~rfehmybf~kmfg~f' _feaoar fb dab~rknhfg vg ofkecfr nf ;99 mb' Fu~kuhbveag uf nfuekr~k'

>' Kybaekr ~rfu yhreahgfu uvefuatku nf

59 mb' nf GkEb" kb ;9&" dab~rkgnhehmybf~kmfg~f eknk yhreag kg~funf bk ua`vafg~f kybaekeag' _feh`frfb dab~rknh fg vg okbg kdhrknh nf?69 mb' q bbftkrbh k vg thbvmfg nf;99 mb' Fu~k uhbveag uartf ykrknf~frmagkr bk EAE'


25/47

?;

>'?'; NF^F_MAGKEAHG NF BK EAE

;' ^hmkr vgk kbevh~k nf ;9 mA' nfbdab~rknh ho~fganh nf ebhrvrh nf uhnah,GkEb!' Ehbhekrbh fg vg ~voh nfb

nfu~abknhr Maerhcjfbnklb'

?' Kknar ;9 k ;6 mb' nf GkHL ;:;'

5' Agaeakr bk nfu~abkeag" vukgnh vgFrbfgmfqfr nf 69 mb'" ykrk rfeh`frfb nfu~abknh" {vf nfof ehg~fgfr 69mb' nf L5OH5 q 4 k < `h~ku nfehbhrkg~f ,rhjh nf mf~abh q tfrnf nforhmherfuhb! ' Nfu~abkr nvrkg~f >magv~hu rfeaoafgnh fb nfu~abknh' Fb

L5OH5 ~hmkrk vg ehbhr tfrnf kb dajkrfb GL># ehgnfguknh'

>' ^a~vbkr ehg L?UH> 9'9; G" vukgnhvgk ovrf~k' Fb yvg~h dagkb nf bk~a~vbkeag ufr agnaeknh yhr fbekmoah nf bk uhbveag k vg ehbhrrhuknh'

6' Nf~frmagkr bk EAE" mfnakg~f bkua`vafg~f drmvbk:

>'?'? NF^F_MAGKEAHG NF OKUFU

EKMOAKOBFU

;' Gk q C: nfb f|~rke~h ho~fganh nfKef~k~h nf Kmhgah ,GL>EHHL5!"~hmkr vgk kbevh~k nf ? mb' ehg vgkyayf~k thbvm~raek" q kknarbh k vgFrbfgmfqfr nf 69 mb' 'K`rf`kr < mb'nf k`vk nfu~abknk" kb Frbfgmfqfrehg vgk yayf~k `rknvknk nf ;9 mb'

Fu~k nabveag uartf ykrk nf~frmagkrbk ehgefg~rkeag nf Gk # q C# ',rfbkeag ;:6!

?' Ek q M`: nf bk nabveag nf Kef~k~hnf Kmhgah ,GL>EHHL5!" ~hmkr ?mb' nf f|~rke~h q ;< nf k`vknfu~abknk" nf fu~k mfzebk f|~rkfr ;mb' kknarbh k vg Frbfgmfqfr nf 69mb' k`rf`kr ?> mb' nf h|anh nfbkg~kgh ehg bk kqvnk nf vgkyrhof~k' Fu~k nabveag uartf ykrknf~frmagkr bk ehgefg~rkeag nf Ek ##q M` ## '

5' Bbftkr bhu nhu Frbfgmfqfr kb

fuyfe~rhdh~mf~rh nf kouhreagk~maek q bffr bku ehgefg~rkeahgfunf bhu fbfmfg~hu' Fb rfuvb~knh bh nkfg yym nfb fbfmfg~h fg uhbveag"yhr bh {vf fu gfefukrah ehgtfr~ar fgyym fg uhbveag k yym fg fb uvfbh'Ykrk fu~h uf v~abazkg bku ua`vafg~fudhrmvbku:

>' Ho~fgeag nf yfuh f{vatkbfg~f

6' Nf~frmagkr bk uk~vrkeag nf okufumfnakg~f bk ua`vafg~f drmvbk:


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Gh~k: bku okufu nfofg fu~kr f|yrfuknku fgmf{(;99`r nf uvfbh

4' Ag~fryrf~kr bhu rfuvb~knhu'

0' Uv`frfgeak nf yrfufg~keag nf

rfuvb~knhu'

EVKN_H 5'5 EVKN_H NF _FUVB^KNHU

Gh' Nk~h ho~fganh _fu yhr mvfu~rk

; @rkmhu nf uvfbh ufeknh kb karf

? Yfuh uvfbh okuf ufek

5 mb' nf L?UH> 9'9; G tkbhrknhvuknhu

> EAE ,mf{ ( ;99 `r' nf uvfbh!

6 Yym nf Gk# fg uhbveag

4 Yym nf Gk# fg mvfu~rk

0 Yym nf C# uhbveag

< Yym nf C# fg mvfu~rk

1 Yym nf Ek## fg uhbveag

;9 Yym nf Ek## fg mvfu~rk

;; Yym nf M`## fg uhbveag

;? Yym nf M`## fg mvfu~rk

;5 & nf Uk~vrkeag nf Okufu

T' OAOBAH@_KDAK

;' Dkuuofgnfr L'" Ohrgfmauzk' F' [vmaeknf uvfbhu ehg gdkuau fg uvfbhu nfKmraek Bk~agk' ;11>' Agu~a~v~hag~frkmfraekgh nf ehhyfrkeag ykrk bkk`raevb~vrk' Ukg Jhu Ehu~k _aek'

?' LFG_A[VFZ" Mkgvfb" YF_FZ" Jvkgk"@KUEH" Jhu M' f~ kb' Nf~frmagkeagnf bk ekykeankn nf ag~frekmoahek~agaeh fg krfgk q ekhbg vukgnhkef~k~h nf kmhgah" kef~k~h nf uhnah qebhrvrh nf kmhgah' Oahk`rh' Shgbagf]'fgf' ?996" thb';0" gh'; Sea~knh ;0 Fgfrh?990]" y'61-4?' Nauyhgaobf fg bk PhrbnPanf Pfo:2l~~y:((ppp'ueafbh'hr`'tf(ueafbh'yly8ueray~=ueaXkr~~f|~$yan=U;5;4-554;?996999;9999


27/47

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Y_KEÂEK Gh' >

FTKBVKEAG NF NADF_FG^FU UVFBHU VUKGNH Y_VFOKU

OAHB@AEKU ,MKEF^KU FG AGTF_GKNF_H!

A' AG^_HNVEEAG

k yrvfok oahbàek fu vgk ~egaek {vf ehguau~f fg fu~kobfefr yf{vfku ykrefbku,mkef~ku! nf ekmyh" fg bv`kr nf vgk ykrefbk ehgtfgeahgkb" ykrk ftkbvkr fb fu~knh nfbuvfbh mfnakg~f fb erfeamafg~h tf`f~k~ath ykreakb nf vg evb~ath kgvkb fg vg yfrahnh

rfbk~atkmfg~f ehr~h'

Bk ehmykrkeag nfb erfeamafg~h tf`f~k~ath fg~rf bhu nadfrfg~fu ~ayhu nf uvfbh kgkbazknhu fg fbbkohrk~hrah nfofrg agnaekr k {vf uvfbh h uvfbhu rfuyhgnf mfjhr bk ybkg~k h oafg evkb h evkbfuuhg uvu nfdaeafgeaku" yhr bh ~kg~h {vf ekuh ufrk bama~kg~f ykrk bk ybkg~k'

Fu amyhr~kg~f rfehrnkr {vf uf nfof ehguanfrkr fb yfuh ufeh ykrk yhnfr nauev~ar bhu rfuvb~knhunfoanh k {vf yhr fb ehg~fganh nf lvmfnkn nf bk ybkg~k fu kdfe~knk yhr natfruhu dke~hrfu {vf

gh yfrma~arg fu~kgnkrazkr fb ehg~fganh nf lvmfnkn fg fbbku'

AA' HOJFÂTHU

[vf fb fu~vnakg~f

Ftkbv q kgkbaef fb nfukrrhbbh q erfeamafg~h nf bku ybkg~ku nf ~hmk~f q uhr`h fg nadfrfg~fu~ayhu nf uvfbh'

_fkbaef evrtku nf erfeamafg~hu nf eknk evb~ath fg bhu nadfrfg~fu ~ayhu nf uvfbh'

Nf~frmagf bku tkrakobfu rfuyvfu~k ,kb~vrk" mk~frak ufek nf bk rkz q ykr~f krfk! nf eknkevb~ath fg bhu nadfrfg~fu ~ayhu nf uvfbh'

Nf~frmagf bhu rf{vframafg~hu nf bhu evb~athu'

Ehghzek bk mf~hnhbh`k ykrk fb fu~kobfeamafg~h nf vgk yrvfok oahbàek'

B


28/47

?>

AAA' MK^F_AKBFU Q MF^HNHU

5'; MK^F_AKBFU

;' 4 mkef~ku nf ? ?'6 C`'?' ;4 C`' nf uvfbh ufeh" ~kmazknh q

lhmh`fgazknh

5' Ufmabbku nf uhr`h

>' Yabhgfu nf ~hmk~f

6' Vrfk

4' Ohbuku nf ykyfb q ybu~aeh'

5'? MF^HNHBH@K

;' Ho~fgfr ;4 cabh`rkmhu ,56 bo'! nf uvfbhnf vg rfk lhmh`gfk'

?' Ufekr fb uvfbh k bk uhmork q ~kmazkrbhk ? mm nf namf~rh'

5' Lhmh`fgazkr fb uvfbh'

>' Ehbhekr ? ?'6 C`' nf uvfbh fg ohbuku

ybu~aeku fu~kgnh qk fu~f ufeh qlhmh`fgazknh'

6' K`rf`kr bk ekg~ankn nf G nf kevfrnh kbh fu~kobfeanh ykrk eknk uvfbh'

4' Bbfgkr bku mkef~ku yrftakmfg~fanfg~adaeknku ehg fb uvfbh nf eknk ohbuknf kevfrnh k bh yrftakmfg~ffu~kobfeanhu'

0' _f`kr fb uvfbh nf eknk mkef~kbbftgnhbh vg yhrefg~kjf nf lvmfnkn kEkykeankn nf Ekmyh'


29/47

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Y_KE^AEK Gh' 6

NF^F_MAGKEAG NF BK MK^F_AK H_@GAEK Q GA^_@FGH

^H^KB

A' AG^_HNVEEAG

k mk~frak hr`gaek fu vgk ykr~f ke~atk mvq amyhr~kg~f nfb uvfbh" dhrmknk yhr ehmyvfu~hu nfhra`fg oahb`aeh" yrageaykbmfg~f rfu~hu nf kgamkbfu q tf`f~kbfu {vf uf nfyhua~kg fg fb" bk mkqhrekg~ankn nf mk~frak hr`gaek yrfufg~f fg fb uvfbh yrhefnf nf bku rkefu q ykr~fu krfku nf bku

ybkg~ku" lhjku" rkmku q ~kbbhu'

Bk mk~frak hr`gaek fu~ ehgu~a~vank yrageaykbmfg~f yhr ekrohgh ,kyrh|amknkmfg~f 6


30/47

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5'; AMYH_^KGEAK NF BK MK^F_AK

H_@GAEK FG FB UVFBH

Bk mk~frak hr`gaek kdfe~k mvelkuyrhyafnknfu nfb uvfbh" fg bku {vf ufyvfnfg mfgeahgkr:

;' Yrhyafnknfu [vmaeku: mfjhrk bkEkykeankn nf Ag~frekmoah Ek~ahgaeh,yhr uv kyhr~f nf ekr`ku kb ehmybfjhnfb uvfbh!" mfjhrk bk ekykeanknOvddfr" fu dvfg~f nf gv~rafg~fu ehmh

fb Ga~r`fgh" Dudhrh" Kzvdrf"Mhbaonfgh q h~rhu fbfmfg~humfghrfu3 mfjhrk bk nauyhgaoabankn nfDudhrh q fbfmfg~hu mfghrfu fg vgkmybah rkg`h nf yL nfoanh k bhu{vfbk~hu ,Ehmyvfu~hu hr`gaehu{vf fgtvfbtfg k bhu fbfmfg~humf~baehu!'

?' Yrhyafnknfu Duaeku: mfjhrk bkfu~rve~vrk" ngnhbf fu~koabankn

fu~rve~vrkb kb uvfbh" okjk bk nfguanknkykrfg~f dkeaba~kgnh bku bkohrfu {vfuf nfukrrhbbkrkg fg fb maumh"mfjhrk bk rf~fgeag nf k`vk" rfnvefbk frhuag" yfrma~f mkqhr agdab~rkeagnf k`vk q ~afgf vgk keeag narfe~kuhorf bk ~fmyfrk~vrk nfb uvfbh'

5' Yrhyafnknfu oahb`aeku: dhmfg~kbk ke~atankn maerhoakgk" yrhtff nffgfr`k k bhu maerhhr`kgaumhu ykrk

uv nfukrrhbbh q mvb~aybaekeag'

Bk Mk~frak Hr`gaek ~afgf kb`vgkunfutfg~kjku ehmh:

k! Yvfnf ehgu~a~varuf fg lhuyfnfrh nfybk`ku q fgdfrmfnknfu" ua gh fumkgfjknk knfevknkmfg~f'

o! Yvfnf baofrkr da~h~h|agku ,~h|agku

{vf kdfe~kg k bku ybkg~ku!" fu~hnfyfgnf nfb mk~frakb {vf bf nf hra`fg kbk maumk'

e! Yvfnf f|au~ar kbfbhyk~ak ,uvu~kgeaku{vf gh nfjkg erfefr k h~rku ybkg~ku!'

5'? DKE^H_FU [VF KDFE^KG BK

NFUEHMYHUAEAG NF BK MK^F_AK

H_@GAEK

Fg~rf bhu dke~hrfu {vf kdfe~kg bknfuehmyhuaeag nf bk mk~frak hr`gaek~fgfmhu:

k! _fbkeag ekrohgh(ga~r`fgh:mafg~rku mu kb~k fu fu~k rfbkeag bknfuehmyhuaeag ufr mu bfg~k" ufrfehmafgnk vgk rfbkeag nf ;9:;ehmh bk knfevknk'

o! ^fmyfrk~vrk: bhu yrhefuhu nf

nfuehmyhuaeag nf bk mk~frakhr`gaek uf nkg fg vg rkg`h nf~fmyfrk~vrk nf ;6- >9E'

e! Lvmfnkn: Fu gfefukrah {vfuafmyrf uf ho~fg`k vgk lvmfnkn kekykeankn nf ekmyh'

n! yL: fu~f ~afgf {vf ufrmfnakgkmfg~f eanh kmfnakgkmfg~f kbekbagh ,6 k


31/47

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5'5 NFUEHMYHUAEAG NF BK MK^F_AK

H_@GAEK

Bk mk~frak hr`gaek orv~k ua`vf vgeaebh mfnakg~f fb evkb uf bh`rk bk ehmybf~k

magfrkbazkeag" lku~k bk dhrmkeag nflvmvu ,drkeeag mu h mfghu fu~kobf nf bkmk~frak hr`gaek!' Fb lvmvu fu~kehgu~a~vanh yhr oahmhbevbku q uvu~kgeakulmaeku ehmh bhu eanhu lmaehu q eanhudbtaehu" bk nadfrfgeak fg~rf vgk oahmhbevbkq vgk uvu~kgeak lvmaek fu {vf fu~k b~amkekrfef nf fu~rve~vrk mhbfevbkr fuyfedaek'Fb yrhefuh nf nfuehmyhuaeag uf nk`rkeaku kb ~rkokjh {vf fg dhrmk gk~vrkbfdfe~kg oke~fraku" lhg`hu" bhmoraefu qh~rhu maerhhr`kgaumhu' Kb`vghu ufnfukrrhbbkg fg yrfufgeak nf h|`fgh,kfroaehu! q h~rhu fg kvufgeak nfb maumh,kgkfrhoahu!'

Bk yramfrk dkuf {vf uf nk fg bknfuehmyhuaeag nf bk mk~frak hr`gaek fubk magfrkbazkeag" {vf fu bk nfu~rveeagmfegaek h duaek nf bhu ehmyvfu~huhr`gaehu yhr keeag nf maerhhr`kgaumhu q

fgzamku3 q bk uf`vgnk dkuf fu bklvmadaekeag" bk evkb fu bk ug~fuau nf bkmk~frak hr`gaek'

5'> GATFBFU NF MK^F_AK H_@GAEK

FG FB UVFBH

Nf dhrmk `fgfrkb uf mfgeahgkg bhuua`vafg~fu tkbhrfu nf ag~fryrf~keag nfbehg~fganh nf mk~frak hr`gaek fg fb uvfbh

mfghu nfb ?& uf ehguanfrk ehmh mvq okjh"nfb ? kb >& fu okjh" nfb > kb 4& fb ehg~fganhfu mfnah" q mkqhr nfb 4& nf ehg~fganh nfmk~frak Hr`gaek fu kb~h'

5'6 FB GA^_@FGH FG FB UVFBH

Bku yrageaykbfu dhrmku nf ga~r`fgh fg fbuvfbh uhg:

Bk hr`gaek" dhrmknk yhr rfuanvhutf`f~kbfu q kgamkbfu fg natfruhu fu~knhunf nfuehmyhuaeag" q bk aghr`gaek" {vfagebvqf yrageaykbmfg~f k ga~ra~hu" ga~rk~hu qkmhgah'

Fb G fu nf amyhr~kgeak ykrk bk ybkg~k"yhr{vf fu vg ehgu~a~vqfg~f amyhr~kg~f nf bkebhrhdabk" kmagheanhu" yrh~fgku" lhrmhgku"eanhu gvebfaehu q ta~kmagku'

5'4 Y_AGEAYAH NFB MF^HNH

KGKB^AEH

M^HNH NF PKBCBFQ-OBKEC YK_K BK

NF^F_MAGKEAG NF BK MK^F_AKH_@GAEK

Fb m~hnh uf okuk fg bk h|ankeagnf bk mk~frak hr`gaek ,M'H'! yhr fbnaerhmk~h nf yh~kuah ,C?Er?H0! q eanhuvbdraeh ,L?UH>!' Uf ehguanfrk {vfgaekmfg~f fb ekrohgh hr`gaeh nfb uvfbhfg~rk fg rfkeeag" u~k yvfnf ufrf|yrfuknk nf bk mkgfrk ua`vafg~f:

?C?Er?H0 # # 5E = 5EH? # # ?Er? ,UH> !5

K mfnank {vf bk M'H' fu h|anknk fbnaerhmk~h fu rfnveanh" nf Er4# k" Er4# -5f"

yhr bh ~kg~h" bk ekg~ankn nf naerhmk~hehguvmank fg bk rfkeeag fu vgk mfnank


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? = C?UH> # 5Df?,UH>!5 # Er?,UH>!5 # ;>L?H

Ykrk bk nf~frmagkeag nf bk mk~frakhr`gaek fg vgk mvfu~rk nf uvfbh fugfefukrah ~fgfr vg ~fu~a`h" fg bk ~a~vbkeagnfb ~fu~a`h lkq vg k`fg~f h|ankg~f {vf fu fbnaerhmk~h nf yh~kuah ,C?Er?H0 ! q vgrfnve~hr {vf fu fb uvbdk~h dfrrrhuh,DfUH

>'0L

?H!3 mafg~rku {vf fg bk mvfu~rk

nf uvfbh lkq vg uf`vgnh rfnve~hr {vf fu fbekrohgh hr`gaeh ,E'H'!'

^kg~h fg bk mvfu~rk nf uvfbh" ehmh fg fb~fu~a`h uf vukg bku maumku ekg~anknfu nfrfke~athu yfrh ehmh fg fb uvfbh f|au~f vguf`vgnh rfnve~hr {vf fu fb E'H'" ykr~f nffb fu vuknh fg bk h|ankeag nf u~k' Bkekg~ankn f|~rk nf uvbdk~h dfrrhuh vuknk fgbk ~a~vbkeag nfb ~fu~a`h fu vgk mfnank

agnarfe~k nf bk ekg~ankn nf E'H' {vf lk uanhh|anknk yhr fb naerhmk~h nf yh~kuah' Bhumf{' nf E'H' h|anknh fu a`vkb kb yrhnve~hnf bk ghrmkbankn nfb uvbdk~h dfrrhuh yhr fbthbvmfg f|~rk nf uvbdk~hdfrrhuh,DfUH>'0L?H! rf{vfranh fg kb~a~vbkeag nfb ~fu~a`h" ehmykrknh ehg fb`ku~h nf bk uhbveag {vf ehg~afgf bkmvfu~rk nf uvfbh' Ykrk ehgtfr~ar fb E'H' kmf{' yhr `rkmhu nf uvfbh uf natanf fbrfuvb~knh yhr fb yfuh nf bk mvfu~rk nf

uvfbh fg okuf ufek'

Bk ehgtfruag k yhrefg~kjfu nf E'H' q M'H'fu~ okuknk fg bku uvyhuaeahgfu ua`vafg~fu:

;' Bk mk~frak hr`gaek nfb uvfbhehg~afgf 6


33/47

?1

;' mf{' Ekrohgh h|anknh * 9'995 = r' Nf E'H' h|anknh

?' mf{' Ekrohgh h|anknh * 9'995 * ;'0?> = `r' M'H' h|anknk

5' mf{' Ekrohgh h|anknh * 9'995 * ;'0?> * ;'?1'0L?H Mvfu~rk * G DfUH>'0L?H * 9'59

yfuh nf uvfbh ,okuf ufek! 9'00

& Mk~frak hr`gaek = & nf E'H' * ;'0?>

5'0 Y_AGEAYAH NFB M^HNH

KGKB^AEH YK_K BK NF^F_MAGKEAG NF

GA^_@FGH ^H^KB FG UVFBHU

Fb m~hnh Cjfgnkbl uf okuk fg bk~rkgudhrmkeag nf ~hnku bku dhrmku nfga~r`fgh k dhrmk nf GL>

#" yhr mfnah nf bk

v~abazkeag nf L?UH> ehgefg~rknh q vgkmfzebk ek~kbazknhrk nf C?UH>"EvUH>'6L?H q ufbfgah fg vgk yrhyhreagnf;99:;9:; rfuyfe~atkmfg~f" fg fb yrhefuhnf na`fu~ag nf bk mvfu~rk'

Bvf`h fb GL5# yrfufg~f fg fb na`franh" fu

nfu~abknh yhr mfnah nfb m~hnh Maerh

Cjfgnklb" ehmh fg fb na`franh f|au~f vgf|efuh nf L?UH> q GL>LUH> fu~f nfofkbekbagazkruf ehg vgk okuf dvfr~f {vf fu fbGkHL ;9G bh {vf yfrma~f bk baofrkeag nfbGL5

#fg fb tkyhr nf k`vk'

Fb GL># fu rf~fganh fg mfnah eanh fg vgk

uhbveag nabvank nf eanh oraeh ,L5OH5"kb ?&! {vf ehg~afgf vg agnaeknhr'

Dagkbmfg~f uf tkbhrk fb ohrk~h nf kmhgahdhrmknh fg bk rfkeeag mfnakg~f ~a~vbkeagehg eanh uvbdraeh tkbhrknh'

Bku rfkeeahgfu {vf uf nkg fg fu~f yrhefuh uhg:

;' G'Hr` # G' Aghr`' # L?UH> GL>LUH>

?' GL>LUH> # L?UH> # >GkHL ?Gk?UH> # GL>HL # 5L?H

5' GL>HL # ekbhr GL5,`! # L?H,t!


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>' GL5 # L5OH5 GL> # L?OH5-

6' L?OH5-

# L#

L5OH5


>'; MK^F_AKBFU

>';'? MK^F_AK H_@KGAEK

;' Naerhmk~h nf yh~kuah ,C?Er?H0! ;G

?' eanh uvbdraeh ,L?UH>! `rknh agnvu~rakb

5' eanh dhudraeh ehgefg~rknh kb 14&`rknh rfke~ath'

>' Nadfgabkmagk uvbdgaek" kb ;4&'

Nadfgabkmagk uvbdgaek: Yfukr 9'6 `r' Nfnadfgabkmagk" uf nauvfbtfg fg ?9 mb' nfk`vk q uf bf k`rf`kg 19 mb' Nf

ehgefg~rknh nf L?UH> ,`rknh rfke~ath!'Fu~f rfke~ath uf nfof yrfykrkr fg k`vk drk,okh mkrk! vukgnh vg ofkecfr nf >99 h?69 mb" fu rfehmfgnkobf mfnarbh fgyrhof~k' Fu~f agnaeknhr uf `vkrnk fg vgdrkueh mokr yrh~f`anh nf bk bvz'

Uvbdk~h dfrrhuh lanrk~knh: ,DfUH>'0L?H!;G' Yfukr ?0< `r' Nf DfUH>'0L?H `rknhrfke~ath" nauhbtfrbhu fg >99 mb' Nf k`vk"kknar ;6 mb' nf L?UH> ,`rknh

ehgefg~rknh!" fu~k uhbveag uf nfjk fgdrakr quf kdhrk k ;"999 mb' Fu~f rfke~ath uf nfoftkbhrazkr nakrakmfg~f ~a~vbkgnh fg dvgeagnf C?Er?H0 ;G'

>';'5 GA^_H@FGH ^H^KB

;' Mfzebk nf ek~kbazknhrfu" C?UH>"EvUH>'6L?H q Ufbfgah fg rfbkeag,;99:;9:;!'

?' eanh uvbdraeh ehgefg~rknh ,`rknhagnvu~rakb!'

5' eanh oraeh ,L5OH5!" kb ?&'>' Agnaeknhr mfzebknh'

Nauhbtfr 9'; `r' nf rhjh nf mf~abh q 9'; `r'nf tfrnf nf orhmherfuhb fg ?69 mb' Nff~kghb'

6' Lanr|anh nf Uhnah ,GkHL!" ;9G'

4' eanh uvbdraeh 9'9;G tkbhrknh'

>'? MF^HNHBH@K

>'?'; MK^F_AK H_@KGAEK

;' ^kmazkr fb uvfbh fg vg ~kmaz nf 9'6 mm,49 mful!'

?' Yfukr ehg okbkgzk kgkb~aek 9'; k 9'?6 `r'Ua uhg uvfbhu hr`gaehu" h nf 9'6 `r' k ? `r'

Ua uhg uvfbhu magfrkbfu" nfyfgnafgnh fbehg~fganh nf mk~frak hr`gaek' Ehbhekr fbuvfbh fg vg frbfgmfqfr nf 699 mb'

5' Yrfykrkr fb ~fu~a`h ehg ~hnhu bhurfke~athu q ykuhu mfghu fb uvfbh'


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5;

>' K eknk frbfgmfqfr k`rf`kr f|ke~kmfg~f;9 mb' nf bk uhbveag nf C?Er?H0 ;G"vukgnh vgk yayf~k thbvm~raek' K`a~krevanknhukmfg~f fb frbfgmfqfr ykrknauyfrukr fb uvfbh fg bk uhbveag fg dhrmk

ta`hrhuk yhr bh mfghu nvrkg~f vg magv~hykrk bh`rkr vgk h|ankeag ehmybf~k nf bkmvfu~rk'

6' K`rf`kr ?9 mb' nf L?UH> ehgefg~rknh,`rknh agnvu~rakb! lkeafgnh vuh nf vgkyrhof~k agmfnak~kmfg~f nfuyvu k`a~kr fbfrbfgmfqfr" fu~f ykuh lkefrbh fg bkekmykgk nf f|~rkeeag nf `kufu'

4' Nfjkr rfyhukr bhu frbfgmfqfru nvrkg~f 59

magv~hu'0' K`rf`kr ?99 mb' nf k`vk" ghgfefukrakmfg~f nfu~abknk' ;9 mb' nf L5YH>q nf 6 k < `h~ku nfb agnaeknhr nadfgabkmagkuvbdgaek' Nfuyvu nf fu~h bk uhbveag~hmk vg ehbhr kzvb huevrh'


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5?



Y_KE^AEK Gh' 4

_FKEEAG NFB UVFBH ,YL!

A' AG^_HNVEEAHG

fg~rh nf bku ekrke~fru~aeku {vmaeku nfb uvfbh" fb yL nf~frmagk bk keanfz h kbekbaganknnf vg uvfbh" fu~f ykrmf~rh fu ~ab ykrk nfdagar fb ~ayh nf evb~ath {vf ufk knky~kobf k bkuehgnaeahgfu nhgnf uf rf{vafrk fu~kobfefrbh" knfmu nfdagf bk nauyhgaoabankn nf

gv~rafg~fu fg fb uvfbh' Bk mkqhrk nf uvfbhu ehg ovfg nfukrrhbbh uf fgevfg~rk fg vg yL nf 6'6k 4'6'

Fu amyhr~kg~f mfgeahgkr {vf bhu uvfbhu f|~rfmhu" fu nfear mvq eanhu h mvq ouaehu yvfnfgekvukr nkhu k bhu evb~athu" ehmh fjfmybh fg uvfbhu mvq eanhu f|au~f aguhbvoabankn nffbfmfg~hu ehmh fb dudhrh q ekbeah" ~kmoag f|au~f naumagveag nf bk ke~atankn maerhoakgk'

Fg fb ekuh nf uvfbhu mvq ouaehu uf fuekufkg tkrahu gv~rafg~fu: Lafrrh" Mkg`kgfuh" Zage"Ehorf q Ohrh" fufgeakbfu ykrk ~hnk ybkg~k'

Ykrk bhu uvfbhu nf @vk~fmkbk fb rkg`h nf nau~raoveag nf yL tk nf > k


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5'; BK _FKEEAG NFB UVFBH

Bk rfkeeag nfb uvfbh ,yL! fu vgkagnaekeag nf bk keanfz h kbekbagankn nfbuvfbh q fu mfnank fg vganknfu nf yL' Bkfuekbk tk nf 9 k ;> uafgnh vg yL 0 fb yvg~hgfv~rh' Fb yL nf vgk nauhbveag uf nfdagfehmh fb bh`kra~mh gf`k~ath nf bkehgefg~rkeag nfb ag lanr`fgh L# ,fgmhb(Ba~rh!'

yL= -bh` SL#]

Fb bh`kra~mh gf`k~ath yrhyhreahgk vggmfrh yhua~ath ykrk fb yL" fb evb nf h~rkmkgfrk" ufrk gf`k~ath nfoanh kb yf{vfhtkbhr nf SL#]' Fb yL nf vgk nauhbveag fuvgk ekg~ankn knamfguahgkb'

Ehg fb bh`kra~mh gf`k~ath nf bkehgefg~rkeag nf ahgfu lanr|anh nf vgknauhbveag uf yvfnf ho~fgfr vgk fuekbk nfyHL" kgbh`k k bk nfb yL' Ku yHL ufnfdagf ehmh:

yHL = -bh` SHL-]

Fg~hgefu kb ehguanfrkr bk ehgu~kg~f nfbyrhnve~h agaeh nfb k`vk ~fgfmhu:

SL#]SHL-] = Cp =;'9 | ;9-;>

Kb ~hmkr fb bh`kra~mh gf`k~ath fg kmohubknhu" uf ho~afgf:

- ,bh` SL#] # bh` SHL-]! = - bh` ,;'9 | ;9-;>!

-bh` SL#] - bh` SHL-] = ;>

Yhr bh ~kg~h k ykr~ar nf bku nfdagaeahgfu nfyL q yHL" uf ho~afgf:

yL # yHL = ;>

Yhr bh {vf fb bh`kra~mh gf`k~ath nf L# fu 0"

h yL 0' Evkgnh bk ehgefg~rkeag nf L# fumkqhr ,mu eanh!" ~kb ehmh ;9-> mhbfu yhrba~rh" fb yL fu >" q k mfghr ehgefg~rkeag nfL#" fb yL fu mkqhr ,ouaeh!

5'? AMYH_^KGEAK NFB YL NFB UVFBH

Vg uvfbh eanh" ,yL mfghrfu nf 4'6!yrhthek vgk ~h|aeankn nf L" Df q Mg3 mvqeanhu ,yL mfghrfu nf 6'6! ~h|aeankn nf Kbykrk bku ybkg~ku" mafg~rku {vf ykrk vguvfbh ouaeh ,yL mkqhrfu nf 0'6!" ufyvfnfg ~fgfr yrhobfmku ehg bk uveeag nfbk`vk yhr bku rkefu nf bk ybkg~k q ~h|aeanknnf Gk

Uvfbhu dvfr~fmfg~f eanhu ,yL >-6!`fgfrkbmfg~f ~afgfg kb~ku q ~|aekuehgefg~rkeahgfu nf kbvmagah q mkg`kgfuh'Knfmu kdfe~k bk nauyhgaoabankn nfgv~rafg~fu yhr fjfmybh fb Y uf tvfbtf

aguhbvobf kb dhrmkr ehmyvfu~hu ehg fb Df qKb" bhu evkbfu uhg yrfeaya~knhu' Knfmu lkqvgk nfdaeafgeak nf Ek##" M`## q C#' Kb`vgkuybkg~ku ehmh Kzkbfku" ~" rhnhnfgnrhu"yak" krgnkghu q kb`vgku fuyfeafuehgdfrku mknfrfrku ~hbfrkg vgk keanfzdvfr~f q erfefg oafg' Fg ehmykrkeag" bkkbdkbdk" drajhbfu" efoknk q rfmhbkelkkzvekrfrk uhbkmfg~f erfefg oafg fg uvfbhuba`frkmfg~f eanhu k mhnfrknkmfg~fkbekbaghu yhr uv kb~k nfmkgnk nf ekbeah h

aglkoabankn ykrk ~hbfrkr kbvmagah uhbvobf'

Fb yL agdbvqf fg bk ke~atankn nf bhumaerhhr`kgaumhu ofgdaehu" qk {vf bkmkqhrk nf oke~fraku dajknhrku nf ga~r`fghq nfuehmyhgfnhrku nf mk~frak hr`gaek ghuhg mvq ke~atku fg uvfbhu dvfr~fmfg~f


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eanhu yhr bh {vf fb yrhefuh fuhou~kevbazknh'

Bhu uvfbhu kb~hu fg ekbeah ,rfku nf okjkybvtahuankn! ~afgfg yL ehg tkbhrfu nf


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ekmoahu fg yh~fgeakb ,thb~kjf! fg dhrmkyrhyhreahgkb kb bh`kra~mh nfb ekmoah fg bkke~atankn nfb L#" k fu~f uf bf bbkmkfbfe~rhnh agnaeknhr'

Fb fbfe~rhnh nf vg ekbhmfb ehgu~k nf vgyvfg~f uk~vrknh nf CEB {vf fg~rk fgehg~ke~h ehg bk uvuyfguag q ~afgf vgyh~fgeakb ,thb~kjf! ekrke~fru~aeh"rfbk~atkmfg~f agnfyfgnafg~f nf bk ke~atanknnfb L#" yhr bh {vf uf bf bbkmk fbfe~rhnh nfrfdfrfgeak' Kmohu fbfe~rhnhu fu~gehgfe~knhu k vg mfnanhr nf dvfrzkfbfe~rhmh~raz ekbaorknh fg vganknfu nf yL{vf manf bhu mabathb~ahu nf yh~fgeakb`fgfrknh evkgnh bhu nhu fbfe~rhnhu uf

ag~rhnvefg fg bk uvuyfguag nfb uvfbh'

Bhu m~hnhu ehbhram~raehu uf okukg fgagnaeknhrfu hr`gaehu evqh ehbhr nfyfgnfnf bk ke~atankn nf bhu ahgfu nf lanr`fghyrfufg~fu fg bk uhbveag' Bk tkrakeag nfbehbhr nfb agnaeknhr uf nfof k vgk rfkeeagfg~rf bhu ahgfu nf bk uhbveag ehg fbehbhrkg~f' Kb`vghu agnaeknhrfu dhrmkgeanhu noabmfg~f ehbhrfknhu q ukbfu nfek~ahgfu mf~baehu dvfr~fmfg~f ehbhrfknhu'

Fg~rf bhu agnaeknhrfu vuknhu yhnfmhumfgeahgkr rhjh nf mf~abh q kzvb nf orhmhdfghb'


>'; MK^F_AKBFU

;' K`vk Nfu~abknk

?' Uhbveag nf ebhrvrh nf yh~kuah ,CEb!AG

5' Uhbveag nf ebhrvrh nf ekbeah ,EkEb?!

>' Uhbveag rf`vbknhrk yk~rg nf yL 0

6' Yh~fgeamf~rh

>'? MF^HNHBH@K KGKBÂEK

Fu~kgnkrazkr fb mfnanhr nf yL" ykrk bh evkbuf kjvu~k ehg ~rfu uhbveahgfu rf`vbknhrku{vf uhg nf yL >" yL 0 q yL < ykrk fbbh fb

ehmyfguknhr nf ~fmyfrk~vrk uf nfofkjvu~kr k bk ~fmyfrk~vrk nfb yk~rg'

_fbkeag Uvfbh ( k`vk ;:;

Yfukr ;9 `r'" nf uvfbh q k`rf`kr ;9 mb'" nfk`vk nfu~abknk' Kà~kr bk uvuyfguag ehgvgk tkrabbk nf tanrah k ag~frtkbhu rf`vbkrfunvrkg~f vgk lhrk' Kà~kr fgràekmfg~f bkuvuyfguag q mfnar fb yL nvrkg~f fb yramfrmagv~h nfuyvu nf lkofr ag~rhnveanh fb

fbfe~rhnh'_fbkeag Uvfbh ( k`vk ;:?'6

Yfukr ;9 `r'" nf uvfbh q k`rf`kr ?6 mb'" nfk`vk nfu~abknk" kà~kr bk uvuyfguag kag~frtkbhu rf`vbknhrfu nvrkg~f 59 magv~hu'Mfnar fb yL kà~kgnh oafg bk uvuyfguagkg~fu nf uvmfràr bhu fbfe~rhnhu'

_fbkeag Uvfbh ( k`vk ;:6

Kknar k vgk mvfu~rk nf ;9 `r'" nf uvfbh 69mb' nf uhbveag nf EkEb?" kà~kr bkuvuyfguag k ag~frtkbhu rf`vbkrfu nvrkg~f59 magv~hu' Mfnar fb yL kà~kgnh oafg bkuvuyfguag kg~fu nf uvmfràr bhufbfe~rhnhu'

_fbkeag Uvfbh(K`vk ;:;9

Kknar k vgk mvfu~rk nf ;9 `r'" nf uvfbh;99 mb'" nf k`vk nfu~abknk" kà~kr bk

uvuyfguag k ag~frtkbhu rf`vbkrfu nvrkg~f59 magv~hu' Mfnar fb yL kà~kgnh oafg bkuvuyfguag kg~fu nf uvmfràr bhufbfe~rhnhu'


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_fbkeag Uvfbh ( uhbveag nf CEb ;G ;(?'6

Kknar k vgk mvfu~rk nf ;9 `r'" nf uvfbh ?6mb'" nf uhbveag nf CEb" kà~kr bkuvuyfguag k ag~frtkbhu rf`vbkrfu nvrkg~f59 magv~hu' Mfnar fb yL kà~kgnh oafg bkuvuyfguag kg~fu nf uvmfràr bhufbfe~rhnhu'

EVKN_H 4'; _FBKEAHGUVFBH(UHBVEAHG NF CEB

_FBKEAG `r' nfuvfbh

mb' nfk`vk

;:;9 6 69

;:; ?6 ?6

;:6 6 ?6

;:?'6 ;9 ?6

mb' nf CEb

;:?'6 ;9 ?6

>'5 NF^F_MAGKEAG EHBH_AM^_AEK

Fg vgk mvfu~rk nf uvfbh ufeknk kb karf~hmkr ? k 6 `r'" uf ag~rhnvefg fg vgyf{vfh ~voh nf fgukqh q uf k`rf`k ? k 6

mb'" nf k`vk nfu~abknk' Kà~kr bk uvuyfguagf ag~rhnvear vgk ~ark nfb mk~frakb agnaeknhrnf bk uhbveag yhr vghu yhehu uf`vgnhu'

_fmhtfr bk ~ark nf ykyfb agnaeknhr nf bkuvuyfguag q ehmykrkr bhu ehbhrfurfuvb~kg~fu ehg bhu ehbhrfu amyrfuhu fg bkekjk ehbhekgnh bk ~ark agnaeknhrk knqkefg~f

kb ehbhr {vf mu uf kufmfjf nf~frmagkgnhfg fuk dhrmk fb yL'

EVKN_H 4'? Evknrh nf rfuvb~knhu

M~hnh _fbkeag yL

Kgkb~aeh

,yh~fgeamf~rh!

_fbkeag uvfbh-k`vk;:;

_fbkeag uvfbh-k`vk;:?'6

_fbkeag uvfbh-k`vk;:;9

_fbkeag uvfbh-k`vk;:6

_fbkeag uvfbh-CEb ;G;:?'6

Ehbhram~raeh

T' OAOBAH@_KDAK

;' ELKG" _' [vmaek' Uf|~k fnaeag' Me`rkp-Labb' M|aeh ;115' 116y'

?' Bfeeag 6' Yrhyafnknfu duaeh{vmaeku ,Fgbgfk!' Ehguvb~knh ?< Dfo ?994' Nauyhgaobffg:

ppp'fnkdhbh`k'v`r'fu(agnf|'l~m

5' KBK_EHG K' Dvgnkmfg~hu ~fraehu nf bkehgnve~atankn fbe~raek' ,Fg bgfk!'Ehguvb~knh ?< Dfo ?994' Nauyhgaobf fg:ppp'agdhk`rh'ehm

>' Mkgfjh nf bk nauhbveag gv~ra~atk qnak`gu~aeh fg evb~athu uag uvfbh' Kg~hgah B'Kbkreg Tfrk' Kr~evbhu yvobaeknhu fg /Tank_vrkb/' Ykr~f A' 9;(96(9? Ykr~f AA' ;6(96(9?'


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Y_KEÂEK Gh' 0

EHGNVEÂTANKN FBE^_AEK,UKBAGANKN Q UHNAEANKN!

A' AG^_HNVEEAHG

gk ekrke~fru~aek amyhr~kg~f nfb uvfbh fu bk ekg~ankn nf ukbfu uhbvobfu yrfufg~fu fg b"qk {vf u~ku uhg bku {vf uf fgevfg~rkg fg bk nauhbveag nfb uvfbh" mafg~rku {vf bkuukbfu mu aguhbvobfu yrfeaya~kg q gh fu~g nauyhgaobfu ykrk bk kouhreag nf bk ybkg~k'

Bhu uvfbhu ukbaghu uf fgevfg~rkg fg zhgku nf ebamku ranhu q ufehu" fg bhu {vf bk ftkyhrkeagfu mkqhr {vf bk yrfeaya~keag' Bku yrageaykbfu ukbfu uhbvobfu uhg: bku ukbfu nf ebhrvrh" uvbdk~hnf uhnah q mk`gfuah" ku ehmh bhu ekrohgk~hu nf uhnah q ekbeah' Knfmu nf fu~ku ukbfu fg bkdrkeeag kevhuk nfb uvfbh uf fgevfg~rkg h~rhu ahgfu ehmh oaekrohgk~hu" ohrk~hu q ga~rk~hu" {vfnfofg ~fgfruf fg evfg~k ykrk vg knfevknh nfukrrhbbh nfb evb~ath fg bhu uvfbhu ukbaghu'

Fb yrhobfmk nf ukbagankn nf mkqhr amyhr~kgeak fehgmaek uf yrfufg~k evkgnh k ehgufevfgeaknf bk arra`keag" vg uvfbh gh ukbagh uf ehgtafr~f fg ukbagh nfoanh k bk nfyhuaeag nf bku ukbfu nfbk`vk nf raf`h'

Bk ehgnve~atankn fbe~raek f|yrfuk bk ehgefg~rkeag nf ukbfu uhbvobfu uf yvfnf mfnar yhrmfnah nf vg ehgnve~atamf~rh'

AA' HOJFÂTHU

[vf fb fu~vnakg~f:

Ehghzek bk amyhr~kgeak nf bk yrfufgeak nf ukbfu fg fb uvfbh' Yrke~a{vf bk mf~hnhbh`k ykrk nf~frmagkr bk ehgnve~atankn fbe~raek fg fb bkohrk~hrah'

Ag~fryrf~f bhu rfuvb~knhu nf ehgnve~atankn fbe~raek'

Fu~f fg ekykeankn nf ebkuadaekr vg uvfbh ehmh ukbagh" unaeh h ukbagh-unaeh'

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nrfgkjf" uvouhbknh" kybaekeag nf bkmagkunf bktknh q qfuh" ku ehmh bkagehryhrkeag nf Mk~frak Hr`gaek fgdhrmk nf Mvbel'

5'? E_A^F_AHU NF EBKUADAEKEAG

YK_K UVFBHU EHG Y_HOBFMKU NF UKBFU

5'?'; EHG^FGANH NF UKBFU

Uf nf~frmagk yhr mfnah nf bk ehgnve~atanknfbe~raek f|yrfuknk fg mUafmfgu(Em'

5'?'? YH_EFG^KJF NF UHNAH

AG^F_EKMOAKOBF

Fu~f yhrefg~kjf uf ho~afgf yhr mfnah nf bkdhrmvbk ua`vafg~f:

YUA : mf{' Nf Gk(;99 `r' Nf Uvfbh * ;99

EAE ,mf{(;99 `r' Nf uvfbh!

5'?'5 _FBKEAHG NF KNUH_EAHG NFUHNAH

Fu~k rfbkeag uf ho~afgf yhr mfnah nf:

_KU : XXXmf{' Nf GkXXXXXXXXX

mf{' Ek # mf{' M`XXXX

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5'5 Y_AGEAYAH NFB M^HNH

KGKBÂEH

Vgk dhrmk ryank q yrfeauk ykrknf~frmagkr bk ukbagankn fu mfnakg~f bkehgnve~atankn fbe~raek nf vgk uhbveag nfuvfbh q k`vk' Naelk ehgnve~atankn uf manf

yhr mfnah nf nhu fbfe~rhnhu ehg vgk`fhmf~rk q ufykrkeag ehgu~kg~f' Fu~kehgnve~atankn fu nf~frmagknk k ?6 `rknhuefg~`rknhu fg~rf fbfe~rhnhu nf ; em?

bhekbazknhu k ; em nf nau~kgeak" bvf`h bk

ehgnve~atankn fu mfnank k ~rktu nf ; em5

h mmlhu(em' Fb fdfe~h nf bk `fhmf~rk nfbfbfe~rhnh fu~k agebvank fg bk ehgu~kg~f nf bkefbnk {vf fu ekbaorknk ehg vgk uhbveag nfCEB nf ehgefg~rkeag ehgheank3 fu~h ufrfbkeahgk k bk nau~kgeak nfg~rh nf bhufbfe~rhnhu natananhu yhr uv rfk ufeeahgkbfdfe~atk' Evkgnh vg yh~fgeakb fbe~raeh fukybaeknh k bk uhbveag" bk ehrrafg~f tkrknarfe~kmfg~f yrhyhreahgkb k bkehgefg~rkeag nf ukbfu uhbvobfu fg bk

maumk' Bk vgankn nf mfnank fu fgmlhu(em' Fg fb uau~fmk ag~frgkeahgkb bkvgankn nf mfnank fu fg uafmfgu(m fb evkbfu a`vkb k ; mlhu'


>'; MK^F_AKBFU

Ehgnve~atamf~rh

K`vk nfu~abknk

Uvfbh

Kà~knhr

>'? MF^HNHBH@K

;' ^hmkr ;9 `r' nf uvfbh q ehbhekrbhufg vg ofkecfr nf ;99 mb'

?' K`rf`kr 69 mb nf k`vk nfu~abknk

5' Kà~kr yhr 6 magv~hu" q bvf`h bffr bkehgnve~atankn fbe~raek yhr mfnah nf


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vg ehgnve~atamf~rh fgUafmfgu(em'

>' Ykrk nf~frmagkr bk ehgnve~atanknfbe~raek nfb uvfbh bk bfe~vrk ufmvb~aybaek yhr 6" yhr{vf bk nabveaglfelk fu nf ;:6'

6' Ekbevbf bhu mf{' nf ukbfu ba~rhf|~rke~hr {vf fu a`vkb k EF,mmlhu(em! * ;9'

4' Nf~frmagf bku yym nf ukbfu fg fbf|~rke~h {vf fu a`vkb k mf{' nfukbfu(ba~rh * 4>'

0' Nf~frmagf fb & nf ukbfu fg fb

f|~rke~h yhr mfnah nf yym(;9"999'


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T' OAOBAH@_KDAK

6' ELKG" _' [vmaek' Uf|~k fnaeag' Me`rkp-Labb' M|aeh ;115' 116y'

4' Bfeeag 6' Yrhyafnknfu duaeh{vmaeku ,Fg bgfk!' Ehguvb~knh ?< Dfo ?994' Nauyhgaobffg: ppp'fnkdhbh`k'v`r'fu(agnf|'l~m

0' KBK_EHG K' Dvgnkmfg~hu ~fraehu nf bk ehgnve~atankn fbe~raek' ,Fg bgfk!'Ehguvb~knh ?< Dfo ?994' Nauyhgaobf fg: ppp'agdhk`rh'ehm


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FTKBVKEAG

Kohgfrk: Fu~k nvrkrk kyrh|amknkmfg~f 1 ufmkgku" yvfnfg kua`gkruf nadfrfg~fu ~rk~kmafg~huehmh fjfmybh:

EVKN_H


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Mkgvkb nf Yre~aeku nf Bkohrk~hrah nf Fnkdhbh`k AA

Uvokrfk nf Mkgfjh nf Uvfbh q K`vk

Dkevb~kn nf K`rhghmk

Vgatfruankn nf Ukg Ekrbhu nf @vk~fmkbk

A K E M

manual de laboratorio de edafologia ii

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