Manifest Destiny

Chapter 91800-1850Page 296

Migrating WestSection 1

• Obj: Describe development of Spanish Border lands

• Define Manifest Destiny• Describe the challenges of Westward

Migration

• American settlement West would continue and by the 1840’s migrants were pouring over the mountains into California and Oregon

A. Spanish Borderlands

• All of current southwest U.S. the Spanish colony of New Mexico

• Established 1598• By 1765, only 9,600 colonists • Why?• Isolated• Indian Attacks

B. Apache & Comanche

• Natives booted from the Great Plains• Nomadic hunters• Horses and guns made them deadly• Raided Spanish settlements constantly • Spanish officials paid “protection fees”

• Peace allowed Spanish colony to grow to 40,000 by 1821

C. Buffer Territories

• Texas: Few settlers– Buffer state to help protect silver mines of NM

• California– Stop the encroachment of Russians – Father Junipero Serra- established missions to

convert natives- 18,000 by 1821– Few settlers, native converts died by thousands– Less conflict because natives had no guns

D. Manifest Destiny

• Expansionist- favored territorial growth• Manifest Destiny- belief that God had

ordained the American people to conquer NA• LT taken• Texas, California, New Mexico looking good

E. Mexican Independence

• Spain had discouraged interaction with Americans

• 1821- revolution topples Spanish gov’t• Mexico independent• Santa Fe Trail- established as Americans and

Mexicans trade goods

F. Mountain Men

• Name given to men who trapped furs in and around Rocky Mountains

• Would go out into the woods for years at a time

• Meet at Rendezvous once a year to trade, meet, and celebrate

• Ex. Jim Bridger- one of most famous. First white man to see Great Salt Lake-1825

Jedediah Smith

• Smith, discovered the South Pass form the Crow Indians

• Was a gentle pass that would allow wagon trains to head to Oregon country

• Gained a great knowledge of Northwest

G. Oregon Trail

• 1842- John C. Fremont explores Northwest and encouraged settlement

• 1840’s- thousands take the journey to Oregon country

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDn_p5e-KBQ

• Describe elements of the journey.– 1 What was needed to make the journey– 2 What were some hazards– 3– 4– 5

• Donner Party??

H. Mormons

• Leader Joseph Smith killed 1844• Brigham Young leads exodus to Utah• Called New Zion• Mormon trail- had to remain separated from

other travelers- – Mormon- NS– Oregon- SS

• 1850’s becomes U.S. territory

Texas and the Mexican American WarSection 2

• Obj: Explain how Texas won Independence from Mexico

• Analyze the goals of President Polk• Trace the causes and outcomes of the Mexican

American War

• As Americans streamed into Texas, conflicts would arise as Texans pushed for independence and then annexation

Independence

• Texans had agreed to declare Mexican citizenship to live in Texas

• Suppose to become Catholic, ban slavery, and obey Mexican Constitution

• Stephen F. Austin won’t let Texans break this deal to become own nation

• Santa Anna becomes dictator• Austin no longer feels the need to honor agreement• Texas declares independence in 1835- Lone Star

State

The Alamo• Texans take Alamo in Oct. 1835• William B. Travis with 150 men were suppose

to hold Alamo• Famous men like Jim Bowie and Davey Crocket

also inside • Feb. 1836, Santa Anna arrives with Army– Red Flag- no prisoners– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dxGZhv4u8Y – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oueKEtP1pl8

minute 51

• Line in the sand- If you wish to stay here and defend the Alamo, cross the line

• Asked to surrender, answered with cannon fire• 13 day siege ends when Texans run out of

ammo and all 187 defenders were killed• Santa Anna lost 1,800 men and united the

Texans against him- Remember the Alamo• James W. Fannin and 400 Texans are attacked

by Santa Anna next• They surrender• 300 prisoners shot• Further outraged Texans

Santa Anna Defeated

• Sam Houston in charge of what remained of Texan army

• Flee to east Texas• Battle of San Jacinto- catch the Mexican army

unprepared• Santa Anna’s forces destroyed and Santa Anna

captured• December 1836- Texas becomes independent

Intolerance

• Sam Houston become Texan prez• Texas not annexed to U.S.- would imbalance

slave vs. free states• Texans begin to act increasingly biased

towards Tejanos- Mexicans who fought with Texans

• Many expelled to Mexico

President Polk and National Expansion

• Election of 1844- Henry Clay running against James K. Polk

• Polk supported annexation of Texas and Oregon

• Won election- very close• Whigs would not want Texas- would cause war

with Mexico

Manifest Destiny

• Belief that U.S. destiny to reach from Atlantic to Pacific

• Oregon territory- Northern border with Canada in dispute

• Polk negotiated setting border at 49th parallel

Annexation of Texas

• Border between Texas and Mexico in dispute• Texans think Rio Grande River• Mexicans think Nueces River• Texas wants to be part of U.S.• Annexed in 1845• Guaranteed war with Mexico

Mexican War

• Polk sends general Zackary Taylor into disputed territory

• Mexico treated it like invasion• Attack Taylor’s forces• Americans go to War with Mexico• U.S. bigger, wealthier, and had better army • Battle would proceed in three directions

Stephen Kearny

• Marches troops from Fort Leavenworth through New Mexico to Santa Fe

• Takes city without firing a shot• Moves further west to help take Los Angeles

John C Freemont

• Freemont marches to west to help take California

• With 62 men, assisted American with Bear Flag Revolt to overthrow Mexican gov’t

Invasion of Mexico• Zackary Taylor marches south and takes Buena

vista and defeats Santa Anna • General Winfield Scott sails south, takes Veracruz,

and marches inland to defeat Mexico city• Chapultepec??• Americans won every major battle• Year and a half of fighting- U.S. victory • U.S. spent 100 million and lost 17,000 soldiers • Mexico lost 25,000 soldiers • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKNZfBOVgJA

minute 1:02

Section 3Effects of Territory Expansion

• Obj: Explain the effects of the Mexican American War on the U.S.

• Trace the causes and effects of California Gold Rush

• Describe the political impact of California’s application for statehood

• Manifest Destiny would once again bring North/South relations to the brink

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Mexico forced to cede 1.2 million acres- 1/3 of their country

• Rio Grande Southern Border• Polk wanted more

Gadsden Purchase

• 1853, James Gadsden approaches president of Mexico Santa Anna about buying land in Southwest for railroad

• Santa Anna sells Gadsden purchase for 10 million

• Still U.S./Mexico border in South west

Wilmot Proviso

• Additional territory would once again bring up issue of slavery

• Wilmot Proviso- wanted to ban slavery in any lands won from Mexico

• Passed in House, Failed in Senate 15 straight years. Why?

• Split Whigs and Democrats – Along what lines

California: The World Rushes In

• Johann Sutter- bankrupt immigrant from Switzerland

• Failed in St. Louis and Santa Fe, gets land grand in California

• 1848- Contracts James Marshall to build mill on South Fork of the American River

• Marshall discovers gold nugget• Discovery would assure Sutter’s downfall

California Gold Rush

• Before discovery– 9,000 Californios– 4,000 foreigners including Americans– 150,000 Indians

• Gold Rush of 1849- 49er’s would begin streaming into California

• By 1850 93,000 non Indians

Gold Fever

• Quick riches attracted most to California• However, most would not earn more than

“wages” in pursuit of gold• Goods were high- more profitable to sell

goods to gold miners• Boomtowns quickly turned to ghost towns as

miners moved from region to region

Mexicans and Chinese

• Many Chinese and Mexican immigrants tried to work in the mines

• Began to face extreme racism from whites• “Foreign” miners had to pay a tax• Mexicans were there first• Whites often cut off queues- pigtail-sign of

Chinese manhood

Effects of Gold Rush

• Between 1849-52- 240,000 people arrived in California

• Native population would be wiped out by disease or intentionally killed by whites

• Native population dropped from 150,000 to 30,0000 in twenty years

• California would join Union as a free state • Would help lead to the outbreak of the Civil

War